Extra Vitamin D and Calcium Aren

在日常生活中如何预防骨质疏松症英语作文Osteoporosis, also known as brittle bone disease, is a condition that weakens bones and makes them more likely to break. It is a common and serious health problem, especially for older adults. However, there are many things you can do in your daily life to prevent osteoporosis and protect your bones. In this article, we will discuss some simple tips for preventing osteoporosis in your everyday life.1. Get enough calcium and vitamin D: Calcium and vitamin D are essential nutrients for bone health. Calcium helps to build and maintain strong bones, while vitamin D helps the body absorb calcium. Make sure you are getting enough of these nutrients in your diet. Good sources of calcium include dairy products, leafy green vegetables, and fortified foods. Vitamin D can be obtained from sunlight, fatty fish, and fortified foods.2. Maintain a healthy weight: Being underweight can increase the risk of osteoporosis, as it means there is less cushioning for the bones. On the other hand, being overweight can also put extra strain on the bones. Aim for a healthy weight that is appropriate for your height and build.3. Stay active: Regular exercise is important for bone health. Weight-bearing exercises, such as walking, dancing, and strength training, can help to strengthen bones and reduce the risk of osteoporosis. Aim for at least 30 minutes ofmoderate-intensity exercise on most days of the week.4. Avoid smoking and limit alcohol intake: Smoking can weaken bones and increase the risk of osteoporosis. If you smoke, consider quitting. Excessive alcohol consumption can also have a negative impact on bone health. Limit your alcohol intake to no more than one drink per day for women and two drinks per day for men.5. Get regular check-ups: Regular check-ups with your doctor can help to monitor your bone health and detect any early signs of osteoporosis. If you are at high risk of osteoporosis, your doctor may recommend a bone density test to assess the strength of your bones.6. Take steps to prevent falls: Falls are a common cause of bone fractures in older adults. To reduce your risk of falling, make sure your home is safe and free of hazards, wear non-slip shoes, and use assistive devices if needed.By following these simple tips, you can help to reduce your risk of developing osteoporosis and keep your bones strong andhealthy. Remember, prevention is key when it comes to osteoporosis, so start taking steps today to protect your bone health for the future.。

重庆育才中学教育集团初2025 届初一（上）第三次自主作业英语周末测试卷（全卷共十一个大题，满分150 分，考试时间120 分钟）第Ⅰ卷(共95 分)I.听力测试。

(共30分)第一节(每小题1.5 分，共9 分)听一遍。

根据你所听到的句子，从A、B、C 三个选项中选出最恰当的答语，并把答题卡对应题目的答案标号涂黑。

1. A. Mary. B. His name’s Eric. C. I’m Mary.2. A. Yes, I like. B. Yes, I do. C. Yes, I am.3. A. Yes, it’s nice. B. Thank you. C. You’re right.4. A. Yes, I do. B. Yes, it is. C. No, I don’t.5. A. Carrots. B. Oranges. C. Milk.6. A. Yes, these are. B. No, they don’t. C. Yes, they are.第二节(每小题1.5 分，共9 分)听一遍。

根据你所听到的对话和问题，从A、B、C 三个选项中选出正确答案，并把答题卡对应题目的答案标号涂黑。

7.A. Bread. B. Salad. C. Hamburgers.8.A. Blue. B. Black. C. Green.9.A. No, it isn’t. B. Yes, it is. C. It’s easy.10.A. 2478-5639. B. 2487-5693. C. 2487-5963.11.A. On the sofa. B. On the table. C. On the bed.12.A. Linda’s brother. B. Linda’s father. C. Linda’s uncle.第三节(每小题1.5 分，共 6 分)听两遍。

根据你所听到的长对话，从A、B、C 三个选项中选出正确答案，并把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。

七年级上学期期中考试（英语）（考试总分：100 分）一、单选题（本题共计15小题，总分15分）1.（1分）1.Nanjing is ______ old but beautiful city. It is the capital of Jiangsu Province.A.anB.aC.theD.\2.（1分）2.I’m looking forward to______ you at my birthday party.A.seeB.seeingC.showD.showing3.（1分）3.A new speech called Houlang came out ______May 4th, 2020, and many people like it.A.onB.inC.atD.to4.（1分）4.Which of the underlined vowels has a different sound from the others?A.driveB.bikeeD.field5.（1分）5.It took them half a day________trees on Tree-planting Day this year.A.plantedB.plantC. plantingD.to plant6.（1分）6.The town is ten kilometers ________ from here. Let’s take a bus there.A.awayB.farC.far awayD.away far7.（1分）7.— John can speak Chinese well. Who teaches_________ Chinese? —Mrs. White.A.youB.herC.himD.them8.（1分）8.It’s a tradition for people in South China to jump __________ fire to celebrate the Spring Festival.A.intoB.overC. acrossD.on9.（1分）9.The bedroom is ____________. There are two beds and two wardrobes in it.A.Lily’s and Lucy’sB.Lily and LucyC.Lily’s and LucyD.Lily and Lucy’s10.（1分）10.Amy’s home is near the school. She usually ___________ after school every day.A. walks homeB. goes home by trainC. go home on footD. ride home11.（1分）11.Listening to music makes him __________ happy.A. feelB.feelsC.feelingD. to feel12.（1分）12. There isn’t__________ in today’s newspaper. Don’t read it.A.something interestingB. anything interestingC.some interestingD. any interesting13.（1分）13.Why not __________ an English Club to practice speaking?A.to joinB.joinC.joiningD.join in14.（1分）14.—Tom,___________ is it from our school to Happy Mart?—I am not sure. I guess it’s about 10 minutes on foot.A.how longB. ow soonC.how farD.how often15.（1分）15.—Don’t be late again tomorrow. —__________________.A.Thanks.B.You’re welcome.C.Sorry, I won’t.D.Congratulations!二、完形填空（本题共计1小题，总分10分）16.（10分）16.Cuckoo is a very beautiful bird. “She may be beautiful,” says amonkey, “but she isn’t useful. The only thing she can do is16 . ”Cuckoo loves singing. She sings from day to night. Autumn is coming. All birds are busy collecting seeds(种子）for 17 . Not Cuckoo. She is singing. The birds ask Cuckoo for 18 . Cuckoo says, “Let me finish the 19 . ” She always says that but she 20 finishes it. All the birds think Cuckoo is lazy.One day, all the birds go out to work. But not Cuckoo. She is singing. Suddenly, she sees the trees are on fire. “Oh, no! The seeds are 21 the trees!” Cuck oo calls the birds to save the seeds. But they can’t 22 in time. Cuckoo has to do that by herself. After taking all the seeds out of the fire, Cuckoo is tired but happy, 23 she does something useful.When the other birds come back, they are 24 to see the burned trees. Then Cuckoo tells them about the fire and seeds. Hearing that, the other birds say Cuckoo is their 25 . Whata brave Cuckoo!16.A.drawing B.dancing C.singing D.drinking17.A.winter B. summer C.spring D.autumn18.A.fruit B.clothes C.food D.help19.A.work B.trip C.song D.dinner20.A.sometimes B.never C.often D.always21.A.from B.after C.before D. near22.A.go back B.go to sleep C.get up D.go out23.A.because B.so C.if D.or24.A.happy B.busy C.sad D.angry25.A.gift B.hero C.friend D.wish三、阅读理解（本题共计3小题，总分20分）17.（6分）dang ju zhe mi“ju” here means the game of go(围棋). When you are playing go, youalways think too much, because you don’t want to lose the game. You willget confused easily. In this way, you are fooled by yourself.meng zai gu liIt is very dark in a drum. If you stay there, you will know nothing about theoutside world. What’s going on?yi ye zhang muA leaf is small. But it can cover your eyes and you can’t see the worldclearly. Don’t be confused by small thing. You should take a long view andlook at the big picture.26.What does “ju” mean in the story dang ju zhe mi?A.The game of go.B. The car.C. The children.D. Yourself.27.Why will you know nothing about the outside world, if you stay in a drum?A.Because you are short.B. Because the drum is small.C.Because it is dark in a drum.D. Because you are too short.28.What can you learn from the story yi ye zhang mu?A.We should be confused by small things.B.We should take a long view.C.We should see the leaf.D.We should cover our eyes.18.（6分）Pepper is a human-like robot. Japanese companySoftBank invented it. It can communicate with people throughspeech or body language. Recently, a supermarket in Germanystarted using Pepper to keep customers apart from each other. It tells customers to keep their distance while shopping.Pepper is different from other employees(雇员). Pepper is a robot that looks like a human. His job is to tell people some rules for dealing with the novel coronavirus(新冠病毒). The company made Pepper in 2014. Pepper is as tall as a 6-year-old kid. He has cameras. They help him recognize(识别）things around him. There are wheels under his body. They help Pepper move. The robot can do a lot of things. He can read people’s emotions and communicate with people. He can also teach students about programming(编程).29.Which country invented Pepper?A.The USAB.The UKC.JapanD.Germany30.What can help Pepper move?A.The cameras.B.The wheels.C. The manager.D. The novel coronavirus.31.A ccording to the passage, what can’t Pepper do?A.Cook a meal.B.Teach students.municate with people.D.Read people’s emotions.19.（8分）BUMP! Suddenly the house hits the ground. Dorothy wakes up.“Good morning, Toto,” she says. Toto wakes up too and puts his cold littlenose in her face.The house isn’t moving now. Dorothy looks around and listens. It’s lightnow and the room is full of sunshine! She can hear birds.“Where are we, Toto? ” She says. “ We aren’t in Kansas. There aren’t any birds there.”The little dog jumps off the bed and goes to the door. He starts barking. Dorothy follows him. She opens the door and looks out.“Oh!” she says. “What a wonderful place!”She can see a beautiful country in front of her. There’s green grass everywhere. There are tall trees with all kinds of fruit on them. There are brightly coloured birds in the branches of the trees. There are lots of flowers and pretty butterflies. There’s a stream of clear water.It’s very different from the grey prairies of Kansas.—An excerpt from HELBING READERS CLASSICS The Wonderful Wizard of Oz32.When does Dorothy wake up?A.When she hears the wind.B.When her aunt calls her.C.When the house hits the ground.D.When Toto barks.33.What is the room full of?A.BirdsB.Sunshine.C.Flowers.D.Dogs.34.What’s on the tall trees?A.Coloured birds.B.Grass.C.Fruit.D.A stream of clear water.35.How does Dorothy know that they are in a different place?A.Th ere aren’t any birds there.B.Toto tells her that.C.She can hear birds there.D.The butterflies tell her that.四、任务型阅读（本题共计2小题，总分20分）20.（10分）What is your favorite drink? Do you like cola or other softdrinks? If so, be careful! Soft drinks are not healthy. On average, one softdrink has about 40g of sugar. This is the same as 20 sugar cubes(方糖糖块）. Too much sugar is bad for your teeth and makes you fat.So what can you drink? Don’t worry. Here are some cool and healthy drinks. Let’s take a look! WaterWater? That’s right. It is the best and healthiest drink. Water contains no sugar or calories(卡路里). It won’t give you bad teeth or make you fat. How much water should you drink every day? The US research group gra Mayo Clinic suggests at least eight glasses of water a day.JuiceIf you don’t like fresh fruits or vegetables, 100-percent fruit juice might be a good choice. Just don’t drink a lot — about 240 ml per day is fine. Once you open a bottle of fresh juice. drink it in one sitting. Otherwise it will go bad.MilkMilk helps you build a healthy body. Milk is rich in protein(蛋白质), vitamin D and calcium (钙). Children will have strong bones and teeth if they drink it every day.What Can We DrinkUnhealthy Drink SoftdrinksIt has too much sugar.It is not 36 for your teeth and health.Cool and 37 Drinks WaterIt is 39 and healthier than any drink.We should drink at least 40 glasses of water every day.38 .100-percent fruit juice might be a good 41 .Don’t drink too 42 juice a day.MilkIt can 43 you build a healthy body.It is 44 in protein, vitamin D and calcium.It is good for 45 bones and teeth.21.（10分）At the beginning of the Spring Festival, The novel coronavirus（新冠状肺炎) turned hospitals into battlefields (战场). Doctors and nurses were the“fighters in white” starting from Spring Festival’s eve. Over 40,000 doctors and nurses in our country had rushed to Hubei Province. Many of them left home without their yearlyreunion dinner.In Wuhan, doctors and nurses were very close to the virus. They had to wear protective suits （防护服), goggles(护目镜), masks(口罩) and gloves to protect themselves. To save time and medical supplies (医疗用品), they often worked for hours without eating, sleeping or going to the bathroom. Many of them got sores (疼痛) on their faces from wearing masks for so long. After a long day’s work, their clothes were always wet and sweat.Many of the doctors and nurses are young. When SARS（非典型性肺炎) hit China in 2003, they were your age. At that time, they read stories of doctors and nurses saving lives on the front line. After 17 years, the former kids grew up to be fighters. Do you want to become a hero like them in the future?回答下面5个问题，每题答案不超过5个词。

2020-2021学年第一学期初一年级期中考试英语试卷笔试部分（85分）I.词汇测试（15分）i.从下面每小题的A、B、C三个选项中选出可以替换划线部分的最佳选项，并在答题卡上讲相应的字母编号涂黑。

（8小题，每小题1分）14.--- Lucy, would you like to go to the Shenzhen Museum with us?--- I’d like to, but I have to complete my homework first.A.finishB. endC. start15.--- Mike, are we all ready to go for a trip?--- Yes, I think so. We have everything inside the car. Let’s go!A.many thingsB. few thingsC. all the things16.--- Miss Xu is smart and friendly. She always smiles at everyone.--- yes, we all like her very much.A.ImportantB. kindC. cool17.--- Let’s go to Bao’an Library on foot. It’s close to our home.--- OK. Let’s go there after breakfast.A.NearB. overC. under18.--- Sam, what do you usually do during the break at school?--- We often discuss difficult problems together and we enjoy it a lot.A.by ourselvesB. with each otherC. every day19.--- With weather change, it’s easy for us to catch a cold in autumn.--- Yes, we must take good care of ourselves and do exercise often.A.have toB. shouldC. could20.--- What will the quiz this afternoon be about, Mr. Huang?--- It will be about protecting the Earth.A.articleB. reportC. test21.--- Jack, did you take part in our School Sports Meeting last month?--- Sure, and I’m glad that I won the high jump competition.A.get onB. join inC. joinii.根据句子意思，从下面每小题的A、B、C三个选项中选出填入横线的最佳选项，并在答题卡上讲相应的字母编号涂黑。

Get familiar with the words and expressions listed below, and then complete each of the following sentences with a proper word from the list.多孔的，漏洞多的骨质减少鉴定，识别密度，浓度生育，分娩双膦酸盐类药物阿仑膦酸钠片碳酸钙伊班膦酸钠片甲状旁腺素骨折，破裂骨裂粉碎性骨折弓形骨折绿枝性骨折复合骨折头昏眼花的使人眩晕的，引起头晕的威胁生命的金属固定板固定用敷料，石膏夹板筛查最初的，开始的老年保健医疗更年期，绝经期重申反复灌输关键的，决定性的限额，折扣自体免疫的不确定的，不能使人信服的矛盾的不足的，缺乏的大剂量著名的，杰出的，突出的适当的，恰当的肾结石1.Autoimmune disorders are conditions in which a person’s immune system attack s the body’s own cells, causing tissue destruction.2. A fracture usually results from traumatic injury to a bone, causing thecontinuity of bone tissues or bony cartilage to be disrupted or broken.3. The government should be playing a more prominent role in healthpromotion.4. I keep getting contradictory advice - some people tell me to keep itwarm and some tell me to put ice on it.5. If he doesn’t eat something at lunchtime he will start to feel lightheaded by mid-afternoon.6. Initial reports say that seven people have died, though this has not yetbeen confirmed.7. A diet deficient in vitamin D may cause the disease rickets.8. A life-threatening disease is a very serious one that can cause death.9. Identification of osteoporosis and osteopenia is made by measuring the mineral density of a person’s bones.10. Doctors urge more older women to be screened for osteoporosis.11. A bone density test done on older women measures the risk ofgetting osteoporosis.12. The medical tests were inconclusive, and will need to be repeated.13. The baggage allowance for most flights is 20 kilos.14. The survey is only concerned with women of childbearing age.15. Modern scientific techniques have made it possible for a womanpast menopause to have a baby.Write down three questions you find interesting to explore on the topic “Bone Health”. The first two questions are given as a prompt. Discuss brieflyeach of them with your deskmates.1. What major functions do our bones have?2. What risk factors affect bone health?3. _______________________________________________4. _______________________________________________5. _______________________________________________Listen to a passage three times and while listening, you are to put the missing word in each numbered blank according to what you hear.The word osteoporosis means porous bones, or bones that are not (1) solid enough. The disease harms bones by removing calcium and other (2) minerals from tissue. The National Osteoporosis Foundation says eight of every ten osteoporosis patients are women.Before people (3) develop osteoporosis, they have a condition called osteopenia. Treatment can (4) prevent this condition from becoming osteoporosis. Doctors agree that the best way to deal with osteopenia or osteoporosis is to find and treat it before the disease (5) progresses. Bone damage need not be permanent. Drugs can help replace lost bone.(6) Identification of osteoporosis and osteopenia is made by measuring the mineral density of a person’s bones. In this ca se, density means the (7) strength of the bones.Differences in bone mineral density among body parts are most often found in women who recently ended their (8) childbearing years. The density may be normal at one place but low at another. Bone mineral density in the (9) spine decreases first. A woman’s bone mineral density becomes about the same in all parts of her body after she is 70 years old.Doctors who treat osteoporosis patients say physical exercise can help the bones. For active people, (10)lifting weights or playing tennis, slow running and dancing can be helpful.Several kinds of drugs treat osteoporosis. America’s Mayo Clinic medical centers say bisphosphonates are the most popular. Fosamax, Actonel and Boniva are (11) products of this family of drugs. The Mayo Clinic advises that these drugs are very effective and appear safe for most people if taken as (12) directed.Listen to a passage “Fracture” twice. While listening, you are to give an answer as short as possible to each of the questions below.1. What kind of fracture is it when a bone is broken in more than two places?A comminuted fracture.2. What kind of fracture is it when the bone breaks the skin?An open or compound fracture.3. What happens to people if they are seriously injured?People can go into shock.4. Why should broken bones be treated quickly?They can restrict blood flow or cause nerve damage.5. Why in some cases is a splint, instead of casts, put around the area of the break?To restrict movement.Listen to each sentence, repeat it aloud, listen to it again, and then write down the whole sentence on the space provided. You will listen to each sentence for a third time to have a check.1. Along with the bone damage there is a risk of infection in the openwound.2. While broken bones can be painful, they are generally not life-threatening.3. People who are seriously injured can go into shock. They might feel cold, dizzy and unable to think clearly.4. Broken bones should be treated quickly because they can restrict blood flow or cause nerve damage.5. X-rays are taken to see the break. Treatment depends on the kind of fracture that is identified.Watch a video clip “Bone Density Test” twice and decide whether each of the statements below is TRUE (T) or FALSE(F)._T_ _T_ _F_ _F_ 1. Osteoporosis is the hidden danger that millions of women face as they age.2. A bone density test measures the risk of gettingosteoporosis.3. According to a new study, women with healthy bones need to be tested as often as they have been.4. Dr. Ethel Cyrus emphasizes the importance ofgetting a bone density test every year after theage of 65._F__T_ _F_ 5. The bone starts to thin after menopause aroundage 50 so it is worth the money to test most women at this age. 6. A good thing to do for bone health is getting enough calcium.7. Frequent follow-up scans can be dangerous forwomen with thinning bones.Watch a video clip “Bone Health and Calcium Supplements” twice and choose the best answer to each of the questions below.1. Which of the following statement is TRUE of a new report from theInstitute of Medicine?A) It says women need more calcium to keep their bones healthy.B) It says much of what has been told about vitamin D is a myth.C) It has been hammered into ma ny healthy women’s heads.D) It says women need more vitamin D rather than calcium.2. The report holds a surprise that _______.A) calcium is added to everythingB) there is no debate over vitamin DC) both calcium and vitamin D are criticalD) many peop le don’t need calcium supplements3. It is mentioned that vitamin D might lower the risk of thefollowingEXCEPT _______.A) heart diseaseB) various cancersC) respiratory diseases D) autoimmune disorders4. The panel found most people ______.A) get vitamin D from supplementsB) worry they are vitamin D deficientC) get enough vitamin D from their dietD) need to take extra vitamin D supplement5.For some people, the studies about vitamin supplements are _______.A) confusing B) convincingC) appropriate D) specificKey to Task 71. B2. D3. C4. C5. AListen to the five sentences twice and interpret each into Chinese.1. The word osteoporosis means porous bones, or bones that are not solid enough. The disease harms bones by removing calcium骨质疏松这个词的意思是多孔的骨头，或骨骼不够坚实。

冀中能源峰峰集团总医院______ 年度新技术、新项目可行性论证报告书新技术项目名称:25羟基维生素D3定量测定试剂盒（胶体金免疫层析）项目负责人：彭吉芳 _________________ 科室：检验科_____________ 审核日期：_2017.05.7 ________________冀中能源峰峰集团总医院医务部新技术操作规范、操作规程见附件1新技术、新项目的预见风险及处理预案由于本产品在使用过程中与人体无直接作用，进行试验时操作者严格按照说明书进行操作, 故无不良事件及副作用。

该技术、项目涉及的药品、设备情况胶体金法铁蛋白定量检测试剂及其配套使用的免疫层析结果判读记录仪。

附件1编号：VD-S-01试剂盒标准操作程序（2015年第I版）产品名称：25羟基维生素D3定量测定试剂盒（胶体金免疫层析法）方法：胶体金免疫层析法普迈德（北京）科技有限公司目录名称 引言 原理 组成 样品采集和处理 样品的采集 样品的处理 仪器 操作步骤 结果判读 技术参数 重复性 最低检出量 检出符合率 贮存条件 有效期 参考文献 技术服务1. 2.3. 4. 5. 5.1 5.2 6. 7. 8. 9. 9.1 9.2 9.3 10. 11. 12. 13.1. 名称通用名称：25羟基维生素D3 定量测定试剂盒（胶体金免疫层析法）2. 引言普迈德25 羟基维生素D3 定量测定试剂盒能够快速准确诊断人全血、血清和血浆中的25 羟基维生素D3 含量，用于辅助临床早期诊断佝偻病以及骨质疏松症，适合在基层医院、诊所以及体检中心等单位使用，不仅可以大大缩短检测时间，满足临床医生的需要，同时也使大规模的人群维生素D 营养状况普查成为可能，为患者争取更多更快的治疗时间，大大降低患者发病风险。

3. 原理本试剂盒的测定试剂采用抗体抗原反应及免疫层析分析技术，测定试剂含有预先包被在聚酯膜上的金标记的鼠抗人25-OH-VD3（25羟基维生素D3）单克隆抗体以及固定于膜上测试区（T）的25-OH-VD3和质控区（C）的相应羊抗鼠多克隆抗体。

Unit 1Scripts(D=Doctor; P=Patient)D: Please take a seat.P: Sorry to trouble you, doctor.D: That's OK. What can I do for you?P: The holiday season is supposed to be happy, but it's really hard not to overdo it. How can we stay well this time of the year?D: Yeah, it's hard to keep things balanced.P: I know. This is the time of the year we really put on the pounds. Everybody's eating and drinking.D: Yeah, this is the weight-gain season. We have to be extra conscious of it.P: Can you give me some suggestions?D: First of all, try to keep a balanced diet.P: That should be easy for me. I like vegetables a lot．D: Great.P: What else?D: Yes. The biggest danger is nibbling between meals.P: Why's that?D: Well, even if you're only eating small amounts, you'd be surprised how quickly it can add up.P: Ah, so that is why I always feel like I've had too much when I go to X-mas parties. D: Yup, indigestion.P: What's the best way to handle parties?D: Choose low calorie foods, and always remember—drinks are very high in calories.P: So we should be careful about the drinks.D: Definitely. Even one cup of egg-nog has 350 calories. Fruit juice can also be highly caloric.P: So being aware of the calorie count helps us to make the right choices.D: Absoultely. Exercise is also especially important during the holiday season.P: What kind of exercise should I do?D: There are three main groups of exercise: aerobic exercise, calisthenics and anaerobic exercise. You need to exercise hard enough until you sweat and breathe deeply without feeling breathless.P: What else should I pay attention to during the holiday?D: Try to avoid doing too much, and get plenty of rest.P: It's really hard to avoid doing too much when the holidays are so busy.D: The key is to lower your expectations. Holidays don't have to be perfect. The question to ask yourself is “Am I having a good time?” If the answer is no, cut back your activity.Keys1.The holidays are supposed to be happy, but it is easy to gain weight andfeel overstressed.2.Avoid nibbling between meals, choose low-calorie foods, and don't drink toomuch.3.Indigestion.4.Because drinks are highly caloric.5.Try to avoid doing too much, and get plenty of rest.6.Aerobic exercise, calisthenics and anaerobic exercise.Unit 2Scripts(S=Student; P=Professor)S: Good morning, Professor Grey.P: Good morning, Kary.S: Could you tell us something about osteoporosis?P: Of course.S: Children enjoy drinking soda today. Is that helpful in building bones?P: Fizzy and sugary drinks do not cause osteoporosis directly. But if a child often drinks soda, he is laying the groundwork for a dangerous bone disease.S: What do children need to build a strong skeleton?P: Calcium and vitamin D are fundamental.S: Is osteoporosis a disease that strikes old men?P: Osteoporosis is actually a childhood disease that manifests itself later in life.S: What would the bones look like if a person suffers from osteoporosis?P: The bones will become riddled with holes, like the frame of a house that has been attacked by termites.S: Is there any trouble associated with osteoporosis?P: Yes. The broken bones can cause deformity, chronic pain or disability.S: Is it a fatal disease?P: Yes. Twenty percent of older people who suffer from a broken hip die within a year. S: It is threatening?P: Yes. It is not just a grandmother's health threat.S: Who can get the disease?P: It strikes about eight million women in the United States and menaces two million men.S: That means more women suffer osteoporosis than men?P: Yes.S: But I have never seen TV shows about osteoporosis and it is not in the headlines.P: That's right; seldom people regard it as a killer disease.S: Can we protect ourselves?P: Sure. It is never too soon or too late to take action.S: What measures should we take?P: Calcium, vitamin D and exercise are crucial in preventing osteoporosis.S: You mean something as simple as exercise can help me prevent this disease?P: Absolutely.Keys1.Calcium and vitamin D are fundamental.2.Osteoporosis is actually a childhood disease that manifests itself later in life.3.The bones will become riddled with holes, like the frame of thehouse that has been attacked by termites.4.Yes. The broken bones can cause deformity, chronic pain or disability.5.It strikes about eight million women in the United States and menaces two millionmen.6.Yes. Calcium, vitamin D and exercise are crucial in preventing osteoporosis.Unit 3ScriptsSometimes when we grow old, our memory is not as good as it was, and we are not as mentally alert. This often happens in old age. It is normal and not serious. But many older persons suffer from a severe memory loss. It is so severe that they can not even remember the simplest things. And their mental abilities are so reduced that they can not think or reason clearly or communicate with others. They become troubled and confused, suspicious and hostile. They say and do things that often make no sense and their behavior and personalities change so much that they seem to be different from the people they once were.Such persons are not mentally ill; nor are these problems caused by old age. They might be suffering from a mysterious brain disorder called Alzheimer's disease. The disease is a major cause of death among older Americans. More than 3 million Americans older than 65 are believed to suffer from it. And many younger persons also have the disease.Alzheimer's disease causes the brain cells of its victims to break down and wash away. The nerves in the outer part of the brain become twisted around each other. And the brain messages can not get through. So the victims no longer think or remember normally.The disease usually starts in persons between 40 and 60 years old. Butsometimes it starts much earlier. It causes its victims to suffer some of the mental weakness and memory loss that often develop in much older persons, but because the victims are younger，Alzheimer's disease many times is mistaken for an emotional problem.Keys1. They think it is a natural aging process.2. They behave differently from before.3. Troubled and confused, suspicious and hostile.4. Because of an unknown brain disorder.5. Because their twisted brain cells can't transmit any messages.Unit 4ScriptsAlcohol and Heart AttacksThis is Bill White with the VOA Special English Health Report.A new study says drinking beer, wine or other alcoholic drinks several times a week can help prevent heart attacks in men. Kenneth Mukamal (MUCK-a-mal) of Harvard University Medical School in Boston, Massachusetts led the study. It said men who drank moderate amounts of alcohol three or more times a week were about 30 percent less likely to have a heart attack than non-drinkers. The kind of alcoholic drink did not appear important. Doctor Mukamal says drinking even a little alcohol several times a week can protect the heart. The study appeared in the New England Journal of Medicine. Researchers from the Harvard School of Public Health and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center completed the study. They developed their findings from a 12-year study of almost 40,000 men. The men were ages 40 to 75.The researchers recorded how much alcohol the men drank and how often. They noted the kind of alcohol and whether the men drank it with meals. They also considered other facts. These included the men's ages, use of tobacco, physical activity and whether their parents had heart disease.Doctor Mukamal says there are several reasons for the results of the study. Alcohol usually raises levels of HDL, the so-called good kind of cholesterol. In addition, alcohol affects the body's reaction to the hormone insulin. Insulin helps control sugar in the blood. And alcohol may improve how the body processes blood sugar. Alcohol also affects two important blood processes. This may help prevent blockages in blood vessels that cause heart attacks.Earlier studies show moderate alcohol use also could help prevent heart attacks inwomen. But too much alcohol is linked to an increased risk of breast cancer.However, not all doctors agree that drinking alcohol is a good way to prevent heart attacks. The head of preventive medicine at Columbia University in New York City says medicines currently in use can help prevent heart attacks. Ira Goldberg says people can take these medicines without the risk of diseases linked to alcohol.Drinking too much alcohol is bad for the health. It can cause liver problems. And it can lead to deadly accidents while driving or operating machinery. In addition, some people become dependent on alcohol.Keys1.Because men who drank moderate amounts of alcohol were about 30 percent lesslikely to have a heart attack than non-drinkers.2.They did the research based on the following factors: the men's ages, use oftobacco, physical activity and whether their parents had heart disease.3.Too much alcohol is linked to an increased risk of breast cancer, and can causeliver problems.4.They prefer medicines, not alchohol.5.Forty-thousand.Unit 5ScriptsAsthma is a disease in which small air passages in the lungs become temporarily blocked. This causes difficulty in breathing. The disease affects an estimated 17 million Americans and it is the most common disease among children.Day care centers are places where babies and children are cared for while their parents are at work. Researchers studied babies of different ages in day care centers. They found that babies placed in day care before aged 6 months gained the greatest protection against developing asthma in later life. They were only about half as likely to have asthma at age 13 as babies who did not attend day care until later.Babies who entered day care after the age of 6 months received some protection from asthma. But they did not gain as much protection as the younger babies. Children who entered day care after the age of one showed no increased protection against the disease. The study also found that children with two or more older brothers or sisters at home also had a lower risk for asthma. Scientists believe early experiences with bacteria and viruses may help develop a baby's defense system against disease.Asthma cases have increased more than 100 percent in recent years. Experts say families with few children could result in the weakening of a child's defense against disease, and homes cleaned with products that fight bacteria could create the same problem.The asthma study provides evidence for the idea that keeping a baby in an environmentalmost free of germs may cause problems later in life.Keys1. They have trouble breathing.2. Thirteen years old.3. Those who come to the center before the age of 6 months.4. Those who grow up with other children.5. A germ-free environment is not good to the growth of the children.Unit 6ScriptsSalad consumption is an all time high with nearly three out of every four Americ ans making salad a regular part of their meals. But a new report from researchers at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention finds that food poisoning from le afy greens are also on the rise. Doctors analyzed national data on food-borne illne sses reported between 1973 and 2006. Both two outbreaks were caused by conta mination with an oral virus, the bug that triggers stomach flu. But some will do to E. Coli and Salmonella bacteria. Reserachers discovered that America’s new affinity for salads could not explain the increase in illnesses. From 1996 to 2005 leafy gre en consumption rose by 9%, but food poisonings from salad greens increased by 3 9%. Experts say that more study is needed to determine the reasons for this rise but the contamination at farms and major processing plants are usually behind wid espread outbreaks. People can reduce their risk of a whole food poisoning by thor oughly washing all greens before eating them.Keys1. Three out of four.2. Food poisoning from leafy greens.3. Contamination with an oral virus.4. 9%.5. By thoroughly washing all greens before eating them.Unit 7ScriptsThe stats and studies have made official a story you may already know about through a loved one because of what Americans take in these days: more and more of our kidsare turning up with kidney stones. Our report on this new and unwelcome medical development tonight from our chief medical editor Dr. Nancy Snyderman.Amanda Snyder is an active athletic 9-year-old. But two years ago, she was rushed to the hospital.“She was moaning, crying, calling mummy and vomiting.”An ultra-sound showed Amanda had developed a kidney stone.“The stone went up to one centimeter.”Kidney stones were once thought to be primarily a middle-aged problem. Dr. Pecker Sally at the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia believes it’s now a growing trend among children.“About firve years ago, we used to see maybe 10 patients a year. Now we are seeing about 5 patients a week.”He says family history can be a risk factor. But something else has to account for the sudden rise. This problem isn’t confined to children who are overweight or have other health issues.“The typical kid that comes in is a young girl between the age of eight to twelve who doesn’t like to drink a lot of water, is very active and lots of fast food. ”Fast food and sports drinks have lots of salt that constrain the kidneys and cause calcium deposits to form stones. Now pediatricians urge children to drink at least four tall glasses of water a day in addition to anything else.For Amenda the prescription is medication, more water and a changing diet.“I hate to give up like French fries and potato chips and pop corn. But if I would eat it, I would like to drink a lot of water.”Simple changes to focus not on treating kidney stones but preventing them.Keys1. More and more kids are turning up with kidney stones.2. She is an active athletic 9-year-old.3. She had developed a kidney stone.4. Family history can be a risk factor.5. Pediatricians urge children to drink at least four tall glasses of water a day in addition to anything else.Unit 8ScriptsDoctors recently found a way to treat children with non-genetically matched bone marrow transplants. They are now able to remove the cells that attack the child's body.These cells are called T-cells. They are dangerous only when fully developed. The doctors remove the T-cells by mixing healthy marrow with a substance from soybeans called lactim. They then pour the marrow mixture over a thick protein albumen in a glass test tube. The lactim acts as a magnet and pulls the developed T-cells to it. The lactim and the T-cells around it are so heavy that they sink to the bottom of the test tube. This leaves the marrow cells on top almost completely free of the dangerous T-cells. To remove even more of them, doctors mix the marrow with red blood cells from sheep. These blood cells capture any T-cells that remain. Doctors tested this procedure by injecting 7 sick children with the new marrow. All 7 developed healthy defense systems.Two thirds of all persons needing bone marrow transplants die, because no marrow with the right genes can be found for them.Doctors believe the new marrow treatment might save them. They also believe the treatment some day may help persons with deadly blood diseases, such as leukemia or sickle cell anemia.Keys1. The cells attacking the patient’s body.2. It’s a substance from soybeans.3. It acts as a magnet and pulls the developed T-cells to it.4. The y us e t he l a c t i m t o pull the developed T-cells around i t a nd u se the red blood cells from sheep to capture the remaining T-cells.5. Doctors believe that some day it will same people with deadly blood diseas es.Unit 9ScriptsDoctors say anger can be an extremely harmful emotion, unless you know how to deal with it. They warn that angry feelings can lead to heart disease, stomach problems, headaches, emotional problems and possibly cancer.Anger is a normal emotion that we all feel from time to time. Some people express anger openly in a calm reasonable way. Others burst with anger, losing control of themselves. But other people repress their anger; they cannot or will not express it.For years many doctors thought that repressing anger was more dangerous to a person's health than expressing it. They said that when a person is angry the brain releases the same hormones that are produced during tense situations. They increase blood pressure, speed sugar into the blood, and narrow the blood vessels to the intestines. In general, the person feels excited and ready to act.Doctors said that repressing these feelings only makes the feelings continue. And this can lead to many medical problems. Doctors thought a person could prevent these problems by letting the anger out. Recently, however, some doctors expressed a differentview. They said that people who express anger repeatedly and violently became, in fact, more and not less angry, thus increasing the risk of medical problems.Some doctors say that both repressing and expressing anger can be dangerous. They believe that those who express anger intensely may be more likely to develop heart disease, and they believe that those who keep their anger inside may face a greater danger of high blood pressure.Doctors say the solution is learning how to deal with anger. They say the first step is to admit that you are angry and to recognize the real cause of the anger, then decide how you want to handle your angry feelings. Letting your anger cool enables you to express yourself calmly and reasonably, in a more healthy way.Keys1.Keeping one's anger inside.2. Some blood vessels become narrowed.3. It is dangerous to express anger repeatedly or repress one's anger.4. Treat the anger properly.5. The dangers of anger and its solution.Unit 10ScriptsAbout 100 million persons in the world suffer from the disease diabetes. Generally a diabetic is a person whose pancreas does not produce enough insulin, a hormone necessary for the body to use sugar and other carbohydrates. One kind of diabetes aatacks children. It is called juvenile diabetes. Doctors say it seems to destroy the cells in the pancreas that makes insulin. Fifteen percent of all persons who have diabetes are young people. They get juvenile diabetes usually when they are 11 or 12 years old. Children who get the disease usually do not live longer than 40 years. Scientists believe they may have discovered a way to prevent juvenile diabetes. The scientists did experiments with two groups of rats. One group of rats was a kind that never gets juvenile diabetes. The other rats were more likely to get the disease because of a genetic weakness. The scientists took blood from the rats that don’t get the disease and put it into the rats that are likely to get diabetes.The scientists found that a few such blood transfusions given to the rats when they were young prevented the development of the disease. The scientists are not sure why the blood transfusions prevent juvenile diabetes in rats. They think rats get the disease because they do not have enough of a certain kind of white blood cells. These cells called suppressor cells turn off the production of antibodies that damage the body’s tissue. The scientists believe that something in the new blood, perhaps extra suppressor cells, prevented the antibodies from attacking the cells that make insulin. They say more study is necessary before doctors can try this on humans.Keys2.100,000,000.2. Insulin is a hormone necesssary for the body to use sugar and other carbohydrates.3. When kids are 11 or 12 years old.4. Because they do not have enough of suppressor cells.5. They can turn off the production of the antibodies which attack the insulin-making cells.Unit 11ScriptsThe genes that help determine a person's individual characteristics—from the color of his eyes to the score he makes on an IQ test—are located on chromosomes within the cells of his body. Half of a person's chromosomes come from his father, half from his mother. Many diseases are the result of a single defective gene on one of the chromosomes. Achondroplastic dwarfism, for example, is caused by a dominant gene. Any child who inherits it will have the disease. Carriers of this dominant gene should be aware that their children have a 1 in 2 chance of receiving the gene, and, hence, the disease. More often, genetic diseases are caused by recessive genes. The most common is cystic fibrosis, a disorder that affects at least one in every 1,600 people and causes their lungs and other body organs to become congested with mucus. Some diseases, such as the blood clotting disorder, hemophilia, are sex-linked recessive defects carried on the female X chromosome.Many genetic defects, such as the hemophilia of European royalty, can be traced back through the family tree. And a genetic counselor can calculate probable risks for couples even before they have defective children. But faulty genes may also occur without warning by mutation in any generation.In recent years, researchers have detected a number of disorders caused by an extra chromosome, or lack of part of a chromosome. Mongolism, a form of retardation accompanied by short stature, is caused by a flattened chromosome. The parents of such a child have little increased risk of having another Mongoloid.There are blood, urine and other tests which show promise in detecting more than 100 genetic diseases, including cystic fibrosis, hemophilia and some forms of muscular dystrophy.Researchers are also detecting genetic defects even before a child is born. "Intra-uterine detection", notes Dr. Henry L.Nadler of Northwestern University Medical School, "brings a new dimension to genetic counseling. The physician may now inform the parents that they will have either an affected or a normal child."Keys1. Genes and Diseases.2. To illustrate how person may suffer from genetic disease.3. The blood clotting disorder and hemophilia.4. Some diseases are caused by an extra chromosome.5. Optimistic.Unit 12ScriptsScientists have developed a new test to learn if an unborn child has a blood disorder known as sickle cell anemia. Sickle cell anemia is a genetic disease that affects about one million persons throughout the world．Most of its victims are black，but it is also found sometimes in families from Greece，Italy，and Saudi Arabia．The blood disorder causes problems with the body's red blood cells．Red blood cells contain molecules of hemoglobin which carry oxygen to all parts of the body．In normal bl ood the hemoglobin has an amino acid called glutamic acid. In sickle cell blood the gene for glutamic acid is replaced by the gene for valine，a different amino acid．Red blood cells normally are shaped like a flat circle，and they are soft．So they pass easily through the blood system．Valine changes the shape of the cell. It gives it a narrow curved shape that looks like the curved knife used by some people to cut grass．Its name comes from this tool called a sickle．Harvard and Yale Universities developed a way to find sickle cell anemia in a child before it is born. The process involved looking at the fetus in the mother's womb with a thin telescope-like device．Then blood or a piece of tissue was taken directly from the fetus within the mother's womb. This process was dangerous．One of every twenty fetuses examined this way did not survive．In l978, Dr. Tang began studying fetus cells that can be found in the protective amniotic fluid that surrounds the fetus in the mother's womb．In a process called amniocentesis，a needle can take some amniotic fluid from the mother's womb without touching the fetus．Fetus cells in the fluid can show if the unborn child has sickle cell anemia．The new test takes much less time than the early one．It is a much safer way for parents to know if their child will be born with the disorder.Keys1.It is a genetic disease that causes problems with the body’s read blood cells.2.Black people.3.Molecules of hemoglobin in red blood cells do this.4.In order to find out whether a child had sickle cell anemia before birth.5.The new process is much safer and can tell whether the unborn child will getsickle cell anemia in less time.Unit 13ScriptsHealth experts at one time feared that birth control pills might lead to an increase in cancer among women. Instead, recent studies show that the pills may really help protect women from getting some cancers, especially cancers of the ovaries and uterus.The protection may last as long as 10 years after a woman stops using the pill. Studies also have linked birth control pills to a reduction in some other sicknesses including iron deficiency anemia, pelvic inflammation and possibly rheumatoid arthritis.It is believed that about 50 million women around the world use birth control pills. Another 150 million once did. Health officials say this common use of the pill has led to some health problems. For example, women who use the pill face 3 times the normal danger of dying from a heart attack. This danger is reduced sharply, however, if pill users do not smoke cigarettes.Other studies link the pill to small increases in the danger of high blood pressure and of gallstones. But researchers say there is no evidence of any connection between the pill and cancer. There was a great fear at one time that birth control pills would increase the danger of breast cancer, the most common cancer among women. But studies in the United States and Britain found no such increase even among women who had used the pill for many years. The pill does not protect against breast cancer. But many studies have shown that women who use the pill have fewer non-cancerous breast tumors.Keys1.The pills have led to some health problems such as heart attacks.2.Iron deficiency anemia, pelvic inflammation and possibly rheumatoid arthritis.3.200 million.4.Birth control pills do not increase breast cancer nor protect against breast cancer.5.Studies are inconclusive about the advantages and disadvantages of the birthcontrol pill.Unit 14ScriptsGenital herpes is a rapidly spreading disease that can be passed from one person to another during sexual relations. About 20 million Americans have it. And one half million new cases are reported each year.The herpes sores last 2 or 3 weeks and reappear from time to time. For men the disease generally is not serious. However, women with the virus face 4 times the normal danger of developing cervical cancer. And a pregnant woman can pass the virus to her baby. The virus can kill or seriously damage the newly born child.Scientists at the University of Washington in Seattle have started testing a vaccine that could prevent genital herpes. They tested the vaccine on 23 people. Though none suffered from genital herpes, 10 had cold sores, a less serious kind of herpes infection. After receiving the vaccine, 22 of the 23 developed a strong antibody response to the genital herpes virus. The ones who had cold sores developed the strongest response. One of the scientists, Gregory Murz, said that there were some side effects, but that they were minor. The University of Washington researchers now plan a much larger study involving about 500 persons.Keys1. It can be rapidly spread by sexual relations and also can passed to the unbornchild by his mother.2. 27.5 million.3. 0.4. The vaccine can develop strong antibodies against the genital herpes virus but minor side effects exist.5. The genital herpes virus a pregnant woman passes on will kill the unborn baby orcause him to be killed after birth.Unit 15ScriptsPeople are now living longer than ever before because of medical discoveries and improvements in health care. For example, a person born in the United States 80 years ago could expect to live only 47 years. Now, however, life expectancy in the United States is 74 years. As people live longer doctors are wondering if there are any limits to aging. Can people live beyond 100 years if cures for such diseases as cancer are found? Some doctors say NO. They say other medical problems would develop that would。

骨质疏松英文Osteoporosis: A Comprehensive OverviewOsteoporosis is a bone disease that affects millions of people worldwide. It is characterized by decreased bone density and increased susceptibility to fractures. Osteoporosis is a silent disease, meaning it often goes undiagnosed until a fracture occurs. This comprehensive overview will provide an in-depth analysis of osteoporosis, including its causes, risk factors, symptoms, prevention measures, diagnosis, and treatment options.CausesTo understand osteoporosis, it’s important to understand how bone is formed and maintained in the body. Bones are living tissues that are constantly being broken down and rebuilt. Osteoblasts, cells responsible for building bone, produce new bone tissue, while osteoclasts, cells that break down bone, remove old bone tissue. In healthy individuals, the rate of new bone formation and old bone removal is balanced, resulting in healthy bones that can support the body with ease.However, certain factors can disrupt this balance and lead to bone loss. The primary cause of osteoporosis is a decrease in the hormone estrogen in women and testosterone in men. Estrogen is a female hormone that helps maintain bone density, while testosterone helps maintain muscle and bone mass in men. As people age, their hormone levels naturally decline, which can lead to bone loss.Other causes that can contribute to osteoporosis include:- Poor nutrition: Adequate intake of calcium and vitamin D are essential for healthy bones. A diet low in these nutrients can lead to bone loss.- Sedentary lifestyle: Lack of physical activity can cause bones to weaken, as they are not subjected to the stress that stimulates bone growth.- Certain medications: Some medications, such as glucocorticoids, can cause bone loss.- Medical conditions: Conditions that affect bone metabolism, such as hyperthyroidism and inflammatory bowel disease, can increase the risk of osteoporosis.Risk FactorsThere are various risk factors that increase the likelihood of developing osteoporosis. Some of these factors include:- Gender: Women have a higher risk of developing osteoporosis than men.- Age: The risk of osteoporosis increases with age.- Family history: If a family member has osteoporosis, there is a greater chance of developing the condition.- Body size: People who are petite or thin have a higher risk of developing osteoporosis.- Race: Caucasian and Asian individuals have a higher risk of osteoporosis than other racial and ethnic groups.- Medical conditions: Certain medical conditions, such as hyperthyroidism and inflammatory bowel disease, increase the risk of osteoporosis.- Medications: Some medications, such as glucocorticoids, can contribute to bone loss.- Lifestyle factors: Smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and lack of physical activity all increase the risk of osteoporosis.SymptomsOsteoporosis is often called a silent disease because it rarely presents any symptoms until a fracture occurs. The most common fractures associated with osteoporosis are hip, spine, and wrist fractures. Hip fractures can be particularly debilitating, often resulting in hospitalization, surgery, and a loss of independence.Other possible symptoms of osteoporosis include:- Loss of height: Osteoporosis can cause the spine to weaken and collapse, leading to a loss of height.- Back pain: Compression fractures in the spine can cause back pain.- Stooped posture: A weakened spine can cause the upper body to lean forward, resulting in a stooped posture.Prevention MeasuresPrevention is the best approach to osteoporosis. There are various measures that can be taken to prevent the onset of osteoporosis, including:- Adequate nutrition: A diet rich in calcium and vitamin D can help maintain bone density. Foods such as milk, cheese, and yogurt are high incalcium, while vitamin D can be obtained from sunlight exposure, fatty fish, and fortified foods.- Weight-bearing exercises: Weight-bearing exercises, such as walking, jogging, and dancing, can help stimulate bone growth and maintain bone density.- Quit smoking: Smoking can contribute to bone loss, so quitting smoking is an important measure in preventing osteoporosis.- Limit alcohol consumption: Excessive alcohol consumption can weaken bones, so it’s important to limit intake to no more than two drinks per day for men and one drink per day for women.- Medications: Certain medications, such as bisphosphonates, can help prevent or slow the progression of osteoporosis.DiagnosisOsteoporosis can be diagnosed using a bone mineral density (BMD) test, which measures the amount of mineral in bone. A BMD test can help detect bone loss and identify individuals who are at increased risk of fracture.Treatment OptionsThere are various treatment options available for osteoporosis, including:- Medications: Bisphosphonates and other medications can help slow down or stop bone loss.- Hormone therapy: Estrogen replacement therapy can help prevent bone loss in postmenopausal women.- Calcium and vitamin D supplements: Supplementing with calcium and vitamin D can help maintain bone density.- Lifestyle changes: Quitting smoking, limiting alcohol consumption, and engaging in weight-bearing exercise can all help prevent or slow the progression of osteoporosis.ConclusionOsteoporosis is a common bone disease that affects millions of people worldwide. The primary cause of osteoporosis is a decrease in hormone levels, which leads to bone loss. There are various risk factors that increase the likelihood of developing osteoporosis, including age, family history, and certain medical conditions. Prevention measures should be taken to avoid the onset of osteoporosis, which includes adequate nutrition, weight-bearing exercise, and limiting alcohol consumption. Treatment options are available for those who have already developed osteoporosis, including medication, hormone therapy, and lifestyle changes. It’s important to have regular bone density tests to identify osteoporosis early on, as prevention and treatment are crucial for maintaining healthy bones.。

Unit 6 I'm watching TV.单元测试姓名：__________ 班级：__________ 学号：__________一、单选题（共15题；共15分）1. Sun Yang is good at______, we all like him.A. swimsB. swimC. to swimD. swimming2. —Does the soup taste nice?—Yes. It's hot(热的), but really ____________.A. beautifulB. interestingC. deliciousD. boring3. — How ___________ does he play volleyball after school?—For half an hour.A. oldB. longC. manyD. much4. — What do you think of the chicken?— It's ______, so I eat a lot.A. noisyB. smartC. deliciousD. young5. — Can I _______ your computer?— Sorry, it's not mine. It's Tom's.A. studyB. useC. wishD. read6. Emma, come here. Here _______some new pens for you.A. isB. areC. hasD. have7. — What's your dream?— I wish ___________ in London.A. workB. worksC. workingD. to work8. — It's boring to watch TV. Why not ______?— That sounds great.A. go movieB. go moviesC. go to the moviesD. go to movie9.I hope them in Tianjin.A. to meetB. you to meetC. you meetingD. you not to meet10.They have a dragon boat this Friday．Let's go and watch it then.A. flagB. tripC. raceD. rule11.— Is your mom _____ in the kitchen?— Yes, she is.A. cooksB. cookC. is cookingD. cooking12.Linda and her mother are talking ________.A. on phoneB. by the phoneC. on the phoneD. in phone13.The clothing store ____________ a sale. The clothes there are very cheap（便宜的）.A. hasB. hadC. is havingD. was having14.My father isn't _____ TV. He is _____ a newspaper.A. seeing; readingB. watching; readingC. watching; seeingD. seeing; seeing15.His uncle likes eggs but this morning he ate bread ________ eggs.A. instead ofB. because ofC. thanks forD. look for二、先通读下面的短文，掌握其大意，然后从A、B、C、D四个选项中选择可以填入空白处的最佳答案。

-ArenExtra Vitamin D and Calcium Aren’t Needed, Report SaysBy GINA KOLATAPublished: November 29, 2021The very high levels of vitamin D that are often recommended by doctors and testing laboratories — and can be achieved only by taking supplements — are unnecessary and could be harmful, an expert committee says. It also concludes that calcium supplements are not needed.Lawrence Lool/European Pressphoto AgencyA vitamin D pill.Readers' CommentsShare your thoughts.Post a Comment »Read All Comments (20) »The group said most people have adequate amounts of vitamin D in their blood supplied by their diets and natural sources like sunshine, the committee says in a report that is to be released on Tuesday.“For most people, taking extra calcium and vitamin D supplements is not indicated,〞said Dr. Clifford J. Rosen, a member of the panel and an osteoporosis expert at the Maine Medical Center Research Institute.Dr. J. Christopher Gallagher, director of the bone metabolism unit at the Creighton University School of Medicine in Omaha, Neb., agreed, adding, “The onus is on the people who propose extra calcium and vitamin D to show it is safe before they push it on people.〞Over the past few years, the idea that nearly everyone needs extra calcium and vitamin D —especially vitamin D— has swept the nation.With calcium, adolescent girls may be the only group that is getting too little, the panel found. Older women, on the other hand, may take too much, putting themselves at risk for kidney stones. And there is evidence that excess calcium can increase the risk of heart disease, the group wrote. As for vitamin D, some prominent doctors have saidthat most people need supplements or they will be at increased risk for a wide variety of illnesses, including heart disease, cancer and autoimmune diseases.And these days more and more people know their vitamin D levels because they are being tested for it as part of routine physical exams.“The number of vitamin D tests has exploded,〞said Dennis Black, a reviewer of the report who is a professor of epidemiology and biostatistics at the University of California, San Francisco.At the same time, vitamin D sales have soared, growing faster than those of any supplement, according to The Nutrition Business Journal. Sales rose 82 percent from 2021 to 2021, reaching $430 million. “Everyone was hoping vitamin D would be kind of a panacea,〞Dr. Black said. The report, he added, might quell the craze.“I think this will have an impact on a lot of primary care providers,〞he said.The 14-member expert committee was convened by the Institute of Medicine, an independent nonprofit scientific body, at the request of the United States and Canadian governments. It was asked to examine the available data —nearly 1,000 publications —to determine how much vitamin D and calcium people were getting, how much was needed for optimal health and how much was too much.The two nutrients work together for bone health. Bone health, though, is only one of the benefits that have been attributed to vitamin D, and there is not enough good evidence to support most other claims, the committee said.Some labs have started reporting levels of less than30 nanograms of vitamin D per milliliter of blood asa deficiency. With that as a standard, 80 percent of the population would be deemed deficient of vitamin D, Dr. Rosen said. Most people need to take supplements to reach levels above 30 nanograms per milliliter, he added.But, the committee concluded, a level of 20 to 30 nanograms is all that is needed for bone health, and nearly everyone is in that range.Vitamin D is being added to more and more foods, said Paul R. Thomas of the Office of Dietary Supplements at the National Institutes of Health. Not only is it in orange juice and milk, but more is being added to breakfast cereals, and it now can be found in very high doses in supplement pills. Most vitamin D pills, he said, used to contain no more than 1,000 international units of it. Now it is easy to find pills, even in places like Wal-Mart, with 5,000 international units. The committee, though, said people need only 600 international units a day.To assess the amounts of vitamin D and calcium people are getting, the panel looked at national data on diets. Most people, they concluded, get enough calcium from the foods they eat, about 1,000 milligrams a day for most adults (1,200 for women ages 51 to 70).Vitamin D is more complicated, the group said. Ingeneral, most people are not getting enough vitamin D from their diets, but they have enough of the vitamin in their blood, probably because they are also making it naturally after being out in the sun and storing it in their bodies.The American Society for Bone and Mineral Research and other groups applauded the report. It is “a very balanced set of recommendations,〞said Dr. Sundeep Khosla, a Mayo Clinic endocrinologist and the society’s president.But Andrew Shao, an executive vice president at the Council for Responsible Nutrition, a trade group, said the panel was being overly cautious, especially in its recommendations about vitamin D. He said there was no convincing evidence that people were being harmed by taking supplements, and he said higher levels of vitamin D, in particular, could be beneficial.Such claims “are not supported by the available evidence,〞the committee wrote. They were based on studies that observed populations and concludedthat people with lower levels of the vitamin had more of various diseases. Such studies have been misleading and most scientists agree that they cannot determine cause and effect.It is not clear how or why the claims for high vitamin D levels started, medical experts say. First there were two studies, which turned out to be incorrect, that said people needed 30 nanograms of vitamin D per milliliter of blood, the upper end of what the committee says is a normal range. They were followed by articles and claims and books saying much higher levels — 40 to 50 nanograms or even higher — were needed.After reviewing the data, the committee concluded that the evidence for the benefits of high levels of vitamin D was “inconsistent and/or conflicting and did not demonstrate causality.〞Evidence also suggests that high levels of vitamin D can increase the risks for fractures and the overall death rate and can raise the risk for other diseases. While those studies are not conclusive, any risklooms large when there is no demonstrable benefit. Those hints of risk are “challenging the concept that ‘more is better,’〞the committee wrote.That is what surprised Dr. Black. “We thought that probably higher is better,〞he said.He has changed his mind, and expects others will too: “I think this report will make people more cautious.〞A version of this article appeared in print on November 30, 2021, on page A1 of the New York edition.。