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冤假错案之呼格吉勒图案Wronged cases of Hugejiletu case案情简介：1996年4月9日，呼和浩特卷烟厂工人呼格吉勒图和工友闫峰向警方报案，在烟厂附近的公厕内发现一具下身赤裸的女尸。
48小时后，负责该案的呼和浩特公安局新城分局副局长冯志明和办案人员认定，呼格吉勒图在女厕对死者进行流氓猥亵时，用手掐住死者的脖子致其死亡。
1996年5月23日，呼和浩特市中级人民法院认定呼格犯流氓罪、故意杀人罪，判处死刑。
6月5日，内蒙古高院二审“维持原判”，核准死刑。
2005年初，内蒙古乌兰察布市接连发生数起奸杀惨案。
警方鉴定确认，案件系同一人所为。
当年10月23日，系列强奸、抢劫、杀人案的犯罪嫌疑人赵志红落网。
赵志红主动交代了其1996年犯下的第一起强奸杀人案，即“四九女尸案”。
Case Description:On April 9,1996, Hohhot cigarette factory worker Hugejiletu and his workmate Yan Feng and reported a crime to the police,found a lower body naked corpse of a woman in a public toilet near the factory.After 48 hours ,Huang Zhiming,the deputy director of Hohhot Public Security Bureau (PSB)in New City branch ,who was responsible for this criminal case ,and other investigators affirmed that ,Hugejiletu molested the deceased with choking the deceased‟s neck by hands caused her death .On May 23, 1996 , Hohhot Intermediate People's Court found Hugejiletu was guilty of hooliganism , intentional homicide and sentenced him to death.On June 5,Inner Mongolia High Court ,court of Second instance upheld the verdict , approved the death penalty .In early 2005, several cases of rape and murder tragedy occurred in series in Inner Mongolia Wulanchabu .Police concluded that all the cases were committed by the same person through authentication.On October 23 ,in that year , the suspect of series cases of rape , robbery, murder ,Zhao Zhihong was arrested.Zhao Zhihong voluntarily confessed the its first case of rape and murder committed in 1996 , the " April ninth case of dead woman".案件追问：一个10年前就已经被执行枪决，一个10年后才落入法网，两人均承认在呼和浩特市同一厕所内杀害了同一名女性，究竟谁才是真正的凶手？Case questioning:One had been executed by firing squad 10 years ago, another one arrested after 10 years, both two admitted killing the same woman in the same toilet in Hohhot, who on earth is the real murderer ?证据审查：1.作为定案依据的最有利证据：血样鉴定，存在着巨大的技术问题，据警方一位知情人士透露，呼格吉勒图与受害者的血型相同，均为O型。
法律英语pptLegal English in PracticeIntroduction:Legal English is a specialized form of language used in the legal profession. It includes specific terminology, expressions, and grammar structures that are unique to the field of law. This presentation will delve into the importance of legal English, its characteristics, and how it is applied in practice.Importance of Legal English:1. Clarity and precision: Legal documents and contracts must be written with utmost clarity and precision to avoid misinterpretation or ambiguity. Legal English ensures that each word and comma carries precise meaning.2. International scope: Legal English serves as a common language for legal professionals worldwide. It enables effective communication between lawyers and clients from different countries and legal systems.3. Understanding legal concepts: Legal English is vital for comprehending complex legal concepts and principles. Whetherit's studying case law or reading statutes, a strong grasp of legal English is essential for legal research and analysis. Characteristics of Legal English:1. Formality: Legal English is known for its formality, with an emphasis on objective and neutral language. It avoids personal opinions or emotions and presents information in an authoritativemanner.2. Technical language: Legal English incorporates specialized terminology and jargon specific to the legal profession. This language ensures precision and avoids ambiguity in legal discourse.3. Structure and style: Legal English uses specific structures and formats for legal documents, such as contracts, pleadings, and legal opinions. These formats have specific headings, subheadings, and numbering to ensure clarity and organization.Application of Legal English:1. Drafting legal documents: Legal English is used extensively in drafting contracts, agreements, and legal correspondence. It is crucial to use precise language and pay attention to detail to ensure legal documents are valid and enforceable.2. Courtroom proceedings: Legal English is spoken and written in courtrooms during trials, hearings, and legal arguments. Lawyers must effectively communicate their arguments, cross-examination, and present evidence to the judge and jury using legal English.3. International relations: Legal English facilitates legal negotiations and interactions between countries and international organizations. It is used in treaties, international agreements, and diplomatic communications.Conclusion:Legal English is a necessary skill for legal professionals as it enables effective communication, precision, and clarity in the fieldof law. Understanding the importance, characteristics, and applications of legal English is crucial for success in the legal profession.。
法律英语（Legal English）（第二版）法律出版社，2003年•北京何家弘Lesson One Legal System1. 公诉制度 public prosecution2. 普通法系 common law legal system3. 判例法case law4. 成文法（制定法） written law (statutory law)5. 遵从前例 stare decisis6. 判例汇编 reports7. 有约束力的法律解释binding interpretation8. 法学方法论 legal methodology9. 颁布•••为法律be decreed10. 巡回法官itinerant judges11. 英国皇家法院 English Royal Court12. 令状，法院令状writ13. 诉讼请求的强制执行 enforcement of a claim14. 追诉权 recourse15. 牛津条例Provision of Oxford16. 本案令状writ upon the case17. 诉讼行为forms of action18. 衡平法 equity law19. 公平且善良 ex aequo bono20. 特定履行（实际履行）方式之救济relief in the form of specific performance21. 大法官法院 Court of Chancery22. 补偿性损害赔偿金 compensatory damages23. 强制令the injunction24. 衡平法准则 maxims of equity law25. 法律概念 legal concept26. 不动产real property/ real estate/ immovable property/ realty27. 民事诉讼 civil suit28. 衡平法院 Chancery Court29. 财产法上的所有权分割 division of title in the law of property30. 先例 precedents31. 普通法系the Common Law Legal Family/ the English Law Legal Family/ the English-American Law Legal Family32. 大陆法系 the Roman Law Legal Family/ the Civil Law Legal Family/ the Continental Law Legal Family33. 五月花号公约the Mayflower Compact34. 制宪会议 the Constitutional ConventionLesson Two Legal Profession1. 法律职业/律师职业 the bar法官职业 the bench2. 律师协会 The Bar Association3. （律师）执业 practice law4. 执业律师 practicing lawyer5. 出庭辩护/代理诉讼 advocacy6. 法律咨询 counseling7. 法律文件的起草 drafting of legal instruments8. 法律文件 legal instruments9. 单独执业者single/individual practitioner10. 合伙关系 partnership11. 薪水律师 salaried lawyer12. 律师业务 law practice13. 专职法律顾问 house counsel/corporate counsel（公司或团体法律顾问）14．辩护人/律师 advocate15. 私人开业 private practice16. 州检察官/律师 state prosecutor/state attorney17. 地区检察官/律师 district attorney18. 起诉检察官/公诉律师 prosecuting attorney19. 检察系统prosecutorial system20. 联邦检察官 federal prosecutor21. 地方检察官 local prosecutor22. 助理检察官 assistant prosecutor23. 检察行业prosecutorial profession24. 个人尊严 the integrity of the individual25. 机会均等equality of opportunity26. 职业道德规范 ethics codes27. 听证会hearings28. 社区法律服务community legal services29. 单人开业 solo practice30. 律师/法律工作者（美国）attorney/attorney-at-law/counsellor/counsellor-at-law31. 律师（英国）barrister/solicitorLesson Three Legal Education1. 法律博士 Juris Doctor(JD)我国现称“法律硕士”并有新名“Juris Master(JM)2. 法学硕士 Master of Laws(LLM)3. 法学博士 Doctor of Juridical Science(SJD)4. 法律文书写作 legal writing5. 批评性思维 critical thinking6. 案例教学法 case method7. 苏格拉底式教学法 socratic method8. 讲演式教学法lecture method9. 美国律师协会认可的法学院 ABA accredited law schools10. 案情摘要briefs11. 模拟法庭 moot court12. 模拟审判 mock trial13. 课程指南 curriculum guide14. 刑事司法 criminal justice15. 自由资本主义laissez faire/lesei’ feə/Lesson Four Judicial System1. 联邦法院federal courts2. 联邦法院的组成：联邦最高法院the Supreme Court13个联邦上诉法院 Courts of Appeals95个联邦地区法院 District Courts此外还有：索赔法院 the Court of Claims关税法院 the Customs Court关税及专利上诉法院the Court of Customs and Patent Appeals等联邦特别法院 special courts3. 各州法院系统一般包括三级法院：基层法院多称为审判法院 Trial Court或巡回法院 Circuit Court中级法院多称为上诉法院 Appellate Court or Court of Appeals高级法院多称为最高法院 Supreme Court许多州也有一些专门法院：遗嘱检验法院 Probate Court青少年法院 Juvenile Court家庭关系法院 Court of Domestic Relations小额索赔法院 Small Claims Court4．联邦和州最高法院法官称为大法官 Justice上诉法院和审判法院的法官则称为法官 Judge有些基层法院的审判人员还称为治安法官 Justice of the Peace或司法官 Magistrate5. 美国联邦最高法院首席大法官 Chief Justice其他8人称大法官 Associate Justice6. 巡回法官Circuit Judge7. 合议庭Collegiate Panel/Collegiate Bench8. 诉讼当事人 litigant9. 司法管辖区 judicial district10. 案件数量caseload11. 联邦巡回法院 the Federal Circuit12. 复审案件 review a case13. 复查判决 review a decision14. 特别法庭 tribunals15. 死刑 capital punishment/death penalty16. 调案复审令writ of certiorari17. 具有开业律师资格be admitted to practice law18. 职业法官 career judiciary19. 民众选举 popular vote20. 现任法官 sitting judges21. 严重不端行为 gross misconduct22. 正式诉讼 formal proceedings23. 负民事责任incur civil liability24. 美国律师协会的“法官行为准则”The American Bar Association’s Code of Judical Conduct25. 私人开业律师 private practitioner26. 重罪felony27. 轻罪misdemeaner28. 审查案件的事实并作出判决 review the facts of a case and render a disposition29. 终审法院 court of last resort30. 司法巡回区judicial circuit31. 保释金 bond32. 预审听证 preliminary hearings33. 杀人 homicide34. 强奸 sexual assault35. 累犯 repeat offenders36. 惯犯 habitual offenders37. 驳回上诉 deny the petition for appeals38. 发回重审remand the case back to the lower court for reconsideration39.行使广泛的自由裁量权 exercise wide discretion overLesson Five Constitution1. 法律分类 classification of law2. 普通法Common Law衡平法 Equity3. 实体法 substantive law程序法 procedural law4. 公法public law私法private law5. 联邦条例 Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union(1977年，美国联邦会议通过，美国最早的宪法性法律文件)6. 宪法修正条款amendments7. 人权法案 the Bill of Rights（美国1787宪法前十条修正条款的合称）8. 宪法至上原则 doctrine of constitution supremacy9. 基本法 fundamental law10. 通过投票选举来表示其意思 express their will through the ballot box11. 严重不法行为 extreme misconduct12. 渎职行为 malfeasance13. 弹劾程序 process of impeachment14. 第二条第四款 article II, section415. 弹劾案 bill of impreachment16. 众议院 House of Representatives17. 参议院 Senate18. 严厉措施 drastic measure19. 众议院司法委员会House Judiciary Committee20. 生效 enter into force21. 无效 have no force22. 司法解释 judicial interpretation23. 叁权分立 separation of powers24. 制衡原则 checks and balance25. 滥用职权 excesses26. 行政法令合条例 executive acts and regulations27. 马伯里诉麦迪逊案 case of Marbury vs Madison28. 司法审查原则the doctrine of judicial review29. 合宪性 constitutionality30. 酸度测试/严格检验 acid test31. 否决 veto32. 特赦grant pardons for33. 拨款 appropriate funds for34. （法规、条约等的）序言、导言preamble35. 联邦条例 Articles of Confederation36. 权力的滥用 excessive power37. 英国普通法中的“自然正义原则”principles of “Natural Justice” under British Common Law。
