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看到版主Andy如此煞费苦心，提高大家对英文诗歌的兴趣，我也有些手痒，来捧捧场。
下面这篇文章是我学poetry时找到的，可惜忘记了网站地址。
这个文章是有JPG格式的，更加容易理解，谁需要的话，请留言。
括号里的文字是我自己的一点理解和补充，不尽详实之处，望大家不吝赐教。
唯抛砖引玉而）Metrics in English Poetry By Samuel Schuman, Univ. of MN, MorrisMetrics How to go about the analysis of the rhythm, the meter and the rhyme scheme of an English poem.(作者通篇都是用下面这首简单的小诗来介绍诗歌)A Stupid PoemI put my hat upon my headAnd walked into the strandAnd there I met another manWhose hat was in his hand.First, divide the lines into syllables(音节), and count them:I / put / my / hat / up/on / my / head (8) And / walked / in/to / the / strand (6) And / there / I / met / a/noth/er / man (8) Whose / hat / was / in / his / hand (6)(诗歌分析的第一步是划分音节。
对我们这样非英语母语的人可能有点困难。
基本的方法是一个元音一个音节，例如upon是两个音节，another是三个音节。
有的时候诗人为了强调方言等原因，会使用省略字，这种情况就要具体问题具体分析了。
也有的时候是为了凑音节而省略的)Which syllables are accented or “stressed?”(重读)“Stress”in English poetic metrics means “said loudly.”It has nothing to do with the tension in your life. The symbol u means unstressed; the symbol / means stressed(诗歌里的重读，与一个单词本身发音里的重读未必是一回事。
英语诗歌欣赏入门知识英语诗歌欣赏入门知识英诗基础知识读英文诗歌相当不容易。
其中的主要原因是诗歌有其独特的语言特点和表达方式，与散文有明显区别。
为更好地欣赏英文诗歌，很有必要了解一些相关的基本知识。
这方面的知识极其细致，以下只介绍一些最基本的。
一节奏诗歌是具有音乐性的语言。
音乐作品的最大特点之一是音符的流动是有节奏的。
所谓节奏就是强拍和弱拍按一定的形式配合起来，有规律地反复出现。
正如音乐中的节奏，音乐中基本的节奏有两种，即强——弱(2/4拍)和强——弱——弱(3/4拍)。
举两个简单的例子：《东方红》的节奏就是强——弱：5 56│2 —│1 16│2 —│5 5│6i 65│1 16│2 —│《新年好》(HAPPY NEW YEAR)这首儿歌的节奏是强——弱——弱：11 1 5 │33 3 1│13 5 5 │43 2 —│23 4 4 │32 3 1│13 2 5│72 1 —│中国古诗有节奏。
其节奏主要是通过汉字特有的声调表现出来的。
传统汉语中的声调有四：平、上、去、入。
平声称“平声”，上、去、入三声统称仄声。
平声与仄声结合起来反复出现，就是中国诗歌的节奏。
如一首五言绝句，其最常见的节奏是：仄仄平平仄，平平仄仄平。
平平平仄仄，仄仄仄平平。
王之涣《登鹳雀楼》：白日依山尽，黄河入海流。
欲穷千里目，更上一层楼。
即是这样的节奏。
其中“欲”字是仄声，与格式不合。
但根据格律要求，诗行中的第一字可平可仄。
英文诗歌也有节奏。
英文没有平声、仄声之分，但有重读轻读音节之分，其节奏是通过重读音节与轻读音节表现出来的。
一个重读音节与一个或两个轻读音节按一定的模式搭配起来，有规律地反复出现就是英文诗歌的节奏。
我们知道凡是有两个以上音节的英文单词，都有重读音节与轻读音节之分，在一句话中，根据语法、语调、语意的要求，有些词也要重读，有些要轻读。
如he went to town to buy a book.. I’m glad to hear the news. 英文中有重读和轻读之分，重读的音节和轻读的音节，按一定模式配合起来，反复再现，组成诗句，听起来起伏跌宕，抑扬顿挫，就形成了诗歌的节奏。
英语诗歌入门引言：英语诗歌是一种美妙的表达艺术，它具有丰富的情感和独特的韵律，能够启发读者的想象力和情感共鸣。
无论你是英语学习者还是对文学有兴趣的人，学习英语诗歌都能够帮助你提高英语能力和文学素养。
本文将介绍英语诗歌的基本概念、常见的诗歌形式和一些入门技巧，帮助你开始探索英语诗歌的魅力。
一、英语诗歌的基本概念1. 韵律：英语诗歌中的韵律是与音节和音调有关的，它赋予诗歌以节奏感和韵律感，使诗歌更加动听和有吸引力。
2. 押韵：押韵是指在诗歌中使用相同或类似的韵脚或音韵，它能增强诗歌的韵律感和美感。
英语诗歌中的押韵有时是强制性的，有时是选择性的，取决于诗人的意图和创作风格。
3. 韵脚：韵脚是一种由重音和非重音音节组成的音序，它在诗歌中起到抓重音和保持韵律的作用。
英语诗歌中常见的韵脚有爱护韵、顺韵和眼韵等。
二、常见的英语诗歌形式1. 抒情诗：抒情诗是表达诗人个人情感和意象的诗歌形式，它可以是诗人情感的抒发、对于自然、爱情、生活等主题的思考和描绘。
2. 叙事诗：叙事诗是一种通过叙述故事来表达情感和思想的诗歌形式。
它常常具有故事性强、人物形象鲜明和情感真实的特点。
3. 颂歌：颂歌是一种歌颂和赞美特定事物的诗歌形式，它可以是对爱情、友谊、自然、英雄等的赞美和歌颂。
4. 独白诗：独白诗是一种通过直接讲述或对话的方式来表达诗人个人的思想和情感的诗歌形式。
它可以是对某一事物或情感的深入思考和探索。
三、英语诗歌的写作技巧1. 选择主题：选择一个真实而有意义的主题是创作成功的关键。
可以从自己的经历、观察到的事物或者对于社会、自然等的思考中找到灵感。
The Basic Elements of Appreciating English Poetry1.What is poetry?Poetry is the expression of Impassioned feeling in language.“Poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings: it takes its origin from emotion recollected in tranquility.”“Poetry, in a general sense, may be defined to be the expression of the imagination.”Poetry is the rhythmical creation of beauty.Poetry is the image of man and nature.“诗言志，歌咏言。
” ---《虞书》“诗言志之所以也。
在心为志，发言为诗。
情动于中而行于言，言之不足，则嗟叹之；嗟叹之不足，故咏歌之；咏歌之不足，不知手之舞之，足之蹈之也。
情发于声；声成文，谓之音。
”---《诗·大序》“诗是由诗人对外界所引起的感觉，注入了思想与情感，而凝结了形象，终于被表现出来的一种‘完成’的艺术。
” ---艾青：《诗论》2.The Sound System of English Poetrya. The prosodic featuresProsody (韵律)---the study of the rhythm, pause, tempo, stress and pitch features of a language.Chinese poetry is syllable-timed, English poetry is stress-timed.Stress: The prosody of English poetry is realized by stress. One stressed syllable always comes together with one or more unstressed syllables.eg. Tiger, /tiger, /burning /brightIn the /forest /of the/ night,What im/mortal /hand or /eyeCould frame thy/ fearful /symme/try? ---W. BlakeLength: it can produce some rhetorical and artistic effect.eg. The curfew tolls the knell of parting day,The lowing herd wind slowly o’er the lea,The Ploughman homeward plods his weary way,And leaves the world to darkness and to me.---Thomas GrayLong vowels and diphthongs make the poem slow, emotional and solemn; short vowels quick, passionate, tense and exciting.Pause: it serves for the rhythm and musicality of poetry.b. Meter or measure (格律)poem---stanza/strophe---line/verse---foot---arsis + thesis;Meter or measure refers to the formation way of stressed andunstressed syllables.Four common meters:a) Iambus; the iambic foot (抑扬格)eg. She walks/ in beau/ty, like/ the nightOf cloud /less climes/ and star/ry skies;And all/ that’s best /of dark/ and brightMeet in /her as /pect and /her eyes. ---Byronb) Trochee; the trochaic foot（扬抑格）eg. Never /seek to/ tell thy/ love,Love that/ never/ told can/ be. ---Blake c) Dactyl; the dactylic foot （扬抑抑格）eg. Cannon to/ right of them,Cannon to/ left of them.Cannon in/ front of them,V olley’d and/ thunder’d. ---Tennysond) Anapaest; the anapestic foot（抑抑扬格）eg. Break,/ break, /break,On thy cold /grey stones,/ O sea!And I would /that my tongue/ could utterThe thought/ that arise /in me. ---Tennysonc) Other metersAmphibrach, the amphibrachic foot (抑扬抑格)；Spondee, the spondaic foot(扬扬格)；Pyrrhic, the pyrrhic foot (抑抑格)；d) Actalectic foot (完整音步) and Cactalectic foot（不完整音步）eg. Rich the / treasure,Sweet the / pleasure. (actalectic foot)Tiger,/ tiger, /burning /bright,In the/ forest/ of the/ night. (cactalectic foot )e) Types of footmonometer(一音步)dimeter（二音步）trimeter（三音步）tetrameter（四音步）pentameter（五音步）hexameter（六音步）heptameter（七音步）octameter（八音步）We have iambic monometer, trochaic tetrameter, iambicpentameter, anapaestic trimeter, etc., when the number offoot and meter are taken together in a poem.C. RhymeWhen two or more words or phrases contain an identicalor similar vowel sound, usually stressed, and theconsonant sounds that follow the vowel sound areidentical and preceded by different consonants, a rhymeoccurs.It can roughly be divided into two types:internal rhyme and end rhymeInternal rhymea) alliteration: the repetition of initial identical consonant sounds or any vowel sounds in successive or closely associated syllables, esp. stressed syllables.eg. The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew,The furrow followed free.---ColeridgeI slip, I slide, I gloom, I glance,Among my skinning swallows.---Tennyson Whereat with blade, with bloody blameful blade,He bravely broached his boiling bloody breast.---Shakespeare “Consonant cluster” (辅音连缀)“internal or hidden alliteration” (暗头韵) as in“Here in the long unlovely street” (Tennyson)The Scian & the Teian muse,The hero’s harp, the love’s lute,Have found the fame your shores refuse.---Byron b) Assonance (腹韵/元音叠韵/半谐音)：the repetition of similar or identical vowel sounds in a line ending with different consonant sounds.eg. Do not go gentle into that nightOld age should burn and rave at close of day.Rage, rage against the dying of the light.Though wise men at their end know dark is right,Because their words have forked no lightning theyDo not go gentle into that night.c) Consonance (假韵): the repetition of the ending consonant sounds with different preceding vowels of two or more words in a line.eg. At once a voice arose amongThe bleak twigs overheadIn a full-hearted evensongOf joy illimited.---HardyEnd rhyme: lines in a poem end in similar or identicalstressed syllables.a) Perfect rhymePerfect rhyme (in two or more words) occurs in the following three conditions:identical stressed vowel sounds (lie--high, stay--play);the same consonants after the identical stressed vowels (park--lark, fate-- late);different consonants preceding the stressed vowels (first– burst);follow—swallow (perfect rhyme)b) imperfect/ half rhyme: the stressed vowels in two or more words are the same, but the consonant sounds after and preceding are different.eg. fern—bird, faze—late, like—rightc) Masculine and feminine rhymeeg. Sometimes when I’m lonely,Don’t know why,Keep thinking I w on’t be lonelyBy and by.---Hughes The comrade of thy wanderings over Heaven,As then, when to outstrip thy skiey speedScarce seem’d a vision; I would ne’er have striven…---Shelley Rhyme scheme (韵式)a) Running rhyme scheme (连续韵)two neighbouring lines rhymed in aa bb cc dd:eg. Tiger, tiger, burning brightIn the forests of the night,What immortal hand or eyeCould frame thy fearful symmetry?In what distant deeps or skiesBurnt the fire of thine eyes?On what wings dare he aspire?What the hand dare seize the fire?b) Alternating rhyme scheme (交叉韵)rhymed every other line in a b a b c d c d:eg. Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?Thou art more lovely and more temperate:Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,And summer’s lease hath all too short a date:---Shakespearec) enclosing rhyme scheme (首尾韵)In a quatrain, the first and the last rhymed, and the second and the third rhymed in a b b a:eg. When you are old and gray and full of sleep,And nodding by the fire, take down this book,And slowly read, and dream of the soft lookYour eyes had once, and of their shadows deep;---W. B. YeatsD. Form of poetry ( stanzaic form)a) couplet: a stanza of two lines with similar end rhymes:eg. A little learning is a dangerous thing;Drink deep, or taste not the Pierian Spring.b) heroic couplet: a rhyming couplet of iambic pentameter:eg. O could I flow like thee, and make thy streamMy great example, as it is my theme:---DenhamThen share thy pain, allow that sad relief;Ah, more than share it, give me all thy grief.---Popec) Triplet / tercet: a unit or group of three lines, usu. rhymedeg. He clasps the crags with crooked hands;Close to the sun in lonely lands,Ringed with the azure world, he stands.The wrinkled sea beneath him crawls:He watches from his mountains walls,And like a thunderbolt he falls.---Tennyson d) quatrain: a stanza of four lines rhymed or unrhymed.eg. O my luve is like a red, red rose,That’s newly sprung in Jun e;O my luve is like the melodieThat’s sweetly play’d in tune.As fair art thou, my bonie lass,So deep in luve am I;And I will luve thee still, my dear,Till a’ the seas gang dry.---Burnse) Sonnet: a fixed verse form of Italian origin consisting of14 lines that are characteristically in iambic pentameter:The Petrarchan / Italian sonnet (Francesco Petrarch):two parts: octave, asking question, presenting a problem,or expressing an emotional tension rhyming abba abba;while the sestet, solving the problem rhyming cde cde,cde cde, or cd cd cd.Shakespearean / English sonnet:arranged usually into three quatrains and a couplet,rhyming abab cdcd efef gg. The first quatrain introducesa subject, the second expands, and once more in the third,and concludes in the couplet.Spenserian sonnet: three quatrains and a couplet rhymingabab bcbc cdcd ee;Miltonic sonnet: simply an ltalian sonnet that eliminates thepause between the octave and sestet.f) Blank verse: the unrhymed iambic pentametereg. To be, or not to be: that is the question:Whe ther ’tis nobler in the mind to sufferThe slings and arrows of outrageous fortune,Or to take arms against a sea of troubles,And by opposing end them? To die: to sleep;---Shakespeareg) Free verse: poetry that is based on irregular rhythmiccadence of the recurrence, with variations, of phrases,images and syntactical patterns rather than theconventional use of meter.eg. DaysWhat are days for?Days are where we live.They come, they wake usTime and time over.They are to be happy inWhere can we live but days?Ah, solving that questionBring the priest and doctorIn their long coatsRunning over the fields.---Philip Larkin3.The semantic system of English poetrya. The meaning of poetryPoetry is “the one permissible way of saying one t hingand meaning another”. (Frost)The meaning of a poem usually consists of three levels,that is, the literal (the lowest), the sensory (the medium)and the emotional (the highest).b. Image---the soul of the meaning in poetrya) Definition: “language that evokes a physical sensationproduced by one or more of the five senses--- sight,hearing, taste, touch and smell.” (Kirszner and Mandell)A literal and concrete representation of a sensoryexperience or of an object that can be known by one ormore of the senses.b) Types of imagesIn terms of senses：visual image (视觉意象)auditory image（听觉意象）olfactory image（嗅觉意象）tactile image （触觉意象）gustatory image （味觉意象）kinaesthetic image （动觉意象）eg. Spring, the sweet spring, is the year’s pleasant king,Then blooms each thing, then maids dance in a ring,Cold doth not sting, the pretty birds do sing:Cuckoo, jug-jug, pu-we, to-witta-woo!---Thomas Nashe In terms of the relation between the image and the object:Literal (字面意象) and figurative image （修辞意象）The former refers to the one that involves no necessarychange or extension in the obvious meaning of the words;or the one in which the words call up a sensoryrepresentation of the literal object or sensation.The latter is the one that involves a turn on the literalmeaning of the words.eg. Let us walk in the white snowIn a soundless space;With footsteps quiet and slow,At a tranquil pace,Under veils of white lace.---Elinor WylieIn terms of the readers: fixed and free image（稳定意象和自由意象）By fixed or tied image, it is the one so employed that itsmeaning and associational value is the same ornearly the same for all readers.By free image, it is the one not so fixed by the context thatits possible meanings or associational values are limited, itis therefore, capable of having various meanings or valuesfor various people.eg. SnakeI saw a young snake glideOut of the mottled shadeAnd hang limp on a stone:A thin mouth, and a tongueStayed, in the still air.It turned; it drew away;Its shadow bent in half;It quickened and was gone.I felt my slow blood warm.I longed to be that thing,The pure, sensuous form.And I may be, some time. ---Theodore Roethkec) The function of image:to stimulate readers’ senses;to activate readers’ sensory and emotional experience;to involve the readers in the creation of poetry with personal and emotional experience; to strike a responsive chord in the hearts of readers;eg. FogThe fog comeson little cat feet.It sits lookingover harbor and cityon silent haunchesand then moves on.---Carl Sandbergeg. Fire and iceSome say the world will end in fire,Some say in ice.From what I’ve tasted of desireI hold with those who favor fire.But if it had to perish twice,I think I know enough of hateTo say that for destruction iceIs also greatAnd would suffice. ---R. FrostC. The means of expressing meaninga) Phonetic devicesonomatopoeiaA widow birdeg. A widow bird was mourning for her loveUpon a wintry bough;The frozen wind crept on above,The freezing stream belowThere was no leaf upon the forest bare,No flower upon the ground,And little motion in the airExcept the mill-wheel’s sound. P. B. Shelley Puneg.The little black thing among the snowCrying “’weep, ’weep” in notes of woe!b) figures of speechA. comparison: metaphor; simile (tenor 本体, vehicle 喻体)B. conceitC. personificationD. metonymy (换喻)E. apostropheF. synaesthesia （“通感”或“联觉”）G. symbolismH. hyperboleI. Allusion （典故）c) Deviation (变异)：the digression from the normal way ofexpressionsLexical deviation (self-made words)Grammatical deviation (slang, vernacular)Deviation of registersDeviation of cultural subjects。
英语诗歌简明术语表A Concise Glossary of English Poet ryAccent 重音Allegory 寓言Alliteration 头韵Allusion 典故Anapest 抑抑扬格Apostrophe 呼语Approximate rime 近韵Assonance 半韵Ballad 民谣Ballad stanza 民谣体诗节Blank verse 无韵诗，素体诗Cacophony 不和谐音Caesura 行停中顿Connotation 内涵，引申义Consonance 辅音韵Cosmic irony 命运反讽Couplet 对句Dactyl 扬抑抑格Denotation 本义Dimeter 二音步诗Doggerel 打油诗Dramatic irony 戏剧性反讽Dramatic monologue 戏剧性独白End rhyme 尾韵End-stopped line 行尾停顿诗行English or Shakespearean sonnet 英式/莎士比亚体十四行诗Enjambment 跨行连续Epic 史诗Euphony 谐音Exact rhyme 全韵Eye rhyme 视觉韵Feminine rhyme 阴韵Figure of speech 修辞手法Fixed form 固定诗体Foot 音步Free verse 自由诗Haiku 俳句Heroic couplet 英雄偶句体Heptameter 七音步诗行Hexameter 六音步诗行Hyperbole 夸张Iamb 抑扬格Imagery 意象Internal rhyme 行中韵Irony 反讽，反语Italian or Petrarchan sonnet 意式/比特拉克体十四行诗Limerick 五行打油诗Literary ballad 文人民谣Lyric 抒情诗Masculine rhyme 阳韵Metaphor 暗喻，隐喻Meter 格律，韵律Metonymy 换喻，转喻Monometer 单音步诗行Narrative poem 叙事诗Octameter 八音步诗行Octave 八行诗节Ode 颂诗Onomatopoeia 拟声法Open form 开放诗体Overstatement 夸张Oxymoron 矛盾形容法Paradox 悖论Pentameter 五音步诗行Personification 拟人法Picture poem 涂画诗Prose poem 散文诗Quatrain 四节诗行Refrain 叠句，副歌Rhyme or rime 押韵Rhyme scheme 押韵格式Rhythm 节奏，韵律，格律Run-on line 连续诗行Sarcasm 讥刺Satire 讽刺Scansion 韵律分析，韵律图示Sestet 六节诗行Simile 明喻Situational irony 情景反讽Sonnet 十四行诗Speaker 说话者Spondee 扬扬格Stanza 诗节Stress 重音Symbol 象征Synecdoche 提喻Tercet 三行诗节Terza rima 三行诗节隔行押韵法Tetrameter 四音步诗行Theme 主题Tone 语气，语调trimeter 三音步诗行Triplet 同韵三行联句Trochee 扬抑格Understatement 低调陈述，轻描淡写Verbal irony 言辞反讽Verse 散文诗Villanelle 维拉内拉体。
英语诗歌简明术语表[合集]第一篇：英语诗歌简明术语表英语诗歌简明术语表A Concise Glossary of English Poetry Accent 重音 Allegory 寓言 Alliteration 头韵 Allusion 典故Anapest 抑抑扬格 Apostrophe 呼语Approximate rime近韵 Assonance 半韵 Ballad 民谣Ballad stanza 民谣体诗节Blank verse 无韵诗，素体诗Cacophony 不和谐音 Caesura 行停中顿Connotation 内涵，引申义 Consonance 辅音韵 Cosmic irony 命运反讽 Couplet 对句 Dactyl 扬抑抑格 Denotation 本义 Dimeter 二音步诗 Doggerel 打油诗Dramatic irony 戏剧性反讽Dramatic monologue 戏剧性独白 End rhyme 尾韵End-stopped line 行尾停顿诗行English or Shakespearean sonnet 英式/莎士比亚体十四行诗Enjambment 跨行连续 Epic 史诗 Euphony 谐音 Exact rhyme 全韵Eye rhyme 视觉韵 Feminine rhyme 阴韵Figure of speech 修辞手法 Fixed form 固定诗体 Foot 音步Free verse 自由诗 Haiku 俳句Heroic couplet 英雄偶句体 Heptameter 七音步诗行 Hexameter 六音步诗行 Hyperbole 夸张 Iamb 抑扬格 Imagery 意象Internal rhyme 行中韵Irony 反讽，反语Italian or Petrarchan sonnet 意式/比特拉克体十四行诗Limerick 五行打油诗 Literary ballad 文人民谣 Lyric 抒情诗Masculine rhyme 阳韵 Metaphor 暗喻，隐喻 Meter 格律，韵律 Metonymy 换喻，转喻 Monometer 单音步诗行 Narrative poem 叙事诗 Octameter 八音步诗行 Octave 八行诗节 Ode 颂诗Onomatopoeia 拟声法 Open form 开放诗体 Overstatement 夸张 Oxymoron 矛盾形容法 Paradox 悖论Pentameter 五音步诗行 Personification 拟人法 Picture poem 涂画诗 Prose poem 散文诗 Quatrain 四节诗行 Refrain 叠句，副歌Rhyme or rime 押韵Rhyme scheme 押韵格式Rhythm 节奏，韵律，格律Run-on line 连续诗行 Sarcasm 讥刺 Satire 讽刺Scansion 韵律分析，韵律图示 Sestet 六节诗行 Simile 明喻Situational irony 情景反讽Sonnet 十四行诗Speaker 说话者Spondee 扬扬格 Stanza 诗节 Stress 重音 Symbol 象征 Synecdoche 提喻 Tercet 三行诗节Terza rima 三行诗节隔行押韵法 Tetrameter 四音步诗行 Theme 主题Tone 语气，语调trimeter 三音步诗行Triplet 同韵三行联句Trochee 扬抑格Understatement 低调陈述，轻描淡写Verbal irony 言辞反讽Verse 散文诗Villanelle 维拉内拉体第二篇：简明英语句子成分分析简明英语句子成分分析一、句子的成分概说句子是包含主语部分和谓语部分的一组词。
