2015年02月12日雅思阅读考题回顾

2015年12月3日雅思阅读真题回忆今天小编给大家带来的主要内容是2015年12月3日雅思阅读真题回忆,本次考试终于回归正常，取消了AB卷。

三篇文章分别关于深海鱼类，美国电影发展及科技的弊端。

大家可以参考剑桥真题相似文章，以便更好地备考接下来的雅思阅读考试。

A卷：Passage 1：题目：Deep sea fish题型：填空题7+判断题6文章大意：一个德国科学家在埃及红海潜水想看看15m以下到底有没有红光(理论上是没有任何光线的)。

结果在海地20m的地方看见了红色的鱼。

即使取下红色滤光片用肉眼也可以看见。

在这个深度不可能有光线，所以猜想是荧光，但是没有设备验证，只能尽可能多地拍照片。

回德国之后证实了确实是荧光，50种鱼都有这种荧光，是皮下的细胞里的晶体里发出的，不是晶体本身，可能是晶体里的荧光蛋白，这个蛋白可能是细菌制造的。

鱼用这个红光来识别种群，标识位置，吓退敌人，掩盖自己，捕捉猎物。

参考文章(仅供参考，非原文)：The fish of the deep-sea are among the strangest and most elusive creatures on Earth. In this deep unknown lie many unusual creatures that have yet to be studied. Since many of these fish live in regions where there is no natural rely solely on their eyesight for locating prey and mates and avoiding predators; deep-sea fish have evolved appropriately to the extreme sub-photic region in which they live. Many of these organisms are blind and rely on their other senses, such as sensitivities to changes in local pressure and smell, to catchtheir food and avoid being caught. Those that aren’t blind have large and sensitive eyes that can use bioluminescent light. These eyes can be as much as 100 times more sensitive to light than human eyes. Also, to avoid predation, many species are dark to blend in with their environment.Many deep-sea fish are bioluminescent, with extremely large eyes adapted to the dark. Bioluminescent organisms are capable of producing light biologically through the agitation of molecules of luciferin, which then produce photons of light. This process must be done in the presence of oxygen. These organisms are common in the mesopelagic region and below (200m and below). More than 50% of deep-sea fish as well as some species of shrimp and squid are capable of bioluminescence. About 80% of these organisms have phosphors –light producing glandular cells that contain luminous bacteria bordered by dark colorings. Some of these phosphors contain lenses, much like those in the eyes of humans, which can intensify or lessen the emanation of light. The ability to produce light only requires 1% of the organism's energy and has many purposes: It is used to search for food and attract prey, like the anglerfish; claim territory through patrol; communicate and find a mate; and distract or temporarily blind predators to escape. Also, in the mesopelagic where some light still penetrates, some organisms camouflage themselves from predators below them by illuminating their bellies to match the color and intensity of light from above so that no shadow is cast. This tactic is known as counter illumination.The life cycle of deep-sea fish can be exclusively deep water although some species are born in shallower water and sink uponmaturation. Regardless of the depth where eggs andlarvae reside, they are typically pelagic. This planktonic –drifting –lifestyle requires neutral buoyancy. In order to maintain this, the eggs and larvae often contain oil droplets in their plasma. When these organisms are in their fully matured state they need other adaptations to maintain their positions in the water column. In general, water’s density causes up thrust –the aspect of buoyancy that makes organisms float. To counteract this, the density of an organism must be greater than that of the surrounding water. Most animal tissues are denser than water, so they must find an equilibrium to make them float. Many organisms develop swim bladders (gas cavities) to stay afloat, but because of the high pressure of their environment, deep-sea fishes usually do not have this organ. Instead they exhibit structures similar to hydrofoils in order to provide hydrodynamic lift. It has also been found that the deeper a fish lives, the more jelly-like its flesh and the more minimal its bone structure. They reduce their tissue density through high fat content, reduction of skeletal weight –accomplished through reductions of size, thickness, and mineral content –and water accumulation makes them slower and less agile than surface fish.Question 1-6判断题答案：1.T he expected to see darkness 在15米，正确2.F说他第一次怀疑F这种物质起作用是在德国，错误3.NG all the fish 有red marking 的都是在red sea 发现的4.F M first 有fluorescence是在德国，错误5.T6.TQuestion 7- 13填空7communication8 eyes9 location 鱼依靠这个F 这个物质告诉同类他们的10 enemies11 相近的species出现了多样性1213 seahorse(答案仅供参考)Passage 2：题目：American Cinema题型：配对题11+ 选择题2文章大意：美国电影的发展史简介参考文章(仅供参考，非原文)：The history of film is an account of the historical development of the medium known variously as cinema, motion pictures, film, or the movies. The history of film spans over 100 years, from the latter part of the 19th century to the present day. Motion pictures developed gradually from a carnival novelty to one of the most important tools of communication and entertainment, and mass median the 20th century and into the 21st century. Most films before 1930 were silent. Motion picture films have substantiallyaffected arts, technology, and politics. The cinema was invented during the 1890's, during what is now called the industrial revolution. It was considered a cheaper, simpler way to provide entertainment to the masses. Movies would become the most popular visual art form of the late Victorian age. It was simpler because of the fact that before the cinema people would have to travel long distances to see major dioramas or amusement parks. With the advent of the cinema this changed. During the first decade of the cinema's existence, inventors worked to improve the machines for making and showing films. The cinema is a complicated medium, and before it could be invented, several technological requirements had to be met.Question 15- 22答案:15. v19. vii21. C 文章了说在拍了一些short film 之后22. D 其他公司imitate Griffith 的innovation(答案可能有误，仅供参考)Passage 3：题名：Darkside of Technological Boom题型：配对题9+判断5文章大意：科技在现代生活中的各种弊端(答案待补充)以上是2015年12月3日雅思阅读真题回忆的全部内容，大家可以参考一下。

2015年12月雅思真题回忆及解析不积跬步，无以至千里；不积小流，无以成江海。

对于雅思考试而言，每天进步一点点，基础扎实一点点，通过考试就会更容易一点点。

无忧考网搜集整理了2015年12月雅思真题回忆及解析，希望对大家有所帮助。

2015年12月举行了4场考试，时间分别是12月3日、12月5日、12月12日、12月19日。

以下内容仅供参考。

12月3日雅思口语真题回忆：Part 1考题总结考题总结：Hometown1.Where are you from?2.Do you like your hometown?3.Is your hometown suitable for children to live in?4.Where do you live in your hometown, a house or a flat?5.Where would you bring a tourist to in your hometown?6.Can you tell me something about a tourism site in your hometown?7.Would you like to live there in the future?Your studies1. Do you work or are you a student?2. What's your major? Have you ever communicated about your major with your friends?3. Will you study with others in the future? Why?4. What is your plan for your future study?5. When you study, do you feel happy?6. What’s your favorite subject? What do like most about it?7. Do you enjoy your school life? What are the benefits of being a student?8.What do you usually do after class?Flat1.Do you live in a house or an apartment/flat/dorm?2.What room do you like best in your flat?3.Describe your bedroom.4.Do you want to move to another place in the future?Fruit & Veggies1.What is your favorite vegetable and fruit?2.How often do you eat fruits?3.Are there any special fruits in your hometown?Films1.Do you like to watch movies?2.How often do you go to a cinema to watch a film?3.Do Chinese people like to go to a cinema to watch a film?History1.Do you like history?2.Do you think history is important?3.Do you think the internet is a good place to learn about history? Time management1.When was the last time you helped others?2.Do you like to help strangers?3.Have you ever refused to help others?Museums1.Are there many museums in your hometown?2.Do you think museums are useful for visitors to your hometown?3.Do you think it’s suitable for museums to sell things to visitors? TV1.Do you like watching TV/ how much TV do you watch?2.What’s your favorite TV program?3. Did you watch much TV when you were a child?Weekends1.What do you usually do on weekends?2.What do other people in your hometown do during the weekend?3.What are you going to do next weekend?Being alone1.Do you like to be alone?2.What do you like to do when you are alone?3.When was the last time you were alone?Countryside1.Would you live in the countryside in the future?2.What are the benefits of living in the city?3.What do people living in the countryside like to do?Text messages/phone calls1.Do you text someone if he doesn’t answer your phone?2.Is there any chance when texting someone is better than calling?3.How often do you make phone calls?Part 2&3考题总结考题总结：P2 1.A long walk you had.2.A skill you want to learn.3.A house or an apartment you want to live in.4.An important conversation you had.5.A person who can do well in work.6.A time you and your friend had a disagreement.7.A gift for others that took you a long time to choose.8.An activity you do to keep fit.9.A law about environment you would like to see in the future.10.An electronic device that you like to buy.P3 1.What kinds of jobs are popular in China?2.Besides creativity, what other qualities should a leader have?3.Do people in your country prefer long holidays or short ones?4.What kinds of historical places would you suggest others to visit?5.Why do children have disagreements with others?6.Do people in your country prefer to sleep late?7.With the development of high tech, do you think teachers are less important?8.What kinds of electronic devices do people in China like?9.What’s the difference between men’s and women’s talk?10. Do people in your country prefer to live in cities or in rural environments?雅思口语趋势分析和备考指导本次精选了一些话题卡中的考题，旨在让考生了解考试过程中难度的循序渐进。

Time to cool it1 REFRIGERATORS are the epitome of clunky technology： solid， reliable and justa little bit dull。

They have not changed much over the past century, but then they have not needed to. They are based on a robust and effective idea——draw heat from the thing you want to cool by evaporating a liquid next to it, and then dump that heat by pumping the vapour elsewhere and condensing it。

This method of pumping heat from one place to another served mankind well when refrigerators’ main jobs were preserving food and， as air conditioners， cooling buildings。

Today's high-tech world， however， demands high-tech refrigeration. Heat pumps are no longer up to the job. The search is on for something to replace them.2 One set of candidates are known as paraelectric materials。

These act like batteries when they undergo a temperature change： attach electrodes to them and they generate a current. This effect is used in infra—red cameras。

2015年2月14日雅思阅读机经
2015年2月14日雅思阅读机经下载：
/20150127/jj-mm-yd14.html?seo=wenku2064
2015年2月14日雅思阅读机经已经全面发布了，考生可以复制链接进入并免费下载索取帮自己备考使用。

assage 2 旧题
主题：文化类
题目：West Africa
题型：段落信息配对8 (有NB) 多选(五选二)2 句子填空3
文章大意：
第一部分讲虽然西非的文化有很多不同点，但是其实是有很多想通性的
第二段讲典型的西非家庭，是种地的。

家庭成员一般式父母，孩子，可能会包括爷爷奶奶。

典型的西非的房子，有牛棚马棚。

第四段讲职业一般是家庭传续的，如果是神职人员，孩子也会继承父业，也会做这个职业。

第五段：西非很传统，家庭观念很重，认为死去的祖先也是家庭的一部分，如果有不好的事情的发生，就会认为是不孝敬祖先惹来的厄运。

主题：历史类
题目：Greek Coins
题型：判断 6 填空(流程)4 句子填空3
文章大意：
第一部分讲了硬币是什么。

最早的硬币是公元前17 世纪出现的，在希腊
第二部分希腊硬币的制作过程
第三部分硬币的传播。

举例是波斯入侵利比亚
2015年2月14日雅思阅读机经下载：
/20150127/jj-mm-yd14.html?seo=wenku2064。

new weapon to fight cancer1. British scientists are preparing to launch trials of a radical new way to fight cancer， which kills tumours by infecting them with viruses like the common cold.2. If successful， virus therapy could eventually form a third pillar alongside radiotherapy and chemotherapy in the standard arsenal against cancer， while avoiding some of the debilitating side-effects.3. Leonard Seymour， a professor of gene therapy at Oxford University， who has been working on the virus therapy with colleagues in London and the US， will lead the trials later this year. Cancer Research UK said yesterday that it was excited by the potential of Prof Seymour's pioneering techniques.4. One of the country's leading geneticists， Prof Seymour has been working with viruses that kill cancer cells directly， while avoiding harm to healthy tissue. "In principle， you've got something which could be many times more effective than regular chemotherapy，" he said.5. Cancer-killing viruses exploit the fact that cancer cells suppress the body's local immune system. "If a cancer doesn't do that， the immune system wipes it out. If you can get a virus into a tumour， viruses find them a very good place to be because there's no immune system to stop them replicating. You can regard it as the cancer's Achilles' heel."6. Only a small amount of the virus needs to get to the cancer. "They replicate，you get a million copies in each cell and the cell bursts and they infect the tumour cells adjacent and repeat the process，" said Prof Seymour.7. Preliminary research on mice shows that the viruses work well on tumours resistant to standard cancer drugs. "It's an interesting possibility that they may have an advantage in killing drug-resistant tumours， which could be quite different to anything we've had before."8. Researchers have known for some time that viruses can kill tumour cells and some aspects of the work have already been published in scientific journals. American scientists have previously injected viruses directly into tumours but this technique will not work if the cancer is inaccessible or has spread throughout the body.9. Prof Seymour's innovative solution is to mask the virus from the body's immune system， effectively allowing the viruses to do what chemotherapy drugs do - spread through the blood and reach tumours wherever they are. The big hurdle has always been to find a way to deliver viruses to tumours via the bloodstream without the body's immune system destroying them on the way.10. "What we've done is make chemical modifications to the virus to put a polymer coat around it - it's a stealth virus when you inject it，" he said.11. After the stealth virus infects the tumour， it replicates， but the copies do not have the chemical modifications. If they escape from the tumour， the copies will be quickly recognised and mopped up by the body's immune system.12. The therapy would be especially useful for secondary cancers， called metastases， which sometimes spread around the body after the first tumour appears. "There's an awful statistic of patients in the west ... with malignant cancers；75% of them go on to die from metastases，" said Prof Seymour.13. Two viruses are likely to be examined in the first clinical trials：adenovirus， which normally causes a cold-like illness， and vaccinia， which causes cowpox and is also used in the vaccine against smallpox. For safety reasons， both will be disabled to make them less pathogenic in the trial， but Prof Seymour said he eventually hopes to use natural viruses.14. The first trials will use uncoated adenovirus and vaccinia and will be delivered locally to liver tumours， in order to establish whether the treatment is safe in humans and what dose of virus will be needed. Several more years of trials will be needed， eventually also on the polymer-coated viruses， before the therapy can be considered for use in the NHS. Though the approach will be examined at firstfor cancers that do not respond to conventional treatments， Prof Seymour hopes that one day it might be applied to all cancers.Questions 1-6 Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage？ For questions 1-6 writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this in the passage1.Virus therapy， if successful， has an advantage in eliminating side-effects.2.Cancer Research UK is quite hopeful about Professor Seymour’s work on the virus therapy.3.Virus can kill cancer cells and stop them from growing again.4.Cancer’s Achilles’ heel refers to the fact that virus may stay safely ina tumor and replicate.5.To infect the cancer cells， a good deal of viruses should be injected into the tumor.6.Researches on animals indicate that virus could be used as a new way to treat drug-resistant tumors.Question 7-9 Based on the reading passage， choose the appropriate letter from A-D for each answer.rmation about researches on viruses killing tumor cells can be found(A) on TV(B) in magazines(C) on internet(D) in newspapers8.To treat tumors spreading out in body， researchers try to(A) change the body’ immune system(B) inject chemotherapy drugs into bloodstream.(C) increase the amount of injection(D) disguise the viruses on the way to tumors.9.When the chemical modified virus in tumor replicates， the copies(A) will soon escape from the tumor and spread out.(B) will be wiped out by the body’s immune system.(C) will be immediately recognized by the researchers.(D) will eventually stop the tumor from spreading outQuestions 10-13 Complete the sentences below. Choose your answers from the list of words. You can only use each word once.NB There are more words in the list than spaces so you will not use them all.In the first clinical trials， scientists will try to ……10…… adenovirus and vaccinia， so both the viruses will be less pathogenic than the ……11…….These uncoated viruses will be applied directly to certain areas to confirm safety on human beings and the ri ght ……12…… needed. The experiments will firstly be ……13……to the treatment of certain cancersList of Wordsdosage responding smallpox virusdisable natural ones injectdirected treatment cold-like illnesskill patients examinedAnswers Keys：1.答案：FALSE (见第2段：If successful， virus therapy could eventually forma third pillar alongside radiotherapy and chemotherapy in the standard arsenal against cancer， while avoiding some of the debilitating side-effects. Virus therapy 只能避免一些副作用，而不是根除。

2015年2月28日雅思真题回忆
2015年2月28日雅思真题回忆下载：
/20150302/yszh-fsy-030205.html?seo=wenku302.1 2015年2月28日雅思考试已经落下了帷幕，小马过河老师在第一时间内给大家整理出了2015年2月28日雅思真题回忆，考生可以复制链接免费下载使用。

小作文柱图
大作文是Some students take one year off between finishing school and going to university, in order to travel or to work. Do you think advantages outweigh disadvantages?
2015年2月28日雅思阅读回忆
Passage 1 新题
主题：传记类，讲述了女考古学家前往柬埔寨Cambodia探寻人类remains的事
题型：T/F/NG (7) 填空题(6)
Passage 2 旧题
主题：认知心理类
文章标题：Multitasking Debate- Can you do them at the same time?
题型：段落信息配对(5) 人名观点配对(5) 填空(3)
Passage 3 新题
主题：商业类
文章大意：文章讲述了由香港机构举办的企业家培训课程
题型：带词库summary (6) Y/N/NG (4) 选择题(4)
2015年2月28日雅思真题回忆下载：
/20150302/yszh-fsy-030205.html?seo=wenku302.1。

雅思考试阅读考题回顾朗阁海外考试研究中心郑虹考试日期： 2015年10月10日Reading Passage 1Title: SeedHuntingQuestion types: 判断题6题摘要填空题5题多选题2题文章内容回顾大意是有一个群体，他们的职业就是收集种子，在全球各地行走，为生物科技公司或者药品公司收集植物的种子。

除了科研以外，还可以帮助我们保留正在濒危或者可能灭绝的植物。

因为这些努力，很多本应该灭绝的物种被保留了下来。

有个叫seed banks的地方专门用于安置植物种子，其负责人表示，在这些植物消失之前，能有人用行动拯救它们是非常可喜的。

但是很多这类seed banks也面临着资金短缺的问题。

题型难度分析1-6判断题1. The purpose of collecting seeds now is different from the past. TRUE2. The millennium seed bank is the earliest seed bank. NOT GIVEN3. One of major threats for plant species extinction is farmland expansion into wildness. TRUE4. The approach that scientists apply to store seeds is similar to that used by farmers. TRUE5. Technological development is the only hope to save plant species. FALSE6. The works of seed conservation are often limited by financial problems. TRUE7-11摘要填空题Some people collect seeds for the purpose of protecting certain species from 7. extinction; others collect seeds for their ability to produce 8. drugs/crops. They are called seed hunters. The 9. pioneers of them included both gardeners and botanists, such as 10. Sir Joseph Banks, who financially supported collectors out his own pocket. The seeds collected are usually stored in seed banks, one of which is the famous millennium seed bank, where seeds are all stored in the 11. underground vaults at a low temperature.12-13多选题Which Two of the following are provided by plants to the human?选：A & BA. foodB. fuelsC. clothesD. energyE. commercial products本篇文章的难度中等，第一个题型是判断题，判断题是雅思阅读必考题型，大家在备考的时候应该格外注意，判断题出题按顺序，不难定位到。

2015年2月12日雅思口语考试真题回忆(网友版)2015年2月12日雅思口语考试已经结束，新通外语广州学校小编第一时间整理了雅思口语考试真题机经，供大家参考使用，更多雅思考试真题机经，请关注新通外语雅思频道。

2015年2月12日雅思口语考试真题回忆(网友版)：沈师R3，白人老头，人很好，可爱，语速挺快。

part 1 study or work, visitor,sleeping; part 2 a vehicle that you want to own in the future; part3 transport, traffic jam,bike, balabala.....2015年2月12日雅思口语考试真题回忆(网友版)：东大r326-2男考官，语速较慢，可以听得比较清楚。

part1：hometown、flat、handwriting part2：invite friends or family to a meal part3：餐厅吃和在家吃的区别、在餐厅吃的好处、坏处、中国孩纸学习厨艺吗、你觉得厨艺会失传吗、中国的食物健康吗。

可能回答的太短，问了好多个。

2015年2月12日雅思口语考试真题回忆(网友版)：川大R1 人超好的白人美女不打断会转述不过我都不知道自己在说什么……怕1 喜欢舒服的还是fashionable的鞋有网上买过鞋吗……趴吐一个usefulAPP 你什么时候发现他他的作用……趴碎科技有用吗他的坏处为什么我们上课要玩手机……我爱那个supervisor2015年2月12日雅思口语考试真题回忆(网友版)：山东大学rm3 菲律宾人不笑p1work or study 颜色小时候房间颜色是不是穿亮色p2 等人经历p3 各种等balabala2015年2月12日雅思口语考试真题回忆(网友版)：川大RM09 白人考官人很好Part1 home apartment or house Advertisements Do you like watch advertisements on TV ?Do you like watch ads on street? Part2 describe a tv or radio program that you sometimes talk about with your family or friends? part3 一堆关于电视的问题2015年2月12日雅思口语考试真题回忆(网友版)：part1，fullname public holiday major .part2,historical place.part3,historical place的相关问题～后面的童孩加油,不用紧张!虽然觉得自己犯了好多语法问题，但希望能够给我一个6.5，明天的笔试，希望哥能再助我一臂之力，真的特别感谢哥…from 川大，room1加油2015年2月12日雅思口语考试真题回忆(网友版)：山大R6白人老太，态度很好，不懂得地方她自己给解释，一直目光交流。

Passage 1 ： 题⽬：Seed Hunting 内容：濒危种⼦ 题型：填空概括题4+判断题6+多选题2 题号：旧题 ⽂章参考： Seed Hunting With quarter of the world's plants set to vanish within the next 50 years, Alexander reports on the scientists working against the clock the preserve the Earth's botanical heritage. They travel the four comers of the globe, scouringjungles，forests and savannas. But they‘re not looking for ancient artefacts，lost treasure or undiscovered tombs. Just pods. It may lack the romantic allure of archaeology, or the whiff of danger that accompanies going after big game, but seed hunting is an increasingly serious business. Some seek seeds for profit hunters in the employ of biotechnologyfirms，pharmaceutical companies and private corporations on the lookout for species that will yield the drugs or crops of the future. Others collect to conserve, working to halt the sad slide into extinction facing so many plant species. Among the pioneers of this botanical treasure hunt was John Trade scant, an English royal gardener who brought back plants and seeds from his journeys abroad in the early 1600s. Later， the English botanist Sir Joseph Banks-who was the first director of the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew and travelled with Captain James Cook on his voyages near the end of the 18th century—was so driven to expand his collections that he sent botanists around the world at his own expense. Those heady days of exploration and discovery may be over, but they have been replaced by a pressing need to preserve our natural history for the future. This modem mission drives hunters such as Dr Michiel van Slageren，a good-natured Dutchman who often sports a wide-brimmed hat in the field⼀he could easily be mistaken for the cinematic hero Indiana Jones. He and three other seed hunters work at the Millennium Seed Bank，an 80 million [pounds sterling] international conservation project that aims to protect the world's most endangered wild plant species. The group's headquarters are in a modem glass-and-concrete structure on a 200-hectare Estate at Wakehurst Place in the West Sussex countryside. Within its underground vaults are 260 million dried seeds from 122 countries, all stored at -20 Celsius to survive for centuries. Among the 5，100 species represented are virtually all of Britain's 1,400 native seed-bearing plants, the most complete such collection of any country‘s flora. Overseen by the Royal botanic gardens, the Millennium Seed Bank is the world's largest wild-plant depository. It aims to collect 24,000 species by 2010. The reason is simple: thanks to humanity’s efforts，an estimated 25 percent of the world's plants are on the verge of extinction and may vanish within 50 years. We're currently responsible for habitat destruction on an unprecedented scale，and during the past 400 years，plant species extinction rates have been about 70 times greater than those indicated by the geological record as being ‘normal’. Experts predict that during the next 50 years a further one billion hectares of wilderness will be converted to farmland in developing countries alone. The implications of this loss are enormous. Besides providing staple food crops，plants are a source of many machines and the principal supply of fuel and building materials in many parts of the world. They also protect soil and help regulate the climate. Yet，across the globe，plant species are being driven to extinction before their potential benefits are discovered. The world Conservation Union has listed 5,714 threatened species is sure to be much higher. In the UK alone, 300 wild plant species are classified as endangered. The Millennium Seed Bank aims to ensure that even if a plant becomes extinct in the wild，it won‘t be lost forever. Stored seeds can be used the help restore damaged or destroyed environment or in scientific research to find new benefits for society- in medicine, agriculture or local industry- that would otherwise be Seed banks are an insurance policy to protect the world’s plant heritage for the future, explains Dr Paul Smith，another Kew seed hunter. "Seed conservation techniques were originally developed by farmers，" he says. "Storage is the basis what we do，conserving seeds until you can use them-just as in farming." Smith says there's no reason why any plant species should become extinct，given today’s technology. But he admits that the biggest challenge is finding，naming and categorising all the world's plants. And someone has to gather these seeds before it’s too late. "There aren't a lot of people out there doing this，" he says." The key is to know the flora from a particular area, and that knowledge takes years to acquire." There are about 1,470 seed banks scattered around the globe，with a combined total of 5.4 million samples，of which perhaps two million are distinct non-duplicates. Most preserve genetic material for agriculture use in order to ensure cropdiversity; others aim to conserve wild species，although only 15 per cent of all banked plants are wild. Many seed banks are themselves under threat due to a lack of funds. Last year, Imperial College, London，examined crop collections from 151 countries and found that while the number of plant samples had increased in two thirds of the countries，budget had been cut in a quarter and remained static in another 35 per cent. The UN's Food and Agriculture Organization and the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research has since set up the Global Conservation Trust，which aims to raise US $260 million to protect seed banks in perpetuity. 题⽬参考： Question 14-19 TRUE/FALSE/ NOT GIVEN 14. The purpose of collecting seeds now is different from the past. True 15. The millennium seed bank is the earliest seed bank. Not given 16. One of major threats for plant species extinction is farmland expansion into wildness. True 17. The approach that scientists apply to store seeds is similar to that used by farmers. True 18. Technological development is the only hope to save plant species. False 19. The works of seed conservation are often limited by financial problems. True Question 20-24 Summary Some people collect seeds for the purpose of protecting certain species from 20 extinction; others collect seeds for their ability to produce 21 drugs，crops. They are called seed hunters. The 22 pioneers of them included both gardeners and botanists, such as 23 Sir Joseph Banks，who financially supported collectors out of his own pocket. The seeds collected are usually stored in seed banks，one of which is the famous millennium seed bank，where seeds are all stored in the 24 underground vaults at a low temperature. Question 25-26 Multiple choice Which TWO of the following are provided by plants to the human? AB A food B fuels C clothes D energy E commercial products (顺序可能有误，仅供参考) Passage 2 : 题⽬：Implication of False Belief Experiments 内容：错误信念实验 题型：段落信息配对题7+概括题7 参考⽂章：(⽂章为部分回忆贫选，仅供参考) Implication of False Belief Experiments A A considerable amount of research since the mid 1980s has been concerned with what has been termed children’s theory of mind. This involves children’s ability to understand that people can have different beliefs and representations of the world -a capacity that is shown by four years of age. Furthermore, this ability appears to be absent in children with autism. The ability to work out what another person is thinking is clearly an important aspect of both cognitive and social development. Furthermore, one important explanation for autism is that children suffering from this condition do not have a theory of mind (TOM). Consequently, the development of children’s TOM has attracted considerable attention. B Wimmer and Pemer devised a 'false belief task5 to address this question. They used some toys to act out the followingstory. Maxi left some chocolate in a blue cupboard before he went out. When he was away his mother moved the chocolate to a green cupboard. Children were asked to predict where Maxi will look for his chocolate when he returns. Most children under four years gave the incorrect answer，that Maxi will look in the green cupboard. Those over four years tended to give the correct answer, that Maxi will look in the blue cupboard. The incorrect answers indicated that the younger children did not understand that Maxi’s beliefs and representations no longer matched the actual state of the world, and they failed to appreciate that Maxi will act on the basis of his beliefs rather than the way that the world is actually organised. C A simpler version of the Maxi task was devised by Baron-Cohen to take account of criticisms that younger children may have been affected by the complexity and too much information of the story in the task described above. For example, the child is shown two dolls， Sally and Anne, who have a basket and a box，respectively. Sally also has a marble，which she places in her basket，and then leaves to take a walk. While she is out of the room，Anne takes the marble from the basket, eventually putting it in the box. Sally returns, and the child is then asked where Sally will look for the marble. The child passes the task if she answers that Sally will look in the basket，where she put the marble; the child fails the task if she answers that Sally will look in the box，where the child knows the marble is hidden，even though Sally cannot know, since she did not see it hidden there. In order to pass the task，the child must be able to understand that another’s mental representation of the situation is different from their own，and the child must be able to predict behavior based on that understanding. The results of research using false-belief tasks have been fairly consistent: most normally-developing children are unable to pass the tasks until around age four. D Leslie argues that，before 18 months，children treat the world in a literal way and rarely demonstrate pretence. He also argues that it is necessary for the cognitive system to distinguish between what is pretend and what is real. If children were not able to do this, they would not be able to distinguish between imagination and reality. Leslie suggested that this pretend play becomes possible because of the presence of a de-coupler that copies primary representations to secondary representations. For example, children，when pretending a banana is a telephone, would make a secondary representation of a banana. They would manipulate this representation and they would use their stored knowledge of 'telephone5 to build on this pretence. E There is also evidence that social processes play a part in the development of TOM. Meins and her colleagues have found that what they term mindmindedness in maternal speech to six-month old infants is related to both security of attachment and to TOM abilities. Mindmindedness involves speech that discusses infants5 feelings and explains their behaviour in terms of mental states (e. g. < you’re feeling hungry’).。

雅思A类阅读考题回顾（第二季度）Passage 2 资料考证来源于维基百科 After repairs, she plied for several years as a passenger liner between Britain and America, before being converted to a cable-laying ship and la ying the first lasting”Brunel worked for several years as assistant engineer on the project to create a tunnel under London's River Thames 题目配对 tunnel under river Thames -- which Brune was not responsible for itThough ultimately unsuccessful, another of Brunel's interesting use of technical innovations was the atmospheric railway 配对建成不久就停止运营那项吧Great Eastern was designed to cruise non-stop from London to Sydney and back (since engineers of the time misunderstood that Australia had no coal reserves), and she remained the largest ship built until the turnof the century. Like many of Brunel's ambitious projects, the ship soon ran over budget and behind schedulein the face of a series of technical probl我配了两个财务上不成功和建设推迟了很对次配对great eastern ems.Great Britain is considered the first modern ship, being built of metal rather than wood, powered by an engine rather than wind or oars, and driven by propeller rather than paddle wheel. 配对成为广泛认可的标准忘了这个是不是第一题的段落包含信息题了其他记不住了有个火车站什么的配对 Brunel 影响了反对者这个乱配的Passage 3According to science fiction writer Robert A. Heinlein, a handy short definition of almost all science fiction might read: realistic speculation about possible future events, based solidly on adequate knowledge of the real world, past and present, and on a thorough understanding of the nature and significance of the scientific method尮Vladimir Nabokov argued that if we were rigorous with our definitions, Shakespeare's pla The Tempest would have to be termed science fiction.yY/N/NG 第一题就纠结了题目是科幻小说很难下定义文中不是两种观点都有么但是自己答的 YThe Moon Is a Harsh Mistress is a 1966 science fiction novel by Ame然后信息配对有一道是rican writer Robert A. Heinlein, about a lunar colony's revolt against rule from Earth.这门书貌似是配对它成功预测了人类登月Passage 1 Ambergris (旧题)Classification(6), Y/N/NG(4), summary(3)难度★☆难度★☆Passage 2Multiple choice(2 of 5), Summary(4), Headings(7)非洲小国的贫困难度★★placebo对医学的影响Matching, choices, T/F/NG Passage 3雅思阅读真题题源号《九分达人》迷失的城CAMEL allows archaeologists to survey ancient cities without digging in the dirt, disturbing sitesLike a dromedary that can travela long distance without taking a Overlying aerial photographs show the ancient city walldrink of water, the Oriental at Kerkenes Dag in Turkey.Institute's CAMEL computerproject can traverse vast distances of ancient and modern space without pausing for the usual refreshment known best by archaeologists—digging in the soil.CAMEL (the Center for Ancient Middle Eastern Landscapes) is at the leading edge of archaeology because of what it does not do and what it can do. First, it does not actually excavate. For a science based on the destructive removal of buried artifacts and an examination of them for meaning, CAMEL works in quite the opposite way: it aims to survey ancient sites and disturb them as little as possible.What CAMEL can do however, is remarkable. It organizes maps, aerial photography, satellite images and other data into one place, allowing archaeologists to see how ancient trade routes developed and to prepare simulations of how people may have interacted, given the limitations of their space, the availability of resources and the organization of their cities.CAMEL provides the wonderful opportunity “to see beyond the horizon,”said Scott Branting, Director of the project.Branting oversees the CAMEL project from a second-floor computer lab at the Oriental Institute. As he walks around, he shows off the dozen PCs that form the nucleus of the project, which invites faculty and students to pore through electronic images from throughout the Middle East. “;“The Near Eastern area is defined for the purposes of our collections as an enormous box stretching from Greece on the west to Afghanistan on the east, from the middle of the Black Sea on the north to the horn of Africa on the south,” he said as he turned on a computer to summon an image from the area.Up popped an aerial surveillance photograph taken for defense purposes during the Cold War. The image showed mounds on the surface of the steppe regions of modern Iraq, sites that are among the hundreds unexplored there that are potentially valuable sites for future excavation when archaeologists can safely return.“Because these images are images from the 1950s and 1960s, they show a terrain much different from what exists today,” he explained. Fields have covered much of the formally barren areas of the Middle East as irrigation has expanded farming. Sites that show up as mounds in photographs may today be leveled and hard to recognize. Some of the ancient material they contain,however, is still buried deep below the surface.Besides the aerial surveillance photographs, the collection includes some photographs taken by small planes in the early days of aerial photography. James Henry Breasted, founder of the Oriental Institute, was an early pioneer in the field and began taking photographs from a plane over sites in Egypt in 1920. Some of his early shots are a bit shaky, though, as he also experienced air sickness during that path-breaking effort.When the Oriental Institute launched an excavation in the 1930s at Persepolis in Iran, the art of aerial photography had progressed greatly, and stunning pictures of the ancient Persian capital helped demonstrate the scope of the city in a way nothing else could. Some of those photographs are on the walls of the Persian Gallery of the Museum of the Oriental Institute, and others are part of the CAMEL database.Oriental Institute scholars also used balloons rigged with cameras to catch overall shots of excavation sites.In addition to the aerial photographs, the collection also includes shots taken by NASA, Digital Globe and other organizations from satellites. Branting is in Turkey this summer working on a site that shows the value of nondestructive techniques such as those developed at CAMEL. He has been studying the ancient and mysterious city of Kerkenes Dag in central Turkey.The city, surrounded by a wall, is a square mile, huge by ancient standards,and is the largest preclassical site in Anatolia, the name for the ancient region that now includes Turkey. The city is about 30 miles from Hattusa, the capital of the ancient Hittite Empire.Although the city was an Iron Age site and was planned and built by powerful leaders capable of controlling a large work force, it is uncertain who held that power. Early scholars had speculated it may have been a rival to the Hittites, but a research team from the Oriental Institute established in 1928 that the city was built sometime after the fall of the Hittites in about 1180 .Geoffrey Summers of the Middle East Technical University in Ankara directed a new dig at the site beginning in 1993. Branting joined the project in 1995 as an Oriental Institute graduate student. Researchers from the Middle East Technical University and the Oriental Institute then joined efforts to work on the project together.have Dag, archaeologists work at Kerkenes From the beginning of the latest trench Random about the site. more used nondestructive techniques to learn was recovered than much more information work would probably not turn up in the 1928 Oriental Institute excavation, scholars have contended. ervational and remote sensing techniques “By employing a range of obsblank the fill in to city, we have been able across the entire area of thesaid. Branting Oriental Institute,” earlier map made by the spaces on anThe work, which includes the techniques used at CAMEL to map accurately a site with photographs, provided archaeologists a chance to work with season another began. Currently, of precision once digging a high degree of excavation is underway.proved this has surface at Kerkenes Dag, “Since so much can be seen ontheto be a very effective technique,” Branting said.Global Positioning System technology has allowed scholars to record the minute topography of the entire ground surface within the site. “Never grand such a been undertaken on before in archaeology has this technique virtual a work to produce model is the basis for ongoing scale. The terrain building neighborhood, neighborhood by the reconstruction of entire city, by building,” he said.By using the techniques, the team was able to locate the gateway of the palace complex and find the first fragmentary inscriptions and reliefs to be recovered at the site. They have been able to date the site to the mid- to late-seventh century through the mid-sixth century . Scholars believe the city may have been one referred to by Herodotus as effort a failed Lydian King Croesus in which Pteria, was conquered by the to block the advance of the Persian Empire.even can true, then we of Kerkenes Dag with Pteria holds equation “If themore precisely date the massive destruction of the city to around 547 . and begin to understand something of its international importance,”Branting said Dematerialization消费-----雅思阅读真题题源号《九分达人》Until recently the role of consumption as a driving force forenvironmental change has not been widely explored. This may be due in part to the difficulty of collecting suitable data. The present chapter approaches the consumption of materials from the perspective of the forces for materialization or dematerialization of industrial products beyond the underlying and obviously very powerful forces of economic and population growth. Examination can occur on both the unit and the aggregate level of materials consumption. Such study may make it possible to assess current streams of materials use and, based on environmental implications, may suggest directions for future materials policy. dematerialization is often broadly used to characterize the The word decline over time in weight of the materials used in industrial end products. One may also speak of dematerialization in terms of the decline in “embedded energy” in industrial products. Colombo (1988) has speculated that dematerialization is the logical outcome of an advanced economy in which material needs are substantially Williams et al. (1987) have explored relationships between materials use and affluence in the United States. Perhaps we should first ask the question: Is dematerialization taking place? The answer depends, above all, on how dematerialization is defined. The question is particularly of interest from an environmental point of view, because the use of less material could translate into smaller quantities of waste generated at both the production and the consumption phases of the economic process.But less is not necessarily less from an environmental point of view. Ifsmaller and lighter products are also inferior in quality, then more units would be produced, and the net result could be a greater amount of waste generated in both production and consumption. From an environmental viewpoint, therefore, (de)materialization should perhaps be defined as the change in the amount of waste generated per unit of industrial products.On the basis of such a definition, and taking into account overall production and consumption, we have attempted to examine the question of whether dematerialization is occurring. Our goal is not to answer definitively the question whether society is dematerializing but rather to establish a framework for analysis to address this overall question and to indicate some of the interesting and useful directions for study. We have examined a number of examples even though the data are not complete.Undoubtedly, many industrial products have become lighter and smaller with time. Cars, dwelling units, television sets, clothes pressing irons, and calculators are but a few examples. There is, of course, usually a lower bound regarding how small objects such as appliances can be made and still be compatible with the physical dimensions and limitations of human beings (who are themselves becoming larger), as well as with the Apart from such boundary conditions on size and possibly tasks to be weight of many industrial product units, dematerialization of units of products is perceived to be occurring.An important question is how far one could drive dematerialization. For example, for the automobile, how is real world safety related to its mass? In a recent study, Evans (1985) found that, given a single-car crash, the unbelted driver of a car weighing about 2,000 pounds is about times as likely to be killed as is the unbelted driver of an approximately4,000-pound car. The relative disadvantage of the smaller car is essentially the same when the corresponding comparison is made for belted drivers. For two-car crashes it was found that the driver of a 2,000-pound car crashing into another 2,000-pound car is about times as likely to be injured seriously or fatally as is the driver of a 4,000-pound car crashing into another 4,000-pound car. These results suggest one of the reasons that dematerialization by itself will not be a sufficient criterion for social choice about product design. If the product cannot be practically or safely reduced beyond a certain point, can the service provided by the product be provided in a way that demands less material? lb return to the case of transportation, substituting telecommunications for transportation might be a dematerializer, but we have no data on the relative materials demand for the communications infrastructure versus the transportation infrastructure to meet a given need. In any case, demands for communication and transportation appear to increase in tandem,as complementary goods rather than as substitutes for one another.It is interesting to inquire into dematerialization in the world of miniaturization, not only the world of large objects. In the computer industry, for example, silicon wafers are increasing in size to reduce material losses in cutting. This is understandable if one considers that approximately 400 acres of silicon wafer material are used per year by IBM Corporation at a cost of about $100 million per acre. A processed wafer costs approximately $800, and the increase in total wafer area per year is about 10-15 percent. Although silicon wafers do not present a waste disposal problem from the point of view of volume, they are environmentally important because their manufacture involves the handling of hazardous chemicals. They are also interesting as an example of how the production volume of an aggressive new technology tends to grow because of popularity in the market. Moreover, many rather large plastic and metal boxes are required to enclose and keep cool the microchips made with the wafers, even as the world's entire annual chip production might compactly fit inside one 747 jumbo jet. Thus, such new industries may tend to be simultaneously both friends and foes of dematerialization.The production of smaller and lighter toasters, irons, television sets, and other devices in some instances may result in lower-quality products and an increased consumer attitude to ”replace rather than repair.” In Althoughincreased. have may produced units of number the instances, these dematerialization may be the case on a per-unit basis, the increasing number of units produced can cause an overall trend toward materialization with time. As an example, the apparent consumption of shoes, which seem increasingly difficult to repair, has risen markedly in the United States since the 1970s, with about billion pairs of nonrubber shoes purchased in 1985, compared with 730 million pairs as recently as 1981 (Table 1). In contrast, improvements in quality generally result in dematerialization, as has been the case for tires. The total tire production in the United States has risen over time (Figure 1), following from general increases in both the number of registered vehicles and the total miles of travel. However, the number of tires per million vehicle miles of travel has declined (Figure 2). Such a decline in tire wear can be attributed to improved tire quality, which results directly in a decrease in the quantity of solid waste due to discarded tires. For example,a tire designed to have a service life of 100,000 miles could reduce solid waste from tires by 60-75 percent (Westerman, 1978). Other effective tire waste reduction strategies include tire retreading and recycling, as well as the use of discarded tires as vulcanized rubber particles in roadway asphalt mixes.Dematerialization of unit products affects, and is influenced by, a numberof factors besides product quality. These include ease of manufacturing, production cost, size and complexity of the product, whether the product is to be repaired or replaced, and the amount of waste to be generated and processed. These factors influence one another as well (Figure 3). For example, the ease of manufacture of a particular product in smaller and lighter units may result in lower production cost and cheaper products of lower quality, which will be replaced rather than repaired on breaking down. Although a smaller amount of waste will be generated on a per-unit basis, more units will be produced and disposed of, and there may be an overall increase in waste generation at both the production and the consumption ends.Another factor of interest on the production end is scale. One would expect so-called economies of scale in production to lead to a set of facilities that embody less material for a given output. Does having fewer, larger plants in fact involve significantly less use of material (or space) than having more, smaller ones? At the level of the individual product, the shift from mainframe computers to personal computers, driven by desires for local independence and convenience, may also be in the direction of materialization.Among socioeconomic factors influencing society's demand for Mate- are the nature of various activities, composition of the work force, and income levels. For example, as a predominantly agricultural society evolves toward industrialization, demand for materials increases, whereas the transition from an industrial to a service society might bring about a decline in the use of materials. Within a given culture, to what extent are materials use and waste generation increasing functions of income?The spatial dispersion of population is a potential materializer. Migration from urban to suburban areas, often driven by affluence, requires more roads, more single-unit dwellings, and more automobiles with a consequent significant expansion in the use of materials. The movement from large, extended families sharing one dwelling to smaller, nuclear families may be regarded as a materializer if every household unit occupies a separate dwelling. Factors such as photocopying, photography, advertising, poor quality, high cost of repair, and wealth generally force materialization. Technological innovation, especially product innovation, may also tend to force materialization, at least in the short run. For example, microwave ovens, which are smaller than old-fashioned ovens, have now been acquired by most American households. However, they have come largely as an addition to, not a substitute for, previous cooking appliances. In the long term, if microwave ovens truly replace older ovens,this innovation may come to be regarded as a dematerializer. National security and war, styles and fashions, and fads may also function asmaterializers by accelerating production and consumption. Demand for health and fitness, local mobility, and travel may spur materialization in other ways.The societal driving forces behind dematerialization are, at best, diverse and contradictory. However, the result may indeed be a clear trend in materialization or dematerialization. This could be determined only through collection and analysis of data on the use of basic materials with time, particularly for industry and especially for products with the greatest materials demand. Basic materials such as metals and alloys ., steel, copper, aluminum), cement, sand, gravel, wood, paper, glass, ceramics, and rubber are among the materials that should be considered. The major products and associated industries that would be interesting to study could well include roads, buildings, automobiles, appliances, pipes (metal, clay, plastic), wires, clothing, newsprint and books, packaging materials, pottery, canned food, and bottled or canned drinks.11/09/2010Academic Reading Y /N /NG和summary★☆恐龙的脚印Passage 1难度电子书和数字音乐9个list of heading，剩下是TFNG难度★★☆Passage 2道 summary3 6道，TFNG 5道和天文物理段落配信息难度 Passage 3★★☆Comment 难，HEADINGS出了9道题，段落配信息6个。