1999年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷CENERAL DIRECTIONS: EACH STUDENT HAS AN ANSWER SHEET ON WHTCH IS TO BE WRITTEN THE STUDENT’S EXAMINA TION ID NUMBER. ALL ANSWERS TO THE MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS OF PARTS Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲand ⅣA RE TO BE WRITTEN ON THIS ANSW ER SHEET. CIRCLE THE LETTER THAT IS YOUR A NSW ER.PART Ⅰ:VOCA BULA RY [15%]DIRECTIONS FOR SECTION A: ON YOUR ANSW ER SHEET, CIRCLE THE A NSW ER THAT BEST COMPLETES THE SENTENCE.1. W ith her last child having left home, she felt a need to fill her time.a. tenseb. thoroughc. pressingd. s mall2. It is generally thought that as teachers work with students, psychology course work is to teacher-training.a. indispensableb. inviolatec. indisposedd. invariable3. The announcement of the death of their leader caused thereafter a feeling of great despair totheir lives.a. overflowb. scatterc. permeated. manipulate4. Fear of pirate led the French to fortify their coastline.a. excursionsb. incursionsc. transmigrationsd. transmogrifications5. During the oil crisis of the 1970s, many states speed limits to reduce gasoline use.a. implantedb. imposedc. impairedd. impressed6. Over-taxation, many argue, impedes initiative, so that government income may actually .a. mushroomb. capsizec. shrinkd. dispel7. The assassin hid himself carefully from view before his future victim.a. drawing fromb. drawing upc. drawing withd. drawing on8. He never exerts himself to aid those trying to a difficult situation.a. rectifyb. modifyc. solidifyd. verify9. His alibi was fishy, yet to close scrutiny.a. stood stillb. withstoodc. stood upd. stood off10. Practitioners of law and medicine are esteemed in many countries which seems to indicate thatdepends on profession or title.a. prestigeb. superiorityc. privileged. merit11. After the demonstration the protestors quietly.a. dis missedb. diffusedc. dispatchedd. dispersed12. Mutual trade implies advantages.a. alliedb. cooperativec. periodicald. reciprocal13. A virtual anchorite, he to his self-sufficiency.a. adheresb. confirmsc. conformsd. admonishes14. It is scarcely an exaggeration to say that during the Cold War period the threat by nuclear armsseemed an ever-present danger.a. imposedb. convokedc. posedd. provoked15. Scientific integrity is as much a matter of self-interest as it is of .a. self-esteemb. self-deceivingc. selfishnessd. self-improvementDIRECTIONS FOR SECTION B: ON YOU’ ANSWER SHEET, CIRCLE THE LETTER THAT IS THE CLOSEST SYNONYM TO THE UNDERLINED WORO.16. The majority of the observers at the conference, in contradistinction to the delegates, were opposed to ratification .a. adjournmentb. distributionc. tablingd. approval17. Although it was none of my business I asked he if the one she was lamenting for was in any waykin.a. speaking forb. running risks forc. pleading ford. mourning for18. I could never spend the tome that he does pouring over sports magazines, compiling intricate lists, and calculating averages.a. delicateb. incomprehensiblec. meaninglessd. complicated19. In England, Latin appears never to have superseded the old Gaelic speech among the people.a. joinedb. replacedc. influencedd. given way to20. Landslides triggered by heavy rainfall impeded our best attempts at rescuing the victims.a. encouragedb. hinderedc. nullifiedd. crowned21. Death ensued as a result of suffocation.a. heart failureb. an accidentc. diseased. asphyxiation22. We must safeguard against coerced confessions.a. bribedb. emotionalc. unprofitabled. forced23. My attention was engaged by the article’s caption .a. graphb. authorc. contentsd. title24. The report was unusual in that it insinuated corruption on the part of the minister.a. deniedb. suggestedc. proposedd. stated25. When a newspaper prints an inaccurate date for an event, universal chagrin results.a. discomfitureb. amusementc. reprisald. loss of profit26. In various parts of the world, the devoted and devout participate enthusiastically in public processions during the major events of the liturgical year.a. piousb. seriousc. diseasedd. misled27. Absent impartiality on the part of the psychothera pist, a patient’s conflicts may be exacerbated.a. indifferenceb. objectivityc. voiced concernd. engagement28. They awoke to find the maid had left the remnants of dinner on the table.a. list of items for ab. invitations to ac. leftovers ofd. preparations for a29. The upshot of all this was that travelling had become precarious.a. gloriousb. func. expensived. dangerous30. Some would consider that an infringement of good manners whereas others would not.a. an exampleb. a violation.c. a problemd. an indicationPART Ⅱ: GRAMMA R [15%]DIRECTIONS FOR SECTION A: On YOUR A NSW ER SHEET, CIRCLE THE LETTER THAT BEST COMPLETES THE SENTENCE.1. sugar salt is oil water.a. Not as…asb. No more than…isc. No more than…isd. Not more than…as2. His mother frequently denies him permission to do things, and that is .a. everb. thisc. thatd. over3. The staff in pediatrics rushed whereas the geriatric ward is not busy at all.a. is nearly alwaysb. nearly is alwaysc. always is nearlyd. is always nearly4. Anais Nin’s diaries are often scandalous, probably because she describes herself as she is rathe r than.a. other’s define herb. as others define herc. her definition by othersd. she is defined by others5. , the mayor conceded defeat in his bid for re-election.a. Having racked up a lead of some 150,000 votesb. Having been racked up a lead of some 150,000 votesc. His opponent having racked up a lead of some 150,000 votesd. His opponent racking up a lead of some 150,000 votes6. Never has a scientific explanation emerged someone somewhere has objected to it.a. thatb. whichc. whomd. but7. Your mentor and friend to support me in my financial undertaking. a. have consented b. has consented c. have been consenting d. are consented8. Due in large part to the complexity of its structure —over two hundred bones together by ligaments —the human skeleton is a marvel of architectural construction. a. binding b. bound c. bounded d. bind9. Inas much as a year does not elapse without a certain number of villagers falling victim to the ferocity of a tiger, its roar is heard by the natives feelings of terror. a. not…with b. not…without c. seldom…with d. always…without10. I regret to say that your thesis requires more thinking than for the problem is exceedingly complex. a. to be put in b. has been put in c. being put in d. have been put in 11. I must finish this assignment tonight, .a. it is ever so lateb. be it ever so latec. it be ever so lated. so late it be12. Science majors, , require a good basic foundation in the science as a whole. a. whether they are future physicists and chemists b. be they future physicists or chemists c. they are future physicists or chemistsd. whether they should be future physicists and chemists13. Those are very important papers and I’d just as soon here. a. as you leave them b. you leave them c. you will leave them d. that you will leave them14. Anatomists generally maintain that the human heart is nearest . a. to the size in our fist b. in the size to our fist c. in size to our fist d. to the size to our fist15. Foreigners are very fussy about their phone calls. They hate anyone eavesdropping. a. there b. there be c. there to be d. beingDIRECTIONS FOR SECTION B: IN THE SENTENCES BELOW, EITHER A, B, C OR D IS THE INCORRCT GRAMATTICA L FORM FOR THE SENTENCE. PICK THE INCORRECT FORM AS YOUR ANSW R, A ND ON YOUR ANSW ER SHEET, CIRCLE THE CORRESPONDING LETTER. 16. One of theAintriguingmore theories about the destruction of Ur is his contention that t he popula tionB destroy may their ziggurats andC abandoned their metropolis in anger against the deities that permittedD a long so famine.17. In the bush, the illAbeit to took only logicalBif the one who could cure an illnessC posses also shouldthe ability of causing it, and Dthateven at a distance. 18. Ores whichAoccurredare naturallyBas elements, such as goldCof are extreme rarity andDlyoccasional are of high value.19. UnlessApermittedso are they by the attendingBphysician, no visitors or relativesCcan enter theDspatient' room.20. A rigorous alertness Abe mustB adheredwhenCnotetakingwith the inessential ignoredDand thesuperfluous eliminated. 21. It isAlargely through perspiration, Bor the evaporation of waterCthroughthe pores, that humansDthemrid of excess moisture.22.AProvidedthe computer isBgiven correct information toCstart to , accuracyDis another outstandingadvantage. 23. AndAearlyso every morningBtherefore, but not before the infantCbathed ,Dbetakeshe did herself tothe outhouse. 24. He Astood on tiptoe,B stretchingas far as he could,Choweverstill, heDreachnot could the book.25.A posesibleas gentle As , andBfromhelp with an assistant, the veterinarian examined the hippo todetermine CifD shewas pregnant.26. In a recent survey, Athat responsiveness wasBthat most of allCdear towoman a made them was theopinion of threeDof out four men.27. A ll personnel will be required toAundergospecial sensitivity training programsBprior to leavingCaboardfor in order to be preparedD against culture shock.28. A mong the many changes were Athose to theBYorkerNew book review, and veryC ed shortsight theyD were .29. The majority of students, Apreferringeternal verities, rarely see that knowledge is subjectB growth of andtransformation, and that itC in shifts meaning and statusDwith time.30. BecauseAof the recent turmoil and untilB further notice, any gathering of more than two peopleC isprohibited in the interest of preserving Dorderand law the .PART Ⅲ: CLOZE [10%]DIRECTIONS: CHOOSE AS YOUR ANSW ER THE W ORO THAT BEST FITS THE BLA NK. ON YOUR ANSWER SHEET, CIRCLE THE CORRESPONDING LETTER.My knees were shaking. I [1] afraid [2] with them, [3] I[4] myself out on the path to follow them. A mara’s husband [5] coming back and saw m. “ [6] my age mates [7] this witchcraft. You come back with me and keep watch [8] my wife. Help me guard [9] body. He will kill her and I cannot prevent it. But he [10] killed her in vain. He shall not eat her body.” It was dark inside the reception hut, and very quiet. The women [11] kept watch over A mara, and her co-wife still sat with her. The man stood looking down upon her. A man must never call his wife [12] her name and my never touch her [13] public. The man knelt [14] his wife. “Child of Lam.” She did not [15] . Tentatively he [16]his hand on her forehead. Perhaps he thought she heard, [17] he added bravely, “ [18]will happen to you, Amara [19] wife.” He clasped her hand in [20] . We sat on in silence waiting for A mara to die. 1. a. am b. was c. will be d. have been 2. a. I went b. go c. but d. to go 3. a. yet b. moreover c. even d. soon 4. a. obliged b. constrained c. coerced d. forced 5. a. is b. was c. will be d. had been 6. a. Grant b. Let c. Pardon d. Forgive 7. a. take care for b. take care of c. care of d. care for 8. a. around b. with c. by d. for 9. a. my b. your c. his d. her 10. a. is b. was c. will have d. would have 11. a. even b. ever c. still d. while 12. a. for b. with c. around d. by 13. a. around the b. in c. when d. while 14. a. along b. beside c. besides d. thinking 15. a. budge b. mix c. stir d. bestir 16. a. laid b. lain c. had lain d. sat 17. a. for b. when c. listening d. quietly 18. a. Nothing b. Something c. Anything d. Everything 19. a. my b. your c. his d. her 20. a. his b. hers c. theirs d. oursPART Ⅳ: READING COMPREHENSION [30%]DIRECTIONS: READ EACH PASSAGE AND ANSWER ALL THE QUESTIONS THA T FOLLOW THE PASSAGE. ON YOUR ANSWER SHEET, CIRCLE THE LETTER THA T BEST ANSWERS THE QUESTION.1. The sources of anti-Christian feeling were many and complex on the more intangible side, there was a general pique against the unwanted intrusion of the Western countries; there was an understandable tendency to seek an external scapegoat for internal disorders only tangentially attributable to the West and perhaps most important, there was a virile tradition of ethnocentricism, vented long before against Indian Buddhism, which, since the seventeenth century, focused on Western Christianity. Accordingly, even before the missionary movement really got under way in the mid-nineteenth century, it was already at a disadvantage. After 1860, as missionary activity in the hinterland expanded, it quickly became apparent that in addition to the intangibles, numerous tangible grounds for Chinese hostility abounded.In part, the very presence of the missionary evoked attack. They were, after all, the first foreigners to leave the treaty ports and venture into the interior, and for long time they were virtually the only foreigners whose quotidian labors carried them to the farthest reaches of the Chinese empire. For many of the indigenous population, therefore, the missionary stood as a uniquely visible symbol against which opposition to foreign intrusion could be vented.In part, too, the missionary was attacked because the manner in which he made his presence felt after 1860 seemed almost calculated to offend. By indignantly waging battle against the notion China to offend. By indignantly waging battle against the notion that china was the sole fountainhead of civilization and, more particularly, by his assault on many facets of Chinese culture per se, the missionary directly undermined the cultural hegemony of the gentry class. Also, In countless ways, he posed a threat to the gentry’s traditional monopoly of social leadership. Missionaries, particularly Catholics, frequently assumed the garb of the Confucian literati. They were the only persons at the local level, aside from the gentry, who were permitted to communicate with the authorities as social equals. And they enjoyed an extraterritorial status in the interior that gave them greater immunity to Chinese law than had ever been possessed by the gentry.Although it was the avowed policy of the Chinese government after 1860 that the new treaties were to be strictly adhered to, in practice implementation depended on the wholehearted accord of provincial authorities. There is abundant evidence that cooperation was dilatory. At the root of this lay the interactive nature of ruler and ruled.In a severely understaffed bureaucracy that ruled as much by suasion as by might, the official, almost always a stranger in the locality of his service, depended on the active cooperation of the local gentry class. Energeticattempts to implement treaty provisions concerning missionary activities, in direct defiance of gentry sentiment, ran the risk of alienating this class and destroying future effectiveness.1. In a vague way, anti-Christian feeling stemmed froma. the mere presence of invaders.b. a generalized unfocused feeling.c. the introduction to the West.d. none of the above.2. The author would agree thata. many problems in China came from internal disorders due to Western influence.b. many problems in China came from China itself and were unrelated to the West.c. scapegoats perform a necessary function and there should be more of them.d. all of the above are true.3. W ith which of the following statements would the author agree?a. Ethnocentricism is a manly tradition.b. The disdain toward Christianity was prefigured by a disdain toward Buddhism.c. Although Christianity was not well received in China, Buddhism was.d. The author would agree with [a] and [c].4. Missionariesa. often dressed the same way as Chinese scholars did.b. were free of the legal constraints that bound the local indigenous populations.c. had greater access to authority than Chinese peasants.d. may be described by all of the above.5. By which of the following statements may the dichotomy between government p olicy and its implementation be described?a. There’s many a slip twixt the cup and the lip.b. You can lead a horse to water but you cannot make him drink.c. All that glitters is not gold.d. All of the above apply in various ways to the dichotomy.6. Provincial authoritiesa. cooperated fully with the central government’s policy.b. were alive to local feelings.c. were obliged to determine whether local sentiment tolerated implementation.d. may be described by [b] and [c].2. Proponents of creating large private sectors as quickly as possible in transition economies offer both political and economic arguments to support their view. They argue that if democracy is to become a viable political system in the countries undergoing transition, the state’s monopoly over the bases of political power must be broken so that the countervailing sources of political influence may emerge [Berger, 1991]. Otherwise, the nomenklatura, managers of state-owned firms and former bureaucrats, my sabotage or block economic reforms, as well as loot, dissipate or transfer to their own possession the assets of the firms they manage. By creating property owners, privatization can create nascent middle class that has a stake in the creation and maintenance of an effective system of property rights and the pursuit of economic policies that would enable the private sector to flourish.The most compelling economic reason for privatizing stage-owned enterprises in the transition economies is that as units of production-- as distinct from providers of secure employment—they were a failure. Private ownership is thus seen as the means of unlocking gains in productivity by stimulating productive efficiency, offering greater motivation for both managers and workers, and creating incentives to enter new markets and exit declining ones. Privatization, it is argued, will unleash dynamic small businesses, act as a lure for foreign direct investment and speed the painful process of restructuring industry, And it would accomplish all this while returning property to its rightful historical owners and raising funds for the governmentDespite this enticing list of promises, many countries of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union remain reluctant to privatize. Some of the opposition is ideological. Some comes from insiders at state-owned enterprises, both workers and managers, who fear the loss of income and power. More broadly, there are fears that privatization will reduce employment as private owners dismiss redundant workers and that the new private sector will be unlikely to provide the social benefits--like housing, health and nursery care, and recreation, sports and vacation facilities—that state-owned enterprises often provided. At the extreme, there are fears that if privatization exacerbates unemployment and causes declines in production, reformist governments will be swept away.Practical difficulties have compounded thi s resistance to privatization,.The valuations of firms is difficult because capital markets barely exist, accounting statements can be almost meaning less, and profits and salesachieved in the communist era are a poor guide to future viability. Households in these countries do not have sufficient savings to purchase many of the largest firms, and, even if they did have the money, they view former state-owned enterprises as dubious investments. With a rudimentary banking system, loans for the purchase of state property are seen as both risky and inflationary. In this muddled situation, suspicions naturally aris e that buyers are benefiting from low prices at the expense of the state.7. The argument about democracy isa. a political argument.b. an economic argument.c. an argument based upon demonstrable proof.d. an argument favored by all economists.8. The information contained between brackets refers toa. something unknown.b. an A merican Supreme Court Justice’s legal decision.c. someone who does not in fact believe the arguments.d. an author who deals with the topic being discussed.9. Which of the following statements is true?a. “Nomenklatura ”is underlined because its meaning cannot be determined by the text.b. “Nomenklatura”is different from managers and bureaucrats.c. “Nomenklatura”is a foreign term whose meaning in English is managers and bureaucrats.d. The origin of the word “nomenklatura”is well-known.10. The author would necessarily agreea. with the political arguments.b. that state-owned enterprises were successful in providing secure employment.c. that state-owned enterprises were successful as units of production,.d. that none of the above is true.11. In paragraph 3, the ultimate fear is that ofa. the enterprise managers.b. the workers.c. the average citizen.d. the government itself.12. The practical difficulties may be explained bya. theoretical arguments.b. the state of the economic systems.c. fears of privatization.d. all of the above.3. One traditional justification for greater judicial deference to agencies on legal ques tions in the U.S. administrative regime is the expertise argument. This justification comports with traditional understandings about the respective roles of the different branches of government and agencies’ place in modern government. Agencies, in this vi ew, are the technical experts that put into operation the policy judgments made by legislators. Indeed, technical expertise is the raison d’etre of agencies; by focusing on a particular regulatory field, or sector of the economy, agencies can do what Congress the time and other institutional resources to do .Chevron v. National Resources, which presented the question whether the statutory term “stationary source”referred to an entire pollution-emitting plant or, rather, to every single smokestack within su ch a plant, supplies an apt example of when an agency’s special technical expertise can aid statutory interpretation. According to the expertise argument, agencies are deemed to understandeven the legal ramifications of the problems agencies are created to work on. Admittedly, the dichotomy between legal and factual questions may at times be difficult to maintain, but that observation argues as much in favor of as it does against Chevron deference.Agency expertise, however, is not the only common justification. Sometimes the doctrine is justified also on democratic grounds. According to the argument from democracy, it is agencies, not courts, that are answerable to both the executive and the legislative representatives of the citizenry. Because judges are not elected, while presidents and legislators are, and because agencies but not judges are accountable to the President and to Congress, judicial deference to agency decisions enhances the political legitimacy of the administrative regime.Finally, Chevron may be justified also in the name of administrative efficiency of coordination. Before Chevron, different federal courts in different jurisdictions could interpret the same statutory provision differently. Multiple interpretations by different federal courts would mean that the statute “said”different things in those different jurisdictions. Such confusions could be eliminated by appellate review, but agencies faced uncertainty pending review, and the possibility of different interpretations across different appellate circuits remained. Because multiple agencies do not typically interpret the same statutory language, however, Chevron deference allows the agency charged with administering a statute to interpret that statute. One agency, rather than many federal courts, now resolves ambiguities in the statute that the agency in question is charged to administer. Such interpretive streamlining not only reduces uncertainty but also promotes regulatory coordination. Once an agency has settled ona reasonable interpretation, it can act on the basis of that interpretation nationally.13. The expertise argument assumes thata. an agency has experts but that Congress does not.b. Congress is more interested in policy than in implementation.c. modern agencies are more responsible than agencies were in the past.d. all of the above are true.14. Chevron is underlineda. because it is the name of a company.b. because it is one party to a law case.c. because it is the title of a book.d. because it is the title of a scholarly article.15. A“stationary source”a. refers to where one goes to buy writing paper.b. may mean either a plant or a smokestack, but not both.c. is in this instance a legal term whose meaning is being questioned.d. refers to something not covered by the above.16. We may assume thata. different lower federal courts may have different opinions about a law.b. the decision of a lower federal court is not necessarily the final decision.c. both of the above are true.d. none of the above are true.17. The difference between an appellate circuit court and a given agency isa. that the latter is local whereas the former is national.b. that a variety of appellate courts may review a given law in contradistinction to a given agency and its jurisdiction.c. that albeit the former specializes in a given area, the latter has a range of expertise across many different areas.d. that the first is state-based while the latter is nationally-based.18. Throughout this passage, “Chevron deference”refers toa. favoring Chevron.b. favoring National Resources.c. favoring the agency involved.d. favoring one of the above.4. The main feature of a convention – a pattern of behavior that i s customary, expected, and self-enforced – is that, out of a host of conceivable choices, only one is actually used. This fact also explains why conventions are needed: they resolve problems of indeterminacy in interactions that have multiple equilibria. Indeed, from a formal point of view, we may define a convention as an equilibrium that everyone expects in interactions that have more than one equilibrium.The economic significance of conventions is that they reduce transaction costs. Imagine the inconvenience if, whenever two vehicles approached one another, the drivers had to get out and negotiate which side of the road to take. Or consider the cost of having to switch freight from one type of railroad to another whenever a journey involves both a wide-gauge and a narrow-gauge railroad line. This was a common circumstance in the nineteenth century and not unknown in the later twentieth: until recently, Australia had different rail gauges in the states of South Wales and Victoria, forcing a mechanical switch for all trains bound between Sydney and Melbourne.Convention s are also a notable feature of legal contracts. People rely on standard leases, wills, purchasing agreements, construction contracts and the like, because it is less costly to fill in the blanks o f a standard contract than to create one from scratch. Even more important, such agreements are backed up by legal precedent, so the signatories have even greater confidence that their terms are enforceable.We may discern two ways in which conventions become established. One is by central authority. Following the French Revolution, for example, it was decreed that horse-drawn carriages in Paris should keep to the right. The previous custom had been for carriages to keep left and for right. The previous cus tom had been for carriages to keep left and for pedestrians to keep right, facing the oncoming traffic. Changing the custom was symbolic of the new order: going on the left had become politically incorrect because it was identified with the privileged clas ses: going on the right was the habit of the common many and therefore more “democratic.”In Britain, by contrast, there seems to have been no single defining event that gave rise to the dominant convention of left-handed driving. Rather, it grew up by local custom, spreading from one region to another. This is the second mechanism by which conventions become established: the gradual accretion of precedent. The two mechanis ms are not mutually exclusive, of course. Society often converges on a convention first by an informal process of accretion: later it is codified into law to regulate exceptions. In many countries, rules of the road were not legislated until the nineteenth century, but by this time the law was merely reiterating what had already become established custom.The surprising fact is that until the end of the eighteenth century, the dominant convention was for horse-drawn carriages to keep to the left. This situation obtained in Great Britain, France, Sweden, Portugal, Austria, Hungary, Bohemia and parts of Italy. A chain of historical accidents – Napoleon adopting the new convention for his armies and imposing this convention in occupied countries; Portugal sharing a common border with occupied Spain; Austria, Hungary and Bohemian Czechoslovakia falling under German rule; Italy having elected a “modern”leader under a king – gradually tipped the balance.19. In the first sentence, the word “convention”is underlineda. for personal reasons regarding style.b. to stress the importance of the word.c. because the author will define it.d. for none of the above reasons.。
