美国合同法(第二次重述第1部分中英文)

Restatement of the law, second, contracts 法律重述，第二次，合同法copyright (c) 1981,美国法学会案例引用规则与原则第1章条款之含义引言合同法中难点的持续不断的来源是对于对话双方来说词语常常有不同的含义的事实。

多数词语通常不止一种含义，在本“重述”中也不例外。

试图通过给一个词一个单一的定义，并且只按该定义使用，是导致该难点增长而非减少尚待论证。

但在用法宽泛之处，定义的方式使得在规则重述中避免婉转曲折的陈述并使不确定性最小化变得可能。

本“重述”努力尝试使用法律界熟悉含义的唯一的词，而不使用两个以上的词去表达相同的法律概念。

当一个常用词有多种不同含义时，其中一种含义被选择并通过定义简要地说明。

但仅凭一个定义即抓准一个完整的复杂制度，例如合同或者承诺，显然不可能。

实施的事实必要或足以创建法律关系，法律关系也将通过下面章节中将出现的更丰富的那些论据创建。

第1条合同的定义合同是一个或者一组允诺，违反该允诺，法律将给予救济，或者，在一定意义上法律对于该允诺的履行视为一种义务。

第2条允诺、要约人、受约人、受益人(1) 承诺是以某种特定方式作为或者抑制不作为的意思的表示，以使得受约人知道承诺的行为已作出。

(2) 表示该意思的是要约人。

(3) 意思表示被发给的人是受约人。

(4) 除受约人外，履行将使其受益的，是受益人。

第3条协议、交易协议是双方或多方达成合意的意思表示。

交易是交换承诺，或者交换履行的承诺，或者交换履行的合意。

第4条作出允诺的方式承诺可以口头或书面的方式作出，或者从行为全部或部分地推定。

第5条承诺的条款，协议，或者合同（1）承诺或协议的条款是指涉及特定事项表示的意图或合意的部分。

（2）合同的条款是指因涉及特定事项的允诺而产生的法律关系的部分，无论当事人是否表达出建立那些关系的意图。

第6条要式合同下列类型的合同在某些方面受制于特殊规则，即取决于其外部特征和不同于调整一般合同的特殊规则:(a) 蜡封合同，(b) 保证书，(c)可流通票据和单据，(d)(银行发行的)信用证。

Restatement of the Law SecondContracts 2dChapter 3. Formation of Contracts--Mutual AssentTopic 1. In GeneralCopyright (c) 1981 The American Law Institutes 17. REQUIREMENT OF A BARGAIN(1) Except as stated in Subsection (2), the formation of a contract requires a bargain in which there is a manifestation of mutual assent to the exchange and a consideration.(2) Whether or not there is a bargain a contract may be formed under special rules applicable to formal contracts or under the rules stated in ss 82-94.Comment:a. Formal contracts. The types of contracts listed in s 6 are not necessarily subject to the requirements of manifestation of assent and consideration. Where contracts under seal still have their common-law effect, neither manifestation of assent by the promisee nor consideration is essential. See ss 95, 104(1). Under Uniform Commercial Code s 3-408, a negotiable instrument may be binding without consideration in some cases. Under Uniform Commercial Code ss 5-105, 5-106, neither manifestation of assent by the customer or the beneficiary nor consideration is necessary to the establishment of a letter of credit.b. Bargains. Contracts of types enumerated in s 6 can be used in many of the transactions essential to civilized life: e.g., sale or lease of land, goods, or intangible property; the rendering of services for hire; the lending of money. But in modern times less formal contracts are far more important. The typical contract is a bargain, and is binding without regard to form. The governing principle in the typical case is that bargains are enforceable unless some other principle conflicts. This chapter and the next deal with the two essential elements of a bargain: agreement and exchange.c. "Meeting of the minds." The element of agreement is sometimes referred to as a "meeting of the minds." The parties to most contracts give actual as well as apparent assent, but it is clear that a mental reservation of a party to a bargain does not impair the obligation he purports to undertake. The phrase used here, therefore, is "manifestation of mutual assent," as in the definition of "agreement" in s 3. See also Comment b to s 2. Topics 2-5, ss 18-70, explain this requirement.d. "Sufficient consideration." The element of exchange is embodied in the concept of consideration. In some cases a promise is not binding for want of consideration, despite the presence of an element of exchange. "Consideration " has sometimes been used to refer to the element of exchange, without regard to whether it is sufficient to make an informal promise legally binding; the consideration which satisfies the legal requirement has then been called "sufficient consideration." As the term "consideration" is used here, however, it refers to an element of exchange which is legally sufficient, and the word "sufficient" would therefore be redundant. The requirement of consideration is the subject of ss 71-81.Illustration:1. A owes B $50. In exchange for A's payment of the debt B makes a promise. Under the rule stated in s 73, B's promise is without consideration.e. Informal contract without bargain. There are numerous atypical cases where informal promises are bindingthough not made as part of a bargain. In such cases it is often said that there is consideration by virtue of reliance on the promise or by virtue of some circumstance, such as a "past consideration, " which does not involve the element of exchange. In this Restatement, however, "consideration" is used only to refer to the element of exchange, and contracts not involving that element are described as promises binding without consideration. There is no requirement of agreement for such contracts. They are the subject of ss 82-94.REPORTER'S NOTEThis Section is based on former s 19(b). See 1 Williston, Contracts ss 2, 2A (3d ed.1957); 1 Corbin, Contracts s 10 (1963).Comment a. See 1 Williston, Contracts ss 4, 109, 205, 217 (3d ed.1957); 1 Corbin, Contracts s 5 (1963).Comment c. On the history of the "subjective" or "will" theory, and its eventual displacement, see Horwitz, The Transformation of American Law 1780- 1860, 180-88 (1977); Williston, Mutual Asse nt in the Formation of Informal Contracts, 14 Ill.L.Rev. 85 (1919); Ricketts v. Pennsylvania R.R., 153 F.2d 757, 760 (2d Cir.1946) (Frank, J., concurring); Gilmore, The Death of Contract (1974). See generally 1 Williston, Contracts ss 21, 22 (3d ed.1957);1 Corbin, Contracts ss 9, 107 (1963 & Supp.1980). On the origin of the term "meeting of the minds," see Farnsworth, "Meaning" in the Law of Contracts, 76 Yale L.J. 939, 943-44 (1967). The classic statement of the objective view is that of Learned Hand in Hotchkiss v. National City Bank, 200 F. 287, 293 (S.D.N.Y.1911).Comment d. Compare the somewhat different approaches in 1 Williston, Contracts s 101 (3d e d.1957); and 1 Corbin, Contracts ss 109, 116-17 (1963). Illustration 1 is new.Comment e. See generally, 1 Williston, Contracts ss 138-204A (3d ed.1957); 1A Corbin ss 171-239 (1963 & Supp.1980).REST 2d CONTR s 171981 WL 180673REST 2d CONTR s 17END OF DOCUMENT。

英美合同法单词范文英美合同法单词按课本出现顺序 Promise 允诺 Remedy 救济Competent persons 有相应行为能力之当事人Enforceable 可（由法律）强制执行的 Agreement 协议 P1Parties to the contract 合同当事人 Offeror 要约人 Offer 要约Offeree 受要约人 Aeptance 承诺 Assurance 确诺Manifestation of intent 意思表示 Commitment 许诺Promisor 允诺人 Promisee 受允诺人 Beneficiary 受益人Consideration 约因 Benefit 利益 Detriment 损害 Advantage 利益Disadvantage 不利益Object of the contract 合同标的 Statute of Frauds 防止欺诈条例P2Formation 合同成立 Enforcement 强制执行 Performance 履行 Discharge 解除Bilateral contract 双务合同 Unilateral contract 单务合同A promise for a promise 以允诺换允诺A promise for an act 以允诺换行为 P3Inplete contract 不完全履行合同 Partial performance contract 部分履行合同Actual contract 真实合同 Express contract 明示合同 P4 Implied-in-fact contract 默示合同/事实默示的合同 P5Quasi-contract 准合同 / implied-in-law contract 法律默示的合同Meeting of minds 合意 Injustice 不公正Unjust eichment 不当得利Objective theory of contract 合同客观理论Intent 意图Resonably prudent person standard 合理慎重人的标准 In jest 开玩笑 In anger 生气In excitement 兴奋状态 Invalid 无效 P6 Formal contract 要式合同 Contacts under seal 盖印合同 Recognizance 具结Acknowledge 成认Negotiable instruments 可转让票据 Letters of credit 信用证 Invoice 发票；发货单 Bill of lading 提单Informal contract 非要式合同/simple contract 简单合同P8 Valid contract 有效合同 Void contract 无效合同Voidable contract 可撤销合同Unenforceable contract 不可强制执行的合同Contractual capacity 订约能力Nondisclosure agreement/NDA 保密协议Minors 未成年人Insane persons 精神病者 Intoxicated persons 酗酒人Duress 胁迫Undue influence 不正当影响 Fraud 欺诈 P9Cases involving mutual mistake 双方都有误解的合同Contract at will 任意合同 Excuted contract/performedcontract/pleted contract 已履行/已完成的合同Excutory contract 待执行合同 P10Sources of contract law 合同法的渊源 Common law 普通法/judge-made law 法官造法General principle 一般法律原那么The Uniform Commercial Code/UCC 统一商法典National Conference of Commission on Uniform State Law 美国统一州级法律委员会全国大会 Draft 起草（法律） Merchant 商人P11Restatement of the law, Second：Contracts 法律整编第二版：合同法 The American Law Institute 美国法学会The Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods/CISG 联合国国际货物买卖销售合同公约Firm offer rule 实盘规那么（不可撤销要约规那么）Mailbox rule 发信主义 Battle of forms 格式之争 Mirror image rule 镜像规那么 P12Jurisprudential foundation 法理学根底Legal realism 法律现实主义 Open-ended standard 开口标准Formalities 形式 Make whole 填平Electronic Signature Act 电子签章法 P13Electronic sound 电子声音 Electronic symbol 电子符号Electronic process 电子程序 Preserve 保存 In writing 书面Laissez-faire 放任政策Freedom of contract 合同自由 P14Classical law of contracts 古典合同法理论Objective rules 客观规那么 Certainty 确定性Predictability 可预见性Chain of distribution for goods 物流链 Form contract 标准合同Automobile contract 汽车买卖合同 Mortgage contract 抵押合同Sale contracts for consumer goods 消费品买卖合同Legal theories 法律原理/理论 Oppressive 强制性Decisional law 判例法Small-town virtue 小城道德标准 Interest of business 商业的利益 Rural context 农村环境 Urban context 城市环境 P15 Defenses to the enforcement of a contract 对合同履行的抗辩Trade usage 行业惯例Specific performance 强制履行 Expectation interest 预期利益 Reliance interest 信赖利益Substitute performance 替代履行 Restitution 恢复原状Genuineness of assent 同意的真实性 Duress 胁迫Undue influence 不正当影响 Fraud 欺诈 P16Writing and form 书面和形式问题 Equity 衡平Court of mon law 普通法院Chancery court/court of equity 衡平法院Fairness 公平Moral rights道德权利 Natural law 自然法Doctrine of equity 衡平准那么 P17Lawyers 法律人 Case law 判例法Public policy 社会公共政策 P19Novation （合同）更新 Liquidated damages 违约金Covenant of good faith 善意条款 P20Mutual assent 双方同意A reasonably prudent person 合理慎重人 P21 Offeror 要约人 Offeree 受要约人 Promise 承诺 Aept 承诺Invitation to negotiate 要约邀请/谈判邀请Form letter 格式信函 Quote 报价Promissory estoppel 允诺禁反言；不得自食其言 P22Standard of offer 判断要约的标准 A reasonable person 合理人标准 P31Prevail 优先 P33 Terms of offer 要约的条件P38Open terms 开放条款Gap-filling rule 空隙填补规那么 Time of performance 履行时间 P40Quantum meruit 按劳付酬；按合理价格支付；质量价值Quasi contract 准合同 P43 Communication of offer 要约的传达 Supported by consideration 有约因支持的Option 选择权Irrevocable 不可撤销的Firm offers 不可撤销的要约/实盘要约 P47Offers in auction 拍卖的要约Auction without reserve 无保存的拍卖Auction wiht reserve 有保存的拍卖 Collateral contract 附随合同；附属契约 P50Auction in electronic merce 电子商务拍卖 P53Termination of offer 要约的终止 P54Lapse of time 逾时；期满失效 P55Revocation of offer 要约的撤回 P56Offeree’s refusal of offer 受要约人回绝要约Counter-offer 反要约Mirror aeptance 镜像规那么 P62Option 选择权 P64 Termination by law P65Terms and conditions 条款和条件 Counter-offer 反要约Mirror aeptance rule 镜像承诺规那么 P68Cross offers 穿插要约 P71Indefiniteness 缺乏确定性；不确定性 P72Meeting of minds 达成合意Entry-into-force time of aeptance 承诺的生效时间Aeptance-upon-dispatch rule/mailbox rule 承诺发出主义/投邮主义 P73Quiet title to the land 确认土地所有权 P74Option contract 选择权合同 P75 Promise 允诺Performance 履行 P77 General contractor 总承包商Subcontractor 次承包商 P82 Malpractice 玩忽职守；不当执业P86Implied-in-fact contract 事实默示的合同 P87Good faith 诚信原那么Reasonableness 合理性原那么 P93Commercial reasonableness 商业合理性 P94Unconscionability不正当；显失公平；不受良心控制Liquidated damage clause 预定损害赔偿条款Battle of the forms 格式信函之战 P95Gap-filling rule 空隙填补规那么 Merchantability 适售性P96Proposals for addition to the contract 对合同的补充建议P97 Different terms 不同条款 Additional terms 额外条款Merchants 商人Non-merchants 非商人Materially alter 实质性变更 Complaint 抱怨 Warranty 担保Merchantability 适售性 Fitness 合目的性 P98Impacts of E-merce and web-laws on the forms 电子商务与网络法对格式合同的影响Shrink wrap license 拆封许可 P102Public policy 公共政策 P103 An enforceable contract 有强制力的合同Consideration 约因Inducement/incentives 诱因 Detriment 损害Impelling influence 强有力的影响因素Bargaining 讨价还价Legal detriment or disadvantage 法律上的损失或不利益Quid pro quo 对价 Gift 赠与 P112Contract in signed writing 经签署的书面合同Supported by consideration 已受约因支持Contract under seal 盖印合同 Forbearance 忍耐/克制 P115 Sufficient consideration 充分的约因 Gift promise 赠与的允诺P116Nominal consideration 名义上的约因Shocks the conscience of the court 震惊法庭的良心Adequacy of consideration 约因的适当性 P123Sufficiency of consideration 约因的充分性Nominal 有名无实的；名义上的 Equity 衡平法 P124Forbearance from suit 容忍不诉 Past consideration 过去的约因 Moral obligation 道德义务 P125 Quantum meruit 所提供效劳之实际价值Good consideration 有效的约因 P126Moral consideration 道德约因 Legal consideration 法律约因 P131Pre-existing duty 既存的义务 P132Modification of contract 合同的修改 P135Sales contract 买卖合同 Termination 终止（合同）Rescission 解除（合同） Unforeseen and unanticipated circumstances 无法预料、不曾预见之情况Estoppel 禁反言 Waiver 弃权 P137Executory contract 待履行合同Compromising an existing claim 既存请求权的妥协Bona fide dispute “真实的”或“善意的争议” P139 Aord 新债清偿合同 Satisfaction 满足Aord and satisfaction 新债清偿合同与满足 P140Illusory promise 虚假允诺Mutuality of obligation 义务相互性 P144Output contract 产量合同Requirement contract 需求合同 P148Stale claims 逾时失效的请求权 The statue of limitations 诉讼时效 Discharge in bankruptcy 破产免责 New consideration 新约因 P150 Forbearance from suit 隐忍不诉Abstention from legal conduct 合法行为的节制Detriment 利益损失 P152 A bona fide suit 善意诉讼Sufficient consideration 充分的约因 P153Aleatory promise 不确定/偶然性的承诺Promissory estoppel 允诺性禁反言 P158Injustice 不公正 Remedies 救济Unjust eichment 不当得利 P159Parol evidence rule 口头证据法那么 Terms and conditions 条款和条件 Parol 口头的 In writing 书面的Extrinsic evidence 外在证据 P174Integration 整合Final and plete 最终且完整的 Partial integration 部分整合Final but not plete 最终但不完全 Prior writings andoral agreement 事前的书面和口头协议Contemporaneous writing 同时书面 Subsequent agreements 事后协议 No oral modification clause 制止头变更条款 P175 Reliability of writings 书面的可靠性 A principle of substance 实体法律原那么 P176Procedural substantive 程序的实体性 Diversity jurisdiction 区分管辖权 P177Final and plete writings 最终且完整的书面The statute of frauds 防止欺诈条例 Memorandum 备忘录P197 Partial integrated 部分整合 Total integrated 完全整合Additional prior non-contradictory parol terms 协议订立前的非抵触性的其他口头条件Informality 不标准；非正式Completely integrated writing 完全整合的书面Fully integrated/pleted 完全整合的Form approach 形式的方法 P198 The face of the contract 合同的外表 Extrinsic evidence 外来证据 Intrinsic evidence 内在证据 Merger clause 归并条款Verbal understandings 口头谅解书 P199Implied terms （合同的）默示条款 Separate consideration 独立的约因 Separate agreement 分别的协议 P202Substituting or contradicting terms 替代或变更原有条款Express language 明示语言 P220 Extra or additional terms 额外或附属条款Side or collateral agreement 额外或附属协议Merger clause 归并条款Separate consideration 独立的约因 P221Ambiguity/ambiguities 含混不清之处 Latent 隐性的/ 潜在的 Patent 显性的 P222Terms based on custom 依据惯例确立的合同条款Course of dealing 交易过程Custom and usage of the trade 行业惯例Prior negotiations 订约前协商Antecedent understanding 签约前协英美法与大陆法在对合同的理解上走了完全不同的两条路，在大陆法下，合同作为债的原因而存在，基于这一理念,或者说是基于这一理论抽象，大陆法的民法体系将合同与侵权、无因管理、不当得利等沟通起来；而在英美法里，合同只是有法律强制力的当事人之间互有联系的承诺而已。

美国合同法重述篇一：：徘徊于法典法与判例法之间(下)上找律师就到中顾法律快速专业解决您的法律问题：徘徊于法典法与判例法之间(下)刘承韪中国政法大学副教授四、《第二次合同法重述》：制定法和判例法的双重影响《第一次合同法重述》在美国出版之后，引起了巨大的社会反响，佳评如潮。

曾任首席大法官的休斯(Hughes)称赞合同法重述为“不朽的成就(monumental achievement)”，并将其出版描述为“头等重要的大事”; [1]法恩思沃斯的老师、哥伦比亚大学的帕特森教授(Edwin Patterson)认为合同法重述“非常有意义” [2];伊利诺斯州立大学的戈布尔教授(George Goble)认为合同法重述是“一项杰出的作品，是一块里程碑(an outstanding production and anmilestone)” [3]。

同样，《第二次合同法重述》的第一位报告人、哈佛大学的布莱彻教授(Robert Braucher) [4]称赞《合同法重述》是当代社会对私法自治和合同自由的重申：用现代词语来重述合同法的努力使得私法自治在一个扩张政府行为的时代得到强烈反弹为回应社会变化而提炼并重新定义的合同自由，拥有了它以前一直拥有的力量。

[5] 上找律师就到中顾法律快速专业解决您的法律问题当然，合同法重述也不乏批评者(例如对重述的方法和合同修改规则等的攻击)，但批评之声相对于其获得的赞誉声来说，还是极其微弱的。

不过，由于合同法重述在性质上是一种介于法典法和判例法之间的法律文件，它就免不了受到制定法和判例法发展的影响。

随着合同判例的逐步扩张和更新以及相关商事立法的出台，《第一次合同法重述》的修改便被提上议事日程。

公元1952年，美国法律研究院又获得 Education and Charitable Trust of Pittsburgh的赞助，准备对一次重述进行修改，(并于1962年) [6]正式开始合同法等法律的第二次重述，合同法重述于1979年获得通过。

合同法的第二次重述英文回答：Second Restatement of Contracts.The Second Restatement of Contracts is a legal treatise that provides a comprehensive and authoritative statement of the common law of contracts in the United States. It was published by the American Law Institute (ALI) in 1979 andis the successor to the First Restatement of Contracts, which was published in 1932.The Second Restatement of Contracts is divided intofive parts:1. Formation of Contracts.2. Performance and Breach of Contracts.3. Remedies for Breach of Contract.4. Assignment and Delegation.5. Discharge of Contracts.Each part is further divided into chapters and sections, which provide detailed rules and principles governing the law of contracts. The Second Restatement of Contracts is a highly influential work that has been cited by courts and scholars countless times. It is considered to be one of the most important legal treatises in the United States.中文回答：合同法的第二次重述。

CONTENT目录(共十六章385条)Chapter 1 MEANING OF TERMS第一章合同条款的含义Chapter 2 FORMA TION OF CONTRATCTS------PARTIES AND CAPACITY 第二章合同的订立——当事人及其缔约能力Chapter 3 FORMA TION OF CONTRACTS---MUTUAL ASSENT第三章合同的订立——意思表示一致CHAPTER 4 FORMA TION OF CONTRACTS—CONSIDERA TION第四章合同的订立——约因CHAPTER 5 THE STATUTE OF FRAUDS第五章防止欺诈条例CHAPTER 6 MISTAKE第六章错误CHAPTER 7 MISREPRESENTATION, DURESS AND UNDUE INFLUENCE 第七章虚假的意思表示，胁迫以及不当影响CHAPTER 8 UNENFORCEABILITY ON GROUNDS OF PUBLIC POLICY 第八章合同因公共政策而不可执行CHAPTER 9 THE SCOPE OF CONTRACTUAL OBLIGA TIONS第九章合同义务的范围CHAPTER 10 PERFORMANCE AND NON-PERFORMANCE第十章合同的履行与不履行CHAPTER 11 IMPRACTICABILITY OF PERFORMANCE AND FRUSTRATION OF PURPOSE第十一章履行不能和履行目的落空CHAPTER 12 DISCHARGE BY ASSET OR ALTERATION第十二章双方合意或变更合同以解除合同义务CHAPTER 13 JOINT AND SEVERAL PROMISORS AND PROMISEES第十三章连带允诺人和受允诺人CHAPTER 14 CONTRACT BENEFICIARIES第十四章合同受益人CHAPTER 15 ASSGINEMNT AND DELEGATON第十五章合同权利的转让与合同义务的转托CHAPTER 16.REMEDIES第十六章违约救济Chapter 1 MEANING OF TERMS第一章合同条款的含义§1. CONTRACT DEFINED 合同定义A contract is a promise or a set of promises for the breach of which the law gives a remedy, or the performance of which the law in some way recognizes as a duty.合同指的是一个允诺或一组允诺，如果违反此允诺，则法律给与救济；如果其履行了允诺，则法律以某种方式将其视为一项义务。

美国合同法的损害赔偿（二）陈锦华合同违约造成损害时，未违约方为取得使自己处于如同合同已被适当履行地位的损害赔偿时，一般而言必须符合三个条件：（1）该损害必须是双方在签订合同时可预见的（foreseeability）；（2）该损害必须是确定且可计算出的（certainty）；（3）该损害必须是未违约方无法避免的（avoidability）。

本文将逐一简述。

首先是损害的可预见性，经典案例可追溯到1854年的Hadley v. Baxendale1。

该案中，原告Hadley经营一家磨坊厂，因为蒸汽机曲柄轴断裂，导致整个磨坊厂停工，原告必须向某外地厂商订制一个新的曲柄轴，故委托本地货运公司Baxendale将原曲柄轴寄去该厂以便仿制，原告让员工到被告办公室办理寄运，当时原告员工曾告知被告员工说磨坊厂在取得新曲柄轴之前都无法运转，因此被告必须立即安排运送，原告员工並询问何时可寄出，被告员工说第二天就可寄出，原告员工同意而且还特别交代被告要加快寄送速度，但事实上该曲柄轴的寄送仍被延误了，导致原告比预期的时间迟5日取得新品，原告因此起诉被告请求赔偿磨坊厂5日无法运营的损失。

法院在审酌本案时认为，因被告违约导致原告损害的范围，应仅限于双方在缔约时可预期的范围，而判断是否双方在缔约时可预期，有两个方式：一是在公平合理判断下，该损害通常会因违约而自然产生；二是虽然该损害不在通常会自然产生的范围内，但原告在订约时曾向被告特别说明时，也可被视为双方在缔约时均已知晓并可预期。

本案1 9 Ex.341. 156 Eng. Rep. 145 (1854)符合第二种情况，因此法院判决被告应当赔偿原告该5日期间无法运营磨坊的利益损失以及相应的员工薪资。

损害的可预见性因此得以确立。

值得注意的是，本案除了确立损害可预见性原则外，还确立了被告违约而必须赔偿原告利益损失（lost profits2）的原则。

这个原则在以后的几个著名案例中均被遵循，而在Florafax International, Inc. v. GTE Market Resources, Inc.3中，奥克拉荷麻州最高法院阐释得更清楚，亦即只要符合以下三要素，原告因被告违约而未获得的未来利益或预期利益的损失，都应当获得赔偿：（1）该损失在双方订约时都可认知到；（2）该损失是直接或几乎直接因违约而产生，即存在因果关系；（3）该损失可被合理地精确衡量或估算。

美国合同法篇一：合同的定义在美国法律研究所的第二次合同法的重述时，合同被定义为一个承诺或一组对法律的违反承诺给予补偿,以某种方式或性能的法律承认责任。

合同也是一个协议体现各方的互相同意。

达到互相同意当一方提供给另一方,另一方接受它。

这是通常被称为双方意见一致。

口头合同是有效的在许多情况下,除了某些法律规定的必须写作。

合同的基本元素有一些基本元素为一个有效的合同——能力,互相同意的考虑等等。

首先,双方订立合同时必须有法律能力。

一般来说,如果一方不能完全理解他的权利和自然,目的和法律影响的合同,他将不会有能力合同。

这些人通常涉及未成年人,这是18岁以下的人在大多数州的法律,美国精神低能,醉酒者和吸毒者。

然而,涉及未成年人的合同是没有空隙但可撤销的;它可以证实或推翻了他的监护人是基于正义和还可以最大限度地保护的安全事务。

与此同时,合法权利来处理合同的对象是必要的,或者也可撤销的合同。

如果没有互相同意,没有有效合同。

通常互相同意了提供和接受。

根据合同法2日重申,“要约的表现意图是不能随意绑定由另一方接受。

”为一个有效的报价,应该涉及一些具体条款,受要约人可以只是说“我接受”。

例如,如果写的人,我想要卖掉我的房子,这不是一个报价,因为我没有提到价格,房子的建设面积等等。

它仅仅是一个要约邀请。

重要的是要区分要约和要约邀请的区别。

报价通常是发送到某些人,包括具体条款,但是邀请治疗通常是向不确定的人,比如一个广告在报纸。

接受也有一些要求。

如果受要约人改变提供并将其发送给要约人,它不会接受任何更多,它被称为还盘,这意味着一个新的报价。

同时考虑在合同中必须存在。

考虑的教义要求承诺他的契约者收到好处。

的好处可以不同的形式,如钱,商品,或承诺做某事或不做某事,考虑是足够的,但不一定是足够的,各方之间交换的价值。

只要考虑向要约人有足够的价值,那么这被认为是足够的考虑。

合同法的大多数在判例法。

尽管合同法在一些特殊领域如劳动法律和保险法律编纂,甚至在这些领域适用的法律原则的主要是在法院的书面意见。