科研方法与论文写作--英美文学(英文版)

Unit 3The scientific method科研方法Every scientist dreams of lighting up some dark corner of the natural world —or， almost as good, of finding a dark corner where none had been suspected。

The most careful observations, the most elaborate calculations will not be fruitful unless the right questions are asked. Here is where creative imagination enters science, which is why some of the greatest scientific advances have been made by young， nimble minds.每一位科学家都渴望探明自然界未知领域的客观规律；或者说每一位科学家都渴望找到一处前人尚未耕耘过的研究园地。

在科学研究中，如果不能提出恰当的问题，再细致的观察和周密的计算，也不会有什么成果。

这是一个有创造性想象力的科学领域，这就是为什么一些最伟大的科学进步是由敏锐的年轻人做出的.Scientists study nature in a variety of ways。

Some approaches are quite direct: a geologist takes a rock sample to a laboratory and, by inspection and analysis, finds out what it is made of and how and when it was probably formed。

英语学术写作与科研方法学术写作是每一个研究者必须掌握的重要技能，尤其对于需要用英语进行学术研究和交流的人士来说，英语学术写作更是必不可少的。

本文将探讨英语学术写作的基本原则和科研方法，帮助读者提升自己的学术写作水平。

一、文献综述在进行学术研究之前，首先需要进行文献综述。

文献综述是对已有研究成果的总结和分析，可以帮助研究者了解该领域的研究现状和发展趋势。

在进行文献综述时，研究者需要注意以下几点：1. 确定研究范围：研究者需要明确自己的研究范围，避免过于宽泛或过于狭窄。

2. 搜集文献：研究者可以通过图书馆、学术数据库和互联网等渠道搜集相关文献。

3. 分类整理：将搜集到的文献进行分类整理，便于后续的总结和分析。

二、写作计划在进行学术写作之前，建议研究者制定写作计划。

写作计划可以帮助研究者有条不紊地完成论文的写作，避免拖延和混乱。

一般来说，写作计划应该包括以下几个方面：1. 选题：确定研究主题和写作内容。

2. 撰写大纲：根据选题制定论文大纲，明确文章结构和内容。

3. 设定时间表：合理安排写作时间，确保按时完成论文。

三、写作技巧在进行学术写作时，研究者需要注意以下几点写作技巧：1. 简明扼要：避免冗长和复杂的语句，保持文字简洁明了。

2. 逻辑清晰：文章应该有明确的逻辑结构，每一部分都应该符合整体思路。

3. 准确表达：避免使用模糊或歧义的词语，确保表达准确清晰。

4. 引用规范：在文章中引用他人观点和研究成果时，需注明出处，遵守学术规范。

四、科研方法科研方法是学术研究的关键，正确的科研方法可以保证研究结果的有效性和可靠性。

在进行科研时，研究者需要注意以下几点科研方法：1. 确定研究目的：明确研究的目的和研究问题，确定研究的方向和重点。

2. 采集数据：根据研究目的和问题，选择合适的数据采集方法和工具。

3. 数据分析：对采集到的数据进行统计和分析，得出科学和客观的研究结论。

4. 结果呈现：将研究结果以图表、表格等形式清晰展示，便于读者理解和验证。

英语学术写作与科研方法英语学术写作是科研工作中至关重要的一部分，它涉及到如何准确、清晰地表达研究成果、观点和观察结果。

本文将介绍一些英语学术写作的基本要点以及科研方法。

一、英语学术写作基本要点1. 抽象(abstract)抽象是学术论文的开篇，它应该简明扼要地概括研究的目的、方法、结果和结论。

抽象通常在论文完成后再写，以确保准确反映全文内容。

2. 引言(introduction)引言部分应该明确表达研究的目的，提出问题或者假设，并有效激发读者的兴趣。

在引言中，还应对相关研究进行综述，强调自己研究的创新之处。

3. 方法(methods)方法部分应清晰地描述研究的设计、样本、数据采集和分析过程。

该部分应该具体明确，以便其他人可以重复研究，验证你的结果。

4. 结果(results)结果部分应该准确地呈现研究的统计数据、图表和实验结果。

使用适当的图标和表格能够更清晰地展示实验结果。

5. 讨论(discussion)在讨论部分，你应该分析和解释你的研究结果，与已有研究进行对比，并提出你的观点。

此外，还应该指出你研究的局限性，并提出进一步研究的建议。

6. 结论(conclusion)结论部分是对研究的总结，要简明扼要地呈现你的发现，强调你的研究的贡献，并提供一些建议。

二、科研方法1. 确定研究题目首先，需要明确研究的主题和目标，选择一个具有研究潜力和实际意义的题目。

2. 查找文献在研究之前，应该对已有文献进行仔细研究，确保自己的研究是有创新性的。

3. 制定研究计划制定详细的研究计划，包括研究的时间表、方法和实验安排等。

4. 数据收集与处理根据研究计划，进行数据的收集和调查。

收集到的数据需要进行整理和分析，以得出准确的结果。

5. 结果和讨论根据数据的分析结果，进行结果和讨论部分的撰写，并与已有研究进行比较和分析。

6. 编写论文根据上述英语学术写作基本要点，编写学术论文，确保逻辑清晰，表达准确。

三、结语本文介绍了英语学术写作的基本要点以及科研方法。

英语学术论文写作方法Academic writing in English requires a specific set ofskills and techniques. In this article, we will discuss the methods that can help improve your academic writing. Whether you are a student or a professional in a particular field, thesetips will help you create a well-structured, clear, and concise academic paper.1. Understand the Requirements:Before you begin writing your paper, it is crucial to understand the requirements and guidelines provided by your institution or journal. These requirements may include specific formatting guidelines, citation styles, word limits, and the overall structure of the paper. Make sure you carefully read and understand these requirements to avoid any unnecessary revisions later.2. Plan Your Paper:Planning is an essential step in academic writing. It helps you organize your thoughts and ideas before you start writing. Create an outline or a mind map to arrange your main points and supporting evidence. This will help give your paper a logical flow and structure.3. Use Formal Language:4. Use Proper Citations and References:Accurately referencing the sources you have used is crucialin academic writing. Citations and references help acknowledgethe work of others and provide evidence for your own arguments. Familiarize yourself with the citation style required (such as APA, MLA, or Harvard) and follow the guidelines meticulously.5. Write Clear and Concise Sentences:6. Present Evidence and Arguments:Academic writing requires supporting your arguments with evidence. Use reputable sources such as academic journals, books, and credible websites to strengthen your arguments. Present the evidence in a logical manner, and explain how it supports your point of view. Avoid making unsupported claims or using personal anecdotes unless it is specifically allowed in the specific context.7. Revise and Edit:Once you have finished writing your paper, revise and editit carefully to improve the clarity and coherence of your ideas. Check for grammatical errors, awkward sentence structures, and spelling mistakes. Pay attention to the organization of your thoughts and ensure that each paragraph flows smoothly into the next. Seek feedback from a peer or a mentor to get an objective perspective on your writing.8. Avoid Plagiarism:Plagiarism is a serious offense in academic writing. Always give credit to the original authors and cite the sources properly. Paraphrase and summarize the ideas of others using your own words, and include proper citation to avoid unintentional plagiarism. Familiarize yourself with your institution's plagiarism policy and guidelines to ensure your work meets the required ethical standards.。

关于英美文学论文范文英美文学经历了很长的历史时期,并且每一个历史时期都有其著名的代表作和作品,成为了世界文学史上的宝贵的财富。

下文是店铺为大家整理的关于英美文学论文范文的内容，欢迎大家阅读参考!关于英美文学论文范文篇1浅谈英美文学的翻译方法在过去的英美文学的学习过程之中，我们通常将我们的著作划分成美国文学和英国的文学。

然而两部分文学著作，又需要从不同的时期写出不同年代的故事，我们所学习的欣赏是从流派的代表作和作家入手，分为文学著作，文学的派别以及文学潮流，对于英美文学的赏析，作品是相当的多，我们只能够挑选出作品简略阐释。

随着我国社会经济的发展，一些“实用性”课程的出现，其地位逐渐被边缘化。

面对当前的形势，作者试图从兴趣着手，结合教学实践，对文学课教学内容与教学方法的改革谈谈看法。

译者的文化选择与其采取的翻译策略是密切相关的，由于受主体文化的影响，许多译者大都有意无意间认同主体文化并采取一定的策略实现自己的文化选择。

关键词：高校英语专业、英美文学课、教学内容、教学方法根据美学的观点，任何作家的创作都有其隐含的读者，英国文艺理论家伊格尔顿也有类似的观点，“接受是作品自身的构成部分，每部文学作品的构成都出于对其潜在可能的读者的意识，……作品的每一种姿态里都含蓄地暗示着它所期待的那种接受者。

在大学中我们学习到的英美文学课程，是我们高校英语中非常重要的课程，要培养学生的阅读还有写作能力的，了解英语文学的能力，去了解一下文学的知识还有方法，通过阅读的形式了解东西方文化的差异，提高学生们的语言功力，提高学生的理解能力。

随着我们语言学习能力的提高，我们学习的课程多方面的出现，这使得文学课程逐渐的边缘化。

如何才能够在当今的学习中立于不败之地，我认为，提高学生们的兴趣是非常重要的，吸引学生的注意力，才可以提高们的兴趣，因为兴趣可以带领我们走的很远。

因此，带着兴趣学习，针对如下的几个问题，讲述一下自己的观点。

一、教学内容英美文学的学习，主要由两个大部分构成主要内容，一部分是英美国文学作品，另一部分是英美国文学历史。

英美文学论文研究方法英美文学作为世界文学的重要组成部分，其研究方法对于文学研究者来说至关重要。

在进行英美文学论文研究时，我们需要掌握一定的研究方法，以便更好地理解和分析文学作品，揭示其中蕴含的文化、历史和思想内涵。

本文将介绍几种常用的英美文学论文研究方法，帮助读者更好地开展相关研究工作。

首先，文学作品的文本分析是英美文学论文研究的基础。

文本分析是指对文学作品的语言、结构、风格等方面进行深入分析，以揭示作品内在的意义和特点。

在进行文本分析时，研究者需要注重对作品的细节进行观察和解读，例如对于小说的情节安排、人物塑造、语言运用等方面进行分析，对于诗歌则需要注重韵律、节奏、意象等方面的分析。

通过文本分析，研究者可以深入理解作品的内涵，为后续的研究工作奠定基础。

其次，历史背景和文化语境的分析也是英美文学论文研究的重要方法之一。

英美文学作为具有深厚历史和文化底蕴的文学体裁，其作品往往受到当时社会、政治、文化等方面的影响。

因此，研究者需要对作品所处的历史时期和文化环境进行深入了解和分析，以便更好地理解作品的创作背景和内在含义。

通过对历史背景和文化语境的分析，研究者可以更好地把握作品的特点和意义，为文学论文的撰写提供有力支持。

此外，比较研究也是英美文学论文研究的重要方法之一。

通过对不同作品、不同作者、不同时期的文学作品进行比较分析，可以帮助研究者深入理解作品的特点和内涵，发现其共性和差异性。

比较研究可以为研究者提供更广阔的视野和更深入的思考，有助于提升论文的深度和广度。

最后，理论研究也是英美文学论文研究的重要方法之一。

文学理论的运用可以帮助研究者更好地分析和解读文学作品，揭示其中的文学美学和思想内涵。

在进行英美文学论文研究时，研究者可以结合相关的文学理论，对作品进行深入分析和解读，为论文的撰写提供理论支持。

综上所述，英美文学论文研究方法涉及文本分析、历史背景和文化语境的分析、比较研究以及理论研究等多个方面。

研究者可以根据具体的研究对象和目的，灵活运用这些方法，以便更好地开展英美文学论文研究工作，为文学研究领域的发展做出贡献。

⽂学英语论⽂范⽂3篇⽂学圈课外阅读中学英语论⽂⼀、扣准概念，是⽂学圈在英语课外阅读中应⽤的基础毫⽆疑问，⽂学圈是核⼼概念。

根据丹尼尔的描述，笔者以为其所说的“⼀⼩群”与当前英语课堂上的⼩组类似，⼀个⼩组的成员即可成为这⼀⼩群学⽣（当然也可以是课后⾃由组合），“读⼀本书”保证了这⼀⼩群学⽣能够围绕同⼀个话题进⾏“深度研讨”“，圈”即“群体”，是学习的主体体现。

课外阅读是⽂学圈在本研究中赖以存在的基础，也是促进学⽣英语阅读能⼒的重要途径。

从当前中学英语教学的情形来看，因为英语作为⼀种语⾔，其能⼒提升更多地发⽣在学⽣课后的英语意识与英语交流上。

但第⼆语⾔的学习⼜决定了学⽣不⼤可能有⼀个良好的英语交流情境，⽽⽂学圈恰恰可以提供这样的情境。

这样，将⽂学圈与课外阅读紧密联系起来，就形成了⼀个可以利⽤前者促进后者的情境，从⽽在理论上进⼀步厘清两者之间的关系，亦为实践奠定基础。

⼆、精设步骤，是⽂学圈在英语课外阅读中应⽤的途径有了上述的理论基础，具体到实践中，⽂学圈⼜应当如何应⽤呢？笔者通过研究，寻找到了重要步骤。

⼀是基于共同爱好，共选⼀本书，共建⼀个组。

在学⽣进⼊初⼀时，笔者就注意帮学⽣形成良好的课外阅读习惯。

基于⽂学圈的思想，笔者推荐学⽣以《悦读联播》作为阅读材料，并根据⾃⼰的朋友圈去初步形成阅读圈，教师根据学⽣⾃主建⽴的阅读圈中成员的英语学习能⼒进⾏调整，让阅读圈成为⽂学圈。

这样，通过⼀本⼤家都愿意阅读（这⼀点很重要）的书，将⽂学圈形成。

⼆是围绕⼀个话题，从⽂学解读的⾓度深⼊阅读。

笔者以为⽂学圈是离不开对⽂学的研读的，尽管初⼀学⽣能⼒有限，但这样的要求可以给学⽣培养⼀种意识。

从英语⾏⽂特点的⾓度去阅读，去理解，然后在⽂学圈内交流，这样学⽣的阅读就不只是浅显的“读”的层次，更能抵达理解、运⽤的层次。

值得强调的是，这⼀过程中不能完全局限于学⽣理解后再交流再应⽤，因为语⾔有⼀个特点，即其有可能在应⽤中加深理解。

三是教师适度介⼊。

apa格式英文论文范文英语论文的写作，主要用于参加国际学术研讨会，促进中外学术文化交流;下面小编给大家分享一些apa格式英文论文范文，大家快来跟小编一起欣赏吧。

apa格式英文论文范文篇一The Analysis of Angel Clare’s Tragedy in Tess of The D’urbervilles中文摘要：文学作品是现实生活的一面镜子，反映了生活的方方面面。

越来越多的学者开始从文学的角度研究一个国家的经济，政治和文化根源。

悲剧是小说创作的手法之一。

西方早在古希腊时期就有了悲剧创作。

悲剧不是简单的艺术形式或艺术技巧，而是对现实社会的特征的再现，它可以通过尖锐、激烈的事件展示令人怜悯、悲痛、同情、哭泣等的情节。

英国著名作家托马斯•哈代是维多利亚时期著名的小说家之一。

他塑造了许多悲剧人物，展现出各种人物魅力。

小说除了给人以命运悲剧庄严凝重以外，还蕴涵了作者深厚的理性主义，蕴涵了对人类历史逻辑矛盾深邃反思的社会悲剧。

哈代的悲剧小说《德伯家的苔丝》真实地反映了其当时的社会现实。

小说成功地塑造了女主人苔丝的形象，无情地揭露了资产阶级社会虚伪的伦理道德。

本文试从男主人公安琪儿•克莱尔的社会背景和人物心理两个方面，探讨导致其悲剧的成因。

关键词：托马斯•哈代悲剧安琪尔•克莱尔Abstract: Literature is a mirror of real life which can reflect all aspects of people’s lives. More and more scholars ha ve begun to study a country from the roots of economy, politics and culture. As early as ancient Greece, there were some creations of tragedy. Tragedy is a kind of literary creation, which is not a simple artistic form or technique but the repeat of real society. It can depict the piteous, sad, distressing and sentimental plots by describing some tortuous or complicated events. The British famous writerThomas Hardy was one of the excellent novelists of the Victorian age. He delineated a lot of characters of tragedies, showing various persons’ enchantment. Besides providing the dignity of life tragedy to the readers, the novels contains the profound rationalism of the writer and Thomas Hardy’s Tess of the D’urbervilles reflected his real society. Hardy succe eded in portraying the image of heroine Tess and revealing the hypocritical ethics and morals of bourgeois society. This paper will discuss the causes of Clare’s tragedy from the hero –Angel Clare’s social background and psychology.Key words: Thomas Hardy, tragedy, Angel ClareChapter1 IntroductionLiterature is not only an art but also a mirror of real life. When studying a literary work, scholars actually study history. Nowadays an increasing number of scholars have begun to study the history of a count ry’s economic, political and cultural forms from the perspective of literature because through different kinds of literary works, we can see all sorts of feelings such as joy, anger, sorrow and various truths. The manifestation of literature is manifold, one of which is tragedy. The writers often want to show the piteous, sad, distressing and sentimental plots by describing some tortuous or complicated events. In the tragedy, it is inevitable that the heroes or heroines should suffer a setback or disadvantage, cover themselves in dishonor, experience tribulation or even fail or die though they have reasonable motivation, wishes, ideal, or passion which may indicate a victory or success. But finally they will either die or get mad. With a bad ending, tragedy often contains a certain philosophy of life . There are lots of tragedies in western literature such asOedipus, Prometheus Bound, Romeo and Juliet, Macbeth, Hamlet, Faust, etc. And the famous tragedians are also legion like Aeschylus, Sophocles, Shakespeare, etc –Thomas Hardy for one. He was a prolific and excellent writer, publishing fourteen novels and four volumes of short stories. His works were noted for the intense tragic spirit and sense of fortune, from which we can feel the atmosphere of tragedy brought by fortune deeply.“Tess of the D’urbervilles” is one of the Hardy’s tragedies, a masterpiece which brought him into a number of literary critics notice. It reflected the writer’s real society and its social system and morals; therefore studying this novel can help us to know about the history of his age. But many papers showed that most of critics used to research the writing background from the tragedy of Tess. Many scholars have always put emphasis on the tragedy of Tess for a long time. Only a few scholars made researches for the tragedy of its hero Angel Clare. He was a contradictory unity –he was bold in struggling with the traditional view but in the meantime he could not break the shackles of feudal ideas. This paper will see the society from this perspective –Angel Clare, the hero’s tragedy and discuss the causes of Clare’s tragedy from his social background and psychology.Chapter2 A brief account of Tess of The D’urbervillesIt seems that the fictional works do not concern with the real world. But we know that before the writers begin to create their works, it can be said that their social experience may be their primary material for creation. Some writers created the roles and environments in order to revolt against the worldly prejudice of their ages. These kinds of words are expected to tell people the truth of a society. In many cases, the social background of thenovel is the writer’s background. Before analyzing the roots of Clare’s tragedy, this paper will discuss two aspects of this no vel, namely “the writing background” and “the writer and his works” from which we can see the background of this novel.2.1 The writing backgroundThomas Hardy was the last important novelist of the Victoria ages. The Victorian age was an age of realism rather than of romanticism –a realism which strives to tell the whole truth showing moral and physical diseases as they are. Victorian literature, in general, truthfully represented the reality and spirit of this age which was the great age of the English novel—realistic, thickly plotted, crowded with characters, and long. Hardy, who also shown the truth of this age had a high place in Western literature which came from the agitation of life and fatalism of human being. His tragedies in the history of Western literature were no an accident for the tragedy consciousness. Hardy’s tragic novels has sprung from and developed this tragic idea in form and connotation. The tragedy consciousness in Hardy’s novels originated from Western traditional tragic spirit which was full of rationalism and profound reflection on the contradictions of human society. And it also revealed an ineluctable and inevitable conditionality of fate. That is to say, the heroes or heroines would slip into the tragic path of life in the end in Western literature no matter whether they liked or not, or where they hided. Tragedy was their final arrangement.Thomas Hardy studied Greek tragedies and Shakespearean tragedies all his life. And he was deeply influenced by Schopenhauer’s tragedy cons ciousness. Schopenhauer was a famous philosopher who believed that life was a tragedy –life wasfilled with desire. If a person had a desire but could not gain his desires, he would feel painful; however, when he could gain his desires, he would become insipid. This was another torment. Schopenhauer grouped tragedy into three types: the tragedy caused by those who committed heinous crimes, the tragedy led by the irony of fate and the tragedy caused by misunderstanding and distrust between persons in everyday life. In his opinion, the last tragedy was the most terrible one which we can see in Hardy’s works. Hardy began to creating the novels in the early 1870s. In the late 1890s, he turned to write poetry. The Britain in this period was undergoing a transition period from laisser-faire capitalism to imperialism. The capitalism thought that the social system of this periodcould not be changed. But Hardy’s works exactly clashed with it, which reflected the tremendous changes of society due to the invasion of industrial capital to the village. With one remark he had ripped away the mask of British society.2.2 The writer Thomas Hardy and his workLiterature is reflection of life. Almost all writers created their novels according to his social background. We can see many literary works written on the basis of their ages. They wanted to bring out the social facts by their works. It should be such a free way that they could rebuke the dark society. People can feel the society of the writers from their works and then identified with the writers. The writers hoped that they could let the people know the dark aspects of the government and then fine an echo from them by their works. To some extent, a novel should be a history. From the introduction of Thomas Hardy and the main content of Tess of The D’urbervilles must be helpful to show us the background of Clare’s tragedy.2.1.1 About the writer –Thomas HardyThomas Hardy (1840～1928), born in 1840 near Dorchester, was a famous British poet and novelist. He carried forward and developed the literary traditions of the Victorian age. He vividly and truthfully described the tragic plots in his works. The critics of literature called him “Shakespeare of British novels”. Hardy was born into an architect’s family and was expected to become an architect. He trained as an architect and worked in London and Dorset for ten years. Hardy began his writing career as a novelist, publishing Desperate Remedies in 1871, and was soon successful enough to leave the field of architecture for writing.Hardy was pessimistic in his view of life. The dominant theme of his novels is the futility of man’s effort to struggle against cruel and unintelligible fate, chance, and circumstances, which are all predestined by the Immanent Will. He bravely challenged many of the sexual and religious conventions of the Victorian age. And he exposed the hypocritical morals, laws and religions of capital. Hardy’s works reflected the tremendous changes and people’s miserable lives especially the women’s lives in soc ial economic, politics, morals, custom, etc after the invasion of industrial capital to the British villages. Moreover, where we see Hardy's real mastery is the difference in the language of people from the social classes (e.g. the Clare’s in contrast with the farm workers’). He was good at viewing life with a tragic light. “Tess of The D’urbervilles” was his masterpiece which was noted by lots of critics of different periods.2.1.2 The main content of Tess of The D’urbervillesTess of The D’urbervilles cam e into conflict with Victorian morality. In this novel, Hardy reaches the height of his achievement as a novelist. Like most other Hardy novels, rural lifeis a prominent issue in the story. And the issue of fate versus freedom of action is another important aspect of this novel. It tells of that a village girl called Tess who was a beautiful, pure, plain, honest, assiduous and clever went through a miserable life. She was born in a poor family and lived in a peculiar society. The son of the D’urbervilles A lec raped her and she was pregnant. She fell in love with Angel Clare before long. Clare loved her very much and longed to marry her but she delayed to answer this offer of marriage just because she did not know how to tell the truth of being raped. Despite this, at last this kindhearted and sincere girl decided to tell him this bad thing. However, when Tess told him the truth that she was raped by a knave Alec, he could not forgive her for having another man’s child even tho ugh she forgave him everything. Angel Clare became very angry and abandons Tess. One day she found Alec became a minister. After her father’s death unexpectedly, Tess had the burden of the family welfare on her shoulders, and they were shortly thereafter evicted from their cottage. She believes deep down that Angel had abandoned her, and Alec said it as well, and Tess knew her family would do well by Alec’s wealth and property. But to her surprised, Angel returns from Brazil, repenting his harshness, but found her living with Alec. Tess kills Alec in desperation, she was arrested and hanged. She makes him promise to marry her sister, Liza Lu, after her death, which he agrees to do.In Tess of the d'Urbervilles, Thomas Hardy has directly satirized nature. This novel revealed the tragedy of common people’s destiny and flayed hypocritical gentlemen and morals. In this novel, Hardy demonstrated his deep sense of moral sympathy for England's lower classes, particularly for women. Hesucceeded in portraying an artistic image –a village girl with kindness, tenderness and amorousness. The novel, which indicated the tendency of anti-religious sentiments, against feudal morality and the laws of capitalists, was warmly received by the reading public though British upper class was bitter against it.Ch apter3 The origins of Angel Clare’s tragedyTragedy can also be a vision of life, which is shared by most Western cultures and having its roots. The essence of tragedy is almost the same thought different writers create the stories from different points of view and with different techniques. A number of critics had many kinds of interpretations for Angel Clare’s tragedy in Tess of The D’urbervilles. They analyzed his complicated character from different perspectives. This paper will explain his tragedy as the following aspects:3.1 Social rootsHere social roots refer mainly to the social conventions and moral standards which led to Clare’s tragedy. Clare lived in such conditions which the masculine authority played an important role in traditional society. Angel Clare was one of the victims of this society. At that age, women were regarded as being subordinate in the household. The chastity for them is the most important thing. The traditional view on chastity considered a woman’s chastity as the prerogative of her husband. If the women lost her virtue, she must be immoral. On the one hand the male made the moral standards for the female, demanding of the female to be pure and virginal; on the other hand, the male indulged himself in sexual matters. They demanded that the most magnanimous act the female had should be chastity; nevertheless, those who broke the women’s chastity were themales themselves. That is to say, only the males in that society were right. The female could say nothing for his wrong. So Tess asking Clare “Forgive me as you are forgiven! I forgive you. Angel” (Hardy, 1993) would become the impossibility.Under such circumstances, after Tess lost her virginity, she should be Alec’s concubine or make their relationship legalized according to the social bad habits of the time. But T ess, who pursued her innocent love, had rather be “a lady of easy virtue”. In the literature, there was a set form for the images of women, namely, women should be beautiful and virtuous, gentle and biddable, and should cleave to his husband and families. All these sets are related to the real society. Traditionally, a woman must obey her husband like his wretched slave. The description about this age given by Hardy was just the society whose “social morals” had manifested mainly in “chastity” that centered on men. Even if a man of that age was bold in challenging the old system, it was impossible for him to abandon the social morals. In addition, a large part of people around him were still controlled by feudal ideas, so the social roots should be the direct cause of Clare’s tragedy.3.2 Psychological rootsA person’s way of seeing things plays an important role all his life. Hardy naming his hero “Angel” might have his own intent. We know that Angel should be pure; however, from the development of the plot, we can not see “pure” from Angel Clare. Angel Clare was born in a rich pastoral family, but he was unwilling to obey his father and brothers. He did not abide by the old custom and etiquette, and gave a damn for the superior of material things such as wealth and position. He was born andbred the religion. But he thought that he could not honestly be ordained a minister as his brothers were. He took up a disdainful position on the social customs and found the value of working people. He abandoned the chance of studying in university and went to the countryside and to study the agricultural skills. This is sufficient to show that he was bold in struggling with the traditional view and tried to show off the shackles of the class. At the newly-married night, Tess decided to tell him her “guilt” in detail. Angel fell out with Tess and then went to Brazil alone though he had lived a loose life with a woman who was not acquainted with him. He could not forgive Tess her “guilt”. The so-called “pure” in his mind was so ingrained that he could not accept Tess’s past. He considers her as a "fallen women".Clare was also such a man with a ridiculous point that a man could have affair with many girls but a girl must keep to be a virgin before she become a bride. It showed his cowardice in his character. Tess trusted him and made a decision to confide her secret to him. But on the night of their wedding, when Clare learned that Tess was not a virgin and had had a bastard, the original perfect image was suddenly broken by the sad facts. Apparently he said he was deeply attached to Tess, but actually he could not face the truth with courage. He just loved Tess’s pleasing appearance rather than any other things of her. Angel Clare was more or less an open-minded bourgeois intellectual. In love, although he was not as despicable as Alec, he was devoid of selfless and sincere feeling as Tess did. Clare loved Tess just because of her beauty. And she could become his right hand in the futur e.He told Tess: “I repeat, the woman I have been loving is not you. Another woman in your shape.”(Hardy, 1993) Hecould not believe this bad truthe and said “Tess! Say it is not true! No, it is not true!” It is clear that he took a deadly knock psychologi cally. Clare’s character determined his tragedy –he could not accept her past.It is clear that the seeds of tragedy are sown when all the rigid rule of his forebear and the unfair social systems firmly laid hold of Angel Clare, who had preached the liberation of mankind no longer exists. When Clare finally realized the immensity of Tess’s love and the piteous plight it had brought upon her, everything was too late. He could not completely get rid of social conventions and moral standards. Tess would go away forever. It was Clare’s tragedy –the social system and morality and his character decided that it could be inevitable.Chapter4 ConclusionLiterature has come very close to daily life, reflecting its practical problems and interests and is used as a powerful instrument of human progress. Literature originates from life and then reforms life. They can make you subconsciously and deeply believe that all the things they described really happened. After you finish reading, the characters that it depicted will appear vividly in front of you. They are true to life—— you can see their faces and feel their sound, pace and thoughts. With the excellent literary works, we can feel the history vividly. As an important part of literature, tragedy has showed its artistic attraction. The reason why a great number of readers tend to be affected by the plots of tragedies is that some of them had the same or similar experience with the characters in the novels.The western tragedies put emphasis on the soul-stirring spirit from the fear. The strong tragedies can touch the heart ofthe readers. The modern western tragedies represented the life style of modern westerners. They have some characteristics of modern lives and consciousness. Studying on the masterpieces of an age can help a lot for studying its history. Thomas Hardy was born in Victorian age. The novel in this age became the most widely read, the most vital and challenging expression of progressive thought. Although writing from different points of view and with different techniques, the writers of this age shared one thing in common, that is, they were all concerned about the fate of the common people. In Hardy’s works, man is also shown inevitably bound by his own inherent nature and hereditary characteristics which prompt him to go and search for some specific happiness or success and set him in conflict with the environment. He vividly portrayed different characters of tragedy. Tess of the D’urbervilles was one of his masterpieces. The conflicts between the traditional and the modern, between the old rural value of respectability and honesty can be clearly seen in this novel and it is not difficult to see the roots of this tragedy either from Tess or C lare. This paper analyzed Clare’s tragedy and described the roots of tragedy in this process. A wonderful description is just a part of a novel, but only those things which can strike deep into the minds of the people will be remembered by them. From the tragedy of Angel Clare, we can see the dark of a society again.Bibliography:[1] Abcarian, Richard. Marvin Klotz: Literature—The Human Experience[M]. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2000[2] Force, Lorrain.M. Cliffs Notes on Hardy's Tess of the D'Urbervilles[M]. Washington University, 1996.[3] Hardy, Thomas. Tess of the D'Urbervilles[M]. ForeignLanguage Press ,1993.[4] Robert Ackerman. Thomas Hardy’s Tess of the D'Urbervilles[M]. Beijing: Simon&Schuster Press and Beijing Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 1996[5] 马新国主编，2002，西方文论史[M]，北京：高等教育出版社[6] 颜学军，论哈代悲剧小说的现代主题[J]，四川外语学院学报，2001(3)[7] 张谷若译本，1990，德伯家的苔丝[M]，北京：人民文学出版社[8] 朱立元，1997，当代西方文艺理论[M]，上海：华东师大出版社apa格式英文论文范文篇二On Thomas Hardy’s Religious Sense in His Works小议托马斯•哈代作品中体现的宗教观念Abstract: Religion has a profound influence on the works of European and American writers. .From a series works of Thomas Hardy, clearly we can see the influence of The Bible on him .Nevertheless, though Hardy failed to eliminate the limitation of Tragic predestination and religious tradition , By the case study analyzing on the works of Thomas Hardy ,this paper makes an research on the distinguished religious sense of Thomas Hardy as well as its cause of formation.内容摘要：宗教对欧美作家的文学作品有着深远的影响。