2013年天津外国语大学英语语言文学

2009年天津外国语大学801英语语言文学（商务英语方向）考研真题I. Chinese-English Translation(40 points)Directions:Please translate the following passage into English. Write your English version on the ANSWER SHEET.别样的告别雪村翻译家金隄先生去世后，告别活动“颇为不拘一格”。

其家人的告别邀请信中写道：“我们邀请各位朋友和我们一起庆祝他87年丰富的生活，纪念他一丝不苟的精神。

留几句话与他告别；喝一杯故乡的酒为他送行。

”那天，在音乐和花丛中，金先生的从容和欢乐，通过家人和朋友的娓娓诉说，弥漫开来，温暖着每个人。

这样的告别，不免让人心生感喟：通常，与逝者告别，往往是到那个肃穆的地方：哀乐低回，人们踽踽而过，低头，默哀，垂泪，悲不自胜，那哀伤似比寒风更彻骨。

人的生命，终会消失，如同晚秋的落叶终会飘向地面。

不忍分别是人之常情，但恐怕每一个逝者都不愿留给生者的只是哀伤的记忆。

记得夏衍走时，留给大家的是一曲深情的《绿叶青葱》；光未然走时，人们听到的依然是那激昂的《黄河颂》……人走了，如落叶归于泥土，如溪水流入江海……但落叶曾用青绿展现盎然生机；溪水一路丁冬，给人们带来无尽欢乐。

用一种别样的告别，不是更温暖和美好吗?II. English Writing(40 points)Directions: In a recent essay published in People’s Daily,Wu Jianmin, former Chinese ambassador to France and former President of the Chinese Foreign Affairs University, says he shares the view that the greatest barrier against China’s further development is the distorted image of China to the world. Mr. Wu attributes distortion of the Chinese image partly to foreign media and partly to Chinese officials’ inadequacy in cross cultural communication. Write an essay of approximately 400 words with a title of your own choice to comment on either one of Mr. Wu’s arguments: the greatest barrier against China’s further development or the importance of cross cultural communication. You are expected to argue either for or against one of Mr. Wu’s two arguments,to support a clearly stated central argument with discussion, explanation, examples, and other evidence, but not to sit on the fence. Please write the essay on the ANSWER SHEET.III. This part consists of six sections. Do the translation and answer the questions set for the program for which you are making the application. Write your answers or your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.Section F: International Business English(70 points)[The three questions in this section are set for applicants to the MA program of Business English.] Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.1. What are the similarities and differences between the value studies ofHofstede’s cultural dimensions and Hall’scontext dimensions?2. How can the economic crisis in the United States impact jobs and business profitsin China?3. What is the role that culture plays in international marketing? Use specificexamples to support your argument.。

2011年天津外国语大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷(总分62,考试时间90分钟)1. 单项选择题1. ______ is a central vowel.A. [e]B. [i]C. [u]D. [a]2. Which of the following is a pair of relational opposites?A. single vs. marriedB. hot vs. coldC. alive vs. deadD. husband vs. wife3. Which of the following is a minimal pair?A. pet, kidB. put, pestC. cave, shaveD. must, taste4. Which of the following ways of word-formation does not change the grammatical class of the stems?A. compoundB. inflectionC. derivationD. coinage5. Which of the following statements is true?A. Larynx is what we sometimes call "Adam"s apple".B. The International Phonetic Alphabet uses narrow transcription.C. There are two nasal consonants in English.D. It is sounds by which we **municative meaning.6. A ______has been added to Chomsky"s first model of grammar as shown in his Aspects of the Theory of Syntax(1965).A. set of rewriting rulesB. component of categoriesC. **ponentD. word classification7. According to the manner of articulation,[m]is a______.A. bilabialB. plosiveC. nasalD. lateral8. "I can refer to Confucius even though he was dead 2,000 years ago. " This shows that language has the design feature of______.A. arbitrarinessB. creativityC. dualityD. displacement9. ______ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a **munity.A. LangueB. CompetenceC. **petenceD. Linguistic potential10. Which of the following is an "inflectional suffix"?A. -istB. -aryC. -ingD. -ify11. In today"s grammar we normally say that English does not have a " future tense". This is because in English ______.A. the future is not expressed by morphological changeB. the future can be expressed in many waysC. the future belongs to the category of "aspect"D. the future is expressed by modal verbs12. ______is a phenomenon that in some **munities two languages exist side by side with each having a different role to play; and language switching occurs when the situation changes.A. BilingualismB. DiglossiaC. PidginD. Creole13. ______ is a personal dialect of an individual speaker **bines elements regarding regional, social, gender, and age variations.A. RegisterB. Linguistic repertoireC. IdiolectD. Dialect14. Which of the following is NOT included in the three classes of syntactic relations?A. positional relationsB. relations of co-occurrenceC. relations of expansionD. relations of substitutability15. All of the following are characteristics of implicature EXCEPT______.A. conventionalityB. non-detachabilityC. cancellabilityD. calculability16. "He has already trunked two packs" is an example of______error.A. anticipationB. exchangeC. morpheme-exchangeD. perception17. The criterion used in IC analysis is______.A. constructionB. constituentC. structureD. substitutability18. According to G. Leech, who recognizes 7 types of meaning in his Semantics, ______ makes up the central part.A. conceptual meaningB. connotative meaningC. social meaningD. thematic meaning19. "The Club" is a device for blocking an automobile"s steering wheel, thus protecting the car from being stolen. And one of its ads reads:The Club ! FD Anti-theft device for cars Police Say: " Use it" or Lose It In terms of the Gricean theory, what maxim is exploited here?A. the maxim of mannerB. the maxim of relevanceC. the maxim of qualityD. the maxim of quantity20. What semantic relation do the following sentences have?A. I saw a girl.B. I saw a child.A. contradictionB. entailmentC. synonymD. Presupposition2. 名词解释1. semantic field theory(3 points)2. favourite sentence type(4 points)3. free variation(3 points)4. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis(4 points)5. endocentric construction(3 points)6. back formation(3 points)3. 写作题1. Choose any THREE of the following questions to analyze. Write the number of the question and your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.Discuss the major contributions of Saussure to modern linguistics.2. Comment on the "innateness hypothesis".3. Explain the purpose and significance of reconstruction in historical linguistics and the method employed by historical linguists.4. How do you interpret the distinctions between language acquisition and language learning?5. How do **ment on the two frequently used analogies for attempted inference on the origin of language: the acquisition of speech by children and the structures and characteristics of so-called "primitive" languages?。

16．天津外国语大学语言学考研真题及参考答案（2013）天津外国语大学2013年语言学考研真题考试科目：英语语言文学Questions in this section are set for applicants to the MA program of English Linguistics.1. Multiple Choice: (30 points)Directions: For each item, there are four choices of answers. Select the only ONE which best completes the statement. Write the number of the question, horizontally five in each line, and your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.1. Human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present at the moment of communication. Thus we say it has the property of ______.A. arbitrarinessB. displacementC. creativityD. duality【答案】B2. The ______ function of language enables our language to talk about itself.A. performativeB. emotiveC. phaticD. metalingual【答案】D3. Which segment in the following does not share one or more phonetic features with the other segments?A. [m]B. [l]C. [w]D. [s]【答案】A4. Which is the description of the consonant[b]?A. voiceless bilabial stopB. voiced bilabial stopC. voiceless alveolar fricativeD. voiced alveolar fricative【答案】B5. When preceding/p/, the negative prefix in- changes to im- through a processcalled ______.A. dissimilationB. bilabializationC. assimilationD. none of the above【答案】A6. The number of morphemes in the word girls is ______.A. oneB. twoC. threeD. four【答案】B7. Which of the following is an endocentric compound?A. runawayB. playboyC. self-controlD. breakthrough【答案】C8. Which of the following is not a bound root morpheme?A. -putB. -ceiveC. -mitD. -tain【答案】A9 . The word televise is created through the process of ______.A. blendingB. inventionC. back-formationD. borrowing【答案】C10. The grammatical category which is used in the analysis of word classes toidentify the syntactic relationship between words in a sentence is ______.A. caseB. agreementC. tenseD. aspect【答案】A11. Which pair of antonyms does not belong to gradable antonyms?A. good, badB. hit, missC. long, shortD. small, big【答案】B12. The indirect theory to meaning proposed by Ogden and Richards holds that therelation between a word and a thing is mediated by ______.A. referenceB. conceptC. controlD. dependency【答案】B13. The following figures were very influential in the field of linguistics in the firsttwo decades of the twentieth century except ______.A. SaussureB. BloomfieldC. ChomskyD. Firth【答案】C14. The principal and most obvious contrast between the last two centuries hasbeen the rapid rise of ______ linguistics, as opposed to ______ linguistics.A. descriptive, historicalB. structural, generativeC. functional, formalistD. structural, historical【答案】A15. The Prague school was a group of Czech and other scholars, whose maininterest lay in ______ theory.A. phoneticB. phonologicalC. semanticD. syntactic【答案】B16. ______ usually studies the psychological states and mental activity associatedwith the use of language.A. Cognitive linguisticsB. Corpus linguisticsC. PsycholinguisticsD. Neuro-linguistics。

2012年天津外国语大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷(总分：116.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、单项选择题(总题数：20，分数：40.00)1.______has been widely accepted as the father of modern linguistics.（分数：2.00）A.ChomskyB.SaussureC.BloomfieldD.Halliday2.A language user"s underlying knowledge about the system of rules is called his linguistic______.（分数：2.00）prehensionB.performanceC.perceptionpetence3."I can refer to Confucius or the North Pole, even though the first has been dead over 2,550 years and the second is situated far away from us. " This shows that language has the design feature of______.（分数：2.00）A.displacementB.creativityC.dualityD.arbitrariness4.The distinction between competence and performance was put forward by ______.（分数：2.00）A.BloomfieldB.SaussureC.ChomskyD.Halliday5.Which of the following terms is not a concept in Psycholinguistics?（分数：2.00）A.Processing utterances.B.Producing utterances.nguage acquisition.ponential analysis.6.The study of sounds is divided into three main areas, each dealing with one part of the process. ______ is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.（分数：2.00）A.Articulatory phoneticsB.Auditory phoneticsC.Phonological processD.Acoustic phonetics7.Which of the following statements is true?（分数：2.00）rynx is what we sometimes call "Adam"s apple".B.The International Phonetic Alphabet uses narrow transcription.C.There are two nasal consonants in English.D.It is sounds by which we make communicative meaning.8.______ are a set of vowel qualities arbitrarily defined, fixed and unchanging, intended to provide a frame of reference for the description of the actual vowels of existing languages.（分数：2.00）A.DiphthongsB.Pure VowelsC.Cardinal VowelsD.Vowel Glides9.The sounds, which are produced by a closure in the vocal tract or by a narrowing which is so marked that air cannot escape without producing audible friction, are known as______.（分数：2.00）A.consonantsB.places of articulationC.vowelsD.manners of articulation10.Which of the following is the correct description of the English consonant[z]?（分数：2.00）A.Voiceless alveolar affricate.B.Voiceless bilabial nasal.C.Voiced alveolar stop.D.Voiced alveolar fricative.11.Which is the correct description of the English vowel[i:]?（分数：2.00）A.High front tense unrounded vowel.B.High back lax rounded vowel.C.Mid central lax unrounded vowel.D.Low back lax rounded vowel.12.The word ______ simply refers to a "unit of explicit sound contrast" : the existence of a minimal pair automatically grants phonemic status to the sounds responsible for the contrasts.（分数：2.00）A.allophoneB.phonemeC.soundD.syllable13.______ is the smallest unit of language in regard to the relationship between sounding and meaning, a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning.（分数：2.00）A.AllomorphB.WordC.MorphemeD.Root14.______is the collective term for the type of morpheme that can be used only when added to another morpheme.（分数：2.00）A.AffixB.SuffixC.StemD.Prefix15.By the relation of______one means that different sets of clauses may permit of require the occurrence of a word of another set or class to form a sentence or a particular part of a sentence.（分数：2.00）A.substitutabilityB.positionC.co-occurrenceD.coordination16.______refers to a major constituent of sentence structure in a binary analysis in which all obligatory constituents other than the subject were considered together.（分数：2.00）A.SubjectB.PredicateC.Objectplement17.______refer to those words that are used before the noun acting as head of a noun group, and that determine the kind of reference the nominal group has.（分数：2.00）A.ParticlesB.AuxiliariesC.Pro-formsD.Determiners18.Which of the following is under the category of "Open Class"?（分数：2.00）A.Nouns.B.Conjunctions.C.Determiners.D.Prepositions19.______is the name for oppositeness relation, which includes three main sub-types.（分数：2.00）A.HyponymyB.Antony myC.PolysemyD.Synonymy20.The theory of meaning which relates the meaning of a word to the thing it refers to or stands for is known as the ______.（分数：2.00）A.An Integrated TheoryB.Speech Act TheoryC.The Classical TheoryD.The Referential Theory二、填空题(总题数：30，分数：60.00)21. 1 studies the relationship between language and thought, and a perennial subject of debate being whether language is a function of thinking or thought.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________22.Hymes" theory of 1was introduced into the field of language teaching, which encourages teacher to pay more attention to the question of how to train their students as active and successful language users in a real language context.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________23.As one of the central topics in psycholinguistics, 1 concerns how a child acquires the language skills and how they extend to other languages.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________24.According to Langacker, 1 is the ability to conceive and portray the same situation in alternate ways through specificity, different mental scanning, directionality, vantage point,figure-ground segregation, etc.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________25.In cognitive linguistics, 1 is the process of classifying our experiences into different categories based on commonalities and differences.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________26.Many prepositions, such as "in" , "into" , exemplify a 1 schema, which involves a physical of metaphorical boundary, enclosed area or volume, or excluded area or volume.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________27.ARGUMENT IS WAR is a 1metaphor, in which the concept of argument is structured systematically in terms of another.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________28.In the cognitive literature, 1 is defined as a cognitive process in which the vehicle provides mental access to the target within the same domain.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________29. 1 theory is proposed by Fauconnier and Turner to address the cognitive operation whereby elements of two or more "mental spaces" are integrated via projecting into a new, blended space which has its unique structure.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________30.Hymes points out that a 1 refers to a group of people who "share not only the same rules of speaking, but at least one linguistic variety as well".（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________31.The 1 hypothesis suggests that our language helps mould our way of thinking and consequently, different languages may probably express the speaker"s unique ways of understanding of the world.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________32.An anthropological orientation in the study of language was developed both in England and in North America at the start of the 20th century. Bronislaw Malinowski and 1 was regarded as the pioneers of this movement in England.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________33. 1 linguistics addresses the structuring within language of such basic conceptual categories as those of space and time, scenes and event, entities and processes, motion and location, and force and causation.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________34.As one of the six subjects of research within psycholinguistics, 1 concerns how the cognitive architecture of language and language processing is implemented in the human brain.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________35.Sociolinguists expand the scope of their observation on language by introducing some major social factors, including class, 1, age, ethnic identity, education background, occupation and religious belief.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________36.John Langshaw Austin began to give lectures on Speech Act Theory in 195In 1955 , when delivering the William James lectures, he revised the notes and changed the title from Words and Deeds to 1, which was published posthumously in 1962.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________37.According to Austin, though 1 cannot be true or false, there are still conditions for them to meet to be appropriate or felicitous.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________38.The Felicity Conditions suggest that there must be a relevant conventional procedure, and the relevant 1 must be appropriate.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________39.Through the Williams James lectures Grice delivered at Harvard in 1967, the theory of Conversational Implicature became known to the public. Part of the lectures was published in 1975 under the title of 1.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________40.The characteristics of implicative can be summarized as calculability, cancellability, 1 and non-conventionality.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________41.Sperber and Wilson argue that all Gricean maxims, including the CP itself, should be reduced to a single principle of relevance, which is defined as: every act of 1 communicates the presumption of its own optional relevance.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________42.According to Sperber and Wilson, "of all the interpretations of the stimulus which confirm the presumption, it is 1 to occur to the addressee that is the one the communicator intended to convey".（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________43.In the field of language use, Zipf recognized two competing forces: the force of 1, or speaker"s economy, and the force of diversification, or hearer"s economy.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________44.Horn found that Q-based implicatures can be readily cancelled by 1 which does not affect what is said, but R-based implicatures cannot.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________45.A popular term in Stylistics, 1, defined by Leech and Short as "artistically motivated deviation" involves all levels of language; vocabulary, sound, syntax, meaning, graphology, etc.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________46.Where two syllables have the same initial and final consonants, but different vowels, they are 1.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________47.A/An 1 foot consists of three syllables; two unstressed syllables are followed by a stressed one.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________48.On the speech presentation cline, the one comes between Direct Speech and Indirect Speech is 1.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________49.The term 1was originally coined by William James to describe the free association of ideas and impressions in the mind, and later was applied to the novelistic portrayal of the free flow of thought.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________50. 1is the term used in linguistics to describe the relationship between a particular style of language and its context of use.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________三、写作题(总题数：8，分数：16.00)51.Choose four of the following questions for Essay Discussion. Write the number of the question and your essay on the ANSWER SHEET. There is no doubt that linguistic science today, like other parts of human knowledge, is the product of its past and matrix of its future(R. H. Robins, 1997). Discuss the progress with shifts among different approaches to language chronologically from antiquity up to the present.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 52.Philosophical presuppositions in terms of "arbitrariness" versus motivation, "autonomy" versus embodiment are still under debates in the field of modern linguistic studies. Comment on the debates and provide your argument for or against these theories.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 53.The linguists of comparative and historical linguistics, structural linguistics and transformational-generative linguistics all regarded their theories as "science". What do you think?（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________54.The contrast between empiricism and rationalism runs through the history of linguistic thought in various manifestations. Rationalism allows for rational thought to process ideas. Empiricism says that only the data is relevant to ideas. Discuss and provide your argument for and against each of these presuppositions.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 55.Noam Chomsky is a leading linguistic scientist and his Syntactic Structures outlined his theories of transformational generative grammar, which made him a prominent and controversial figure in the field. Discuss his TG grammar and comment on the innateness hypothesis.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 56.There is a variety of possible relationships between language and society. The first one is that social structure may either influence or determine linguistic structure and/or behavior;a second possible relationship is directly opposed to the first: linguistic structure and/or behavior may either influence or determine social structure; a third possible relationship is that the influence is bi-directional; language and society may influence each other; a fourth possibility is to assume that there is no relationship at all between linguistic structure and social structure and that each is independent of the other. Discuss and provide evidence for and against the "no relationship" position.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 57.Cognitive Linguistics has been advancing now in the US and in Europe for three decades. Chinese scholars have already taken up these stimulating ideas and carried them forward within their own traditions of linguistic research. Make a list of famous cognitive linguists and comments on their contributions to the area of cognitive linguistic research.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 58.Austin puts forward the speech act theory. What does he mean by "speech act"? He uses the term "locution" for the actual form of words used by the speaker and their semantic meaning, and illocution for what the speaker is doing by uttering the words. If a person says "The gun is loaded" , what might be the illocutionary force? Or say, what might be the possible intention of the speaker? Provide the contexts for your interpretation.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________。

2013年天津外国语大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷(总分：78.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、单项选择题(总题数：30，分数：60.00)1.Human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present at the moment of communication. Thus we say it has the property of______.（分数：2.00）A.arbitrarinessB.displacementC.creativityD.duality2.The______function of language enables our language to talk about itself.（分数：2.00）A.performativeB.emotiveC.phaticD.metalingual3.Which segment in the following does not share one or more phonetic features with the other segments?（分数：2.00）A.[m]B.[l]C.[w]D.[s]4.Which is the description of the consonant[b]?（分数：2.00）A.voiceless bilabial stopB.voiced bilabial stopC.voiceless alveolar fricativeD.voiced alveolar fricative5.When preceding /p/, the negative prefix in-changes to im-through a process called ______（分数：2.00）A.dissimilationB.bilabializationC.assimilationD.none of the above6.The number of morphemes in the word girls is______.（分数：2.00）A.oneB.twoC.threeD.four7.Which of the following is an endocentric compound?（分数：2.00）A.runawayB.playboyC.self-controlD.breakthrough8.Which of the following is not a bound root morpheme?（分数：2.00）A.-putB.-ceiveC.-mitD.-tain9.The word televise is created through the process of______.（分数：2.00）A.blendingB.inventionC.back-formationD.borrowing10.The grammatical category which is used in the analysis of word classes to identify the syntactic relationship between words in a sentence is ______.（分数：2.00）A.caseB.agreementC.tenseD.aspect11.Which pair of antonyms does not belong to gradable antonyms?（分数：2.00）A.good, badB.hit, missC.long, shortD.small, big12.The indirect theory to meaning proposed by Ogden and Richards holds that the relation betweena word and a thing is mediated by______.（分数：2.00）A.referenceB.conceptC.controlD.dependency13.The following figures were very influential in the field of linguistics in the first two decades of the twentieth century except ______.（分数：2.00）A.SaussureB.BloomfieldC.ChomskyD.Firth14.The principal and most obvious contrast between the last two centuries has been the rapid rise of______ linguistics, as opposed to ______ linguistics.（分数：2.00）A.descriptive, historicalB.structural, generativeC.functional, formalistD.structural, historical15.The Prague school was a group of Czech and other scholars, whose main interest lays in ______ theory.（分数：2.00）A.phoneticB.phonologicalC.semanticD.syntactic16.______usually studies the psychological states and mental activity associated with the use of language.（分数：2.00）A.Cognitive linguisticsB.Corpus linguisticsC.PsycholinguisticsD.Neuro-linguistics17.Which of the following terms is included in psycholinguistics?（分数：2.00）A.Register.nguage acquisition.C.Metaphor.D.Interlanguage.18.Logic and Conversation was written by______.（分数：2.00）A.H. E GriceB.William JamesC.Stephen LevinsonD.John Austin19.______ involves the comparison of two concepts in that one is construed in terms of the other.（分数：2.00）A.SimileB.MetaphorC.AlliterationD.Metonymy20.Modern linguistics began from ______, who is often described as "father of modern linguistics".（分数：2.00）A.ChomskyB.HallidayC.BloomfieldD.Saussure21.As an interdisciplinary study of language use, ______ attempts to show the relationship between language and society.（分数：2.00）A.semanticsB.pragmaticsC.sociolinguisticsD.psycholinguistics22.Chomsky believes that language is somewhat innate, and that children are born with what he calls a(an)______.（分数：2.00）nguage Acquisition DeviceB.Generative GrammarC.Innateness HypothesisD.Universal Grammar23.According to the conversational maxim of______suggested by Grice, one should speak truthfully.（分数：2.00）A.quantityB.qualityC.relevanceD.Manner24.______is a cognitive operation whereby elements of two or more "mental spaces" are integrated via projecting into a new, blended space which has its unique structure.（分数：2.00）A.The Referential TheoryB.Speech Act TheoryC.The Classical TheoryD.Blending Theory25.______ is a theory of linguistic analysis which refers to an analysis of utterances (or texts)in term of the information they contain.（分数：2.00）A.Functional Sentence PerspectiveB.X-bar TheoryC.The Standard TheoryD.The Referential Theory26.Which of the following is not related to Chomsky?（分数：2.00）A.The Generative Grammar.B.The Standard Theory.C.The Systemic-Functional Theory.D.The Classical Theory.27.Which of the following is not the principle of Speech Act Theory?（分数：2.00）A.Illocutionary act.B.Locutionary act.C.Perlocutionary act.D.Prelocutionary act.28.It is a commonplace in linguistics to say that ______ was the era of the comparative and historical study of language.（分数：2.00）A.the 18th centuryB.the 19th centuryC.the 17 th centuryD.the 20 th century29.Three of the following scholars are regarded as the best known ones in the linguistic science of the early nineteenth century except______.（分数：2.00）A.F. BoppB.R. RaskC.J. GrimmD.K. Verner30.The major linguistic controversy in the last quarter of the 19th century was concerned with what is now referred to as ______.（分数：2.00）A.the prosodic phonologyB.the systemic grammarC.the neogrammarianD.the Generative Grammar二、名词解释(总题数：5，分数：10.00)31.Distinctive Feature（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 32.Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 33.Immediate Constituent Analysis（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 34.Relevance Theory（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 35.Contrastive Analysis（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________三、写作题(总题数：4，分数：8.00)36.Judge which of the following sentences are grammatically ill-formed or well-formed and give your reasons why they are acceptable or unacceptable.(100 - 150 words)He said a few words to the press.He said to the press.He said to the press a few words.He said a few words.He said a few words the press.He said the press a few words.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 37.One way of formalizing, or making absolutely precise, the sense-relations that hold among lexemes is by means of Componential Analysis, that is, to find a minimal pair between every two2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________38.Austin"s first shot at his Speech Act Theory is his claim that there are two types of sentences; PERFORMATIVES and CONSTATIVES. Please state what they are and illustrate them with examples.(100 - 150 words).（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 39.Speculative grammar includes Thomas Aquinas"s inquiry based on Priscian"s grammar and Donapus" grammar, Petrus Helias" philosophical and logical explanation of Priscian"s grammar and Roger Bacon"s universal account of language under the surface of diversity. Please give your comments on their work and give your own ideas of the universality and diversity of human languages.(100 - 150 words)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________。

2013年天津外国语大学801英语语言文学（计算机辅助语言学习方向）考研真题科目名称：英语语言文学I. Chinese-English Summary Translation (40 points)Directions: Write a summary of the following essay in about 200 English words.作为文化事件的“于丹被轰”肖鹰作为一个被媒体和市场联手打造的文化符号，“国学超女于丹”这两年来多少有些沉寂。

然而，11月17日在北大百年大讲堂举办的一场昆曲商演上发生的于丹被观众轰下台一事，又将于丹推到了公众视线的焦点上。

关于此事，已有现场视频流传于网络，情形是简单明白的：当昆曲节目表演结束，进入谢幕时，以10位昆曲界著名艺术家伫立作背景，主持人请于丹上台讲话，身着超短裙、黑色长丝袜和超高跟鞋的于丹在观众喝倒彩声中走上舞台。

当于丹在接受台上一位老艺术家献花之后开始讲话说“我先代表大家……”时，有观众喊出“于丹下去”，并且得到其他多位观众的呼应，于丹只得放弃讲话，退到后台并悄然下台。

我以为，这是一个文化利好事件，至少可概括出三点。

首先是对于丹教授的利好。

于丹现为北京师范大学艺术与传媒学院副院长、教授，虽然出身于文学硕士，但长期从事的是媒体策划及相关教学，2007年在央视百家讲坛讲《论语》成名后，就在国内文化市场以“国学专家（大师）”的招牌行市。

于丹之所以能暴得大名，一方面来自于她以媒体中人的敏感捕捉到了当时受众的普遍心理需要，并以简洁明快的演讲方式予以灌输，另一方面是，她由中国受众最广的媒体央视捧出。

以“国学”行市，于丹无论从知识层面，还是从精神层面，都有难以弥补的局限。

她声称自己四岁读《论语》，但对《论语》的解说错误百出，而讲《庄子》更是臆断妄议，基本文理不通。

讲点实在话，于丹讲国学，犹如没有根底的票友在“曲苑杂坛”里充大师。

成名后的于丹，并没有自我反省，或扬长避短，而是在与媒体与市场的合谋中随行就市，高调扮演文化市场的“国学符号”。

[考研类试卷]2012年天津外国语大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷一、单项选择题1 ______has been widely accepted as the father of modern linguistics.（A）Chomsky（B）Saussure（C）Bloomfield（D）Halliday2 A language user's underlying knowledge about the system of rules is called his linguistic______.（A）comprehension（B）performance（C）perception（D）competence3 "I can refer to Confucius or the North Pole, even though the first has been dead over 2,550 years and the second is situated far away from us. " This shows that language has the design feature of______.（A）displacement（B）creativity（C）duality（D）arbitrariness4 The distinction between competence and performance was put forward by ______. （A）Bloomfield（B）Saussure（C）Chomsky（D）Halliday5 Which of the following terms is not a concept in Psycholinguistics?（A）Processing utterances.（B）Producing utterances.（C）Language acquisition.（D）Componential analysis.6 The study of sounds is divided into three main areas, each dealing with one part of the process. ______ is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.（A）Articulatory phonetics（B）Auditory phonetics（C）Phonological process（D）Acoustic phonetics7 Which of the following statements is true?（A）Larynx is what we sometimes call "Adam's apple".（B）The International Phonetic Alphabet uses narrow transcription.（C）There are two nasal consonants in English.（D）It is sounds by which we make communicative meaning.8 ______ are a set of vowel qualities arbitrarily defined, fixed and unchanging, intended to provide a frame of reference for the description of the actual vowels of existing languages.（A）Diphthongs（B）Pure Vowels（C）Cardinal Vowels（D）Vowel Glides9 The sounds, which are produced by a closure in the vocal tract or by a narrowing which is so marked that air cannot escape without producing audible friction, are known as______.（A）consonants（B）places of articulation（C）vowels（D）manners of articulation10 Which of the following is the correct description of the English consonant[z]?（A）Voiceless alveolar affricate.（B）Voiceless bilabial nasal.（C）Voiced alveolar stop.（D）Voiced alveolar fricative.11 Which is the correct description of the English vowel[i:]?（A）High front tense unrounded vowel.（B）High back lax rounded vowel.（C）Mid central lax unrounded vowel.（D）Low back lax rounded vowel.12 The word ______ simply refers to a "unit of explicit sound contrast" : the existence ofa minimal pair automatically grants phonemic status to the sounds responsible for the contrasts.（A）allophone（B）phoneme（C）sound（D）syllable13 ______ is the smallest unit of language in regard to the relationship between sounding and meaning, a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning.（A）Allomorph（B）Word（C）Morpheme（D）Root14 ______is the collective term for the type of morpheme that can be used only when added to another morpheme.（A）Affix（B）Suffix（C）Stem（D）Prefix15 By the relation of______one means that different sets of clauses may permit of require the occurrence of a word of another set or class to form a sentence or a particular part of a sentence.（A）substitutability（B）position（C）co-occurrence（D）coordination16 ______refers to a major constituent of sentence structure in a binary analysis in which all obligatory constituents other than the subject were considered together.（A）Subject（B）Predicate（C）Object（D）Complement17 ______refer to those words that are used before the noun acting as head of a noun group, and that determine the kind of reference the nominal group has.（A）Particles（B）Auxiliaries（C）Pro-forms（D）Determiners18 Which of the following is under the category of "Open Class"?（A）Nouns.（B）Conjunctions.（C）Determiners.（D）Prepositions19 ______is the name for oppositeness relation, which includes three main sub-types. （A）Hyponymy（B）Antony my（C）Polysemy（D）Synonymy20 The theory of meaning which relates the meaning of a word to the thing it refers to or stands for is known as the ______.（A）An Integrated Theory（B）Speech Act Theory（C）The Classical Theory（D）The Referential Theory二、填空题21 ______ studies the relationship between language and thought, and a perennial subject of debate being whether language is a function of thinking or thought.22 Hymes' theory of______was introduced into the field of language teaching, which encourages teacher to pay more attention to the question of how to train their students as active and successful language users in a real language context.23 As one of the central topics in psycholinguistics, ______ concerns how a child acquires the language skills and how they extend to other languages.24 According to Langacker, ______ is the ability to conceive and portray the same situation in alternate ways through specificity, different mental scanning, directionality, vantage point, figure-ground segregation, etc.25 In cognitive linguistics, ______ is the process of classifying our experiences into different categories based on commonalities and differences.26 Many prepositions, such as "in" , "into" , exemplify a ______ schema, which involvesa physical of metaphorical boundary, enclosed area or volume, or excluded area or volume.27 ARGUMENT IS WAR is a______metaphor, in which the concept of argument is structured systematically in terms of another.28 In the cognitive literature, ______ is defined as a cognitive process in which the vehicle provides mental access to the target within the same domain.29 ______ theory is proposed by Fauconnier and Turner to address the cognitive operation whereby elements of two or more "mental spaces" are integrated via projecting into a new, blended space which has its unique structure.30 Hymes points out that a ______ refers to a group of people who "share not only the same rules of speaking, but at least one linguistic variety as well".31 The ______ hypothesis suggests that our language helps mould our way of thinking and consequently, different languages may probably express the speaker's unique ways of understanding of the world.32 An anthropological orientation in the study of language was developed both in England and in North America at the start of the 20th century. Bronislaw Malinowski and ______ was regarded as the pioneers of this movement in England.33 ______ linguistics addresses the structuring within language of such basic conceptual categories as those of space and time, scenes and event, entities and processes, motion and location, and force and causation.34 As one of the six subjects of research within psycholinguistics, ______ concerns how the cognitive architecture of language and language processing is implemented in the human brain.35 Sociolinguists expand the scope of their observation on language by introducing some major social factors, including class, ______, age, ethnic identity, education background, occupation and religious belief.36 John Langshaw Austin began to give lectures on Speech Act Theory in 195In 1955 , when delivering the William James lectures, he revised the notes and changed the title from Words and Deeds to ______, which was published posthumously in 1962.37 According to Austin, though ______ cannot be true or false, there are still conditions for them to meet to be appropriate or felicitous.38 The Felicity Conditions suggest that there must be a relevant conventional procedure, and the relevant ______ must be appropriate.39 Through the Williams James lectures Grice delivered at Harvard in 1967, the theory of Conversational Implicature became known to the public. Part of the lectures was published in 1975 under the title of______.40 The characteristics of implicative can be summarized as calculability, cancellability, ______ and non-conventionality.41 Sperber and Wilson argue that all Gricean maxims, including the CP itself, should be reduced to a single principle of relevance, which is defined as: every act of______ communicates the presumption of its own optional relevance.42 According to Sperber and Wilson, "of all the interpretations of the stimulus which confirm the presumption, it is ______ to occur to the addressee that is the one the communicator intended to convey".43 In the field of language use, Zipf recognized two competing forces: the forceof______, or speaker's economy, and the force of diversification, or hearer's economy. 44 Horn found that Q-based implicatures can be readily cancelled by ______ which does not affect what is said, but R-based implicatures cannot.45 A popular term in Stylistics, ______, defined by Leech and Short as "artistically motivated deviation" involves all levels of language; vocabulary, sound, syntax, meaning, graphology, etc.46 Where two syllables have the same initial and final consonants, but different vowels, they are____.47 A/An______ foot consists of three syllables; two unstressed syllables are followed bya stressed one.48 On the speech presentation cline, the one comes between Direct Speech and Indirect Speech is______.49 The term______was originally coined by William James to describe the free association of ideas and impressions in the mind, and later was applied to the novelistic portrayal of the free flow of thought.50 ______is the term used in linguistics to describe the relationship between a particular style of language and its context of use.三、写作题51 Choose <u>four</u> of the following questions for Essay Discussion. Write the number of the question and your essay on the ANSWER SHEET.There is no doubt that linguistic science today, like other parts of human knowledge, is the product of its past and matrix of its future(R. H. Robins, 1997). Discuss the progress with shifts among different approaches to language chronologically from antiquity up to the present.52 Philosophical presuppositions in terms of "arbitrariness" versus motivation, "autonomy" versus embodiment are still under debates in the field of modern linguistic studies. Comment on the debates and provide your argument for or against these theories.53 The linguists of comparative and historical linguistics, structural linguistics and transformational-generative linguistics all regarded their theories as "science". What do you think?54 The contrast between empiricism and rationalism runs through the history of linguistic thought in various manifestations. Rationalism allows for rational thought to process ideas. Empiricism says that only the data is relevant to ideas. Discuss and provide your argument for and against each of these presuppositions.55 Noam Chomsky is a leading linguistic scientist and his Syntactic Structures outlined his theories of transformational generative grammar, which made him a prominent and controversial figure in the field. Discuss his TG grammar and comment on the innateness hypothesis.56 There is a variety of possible relationships between language and society. The first one is that social structure may either influence or determine linguistic structure and/or behavior; a second possible relationship is directly opposed to the first: linguistic structure and/or behavior may either influence or determine social structure; a third possible relationship is that the influence is bi-directional; language and society may influence each other; a fourth possibility is to assume that there is no relationship at all between linguistic structure and social structure and that each is independent of the other. Discuss and provide evidence for and against the "no relationship" position.57 Cognitive Linguistics has been advancing now in the US and in Europe for three decades. Chinese scholars have already taken up these stimulating ideas and carried them forward within their own traditions of linguistic research. Make a list of famous cognitive linguists and comments on their contributions to the area of cognitive linguistic research.58 Austin puts forward the speech act theory. What does he mean by "speech act"? He uses the term "locution" for the actual form of words used by the speaker and their semantic meaning, and illocution for what the speaker is doing by uttering the words. If a person says "The gun is loaded" , what might be the illocutionary force? Or say, what might be the possible intention of the speaker? Provide the contexts for your interpretation.。

2012年天津外国语大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷(总分：116.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、单项选择题(总题数：20，分数：40.00)1.______has been widely accepted as the father of modern linguistics.（分数：2.00）A.ChomskyB.SaussureC.BloomfieldD.Halliday2.A language user"s underlying knowledge about the system of rules is called his linguistic______.（分数：2.00）prehensionB.performanceC.perceptionpetence3."I can refer to Confucius or the North Pole, even though the first has been dead over 2,550 years and the second is situated far away from us. " This shows that language has the design feature of______.（分数：2.00）A.displacementB.creativityC.dualityD.arbitrariness4.The distinction between competence and performance was put forward by ______.（分数：2.00）A.BloomfieldB.SaussureC.ChomskyD.Halliday5.Which of the following terms is not a concept in Psycholinguistics?（分数：2.00）A.Processing utterances.B.Producing utterances.nguage acquisition.ponential analysis.6.The study of sounds is divided into three main areas, each dealing with one part of the process. ______ is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.（分数：2.00）A.Articulatory phoneticsB.Auditory phoneticsC.Phonological processD.Acoustic phonetics7.Which of the following statements is true?（分数：2.00）rynx is what we sometimes call "Adam"s apple".B.The International Phonetic Alphabet uses narrow transcription.C.There are two nasal consonants in English.D.It is sounds by which we make communicative meaning.8.______ are a set of vowel qualities arbitrarily defined, fixed and unchanging, intended to provide a frame of reference for the description of the actual vowels of existing languages.（分数：2.00）A.DiphthongsB.Pure VowelsC.Cardinal VowelsD.Vowel Glides9.The sounds, which are produced by a closure in the vocal tract or by a narrowing which is so marked that air cannot escape without producing audible friction, are known as______.（分数：2.00）A.consonantsB.places of articulationC.vowelsD.manners of articulation10.Which of the following is the correct description of the English consonant[z]?（分数：2.00）A.Voiceless alveolar affricate.B.Voiceless bilabial nasal.C.Voiced alveolar stop.D.Voiced alveolar fricative.11.Which is the correct description of the English vowel[i:]?（分数：2.00）A.High front tense unrounded vowel.B.High back lax rounded vowel.C.Mid central lax unrounded vowel.D.Low back lax rounded vowel.12.The word ______ simply refers to a "unit of explicit sound contrast" : the existence of a minimal pair automatically grants phonemic status to the sounds responsible for the contrasts.（分数：2.00）A.allophoneB.phonemeC.soundD.syllable13.______ is the smallest unit of language in regard to the relationship between sounding and meaning, a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning.（分数：2.00）A.AllomorphB.WordC.MorphemeD.Root14.______is the collective term for the type of morpheme that can be used only when added to another morpheme.（分数：2.00）A.AffixB.SuffixC.StemD.Prefix15.By the relation of______one means that different sets of clauses may permit of require the occurrence of a word of another set or class to form a sentence or a particular part of a sentence.（分数：2.00）A.substitutabilityB.positionC.co-occurrenceD.coordination16.______refers to a major constituent of sentence structure in a binary analysis in which all obligatory constituents other than the subject were considered together.（分数：2.00）A.SubjectB.PredicateC.Objectplement17.______refer to those words that are used before the noun acting as head of a noun group, and that determine the kind of reference the nominal group has.（分数：2.00）A.ParticlesB.AuxiliariesC.Pro-formsD.Determiners18.Which of the following is under the category of "Open Class"?（分数：2.00）A.Nouns.B.Conjunctions.C.Determiners.D.Prepositions19.______is the name for oppositeness relation, which includes three main sub-types.（分数：2.00）A.HyponymyB.Antony myC.PolysemyD.Synonymy20.The theory of meaning which relates the meaning of a word to the thing it refers to or stands for is known as the ______.（分数：2.00）A.An Integrated TheoryB.Speech Act TheoryC.The Classical TheoryD.The Referential Theory二、填空题(总题数：30，分数：60.00)21. 1 studies the relationship between language and thought, and a perennial subject of debate being whether language is a function of thinking or thought.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________22.Hymes" theory of 1was introduced into the field of language teaching, which encourages teacher to pay more attention to the question of how to train their students as active and successful language users in a real language context.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________23.As one of the central topics in psycholinguistics, 1 concerns how a child acquires the language skills and how they extend to other languages.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________24.According to Langacker, 1 is the ability to conceive and portray the same situation in alternate ways through specificity, different mental scanning, directionality, vantage point,figure-ground segregation, etc.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________25.In cognitive linguistics, 1 is the process of classifying our experiences into different categories based on commonalities and differences.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________26.Many prepositions, such as "in" , "into" , exemplify a 1 schema, which involves a physical of metaphorical boundary, enclosed area or volume, or excluded area or volume.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________27.ARGUMENT IS WAR is a 1metaphor, in which the concept of argument is structured systematically in terms of another.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________28.In the cognitive literature, 1 is defined as a cognitive process in which the vehicle provides mental access to the target within the same domain.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________29. 1 theory is proposed by Fauconnier and Turner to address the cognitive operation whereby elements of two or more "mental spaces" are integrated via projecting into a new, blended space which has its unique structure.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________30.Hymes points out that a 1 refers to a group of people who "share not only the same rules of speaking, but at least one linguistic variety as well".（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________31.The 1 hypothesis suggests that our language helps mould our way of thinking and consequently, different languages may probably express the speaker"s unique ways of understanding of the world.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________32.An anthropological orientation in the study of language was developed both in England and in North America at the start of the 20th century. Bronislaw Malinowski and 1 was regarded as the pioneers of this movement in England.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________33. 1 linguistics addresses the structuring within language of such basic conceptual categories as those of space and time, scenes and event, entities and processes, motion and location, and force and causation.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________34.As one of the six subjects of research within psycholinguistics, 1 concerns how the cognitive architecture of language and language processing is implemented in the human brain.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________35.Sociolinguists expand the scope of their observation on language by introducing some major social factors, including class, 1, age, ethnic identity, education background, occupation and religious belief.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________36.John Langshaw Austin began to give lectures on Speech Act Theory in 195In 1955 , when delivering the William James lectures, he revised the notes and changed the title from Words and Deeds to 1, which was published posthumously in 1962.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________37.According to Austin, though 1 cannot be true or false, there are still conditions for them to meet to be appropriate or felicitous.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________38.The Felicity Conditions suggest that there must be a relevant conventional procedure, and the relevant 1 must be appropriate.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________39.Through the Williams James lectures Grice delivered at Harvard in 1967, the theory of Conversational Implicature became known to the public. Part of the lectures was published in 1975 under the title of 1.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________40.The characteristics of implicative can be summarized as calculability, cancellability, 1 and non-conventionality.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________41.Sperber and Wilson argue that all Gricean maxims, including the CP itself, should be reduced to a single principle of relevance, which is defined as: every act of 1 communicates the presumption of its own optional relevance.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________42.According to Sperber and Wilson, "of all the interpretations of the stimulus which confirm the presumption, it is 1 to occur to the addressee that is the one the communicator intended to convey".（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________43.In the field of language use, Zipf recognized two competing forces: the force of 1, or speaker"s economy, and the force of diversification, or hearer"s economy.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________44.Horn found that Q-based implicatures can be readily cancelled by 1 which does not affect what is said, but R-based implicatures cannot.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________45.A popular term in Stylistics, 1, defined by Leech and Short as "artistically motivated deviation" involves all levels of language; vocabulary, sound, syntax, meaning, graphology, etc.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________46.Where two syllables have the same initial and final consonants, but different vowels, they are 1.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________47.A/An 1 foot consists of three syllables; two unstressed syllables are followed by a stressed one.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________48.On the speech presentation cline, the one comes between Direct Speech and Indirect Speech is 1.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________49.The term 1was originally coined by William James to describe the free association of ideas and impressions in the mind, and later was applied to the novelistic portrayal of the free flow of thought.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________50. 1is the term used in linguistics to describe the relationship between a particular style of language and its context of use.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________三、写作题(总题数：8，分数：16.00)51.Choose four of the following questions for Essay Discussion. Write the number of the question and your essay on the ANSWER SHEET. There is no doubt that linguistic science today, like other parts of human knowledge, is the product of its past and matrix of its future(R. H. Robins, 1997). Discuss the progress with shifts among different approaches to language chronologically from antiquity up to the present.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 52.Philosophical presuppositions in terms of "arbitrariness" versus motivation, "autonomy" versus embodiment are still under debates in the field of modern linguistic studies. Comment on the debates and provide your argument for or against these theories.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 53.The linguists of comparative and historical linguistics, structural linguistics and transformational-generative linguistics all regarded their theories as "science". What do you think?（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________54.The contrast between empiricism and rationalism runs through the history of linguistic thought in various manifestations. Rationalism allows for rational thought to process ideas. Empiricism says that only the data is relevant to ideas. Discuss and provide your argument for and against each of these presuppositions.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 55.Noam Chomsky is a leading linguistic scientist and his Syntactic Structures outlined his theories of transformational generative grammar, which made him a prominent and controversial figure in the field. Discuss his TG grammar and comment on the innateness hypothesis.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 56.There is a variety of possible relationships between language and society. The first one is that social structure may either influence or determine linguistic structure and/or behavior;a second possible relationship is directly opposed to the first: linguistic structure and/or behavior may either influence or determine social structure; a third possible relationship is that the influence is bi-directional; language and society may influence each other; a fourth possibility is to assume that there is no relationship at all between linguistic structure and social structure and that each is independent of the other. Discuss and provide evidence for and against the "no relationship" position.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 57.Cognitive Linguistics has been advancing now in the US and in Europe for three decades. Chinese scholars have already taken up these stimulating ideas and carried them forward within their own traditions of linguistic research. Make a list of famous cognitive linguists and comments on their contributions to the area of cognitive linguistic research.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 58.Austin puts forward the speech act theory. What does he mean by "speech act"? He uses the term "locution" for the actual form of words used by the speaker and their semantic meaning, and illocution for what the speaker is doing by uttering the words. If a person says "The gun is loaded" , what might be the illocutionary force? Or say, what might be the possible intention of the speaker? Provide the contexts for your interpretation.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________。

育明教育中国考研专业课辅导第一品牌育明教育官方网站： 1育明教育天津分校2015年天津地区15所高校考研辅导必备天津分校地址南京路新天地大厦2007专注考研专业课辅导8年天津地区专业课辅导第一品牌天津分校赵老师与大家分享资料育明教育，创始于2006年，由北京大学、中国人民大学、中央财经大学、北京外国语大学的教授投资创办，并有北京大学、武汉大学、中国人民大学、北京师范大学复旦大学、中央财经大学、等知名高校的博士和硕士加盟，是一个最具权威的全国范围内的考研考博辅导机构。

更多详情可联系育明教育天津分校赵老师。

2013年天津外国语大学翻译硕士055107法语笔译考研参考书专业课考研真题考录比复试线全日制专业学位硕士研究生入学考试专业目录招生专业学位类别专业学位类别招生规模考试科目翻译硕士0551055101英语笔译28101政治211翻译硕士英语357英语翻译基础448汉语写作与百科知识055102英语口译15055105日语笔12101政治育明教育中国考研专业课辅导第一品牌育明教育官方网站：2译213翻译硕士日语359日语翻译基础448汉语写作与百科知识055106日语口译18055103俄语笔译10政治212翻译硕士俄语358俄语翻译基础448汉语写作与百科知识055104俄语口译6055107法语笔译6101政治214翻译硕士法语360法语翻译基础448汉语写作与百科知识055109德语笔译4政治215翻译硕士德语361德语翻译基础448汉语写作与百科知识055110德语口译2055111朝鲜语笔译8101政治216翻译硕士韩语362韩语翻译基础448汉语写作与百科知识055112朝鲜语口译6考研政治每年平均分在4，50分，不是很高，政治取得高分除了靠记忆力还要有一定的育明教育中国考研专业课辅导第一品牌育明教育官方网站： 3技巧，今天我就考研政治中的一些答题技巧，来和同学们分享一下。

选择题分值为50分。

天津考研网()天津外国语大学语言学方向考研真题信息（英语语言文学专业）天津外国语大学语言学方向考研复习都是有依据可循的,考研学子关注事项流程为：考研报录比-大纲-参考书-资料-真题-复习经验-辅导-复试-导师，缺一不可。

作为天津外国语大学英语语言文学专业语言学方向的众多报考生之一，亲身经历过去年的考研大战，成功进入复试，最后在录取名单上终于看到了我的名字。

这一年来的备考，也算是有了不少心得体会，现在这个时间段正是研读真题的时候，所以我把自己如何复习真题的经验体会写下来分享给大家，希望可以帮到大家复习。

我个人呢在复习真题的时候是按照下面的方法展开自己的复习计划，写出来给大家参考一下：首先第一遍的时候按照年份限时做题，就像模拟考一样，算个大概的分数；然后思考自己当时没做出来的题该怎么做，做错的题错在哪，会做的题是不是有更好的思路和解题方法；第二遍主要做错题，主攻错题并且总结错题的题型和涉及到的知识点；最后按照错误率的高低专项攻克一个知识点，并且花上1-2天的时间只做这个知识点。

练得多了可以缩短一下时间，因为在考场上我们的心理并不如平时轻松，所以平时要更为严苛的锻炼我们的解题速度以及正确率，以保证可以发挥出正常水平。

另外呢，我参加的初试专业课考试为：业务一701（基础英语+汉语）；业务二801（英语语言文学）。

我用的资料是：天津外国语大学英语语言文学专业语言学方向考研红宝书-全程版。

资料中包含了如下的真题内容：天津外国语大学基础英语+汉语2004-2016年考研试题；天津外国语大学基础英语+汉语2006-2015年考研试题参考答案；天津外国语大学英语语言文学（语言学方向）2007-2016年考研试题；天津外国语大学英语语言文学（语言学方向）2007-2016年详细参考答案；天津外国语大学基础英语+汉语2006-2015年考研真题解析，“天津外国语大学英语语言文学（英语语言学方向）考研真题解析（答案+讲解视频）”；天津外国语大学英语语言文学（语言学方向）2007-2016年考研真题解析，“天津外国语大学英语语言文学（英语语言学方向）考研真题解析（答案+讲解视频）”；二外科目2005-2016年考研试题（其中2015-2016年包括二外日语、德语、法语、英语）。

2013年天津外国语大学英语专业（英美文学）真题试卷(总分54,考试时间90分钟)1. 单项选择题1. The majority of Robert Burns" poems were written in the ______dialect.A. ScottishB. WelshC. IrishD. Celtic2. Which of the following novels is written in epistolary style? ______A. Moll FlandersB. Tom JonesC. The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, GentlemanD. Pamela, Or Virtue Rewarded3. Which of the following poems could be employed to explain Wordsworth"s theory of poetry writing as "a spontaneous overflow of powerful emotion" "recollected in tranquility"? ______A. I wandered lonely as a cloudB. Ode on a Grecian UrnC. The Rime of the Ancient MarinerD. To Autumn4. Direct psychoanalysis could not possibly be found in the works of______.A. Edgar Allan PoeB. Washington IrvingC. Henry JamesD. Ernest Hemingway5. Compared with the writings of Mark Twain"s, Henry James"s fiction is noted for their______.A. frontier vernacularB. rich colloquialismC. refined elegant languageD. vulgarly descriptive words6. Which of the following plays is highly autobiographic? ______A. A Streetcar Named DesireB. Death of a SalesmanC. Long Day"s Journey into NightD. The Hairy Ape7. ______doesn"t directly employ sexual impotence to symbolize spiritual poverty in his works.A. Ernest HemingwayB. T. S. EliotC. Walt WhitmanD. Edward Albee2. 填空题1. The human defect of______mainly causes the tragedy of Macbeth.2. In John Milton"s______, Satan seems to embody the human fight for freedom and against control in life.3. "Hath not a Jew eyes? Hath not a Jew hands, organs, dimensions, senses, affections? Fed with the same food, hurt with the same weapons, subject to the same diseases, healed by the same means, warmed and cooled by the same winter and summer, as a Christian is?" The speaker is______.4. Heroic couplet is one of the traditional verse forms in English poetry. ______is believed to be the first English poet to have adopted this form in his poems.5. Great Expectations is a novel of Bildungsroman, or a novel of______.6. Determinism is a theme in Joseph Conrad"s ______.7. "Art for art"s sake" finds a fluent expression in Oscar Wilde"s only novel ______, but is disapproved of by______, the author of Pygmalion.8. Ulysses is a highly symbolic novel, which bears a striking resemblance to Homer"s ______.9. " Let us go then, you and IWhen the evening is spread out against the skyLike a patient etherized upon a table..."These lines are taken from a poem entitled______.10. "Young Goodman Brown" is intended to reveal that______exists in the hearts of all human beings.11. "The universe is composed of Nature and the soul... Spirit is present everywhere. " This is the voice out of the book______, which pushed American Romanticism into a new phase, the phase of New England Transcendentalism.12. Life is real! Life is earnest!And the grave is not its goalDust thou art, to dust returnestWas not spoken of the soul.These lines are taken from a poem entitled______.13. ______tore the mask of gentility to pieces and wrote about the helplessness of man, his insignificance in a cold world, and his lack of dignity in face of the crushing forces of environment and heredity.14. The Compsons, the Sartorises, and the Sutpens are representative southern aristocratic families in ______"s novels, and they are all portrayed as prisoners of the past, who cannot reconcile with the fall of the south after______.15. In The Woman Warrior,______rewrites the legend of Chinese heroine to express her desire to become a woman warrior in a racist and sexist society.16. " A moist young moon hung above the mist of a neighboring meadow. " In the sentence from Conclusive Evidence, Vladimir Nabokov uses the figure of speech called ______.3. 分析题1. Many writers seem to believe in the therapeutic and revitalizing power of nature. Illustrate the image of nature and its impact on human beings in a specific novel, play, poem or short story by an American or British writer/playwright/poet.2. At the end of Tess" story, Hardy wrote that " " Justice " was done, and the President of the Immortals(in Aeschylean phrase)had ended his sport with Tess. " How do you understand this sentence? In what sense is Tess" story tragic?3. In For Whom the Bell Tolls, the readers see a clear change of Hemingway"s former individualistic attitude shown as in The Sun Also Rises to a fresh faith of social destinies of men.Illustrate this point on the basis of these two novels.4. The ship(or the boat, or the like)has been a key symbol in western literature. W. H. Auden holds that there are mainly two views of a ship: as a vessel isolated in the ocean, thus a microcosm of society; and as a vehicle of escape from the shore, thus an image of freedom. Elaborate on the symbolic meaning of the ship/boat, or a boarded floating object in one American or British novel.。

天津外国语大学801英语语言文学计算机辅助语言学习方向历年考研真题汇编最新资料,WORD格式,可编辑修改目录2014年天津外国语大学801英语语言文学计算机辅助语言学习方向考研真题I. Chinese-English Translation 40 pointsDirections: Translate the underlined three paragraphs in the following essay into English. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.母亲井陈延禄儿时记忆越来越模糊,惟村中那口老井,仍历历在目,忘却不了。

老井建于何时,已无从考证。

父亲说,井的年龄比爷爷还大。

这口老井建于村子正中,呈圆形,井深五六丈,用石砖砌成,井口长满了青苔。

井台上,用两根呈十字的圆木交叉挺起一个木制的辘轳,前面插上一根半弓形的把儿,一根长长的绳子拴着柳罐斗子直垂井底。

前来打水的人要双腿叉开,前腿弓起,后脚蹬地,双手握住辘轳把做圆心摇动,任凭那井绳在辘轳上有规则地做圆圈缠绕。

老井就吱吱嘎嘎地呻吟,声音低沉、古老、悠长,犹如病重老者的喘息声。

当柳罐斗子被提升到进口时,就得腾出一只手抓住它的脊骨,倒到井沿的水桶里。

打出的井水清冽纯净,有如泉水般的甘甜。

它旱天不枯,雨天不涝,像一位慈祥的老母亲,无论春夏秋冬、风雪雨霜,始终滋养着村里的一辈又一辈。

每天人们都要在井边见面,特别是收工以后和到傍晚的时候,担水的人特别多,吱吱扭扭的响声,扑踏扑踏的脚步声陆陆续续,井台就成为乡亲们沟通的最佳场所。

打水的人们非常有秩序,壮的谦让弱的,男的谦让女的,遇上力气小的,就有力气大的过来帮忙摇轳。

更多的人在等待的时候,放下肩上的挑子,一屁股儿坐在架在两只桶上的扁担上,从裤兜里掏出纸和旱烟,用手捋着,就卷好一支烟,也顺便友好地捏一撮烟叶,递给没带烟的人。

于是人们一边逍遥地吞云吐雾,一边拉着家常讲着故事,开一些无伤大雅的玩笑,惬意的笑声总在井边荡漾。

2010年天津外国语大学英语专业（英美文学）真题试卷(总分：48.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、填空题(总题数：20，分数：40.00)1.The only organic whole poem to come out of the Anglo-Saxons period is 1, an example of the mingling of nature myths and heroic legends.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________2." A little learning is a dangerous thing/Drink deep, or taste not the Pierian sping," a famous quotation is from An Essay on Criticism written by 1, the high priest and magistrate of the Age of Reason.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________3.The 16th century in the history of English literature is viewed as a great period of Elizabethan drama, which witnessed the birth of two great playwrights; William Shakespeare and 1.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________4.John Bunyan, a village tinker, with his strength and sincerity inscribed his name in the English literary history by his famous work 1written in the old-fashioned, medieval form of allegory and dream.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________5.The famous English critic Mathew Arnold called the 18th century in Britain "an age of prose". In this period, no novelists were as popular and well known as 1.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________6.Joseph Addison and Sir Richard Steele are always remembered together because they started a journalistic tradition that is still alive in Britain and the United State. Their collaboration on a series of essays for the Taller and the 1strongly influenced 18th century English taste and opinion.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________7.Like Ibsen, 1was much concerned about the social problems of his time. His career as a dramatist began in 1892, when his first play 2was put on and turned out a success.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________8.Modernist writers such as James Joyce and Virginia Wolf approached the internal world of characters in their novels by the technique of "stream of consciousness" which means 1.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________9.According to historians of English literature, the First World War saw the start of a poetic revolution which was initiated by the imagist movement and the symbolist movement. The imagist movement was led by 1.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________10.The revolution of the British drama came in the decade following the ending of the World War II. The tremors in the post-war British theatre were caused by Samuel Beckett"s play 1.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________11.Edgar Allan Poe"s stories fall into two categories; 1and "tales of ratiocination".（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________12." The greatest delight which the fields and woods minister, is the suggestion of an occult relation between man and the vegetable. I am not alone and unacknowledged. They nod to me, and I to them. The waving of the boughs in the storm, is new to me and old. It takes me by surprise,and yet is not unknown. Its effect is like that of a higher thought or a better emotion coming over me, when I deemed I was thinking justly or doing right.Yet it is certain that the power to produce this delight, does not reside in 1, but in 2, or in a harmony of both. It is necessary to use these pleasures with great temperance. "（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________13.In Emily Dickinson"s poem Because I Could not Stop for Death, she uses personification to compare death to 1.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________14.In William Dean Howell"s 1, the burning of the house symbolizes the protagonist"s economic fall but he achieves his moral and ethical rise.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________15.Allen Ginsberg"s 1(1956), William S. Burroughs"s Naked Lunch(1959)and Jack Kerouac"s On the Road(1957)are considered to be the literary representatives of the 2of the 1950s.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________16.The Southern Renaissance was the reinvigoration of American Southern literature that began in the 1920s and 1930s with the appearance of, among others, novelist 1, playwright 2, short-story writer Katherine Anne Porter.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________17.The concept of "double consciousness" which has beeh widely employed in the literary criticism of ethnic American literatures originated from the enduring classic The Souls of Black Folk(1903) by 1.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________18.In 1by Arthur Miller, the main character 2"s determination to live up to his "American Dream" and only to seek material happiness takes his life.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________19. 1by J.D.Salinger reflects the moral crisis and disillusionment of the post-war American society.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________20."The suits on Wall Street walked off with most of our savings. " The figure of speech used in the sentence is 1.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________二、问答题(总题数：4，分数：8.00)21.Charles Lamb is sometimes called the Shakespeare of the English essay. Do you agree or disagree on the statement? Give details to support your argument.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 22.British romanticism is a very important literary trend in the history of the English literature. Scholars singled out six major poets in this period of time: Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelly, Keats and Blake and constructed the basic notions of a unified Romanticism. What are the basic notions of Romanticism? Illustrate these notions of Romanticism with one or two examples.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 23.How do Ichabod Crane and Brom Bones in The Legend of Sleepy Hollow embody two different value systems?（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 24.Give the importance of mobility in the ideological underpinnings of America, it is hardly surprising to find that American literature has from its beginnings been"a literature of movement, of motion, its great icons the track through forest and superhighway. " Please name one novel from the canonical American literature to elaborate on the theme of mobility.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________。

[考研类试卷]2013年天津外国语大学英语专业（基础英语）真题试卷一、选择题1 The skies were <u>void</u> of smog, but a light sea mist blanketed the bay in a trippy, wobbly haze.（A）free（B）full（C）empty（D）depleted2 By the time I get to the office 10 minutes later, I've already risked being hit by a car several times. Italy and China are very similar in this respect. Traffic lights have more of an <u>ornamental</u> function than a practical one.（A）boycott（B）extraordinary（C）decorative（D）legal3 As it is in the <u>vicinity</u> of the embassy area, the district where the complex is located is a major residential location for foreigners and foreign companies.（A）similar area（B）unknown place（C）main street（D）neighborhood4 Not long ago, Zheng Yuanjie, a famous author of children's literature, openly expressed his opposition to China's class council system in his micro-blog, arguing that this system will exert a negative impact on children's personality development,<u>triggering</u> discussions on whether the current class council system should be cancelled.（A）igniting（B）resulting（C）enclosing（D）inviting5 In 2012, Chinese enterprises will be confronted with <u>unprecedented</u> challenges, said the Report of Chinese Enterprise Development, issued by the Development Research Center of the State Council on January 8.（A）serious（B）worsening（C）exceeding（D）unparalleled6 The policy <u>incurred</u> queries from the public. Many said that establishing a link between employment rate and college courses is reasonable because colleges have the responsibility to provide useful human resources to promote social development, but deciding a major's fate based solely on that rate, however, is not.（A）caused（B）demanded（C）eliminated（D）associated7 Anyone who has any understanding of China will agree that we will be able to achievea soft landing, supported by <u>buoyant</u> domestic demand.（A）dwindling（B）emerging（C）floating（D）thriving8 Twenty-nine Chinese nationals <u>abducted</u> by local rebels in Sudan were successfully rescued by the Sudanese army and arrived at the Chinese Embassy to Kenya that day.（A）seized（B）freed（C）exploited（D）moderated9 In China, antibiotics are commonly referred to by another name—medicine to<u>diminish</u> inflammation, which has contributed a lot to the spread of antibiotics.（A）curtail（B）level（C）dwindle（D）shrink10 Because Apple products are released much later in China than in other countries, many Apple fans turn to <u>smugglers</u> to satisfy demand.（A）black-market（B）howlers（C）contrabandist（D）dealers11 We see some tactical differences in the region. But on the whole, the United States and China have either commonality or <u>complementarily</u> of interests.（A）consensus（B）mismatch（C）parts that make a good combination（D）needs of both two parties12 Rather a cursory skim of its text reveals that it is in fact a surrogacy<u>intermediary</u> website.（A）go-between（B）express service（C）information emission（D）transformation13 Despite a widespread tendency to romanticize Van Gogh's ill health, modern critics see an artist deeply frustrated by the inactivity and incoherence brought about by his <u>bouts</u> of illness.（A）attacks（B）hoarding（C）recovery（D）vulnerability14 Many people claiming to have been forcibly treated for nonexistent mental illnesses are <u>institutionalized</u> by family members.（A）internalized（B）sent to an institution（C）hospitalized（D）ignored15 From <u>harping</u> on the trade deficit to a discussion of whether it is proper for the candidates to have investments in China, the word "China" came up 22 times—always negatively—in the second debate, and 35 times in the finale between Obama and Romney.（A）talking tediously（B）arguing fiercely（C）relating forcibly（D）debating vigorously16 His work is said to bear a strong resemblance to the 1982 Nobel Prize winner Gabriel Garcia Marquez. The Nobel Committee in Sweden praised Mo's "<u>hallucinatory</u> realism, " which blends aspects of " fold tales, history and the contemporary, " and said that his works reminded people of Marquez's and William Faulkner's works.（A）cruel（B）sheer（C）phantasmal（D）homicide17 Walking toward the house, a small woman saw me and ran out to <u>usher</u> me the rest of the distance—about 10 feet to the chair. She ran inside, brought out a cup, threw in some tea leaves, repeating the words "Longjing cha" several times and then added hot water.（A）push（B）escort（C）press（D）take18 While Chinese observers recommend sticking to the principle of a peaceful resolution, they warn that if Japan takes further provocative acts, the bilateral relationship could<u>spin</u> out of control.（A）swirl（B）jump（C）disperse（D）scatter19 One solution to improve the poor <u>drainage</u> system in Beijing is to gradually upgrade the underground conduits and design standards, but it is not a job that will be completed soon.（A）accelerating（B）outpouring（C）storing（D）drawing off20 The piranha is not the only <u>alien</u> species that has appeared in China. Although it remains unnecessary for swimmers in Liuzhou to worry about piranha attacks, other alien species have long plagued economies and ecosystems.（A）vicious（B）invading（C）foreign（D）ancient21 The A<u>most easiest</u> process for mining gold is panning, which B<u>involves using</u> a C<u>circular</u> dish with a small pocket D<u>at the bottom</u>.22 In the United States, A<u>both</u> the federal and state governments have lawsB<u>designed</u> to guard consumers C<u>against</u> deceptive D<u>advertise</u>.23 Anthropologists A<u>agree</u> that our B<u>primitive ancestors</u> who inhabited the tropics C<u>probably have</u> natural protection D<u>against</u> the sun.24 A principle of A<u>manager</u> is to ensure that every B<u>action</u> orC<u>decision</u> achieves a carefully D<u>planned</u> goal.25 A<u>Researchers</u> at the university B<u>are investigating</u> a series of indicators that C<u>could</u> help D<u>themselves</u> to predict earthquakes.26 A A<u>common</u> use B<u>with</u> gold in the nineteenth century was C<u>asa standard</u> for the D<u>value</u> of money.27 How many people A<u>realize that</u> agriculture is a B<u>source</u> of rawC<u>materials</u> for clothing and D<u>to shelter</u>?28 A<u>Principal</u> known for B<u>his</u> C<u>dictionary</u>, Noah Webster was also the first D<u>epidemiologist</u> in the country.29 Window treatment, furniture arrangement and color A<u>combine</u> B<u>all contribute</u> to the C<u>overall</u> impression of D<u>a room</u>.30 A patent A<u>gives</u> inventors B<u>exclusive</u> rights to their inventions for a C<u>fix</u> period D<u>of time</u>.二、选词填空30 Note-taking is a skill that can help you do well on all your schoolwork—everything from taking tests to researching a paper. But【K1】u______, most schools don't have classes that teach you how to take【K2】n______. So here are some tips.Write down【K3】k______facts. If you have a teacher who writes notes on the board, that's a bonus; You can【K4】c______them down. If not, write down the most important 【K5】p______ from class. Does your history【K6】t______mention the date of a key Civil War battle? Does your English teacher give examples of Shakespeare's use of dramatic irony? Does your math teacher go over a particular formula? Write it down!It can take some experimenting to【K7】f______ out what information is helpful, so keep trying and don't give up.【K8】D______teachers do things differently. For example, some teachers may mention lots of dates and facts in class but only write the key ones on the【K9】b______. Other teachers may not write anything down, but they may repeat a certain date or piece of information. That's a【K10】c______that it's probably important. After a while, you'll get to know a teacher's style.31 【K1】32 【K2】33 【K3】34 【K4】35 【K5】36 【K6】37 【K7】38 【K8】39 【K9】40 【K10】40 A growing number of companies are finding that small-group discussions allow them to develop healthier ways to think about work. People at all【K11】l______of corporate structure are starting groups that meet weekly or【K12】m______to talk oyer ways to make workplaces【K13】m ethical and just.Several factors must be present for small-group【K14】d______ to be successful. First, it is important to put together the right【K15】g______. Groups work best when they consist of people who have【K16】s______ duties, responsibilities, and missions. This does not mean, however, that everyone in the group must think in lockstep.All【K17】p______should agree on the group's purpose. Finding the right subject matter is essential. There are several【K18】w______to fuel the discussion; by using the company's mission statement, by finding readings on work and ethics by experts in the topic, or by analyzing specific workplace incidents that have affected the company or others like it.Finally, the dynamics of the group should be balanced, and the discussion leader must not be allowed to overwhelm the conversation or the agenda. Groups work【K19】b______ when the same person is not always in charge. It is better to【K20】r______ the leadership for each meeting and let that leader choose the material for discussion.41 【K11】42 【K12】43 【K13】44 【K14】45 【K15】46 【K16】47 【K17】48 【K18】49 【K19】50 【K20】三、阅读理解50 About myopia—if you have it, be happy. As shown by numerous scientific studies, nearsighted men and women boast a higher average intelligence than their nonmyopic cohorts. The precise mechanism of this association remains unknown, but it is tempting to postulate an effect of myopia on early childhood development. Most nearsighted kids wander around undiagnosed for years, and during this formative period—unable to see the baseballs, Frisbees, and rocks thrown at them by their playmates—they spend a lot of time indoors. The nonathletic myopias who take up reading to while away the hours get high scores on the SATs, while those who take up eating tweak our claustrophobia by overflowing the adjacent seat on airplanes. Myopia also exerts a compelling influence on career choice: the great majority of my fellow ophthalmologists wear either contact lenses or thick myopic spectacles. Pathology breeds preoccupations.However beautiful the human eye, it serves a more important purpose than romantic allure. Forty percent of the brain is devoted to vision, which provides us with more information than our other four senses combined. Our optic nerves transmit millions of impulses to the brain every second, impulses that specify the location, color and intensity of light for all the points in our visual space. Better yet, thanks to a mysterious algorithm that fuses the slightly disparate images from each of our eyes, our visual cortex, via a neurological miracle known as depth perception, shows us the world in three dimensions. An impressive feat since a video camera, arguably the benchmark of modern technology, can muster only two dimensions.Certain ocular tissue stands on the pinnacle of evolution. How does nature, so crude in claw and fang, create a surface that brings light into a pinpoint focus? This surface must be perfectly curved, perfectly transparent, perfectly smooth. It must be—water! Which is to say, the cornea owes its optical perfection to a tear film whose dissolved salts, lipids, and proteins maintain a flawless wetted surface. A man who has no tears stands on the brink of blindness. Worse yet, that man will writhe in agony: a dry cornea, thanks to the most exquisite pain threshold in the human body, responds to each blink with a tormenting jolt. Dry eye victims compare the sensation to that caused by rubbing the eyeball with shards of glass.51 Myopia is blessing in disguise because（A）shortsighted people earn more.（B）shortsighted people read more.（C）shortsighted people live longer.（D）shortsighted people eat more.52 "Pathology breeds preoccupations" most probably means, by analogy,（A）eye doctors choose their career because they like their career.（B）surgeons choose their career because they suffer from injury.（C）gynaecologists choose their career because she is a woman.（D）ear, nose and throat doctors choose their career because they wish to have a beautiful voice.53 To ensure the eyes function normally, the most important thing is to（A）read less to let the eyes have a rest.（B）see the doctor when there is something wrong with the eye.（C）not to focus on an object over a long time.（D）need water to moisten the cornea.54 The sentence "However beautiful the human eye, it serves a more important purpose than romantic allure" can be best interpreted as（A）But the human eye is beautiful, it...（B）Although human eye is beautiful, it...（C）No matter how beautiful the human eye is, it...（D）Despite the fact that the human eye is beautiful, it...55 Which organ receives the most information, according to the author?（A）Ears.（B）Tongue.（C）Hands.（D）Eyes.55 That evening at the academician's dormitory, I went out onto my balcony and lit a cigarette. A few minutes later, the door of the adjacent balcony opened. The balconies were extremely close, the railings separated by a mere ten inches of black space. An elderly woman stepped outside and stood very still, gazing sternly into the distance, apparently pursuing her own thoughts about Tolstoy. Abruptly she turned to me. "Would you be so kind as to give me a light?" she asked.I fished a matchbook from my pocket, lit a match, cupped my hand around it, and held it over her balcony. She leaned over, ignited a Kent Light, and began puffing away. I decided to take advantage of this moment of human contact to ask for shampoo.(There wasn't any in our bathrooms, and mine was lost somewhere with my suitcase.)But when I mentioned shampoo, some strong emotion flickered across the old woman's face. Fear? Annoyance? Hatred? I consoled myself that I was providing her an opportunity to practice resignation of the soul." Just a minute, " said my neighbor resignedly, as if she had read my thoughts. She set down her cigarette in a glass ashtray. The thread of smoke climbed up into the windless night. I ducked into my room to find a shampoo receptacle, choosing a ceramic mug with a picture of the historic white gates of Yasnaya Polyana. Under the picture was a quotation from L. N. Tolstoy, about how he was unable to imagine a Russia with no Yasnaya Polyana.I held the mug over the narrow chasm, and my neighbor poured in some sudsy water from a small bottle. 1 realized then that she was sharing with me literally her last drops of shampoo, which she had mixed with water in order to make them last longer. I thankedher as warmly as I knew how. She responded with a dignified nod. We stood a moment in silence."Do you have any cats and dogs?" she asked finally."No, " I said. "And you?"" In Moscow, I have a marvelous cat. "56 "I fished a matchbook from my pocket". Here the matchbook is（A）a book.（B）a match schedule.（C）a box contains matches.（D）a description of matches.57 The passage indicates that the hotel room the author lives in is probably（A）expensive.（B）spacious.（C）elegant.（D）high about the ground.58 It can be gathered from the passage that the hotel does not provide its customer with （A）food.（B）drinking water.（C）bathroom.（D）shampoo.59 The author might not have asked for help from her hotel neighbor in the following situation;（A）She had her luggage at hand.（B）She had taken a bath at home.（C）She believed that her neighbor had enough shampoo.（D）She knew that her neighbor did not have enough shampoo.60 "I thanked her as warmly as I knew how, " means that I am grateful to my hotel neighbor so I（A）thanked her most warmly.（B）did it in Russia as Russians do.（C）did what I should in this situation.（D）asked her about her pets at home.60 London keeps its eyes on this far corner of the empire. Two British diplomats preside— colonial figures hardly cut from the same cloth as the old viceroys of India or governors of Nigeria or Hong Kong. The senior man is usually on the verge of retirement, having enjoyed rather too little distinction in his career, or else sporting a stated fascination with bird watching, since there is a local and much-celebrated albatross. His assistant is invariably an eager youngster—on this occasion an ambitious young woman who was leaving after six months for a long-sought and career-boosting posting outside Kandahar. There is usually rather little for the pair to do; the only signed order currently posted on the island's official notice board refers to power cut due for two hours the following Tuesday.Once in a long while, there is crisis. The event for which Tristan perhaps best remembered was the eruption of its volcano in 1961, and the evacuation of the entire population. The 264 islanders— the population size has remained very stable for the last half century—were brought to England and put up in a disused army barracks in Hampshire. But the supposed delights of Western civilization— cars, elevators, cinemas, none of which the islanders had ever seen before—did not seduce them into staying: two years later all but fourteen went home. They built their ruined town and settled back to their uncomplicated routines of fishing for lobsters and knitting ganzeys. The DailyMirror of the time said, admiringly, that by doing so the islanders had delivered on all smug Britons a much-deserved and contemptuous slap.I first went to the island in 1983 , then again a little later. I was welcomed, though warily: the self-reliance of the islanders is matched by a fierce devotion to self-protection and privacy. They knew I was a writer; they warned me that anything I might publish would be read and analyzed for years to come. And though nothing untoward occurred when I was visiting(my time ashore I spent fully impressed with the idea of leaving only footprints and taking only snapshots)it was shortly after that second trip that I quite inadvertently committed the indiscretion which resulted in my lifetime prohibition.At first blush it all sounds to have been innocent indeed. It stems from a somewhat bizarre British government decision, taken during World War II, to reclassify some of its more remote island possessions as ships. Tristan was transmuted into HMS Atlantic Isle, and its role was to patrol(from its rock-hewn state of immobility)for any German U-boats that might be lurking in the southern Atlantic. To compound the fantasy, a small party of sailors was posted there to man the ship—one of them a young and apparently romantically minded lieutenant and litterateur manque named Derrick Booty.61 The administrators of the island are（A）able and powerful.（B）well educated and full of vitality.（C）old and inexperienced.（D）busy and working hard.62 The word "power" can mean different things. In this passage in the phrase "power cut" , power definitely means（A）administrative power.（B）muscle.（C）brain power.（D）electricity.63 The island inhabitants like（A）modern civilization in London.（B）pristine life at home.（C）volcano on the island.（D）warships visiting the island.64 It can be gathered from this piece that the British government regarded the island Tristan as if it were a(n)（A）warship.（B）frontier.（C）fishing ground.（D）netting factory.65 In the phrase "to patrol(from its rock-hewn state of immobility)for any German U-boats", "rock-hewn state of immobility" is another way of referring to（A）HMS Atlantic Isle.（B）Tristan Island.（C）U-boat.（D）Atlantic Ocean.65 The drive took us back past Casablanca, with its smoking chimneys and thicket of apartment buildings, and then to El Jadida, a whitewashed resort town on a flat spread of pinkish beach, where we stayed the night. Thursday morning was warm and clear, the light pouring over wide fields of corn and wheat. In several fields, donkeys and mules were already at work, pulling irrigation machines and plows, leaning into their harnesses. Carts hurtled alongside us on the shoulder of the road, loaded with entire families andnearly toppling loads of bulging burlap bags, boxes, and miscellany, heading in the direction of the souk, the donkey or mule or horse moving snappily as if the sound of the car traffic was egging them on. By the time we arrived, just after 7 a. m. , the fairground was already mobbed. We had no trouble parking, because there were only a handful of cars and another handful of trucks, but the rest of the parking area was cluttered with wagons and carts and scores of donkeys and mules—a few hundred of them at least, dozing, nibbling on the scraps of grass, swaying in place, hobbled by a bit of plastic twine tired around their ankles. These weren't for sale—they were transportation, and they were parked while their owners were shopping.A roar floated over the fairground; it was the combined chatter of hundreds of buyers and sellers haggling, and the smack and thump of boxes being opened and sacks being slapped down to be filled, and vendors hollering for attention and a blast of Moroccan music playing out of an unattended laptop computer that was hooked to man-sized speakers, beneath a tent of fabric cut from a Nokia cell-phone billboard. We walked in through a section of the souk where vendors sat behind mountains of dried beans in baskets four feet wide, and past stalls selling fried fish and kebabs, the greasy smoky air trapped in the tents, and then we arrived at the donkey area. At the entrance were rows and rows of vendors selling donkey and mule supplies. A young man, deep furrows in his face, was selling bits made of rusty iron—his inventory, hundreds of bits, was in a stack three feet high. Beside him, a family sat on a blanket surrounded by harnesses made of tan and orange and white nylon webbing, and every member of the family, including the children, was stitching new harnesses while they waited to sell the ones they had already made. The next row had a dozen stalls, all offering donkey saddles—V-shaped wooden forms that sit on the animal's back and support the cart shafts. The saddles were made out of old chair legs and scrap lumber, the corners nailed together with squares cut from old tin cans; they were rough-looking but sturdy, and they had thick padding where they would rest on the animal's skin.66 It can be assumed that the donkey in Casablanca serves as（A）draught animal and means of transportation.（B）pet and plaything.（C）human companion and soul comforter.（D）symbol for hard work.67 There are more unused parking spaces for（A）cars and trucks.（B）donkeys and mules.（C）motor cars and bikes.（D）police cars and patrol cars.68 The market place at the time described by this article is（A）quiet and peaceful.（B）noisy and packed.（C）festive and attractive.（D）repulsing and unwelcome.69 In the phrase "V-shaped wooden forms that sit on the animal's back" , the word "animal" refers to（A）all kinds of living creatures as a noun.（B）a particular donkey as to avoid repetition.（C）the donkey in general as elegant variation.（D）some pet we like as an vivid description.70 It can be an educated guess from the context that the word souk most probably means （A）fairground festival.（B）parking space.（C）family gathering.（D）market.四、英译汉71 Translate the following passage into Chinese and write your Chinese version on the ANSWER SHEET.' If you talk to a man in a language he understands, that goes to his head. If you talk to him in his own language, that goes to his heart. ' —Nelson MandelaBecoming bilingual opens up a whole new world—a world of different people, of different cultures, of different emotions. Learning a second language has many cognitive benefits. For example, learning a new language has been shown to delay Alzheimer's, boost brainpower, reduce cognitive biases, and even increase concentration and the ability to tune out distractions. Your ability to build better habits will improve by learning a new language.But, more so than cognitive effects, the ability to speak a second language has a ton of social benefits which won't be discussed here. The coolest thing about learning your second language is that it makes learning a third, fourth, or fifth language much easier. Once you know the techniques, you'll be able to apply the same grammatical patterns and language techniques in every new language you learn.。

前辈谈天津外国语大学英语语言文学专业的考研经验前辈谈天津外国语大学英语语言文学专业的考研经验一、个人情况先说下我的情况吧，本科普通一本院校英语专业，报考天津外国语大学英语语言文学专业美国社会与文化方向。

初试成绩总分400，政治53，二外78，基础英语+汉语130，英语语言文学139。

首先很多英语专业的根本不知道考研有这个专业，我也是在大三下学期才了解并决定选择考这个专业的。

bytheway，我想说选择学校、专业一定要遵从自己的内心，这是关乎你以后几年甚至几十年的要干的事业，不要因为哪个专业热门大家都选你也跟着选，考研是个漫长的心理竞赛，自己选择的你就要自己承担，没人替你学，而且这个过程没有足够的兴趣、热忱，很难支撑到最后，也不会拿到很好的成绩。

至于学校、地区，是选学校牌子还是选优势专业各人都有自己的想法，自不必多说。

二、准备资料期大三下学期到暑假前，大家这时候考研已提上日程，但刚开始我还没确定下来往哪考，身边不少人早早定下了考的目标，有时候还会问问你考哪儿啊?这时候真是完全迷茫期，不经历过，当然不知道考研到底是个什么事，而且那时候师哥师姐还在准备复试，不能打扰人家。

但越是这时候越是要稳住自己，自己搜资料，搜学校真题，搜不到就在某宝上买一两年电子版的真题，做一下，这样了解你想考的专业都考什么，适不适合你，像我考的天外的美社文，属于学硕，除了基础英语、专业课还考二外，我二外日语，说实话挺难学，考起来更不占优势。

但天外的二外日语只有单词、选择、阅读和日译汉，没有像有些学校那样的汉译日和作文。

这样我就有信心去准备了。

等我下定决心考这个专业方向再买来全套真题已经5月份了，临近期末考试，基本上没准备考研。

因为我一直认为英语是相通的，本科任何一个课程你都要好好学，学好了都对你英语水平的提高有帮助(心虚，有的课我自己也没学好)。

而且考研基础英语需要你多方面的积累，不是你单单做题、背单词就能解决的。

所以即使这时候又要准备考研又期末考试，也不要着急，按部就班踏踏实实地学就好。

2013年天津外国语大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷(总分：78.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、单项选择题(总题数：30，分数：60.00)1.Human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present at the moment of communication. Thus we say it has the property of______.（分数：2.00）A.arbitrarinessB.displacementC.creativityD.duality2.The______function of language enables our language to talk about itself.（分数：2.00）A.performativeB.emotiveC.phaticD.metalingual3.Which segment in the following does not share one or more phonetic features with the other segments?（分数：2.00）A.[m]B.[l]C.[w]D.[s]4.Which is the description of the consonant[b]?（分数：2.00）A.voiceless bilabial stopB.voiced bilabial stopC.voiceless alveolar fricativeD.voiced alveolar fricative5.When preceding /p/, the negative prefix in-changes to im-through a process called ______（分数：2.00）A.dissimilationB.bilabializationC.assimilationD.none of the above6.The number of morphemes in the word girls is______.（分数：2.00）A.oneB.twoC.threeD.four7.Which of the following is an endocentric compound?（分数：2.00）A.runawayB.playboyC.self-controlD.breakthrough8.Which of the following is not a bound root morpheme?（分数：2.00）A.-putB.-ceiveC.-mitD.-tain9.The word televise is created through the process of______.（分数：2.00）A.blendingB.inventionC.back-formationD.borrowing10.The grammatical category which is used in the analysis of word classes to identify the syntactic relationship between words in a sentence is ______.（分数：2.00）A.caseB.agreementC.tenseD.aspect11.Which pair of antonyms does not belong to gradable antonyms?（分数：2.00）A.good, badB.hit, missC.long, shortD.small, big12.The indirect theory to meaning proposed by Ogden and Richards holds that the relation betweena word and a thing is mediated by______.（分数：2.00）A.referenceB.conceptC.controlD.dependency13.The following figures were very influential in the field of linguistics in the first two decades of the twentieth century except ______.（分数：2.00）A.SaussureB.BloomfieldC.ChomskyD.Firth14.The principal and most obvious contrast between the last two centuries has been the rapid rise of______ linguistics, as opposed to ______ linguistics.（分数：2.00）A.descriptive, historicalB.structural, generativeC.functional, formalistD.structural, historical15.The Prague school was a group of Czech and other scholars, whose main interest lays in ______ theory.（分数：2.00）A.phoneticB.phonologicalC.semanticD.syntactic16.______usually studies the psychological states and mental activity associated with the use of language.（分数：2.00）A.Cognitive linguisticsB.Corpus linguisticsC.PsycholinguisticsD.Neuro-linguistics17.Which of the following terms is included in psycholinguistics?（分数：2.00）A.Register.nguage acquisition.C.Metaphor.D.Interlanguage.18.Logic and Conversation was written by______.（分数：2.00）A.H. E GriceB.William JamesC.Stephen LevinsonD.John Austin19.______ involves the comparison of two concepts in that one is construed in terms of the other.（分数：2.00）A.SimileB.MetaphorC.AlliterationD.Metonymy20.Modern linguistics began from ______, who is often described as "father of modern linguistics".（分数：2.00）A.ChomskyB.HallidayC.BloomfieldD.Saussure21.As an interdisciplinary study of language use, ______ attempts to show the relationship between language and society.（分数：2.00）A.semanticsB.pragmaticsC.sociolinguisticsD.psycholinguistics22.Chomsky believes that language is somewhat innate, and that children are born with what he calls a(an)______.（分数：2.00）nguage Acquisition DeviceB.Generative GrammarC.Innateness HypothesisD.Universal Grammar23.According to the conversational maxim of______suggested by Grice, one should speak truthfully.（分数：2.00）A.quantityB.qualityC.relevanceD.Manner24.______is a cognitive operation whereby elements of two or more "mental spaces" are integrated via projecting into a new, blended space which has its unique structure.（分数：2.00）A.The Referential TheoryB.Speech Act TheoryC.The Classical TheoryD.Blending Theory25.______ is a theory of linguistic analysis which refers to an analysis of utterances (or texts)in term of the information they contain.（分数：2.00）A.Functional Sentence PerspectiveB.X-bar TheoryC.The Standard TheoryD.The Referential Theory26.Which of the following is not related to Chomsky?（分数：2.00）A.The Generative Grammar.B.The Standard Theory.C.The Systemic-Functional Theory.D.The Classical Theory.27.Which of the following is not the principle of Speech Act Theory?（分数：2.00）A.Illocutionary act.B.Locutionary act.C.Perlocutionary act.D.Prelocutionary act.28.It is a commonplace in linguistics to say that ______ was the era of the comparative and historical study of language.（分数：2.00）A.the 18th centuryB.the 19th centuryC.the 17 th centuryD.the 20 th century29.Three of the following scholars are regarded as the best known ones in the linguistic science of the early nineteenth century except______.（分数：2.00）A.F. BoppB.R. RaskC.J. GrimmD.K. Verner30.The major linguistic controversy in the last quarter of the 19th century was concerned with what is now referred to as ______.（分数：2.00）A.the prosodic phonologyB.the systemic grammarC.the neogrammarianD.the Generative Grammar二、名词解释(总题数：5，分数：10.00)31.Distinctive Feature（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 32.Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 33.Immediate Constituent Analysis（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 34.Relevance Theory（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 35.Contrastive Analysis（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________三、写作题(总题数：4，分数：8.00)36.Judge which of the following sentences are grammatically ill-formed or well-formed and give your reasons why they are acceptable or unacceptable.(100 - 150 words)He said a few words to the press.He said to the press.He said to the press a few words.He said a few words.He said a few words the press.He said the press a few words.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 37.One way of formalizing, or making absolutely precise, the sense-relations that hold among lexemes is by means of Componential Analysis, that is, to find a minimal pair between every two2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________38.Austin"s first shot at his Speech Act Theory is his claim that there are two types of sentences; PERFORMATIVES and CONSTATIVES. Please state what they are and illustrate them with examples.(100 - 150 words).（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 39.Speculative grammar includes Thomas Aquinas"s inquiry based on Priscian"s grammar and Donapus" grammar, Petrus Helias" philosophical and logical explanation of Priscian"s grammar and Roger Bacon"s universal account of language under the surface of diversity. Please give your comments on their work and give your own ideas of the universality and diversity of human languages.(100 - 150 words)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________。

天津外国语考研英语语言文学摘要：1.天津外国语大学英语语言文学考研概述2.考研难度与备考策略3.考研初试科目及分值分布4.考研备考资料与经验分享5.考研报录比与录取情况正文：天津外国语大学英语语言文学考研概述天津外国语大学是我国八大外院之一，其英语语言文学专业在考研中的热度较高。

该专业主要考察英语基础和翻译能力，相对来说，考研难度较低，出题比较基础。

对于报考该专业的学生，只要认真备考，过国家线并不是问题。

考研难度与备考策略在考研初试中，天津外国语大学英语语言文学专业主要考察英语基础，包括词汇、语法结构、完形填空、阅读理解和翻译等。

汉语部分则包括选择题、句式和古今词义区别等。

备考策略方面，建议考生在扎实掌握英语基础知识的同时，加强翻译和写作能力的训练。

考研初试科目及分值分布天津外国语大学英语语言文学考研初试科目包括基础英语、汉语和英语语言文学。

其中，基础英语部分包括词汇（20%）、语法结构（10%）、完形填空（20%）、阅读理解（40%）和翻译（20%）；汉语部分包括选择题（20 分）、句式（10 分）和古今词义区别（10 分）；英语语言文学部分包括翻译题（40%）和写作。

考研备考资料与经验分享为了帮助考生更好地备考，学姐们提供了一些资料共享平台，包括基础英语和英语语言文学的词汇、语法结构、完形填空、阅读理解等。

同时，考生可以参考历年真题和学长学姐的备考经验，制定适合自己的复习计划。

考研报录比与录取情况天津外国语大学英语语言文学专业的报录比尚未公布，但根据近几年的数据，考研国家线基本在350 分左右。

只要考生认真备考，达到n3 左右的日语水平，二外可以正常应考。

天津外国语大学2013攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷考试科目：英语翻译基础（试题加答案）1.Directions: Translate the following words and expressions into the respective target language. There are altogether 40 items in this part,, 20 in Englih and 20 in Chinese, with one point for each.(40’)1.Affluenza 富贵病2.back translation 回译3.brain drain 人才流失4.Buzzword 热词munication studies 传播学6.Cultural default 文化缺省7.Davos Forum 达沃斯论坛8.Dream team 梦之队9.Eurozone 欧元区10.IMF 国际货币资金组织11.NEET 啃老族book 上网本13.OPEC 石油输出国家组织14.Reuters 路透社15.Sit-in 室内静坐抗议16.Skopos theory 目的论17.SOHO 在家上班族18.Subtitling 配字幕19.Think tank 智囊团20.Webzine 网路杂志21.钓鱼岛Diaoyu Island22.对外传播overseas publicity23.翻译专业资格（水平）考试CATTI24.峰会summit25.公示语public signs26.宏观调控macro-economic control27.开放包容openness and tolerance28.孔子课堂Confucius Class29.绿色增长green development30.民心工程pro-people projects31.十八大the 18th CPC Nationl Congress32.团购group purchase33.务实合作practical cooperation34.协同创新collaborative innovation35.月光族moonlight clan36.战略性新兴产业emerging industries of strategic importance37.政府采购government procurement38.政客politoco39.中小企业medium-sized and small enterprises40.中央文献party literature of the central。