ways of developing paragraphs

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(2)Waysof developing paragraph

• 3. concluding sentence
• It can restate the topic sentence, make comment of the description
or be omitted.
• 4. Development by example or generalization
• <Task 2> Underline all the features of the place described in this paragraph.
• Oxford is an exceptionally old university town, on the River Thames, about 60 miles from London. Oxford’s center is the university; and all around the crossroads at the very heart of Oxford, Carfax, there are gray stone Colleges and other university buildings. In the center you can also find interesting old pubs and paved passages. There are a lot of churches, and one or two really large and interesting buildings, such as the Ashmolean Museum, the “round library”, the Bodleian and the Radcliffe Camera, with its domed roof. Like all English towns, there are parks, and one, “the Parks”, is the leafy home of university cricket in the summer months. As you leave the center and go towards the outskirts of Oxford you can see industrial estates and a car factory in one direction; and in another, attractive suburbs. There is, in fact, quite a lot of industry in Oxford.

(3)Ways-of developing paragraph

Read sample paragraphs on page 91.
Development by comparison and contrast
Block presentation and alternating
presentation Exercise:
<Exercise> Read the following paragraphs, discuss the anizations of them.
Read sample paragraphs on page 98-100
7. Development by Cause and Effect
Causal analysis is commonly used in the development of paragraphs.
It seems convenient to state the effect first and then explain the causes. The reverse order, however, is to be preferred when one cause leads to various effects.
Ways to organize a cause-effect paragraph:
A.
B.
from effect to cause from cause to effect
See examples on page 102.
(2) City life and country life can be very different from each
other. Psychologically city people live under great stress. They have to rush to and fro every day among crowds of people in limited space. But the pace of life in a country village is gentle and relaxed. People there can always find time to reflect on the attractive landscape. There is also ample space for everyone to move around. Physically city people have to put up with the air and noise pollution as a result of industrialization. They suffer from the jam on roads and the noises from every side. In contrast, people in the countryside live closer to nature and further from pollution. They have fresh air to breathe and can enjoy the changing seasons in peace.

Writing (Week 6)

In this class, we’ll deal with…
Ways of developing a paragraph
• • • • • • Development by Examples or Generalization Development by Comparison and Contrast Development by Cause and Effect Development by Classification Development by Definition Development by a Combination of Me be helpful to beginners.
2. Development by Time
• In telling a story or recounting an event, the easiest and clearest way is to describe things in order of time: earlier things are mentioned before later things, the first thing first and the last thing last.
3. Transition
• Coherence may not be perfect even if the writer arranges his sentences in a clear, logical order. He has to use good transitions so that one sentence runs smoothly to another.
• First, think of the topic or theme or main idea, and express it in a complete sentence (topic sentence). • Then think of the details or examples or facts that may be used to support or explain the main idea. • Arrange them in logical order, and you have a rough plan of the paragraph.

how to develop a paragraph(1)段落的展开法1

To avoid “transitions for transitions” sake
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Example
We enjoyed our visit to Dr. Hassan’s house.The
house was perched high up on a hill. First, we
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2.Order of space
Details are arranged according to their location & their relationship to each other.
Suitable to describe a limited interior, such as a classroom or the inside of submarine; also effective to write about a very broad area, such as the continent of Asia or the solar system.
6. develop by cause and effect
7. develop by classification
8. develop by definition
20199/12./2d8 evelop by a combined way
3
He(the King) got up and stepped out of
one inevitable duty-the duty of prayer-
the daily recognition of the Unseen and
Eternal. His daily devotions were more

Ways of developing paragraph

Development by cause and effect
• The second method is to state a cause and then mention or predict the effects.Suppose the topic sentence is "More and more fertile land in China is taken up by new building.'' In the rest of the paragragh the effect of this developing should be mentioned,such as the reduction of the grain output,increasing enviromental problems, two many pleasants moving into the cities,etc.
Ways of developing paragraph
Development by example or by generalization
• Surpporting a topic sentence with examples or illustrations makes general statement specific and easy to understand.An illustration is a case ,a specimen,an instance.Vivid illustrations light up abstract ideas and make them clear ,interesting,memorable,or convincing. • Illustations may be a single example or serie cause and effect

英语写作基础教程(chapter 3)01

and arranges his history books accordingly. It is odd,
but it is convenient. #
.
Assignments
Reading:
pp 41-45
Exercises:
pp 49-54 ▪ Exercise 1: Chronological order ▪ Exercise 2: Process ▪ Exercise 3: Space
(ways of developing paragraphs)
Development by Time
In telling a story or recounting an event, the easiest and clearest way is to describe things in order of time; earlier things are mentioned before later things, the first thing first and the last thing last. This method is also called chronological sequencing.
An effective paragraph
❖ 3 features of an effective paragraph: 1. A paragraph should have one, and only
one, central idea. 2. The main idea is generally expressed in
Example:
In the old days, train travel was not much fun. Back in the 1830’s, passenger coaches on western and southern roads looked like cabins on wheels. Until late in the 1840’s, passengers who wanted heat bought heated bricks from boys at the stations. There were no sleeping cars, either, until 1859, when George R. Pullman remodeled two day coaches into sleeping cars, to run from Chicago to Bloomington, Illinois. They were lighted by candles and heated by wood-burning stoves. Passengers near the stoves were too hot, and those far away were too cold. Even years later, after trains had better heating systems, passengers were often most uncomfortable. Open windows let in showers of soot and cinders; and closed windows meant stifling temperatures. Travelers reached their destinations in those days sooty, jostled, and travel-worn. #

博士学术写作

2.Development by Space
Details may be arranged in a certain order, such as from right to left, near to far, up to down, north to south, side to side, center to side, and so on. use spatial transitions: at the gate of….; across the bridge/river/road…..; in the southwest/southeast/northwest…..; above; next to; close to; adjacent to; on the left/right; on top of…;in the distance) Sample: As you come into the room, you notice a piano, with a low music stool in front of it. Next to the piano is a tall bookcase, standing against the wall. On the left is a large window. Under the window there is a radiator, but you can’t see it, because it is behind the settee. On the settee there are two cushions.
I disagree with this point of view forቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱthree reasons. My first reason is…. My second reason lies in the fact that … My third reason is based on… …partly because of/due to… Many factors weigh heavily on… …is not the sole cause for…. …is also responsible for…

order and pattern(good example) 段落支撑

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they presently began to whisper together, then they approached nearer, and stopped again to gaze and whisper. By and by they gathered courage and began to discuss him aloud.
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Continued
experience. It is a good principle of educational administration because a college or university has a vast and complicated job if it does what only it can do. In general education, therefore, we may wisely leave experience to life and set about our job of intellectual training.
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ways of paragraph development
Every paragraph, long or short, consists of several sentences. Only when all the sentences are arranged in a reasonable way of development can a paragraph make sense.
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3. General-specific order (deductive)
The general statement comes first, then followed by major supporting ideas or minor ones if necessary to reinforce the views expressed in the general statement. For example: The state is a rough-cut jewel-virtually all mountains. There are West Virginians who brag (吹牛) that if the state were flattened, she’d rival Texas in size. Countless times as 2013-10-25 I explored her reaches, I would pull to a 11

Part 4. The Paragraph

1) Why? e.g.
Topic sentence: Vegetable gardens take a lot of planning. Ask Yourself, “Why do gardens take a lot of planning?” Come up with at least two sub-topics:
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The Paragraph
CONTENTS
01 Steps in Writing a Paragraph 02 Criteria of an Effective Paragraph 03 Ways of Developing Paragraphs
01
Steps in Writing a Paragraph
“If I had to limit all my remarks about paragraph writing to seven words, I would say, ‘ State your topic sentence and support it.’”
— Professor Virginia Schilt
2. Highway accidents are always caused by absent-mindedness.
topic
Controlling idea
More practice: Underline the topics and controlling ideas. 1) The kitchen is the most widely used room in my house. 2) Insects serve many useful purposes. 3) My boss is an ambitious man. 4) Our vocation turned out to be a disaster.

9. Ways of Paragraph Development 段落展开

Study the following paragraph that is developed by time. Try to find out the chronological signals.
• The life of Grandma Moses proves that a person is never too old to develop his or her talents. As a child, Anna Moses loved to draw; she often made pictures with berry juice when paint颜料 was scarce稀少. When she eventually married and had a large family, she found little time to paint. Years later, with her children grown, she began to knit编织 pictures with yarn, but her fingers ached, and she returned to her first love, painting. She was seventy years old! An art dealer商人 saw her pictures in a local drugstore药房 and bought them. Grandma Moses, as she was called, soon became famous, with her paintings of simple country life exhibited展出 throughout the world. She continued to paint until her death at 101.

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My heart gave a leap when I heard the announcement that our train would soon arrive at its destination—Beijing. Like other passengers, I began to collect my things and put my mug, towel, atlas, apples, and other things into my bag. To the tune of a beautiful song the train pulled into the station and gently stopped by a platform. I walked out of the train and was carried forward by the stream of people into an underground passage and then into a big hall. As I stepped out of the station, I was dazzled by the bright autumn skies of Beijing. Though I had been on the train for more than thirty hours and spent an sleepless night, I didn’t feel tried at all, and I believed my days in Beijing would be as sunny as the skies.
3.Devห้องสมุดไป่ตู้lopment by Space
Before we begin to describe a place, whether it is a large country or a small room, we have to decide on the order in which to name the different parts or details. For this we should find out the space relationships between them and arrange our description accordingly. It would only confuse the reader to mention them in a haphazard way.
(4)I can learn something by looking at the stamps I have collected.
An outline may be helpful to beginners. Suppose you are to write a paragraph on philately, and your topic sentence is “Philately is an interesting hobby”, you may have the following points:
On page 89, there are two paragraphs to set examples. These two paragraphs, one telling the story of a person’s life, the other describing an event that took place in a few minutes, follow a chronological arrangement, and it is easy for the reader to understand what is told in them.
Way of developing paragraphs
Nancy Deng
1.Planning a paragraph
How to plan a paragraph: • First, think of the topic or theme or main idea, and express it in a complete sentence (topic sentence). • Then, think of the details or examples or facts that may be used to support or explain the main idea. • At last, arrange them in logical order, and you have a rough plan of the paragraph.
On many of them are printed drawings or pictures of Here is a animals, trees or flowers. Under a outline: rare birds, paragraph developed from the abovemagnifying glass they look very beautiful, and they help to increase Philately is an interesting hobby. Every time I my knowledge of nature. On other stamps there are open my albums and look such as Qu Yuan and portraits of historical figures,at the stamps I’ve Dr. collected George Washington and something new. Sun Yatsen, over the years, I learnChester W. Nimits. Whenever I see an unfamiliar name, I will try to find some information about the person by consulting an encyclopaedia. In this way I have come to know something about quite a few people who are famous for one reason or another. Something of my friends and relatives who know I am interested in stamps often show me used envelopes. If I see a stamp which I have never seen before or I haven’t got yet, I will ask them to give it to me, and it seems that they are always kind enough to oblige me. It is always a delight to add a new stamp to my collection, and the more stamps I have, the more interested I am in philately. —Student
2.Development by Process
When you have to explain how something is done , you usually follow a chronological sequence and give a step–by–step description. As the steps must occur one after another, the exact order in which they are carried out is most important. In giving instructions, imperative sentences and sentences with the indefinite pronoun you as the subject are often used. The present tense should be used if the instructions are still applicable.
It is necessary for a person to know how to post a parcel, since almost everyone has relatives and friends living far away and he may like to send them something. Different objects are packed in different ways. Things like bottles of medicine and watches should be put into wooden boxes to avoid breakage. After you have packed the objects, put down your address and that of addressee on the wrapping. Give the parcel to the postal clerk for him to check. He will then give you a form to fill in. Having filled in the form, you give it together with the parcel to the clerk. He will weigh the parcel and tell you how much you should pay. You pay the money and get a receipt. Be sure to keep your receipt until you are sure that the addressee has received the parcel. If anything wrong should happen to your parcel, you can show the receipt to the clerk and ask to be reimbursed.