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第34卷第2期河北法学Vol ．34，No．22016年2月Hebei Law Science Feb ．，2016DOI ：10．16494/j．cnki．1002-3933．2016．02．014欧盟国家征收环境税的基本经验及其借鉴徐凤收稿日期：2015-11-18该文已由“中国知网”（www．cnki．net ）2015年12月31日数字出版，全球发行作者简介：徐凤（1981-），女，安徽巢湖人，对外经济贸易大学法学院博士研究生，北京第二外国语学院副教授，研究方向：比较法与欧盟法、法学理论、法律翻译。
（对外经济贸易大学法学院，北京100029/北京第二外国语学院，北京100024）摘要：环境税作为一种相当成熟的经济工具，盛行于当今欧盟各国。
欧盟环境税主要有能源税、温室气体排放税、包装物税等。
欧盟国家在开征环境税的同时，坚持税收中性原则，在增税的同时进行“结构性减税”，以克服环境税的累退性，兼顾效率与公平。
此外，欧盟国家注重税收工具与其他种类的规制工具相组合，执法与教育相结合，以提高整体税收执法效益。
欧盟的经验还表明，在一定的条件下，开征环境税可以带来改善环境与促进经济发展的“双重红利”。
因此，我国应借鉴欧盟的经验，坚定不移、循序渐进地开征环境税。
关键词：环境税；能源税；欧盟法；环境政策；环境税法中图分类号：DF939文献标识码：A 文章编号：1002-3933（2016）02-0129-09Experience of European Union Countries ＇Environmental Tax Collectionand Its Ｒeference for ChinaXU Feng（School of Law ，University of International Business and Economics ，Beijing 100029/Beijing International Studies University ，Beijing 100024China ）Abstract ：As a mature economic tool ，environmental tax is prevalent in European Unioncountries．European Union environmental tax mainly consists of energy tax ，greenhouse gas emission tax and package tax ，etc．European Union countries adhereto the principle of tax neutrality in the imposition of environmental tax byimplementing “structural tax abatement ”while increasing tax so as to overcome theregressivity of environmental tax and strike a balance between efficiency and equity．In addition，in order to enhance the overall effectiveness of tax law enforcement，European Union countries lay stress on the combination of tax tools and otherregulatory instruments，law enforcement and education．Experience of EuropeanUnion also shows that the collection of environmental tax will bring about“doubledividends”by improving both environment and economy．It is therefore suggestedthat China learn from European Union countries by imposing environmental tax in astep-by-step way，and implement“structural tax abatement”while levyingenvironmental tax．Key words：environmental tax；energy tax；European Union Law；environmental policy；environmental tax law税收是治理环境的主要手段。
六合高级中学高二英语期中试卷2005/H/3本试卷分选择题和非选择题两部分。
满分为150分。
考试用时120分钟第一卷选择题（共115分）第一部分：听力（共两节，满分30分）第一节 听力理解（共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分）听下面5段对话。
每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A 、B 、C 三个选项中选出最佳选项, 并标在试卷的相应位置。
听完每段对话后，你将有10秒钟的时I'可来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。
每段对话仅读一遍。
1. What does the woman suggest doing?A. Waiting a little longe 匚B. Continuing the meeting. 2. What are they talking about?A. Football.B. Music. 3. What does the man mean?A. The furniture he bought was very cheap ・B. The apartment was inexpensive.C. The furniture in the market was on sale every Sunday.4. Where are the speakers talking?A. At a hotel.B. In a shop.5. Why didn't the woman accept the man's suggestion?A. She dicing like the shape of the bag.B. She didift like the color of the bag.C ・ She didn't like the leather one ・第二节（共15小题；每小题1.5分，满分22.5分）听下面5段对话或独白。
每段対话或独白后有几道小题, 选出最佳选项。
七年级全球挑战与社会责任英语阅读理解30题1<背景文章>Global warming is a serious problem that the world is facing. It refers to the long-term increase in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system. The main cause of global warming is the increase in greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. These gases trap heat in the atmosphere and cause the temperature to rise.One of the most visible effects of global warming is the melting of glaciers and ice caps. This leads to rising sea levels, which can cause flooding in coastal areas. Global warming also causes changes in weather patterns, such as more extreme heat waves, droughts, and storms.We need to take action to reduce global warming. We can do this by reducing our use of fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and gas. We can also plant more trees, which absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.1. What is global warming?A. A short-term increase in temperature.B. A long-term increase in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.C. A decrease in temperature.D. No change in temperature.答案：B。
遏制温室气体排放的措施英语作文1.We can make changes. Climate change may be a big problem, but we can do a lot of small things to change it. If we work hard, most of us can do our part to reduce the amount of greenhouse gases that we emit into the atmosphere.A lot of greenhouse gases come from what we do every day. As we know, these greenhouse gases will Energy trapped in the atmosphere and warming the earth is not wrong to drive a car or use electricity. We just need to be smart.Some people use less energy by carpooling. Four people can sit in one car instead of driving four to work. Here are some additional ways to help make the earth a better place and save electricity.When we use electricity, we can help to put greenhouse gases into the air by turning off the lights, the TV and the computer. Buses and walking. You can go to your family and friends by bus, by bike or on foot.Talk to your family and friends about climate change You know what you've learned. Afforestation is fun. It's a good way to reduce greenhouse gases.Trees absorb carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, recycling cans, bottles, plastic bags and newspapers from the air circulation. When you recycle, you send less garbage to landfills. You help save natural resources, such as trees, oil and aluminum, and buy cool things for us There are many ways to improve the environment.One of the ways to reduce greenhouse gas emissions is to save energy and buy products that don't consume so much energy. We help reduce climate change and make the earth a better place. Some products, such as certain cars and audio systems, are specially made for energy conservation.我们可以做出改变气候变化可能是个大问题，但是我们可以做很多小事情来改变，如果我们努力的话，我们中的大多数人都可以尽我们的一份力量来减少我们排放到大气中的温室气体很多温室气体来自我们每天所做的事情，正如我们所了解到的，这些温室气体会将能量困在其中大气和使地球变暖驾驶汽车或用电并不是错的，我们只是要聪明一点，有些人通过拼车使用更少的能源，四个人可以坐在一辆车里，而不是开四辆车去上班。
21考研题源报刊泛读精读课Lesson3·Greenhouse gases are depriving our oceans of oxygenMarine biologists will tell you that fish species such as tuna and swordfish, known as the deep-water divers of the ocean for hunting at depths of 200 metres, are today repeatedly coming to surface view.The reason for the behavioural quirk is that warming sea temperatures have zapped oxygen out of waters even far out to sea, making it difficult for the predators to breathe — let alone hunt — in deep water. As the planet’s atmosphere traps more heat, so the oceans get warmer.“If you think ocean warming, think rising sea levels, deaths of coral reefs, and the ocean acidifying,” Peter Thomson, the UN Special Envoy for the Ocean, told UN Environment. “This will make it harder for ocean-based lifeforms like shellfish to survive in the ocean.”In dialogues about ocean issues, the effects of greenhouse gases, such as ground-level ozone and carbon dioxide, haven’t received nearly as much attention as plastic, largely because they aren’t visible. But oxygen is as essential for the ocean as it is on land. And while it can vary at different depths, rising sea temperatures have caused deep ocean areas already low in oxygen, to deoxygenate further, changing habitats for underwater life.A report published recently by the World Meteorological Organization revealed that more than 90 percent of the energy trapped by greenhouse gases goes into the oceans. Last year saw new highs of ocean temperature in the top 700 metres and 2,000 metres of water, surpassing the previous record set in 2017. Thomson, who was given the mandate to push for conservation and the sustainable use of the oceans by UN Secretary-General António Guterres in 2017, says that we should all care about those findings, even if we live nowhere near a coast, because “every second breath of oxygen that we take comes from oxygen produced by life in the ocean.”Greenhouse gases are the main source of air pollution and include carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. While some gases are produced through natural processes like animal and plant respiration, human activity such as fossil fuel burning, livestock rearing and vehicle emissions have increased their quantity.UN Environment says that pollution from land-based sources is of particular concern for the oceans because of forms of reactive nitrogen—which includes nitrous oxide (a potent greenhouse gas). Nitrogen deposition from atmospheric emissions and runoff can trigger toxic algal blooms that are harmful to marine life and cause oxygen deficiency in the ocean, which in turn, can kill fish, crabs, oysters and other aquatic animals.“This global problem, compared to the issue of plastics pollution, is typically ‘unseen’ but no less important, as it adds further to nutrient pollution from waste-water, agricultural and other industrial runoff that is carried to the marine environment by rivers,” said Christopher Cox, programme management officer on marine pollution at UN Environment.Oceans are by far the largest carbon sink on the planet, storing some 30 per cent of carbon dioxide and 93 per cent of all greenhouse gases. But through increased human activity they are struggling to keep up. That is why civil society, governments and businesses must work together to cut back on pollutants.“The ocean has been a buffer to extreme climate change, but we are pushing its boundaries,” Gabriel Grimsditch, programme management officer for marine ecosystems at UN Environment said. “Ocean warming, ocean acidification and sea-level rise are all consequences of a system that is polluting the world and putting life on earth, and under water, at risk.”On plastic becoming a flag-bearer for ocean action, Thomson thinks it is “really useful” because it has brought about a lot of public engagement with the blue ecosystem such as the ban of single-use plastics in some countries. However, a much greater battle needs to be fought to get below the 2°C target for global warming set by the Paris Agreement, if we are to preserve the vibrancy of ocean life.Q1：Deep-water fishes are coming to the surface because of______A. their fear of dangerous predatorsB. their struggle with warmer waterC. their desperate need for oxygenD. their fight against global warmingQ2: What can be learned from the 2nd and 3rd paragraphs?A. People have largely ignored the oceanic deoxygenationB. Underwater habitats are no longer suitable for creaturesC. Deaths of coral reefs are responsible for oceanic deoxygenationD. Oceanic deoxygenation is not as serious as plastic crisis(混淆选项)Q3: According to UN Environment, nitrous oxide may serve as_____A. a component of the toxic algal bloomsB. a factor of oceanic oxygen deficiencyC. a trigger of aquatic animals’ extinctionD. a cause of greenhouse gases’ depositionQ4: To maintain the oceanic carbon sink, we may need to_____A. eliminate human activityB. curb greenhouse gases emissionsC. generate collective effortsD. Civilize the whole societyQ5: which of the following is the best title for the passage?A. Oceanic crisis: time to wipe out nitrogenB. Ocean warming: a serious threat to aquatic animalsC. Greenhouse gases: depriving ocean of oxygenD. Greenhouse gases: no less harmful than plastics。
雅思写作书信写作格式和审题解说雅思培训类写作之书信写作格式和审题解说一文告知我们雅思G类考试的书信作文的写作格式和审题的方法。
今日我给大家带来了雅思培训类写作之书信写作格式和审题解说,盼望能够关心到大家，一起来学习吧。
雅思培训类写作之书信写作格式和审题解说一般说来雅思G类小作文task1要求烤鸭们写一封不少于150词的信件。
信件的类型共有9类，下面为大家一一分析。
9大类信件：投诉信、赔礼信、感谢信、求职信、询问信、建议信、求助信、邀请信、挂失信。
建议写作时间20分钟。
雅思书信备考三大方面：熟识书信格式、辨别书信类别、熟记书信常用表达。
一、雅思书信写作4大块雅思书信写作可分为4部分：salutation 称呼、body主体、closing结束语、signature署名。
二、G类task1的评分标准在答题纸的下方考官阅卷栏可以看到四个符号:TA, CC, LR, GRA，分别代表四大评分标准。
Task Achievement 考生是否清楚表达了信件的目的，全部要点是否全部涵盖。
Coherence and cohesion考生对信息和观点是否进行了很好地组织、表达和连接。
Lexical Resource 使用词汇的范围、精确性以及恰当性。
Grammatical Range and Accuracy 所用语法结构的范围、精确性和恰当性。
是否可以精确恰当使用多种语法结构和句式，使表达多样化。
写作留意事项：1、审题把握把握好G类书信语气的第一步，就是要弄清写信的要求和背景。
雅思书信写作题目就是由背景信息和写作任务两个部分构成的，我们可以将其分成私人信件和事务性信件两种类型。
写给亲朋好友的信可以归为前者，如友情信，由于对方是挚友，写信的语气可以比较轻松和随便，在说明具体内容时，措辞不必讲究但要礼貌。
2、信头称呼所谓称呼是指写信人对收信人的称呼用语，一般用“dear”开头，在称呼后可以用逗号(英式)或是冒号“美式”。
ipcc温室气体清单指南英文版全文共10篇示例，供读者参考篇1Hi everyone! Today, we are going to talk about the IPCC Greenhouse Gas Inventory Guidelines. I know it sounds like a big, fancy word, but don't worry, I'll explain it in a way that's easy to understand.So, what is the Greenhouse Gas Inventory Guidelines? It's basically a set of rules and instructions that help countries measure and report the amount of greenhouse gases they produce. Greenhouse gases are gases like carbon dioxide and methane that trap heat in the atmosphere and contribute to climate change.The Guidelines were developed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) to help countries track their progress in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. By following these guidelines, countries can compare their emissions data, set goals for reducing emissions, and take action to combat climate change.There are three main steps in the Greenhouse Gas Inventory Guidelines: preparation, implementation, and reporting. In the preparation phase, countries need to gather data on the sources of greenhouse gas emissions in their country, such as transportation, energy production, and agriculture.Next, in the implementation phase, countries need to calculate the amount of greenhouse gases produced by each source using specific formulas and methods outlined in the Guidelines. This can be a bit tricky, but don't worry, there are experts who can help with this part.Finally, in the reporting phase, countries need to submit their emissions data to the IPCC and other international organizations. This data is used to track global emissions trends, assess the effectiveness of climate policies, and inform futuredecision-making on climate change.Overall, the IPCC Greenhouse Gas Inventory Guidelines are a crucial tool in the fight against climate change. By accurately measuring and reporting greenhouse gas emissions, countries can work together to reduce their impact on the planet and create a more sustainable future for all of us.I hope this explanation was helpful and easy to understand. Let's all do our part to protect the environment and combat climate change! Thank you for listening!篇2Hey guys, do you know what IPCC is? It stands for Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. They are like the superheroes of the environment, trying to save the Earth from all the bad stuff we humans are doing to it. One of the things they do is make a Greenhouse Gas Inventory Guide, which is like a list of all the gases that are trapping heat in the atmosphere and making the Earth hotter.So, what are these gases? Well, there are a few main ones: carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and fluorinated gases. These gases come from things like burning fossil fuels, farming, and industry. They can stay in the atmosphere for a long time, trapping heat and causing global warming.The IPCC Greenhouse Gas Inventory Guide tells us how much of these gases we are producing, where they are coming from, and how we can reduce them. It's like a recipe book forsaving the planet! By following the guide, we can cut down on our emissions and slow down climate change.But we all have to work together to make a difference. So let's all do our part to reduce our carbon footprint, protect our planet, and make sure future generations have a healthy Earth to live on. Let's be superhero Earth warriors and fight climate change together!Remember, every little action counts, so let's all do our best to save our beautiful planet! Let's go, Earth warriors!篇3IPCC Greenhouse Gas Inventory Guidelines for KidsHello, my friends! Today, I want to talk to you about something super important - the IPCC Greenhouse Gas Inventory Guidelines. Have you ever heard of greenhouse gases before? Well, they are gases in the atmosphere that trap heat and make the Earth warmer. But too many greenhouse gases can cause big problems, like climate change.The IPCC, which stands for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, has created guidelines to help countries and organizations measure and report their greenhouse gasemissions. These guidelines are like a playbook that tells us how to track the gases that are released into the air and how to reduce them.There are different kinds of greenhouse gases, like carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. These gases come from many sources, such as cars, factories, and even cows! By following the IPCC guidelines, we can keep track of how much of these gases we are producing and find ways to reduce our emissions.For example, we can use cleaner energy sources like solar and wind power, ride our bikes or walk instead of driving, and plant more trees to absorb carbon dioxide. These small actions can add up to make a big difference in fighting climate change.So, next time you hear about greenhouse gases and climate change, remember the IPCC guidelines and how we can all do our part to protect our planet. Let's work together to create a cleaner, greener world for ourselves and future generations. Thanks for listening, and let's take action to save our Earth!篇4Hey guys! Today I want to talk to you about a super important thing called the IPCC Greenhouse Gas InventoryGuidelines. I know it sounds pretty fancy, but it's actually really cool and important!So, the IPCC (which stands for Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) is all about studying how our planet is getting warmer because of things like greenhouse gases. These gases are like a big comfy blanket that traps heat in the Earth's atmosphere, making it hotter and causing things like melting ice caps and crazy weather patterns.The Greenhouse Gas Inventory Guidelines are like a handbook that helps countries keep track of how much greenhouse gases they're producing. It's kind of like keeping a diary of all the pollution we make so we can try to reduce it and save the planet.There are lots of different types of greenhouse gases, like carbon dioxide (which comes from burning fossil fuels like oil and gas), methane (which comes from things like cows and landfills), and nitrous oxide (which comes from things like fertilizers). The guidelines help countries figure out how much of each of these gases they're emitting and come up with ways to cut back.By following the guidelines and working together, we can all do our part to save the planet and make sure it stays a happy andhealthy place for all of us to live. So remember to recycle, turn off the lights when you leave a room, and maybe even ask your parents to drive less and bike more. Every little bit helps!Thanks for listening, guys! Let's work together to keep our planet green and clean!篇5Hello everyone! Today I want to tell you all about the IPCC Greenhouse Gas Inventory Guidelines. It's a really important document that helps us understand how much greenhouse gases are being released into the atmosphere.So, what are greenhouse gases? They are gases like carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide that trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere. This causes the Earth to warm up, leading to things like climate change and more extreme weather events.The IPCC Guidelines help countries track and measure how much of these gases are being emitted. This is super important because it helps us figure out ways to reduce our emissions and slow down climate change.The Guidelines cover everything from how to measure emissions from industries to how to account for emissions fromforests and agriculture. It's like a big rulebook that tells us how to keep track of all the greenhouse gases we're producing.By following the Guidelines, countries can create accurate inventories of their emissions. This is crucial for figuring out where we need to make changes and how we can work together to protect our planet.So, next time you hear about the IPCC Greenhouse Gas Inventory Guidelines, remember that it's all about helping us understand what we're emitting into the atmosphere and how we can work together to reduce our impact on the Earth. Let's all do our part to protect our planet for future generations!篇6Hey guys, do you know what the IPCC Greenhouse Gas Inventory Guidelines are? They're like a rulebook that helps countries keep track of how much greenhouse gases they are producing. Greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane are super important because they trap heat in the atmosphere and make the Earth warmer.The guidelines were created by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) to help countries report their greenhouse gas emissions in a standard way. This is reallyimportant because it allows scientists and policymakers to understand the impact of human activities on the climate.The Greenhouse Gas Inventory Guidelines cover a bunch of different sectors like energy, agriculture, and waste. They provide instructions on how to measure and report emissions from each sector so that everyone is on the same page. This makes it easier to compare emissions between countries and track progress over time.For example, the guidelines provide detailed instructions on how to calculate emissions from burning fossil fuels, raising livestock, and managing landfills. They also explain how to account for things like forest growth and carbon storage in soil.Overall, the IPCC Greenhouse Gas Inventory Guidelines are a super important tool in the fight against climate change. By following these guidelines, countries can work together to reduce emissions and protect our planet for future generations. Let's all do our part to save the Earth!篇7Title: A Guide to IPCC Greenhouse Gas Inventory for KidsHey guys! Do you know what greenhouse gases are? They are gases that trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere and make our planet warmer. And guess what? The IPCC has a special guide to help us keep track of these gases so we can protect our environment.First of all, let's talk about what greenhouse gases are. There are a few main ones that we need to know about: carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and fluorinated gases. These gases are released into the atmosphere from things like burning fossil fuels, agriculture, and industrial processes.Now, let's learn about the IPCC Greenhouse Gas Inventory guide. This guide helps countries and organizations keep track of how much of these gases they are emitting into the atmosphere. It includes different categories like energy, industrial processes, agriculture, and waste. By monitoring and reporting their emissions, countries can work together to reduce greenhouse gas levels and combat climate change.So, why is it important to keep track of greenhouse gases? Well, too much of these gases in the atmosphere can lead to global warming, which causes things like rising sea levels, extreme weather events, and harm to plants and animals. Bymonitoring and reducing our emissions, we can help protect our planet for future generations.In conclusion, the IPCC Greenhouse Gas Inventory guide is a super important tool that helps us understand and track the gases that are warming our planet. By learning more about these gases and taking action to reduce our emissions, we can all do our part to protect the environment and fight climate change. So let's work together to create a cleaner and greener world for us and for future generations!篇8Hey guys, have you ever heard of the IPCC Greenhouse Gas Inventory Guidelines? It's a super important document that helps countries keep track of how much greenhouse gas emissions they're producing.So, what are greenhouse gases? Well, they're gases like carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide that trap heat in the atmosphere and contribute to global warming. And the IPCC guidelines help countries measure and report how much of these gases they're emitting.The guidelines cover everything from how to measure emissions from burning fossil fuels to how to track emissionsfrom agriculture and industrial processes. They even have rules on how to account for emissions from things like deforestation and waste disposal.By following the guidelines, countries can get a better understanding of where their emissions are coming from and come up with strategies to reduce them. This is super important because reducing greenhouse gas emissions is crucial for preventing the worst impacts of climate change.So, next time you hear about the IPCC Greenhouse Gas Inventory Guidelines, remember that they're helping countries take action to protect our planet and make sure we have a healthy environment for the future. Let's all do our part to reduce emissions and fight climate change!篇9Hello everyone!Today, I want to talk about the IPCC Greenhouse Gas Inventory Guidelines. It might sound a bit boring at first, but it's actually really important for understanding how our actions impact the environment.The IPCC stands for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. They are a group of scientists who study climate change and provide guidance to governments around the world. One of the things they do is create guidelines for countries to report their greenhouse gas emissions.Greenhouse gases are gases that trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, causing the planet to warm up. This can lead to a lot of problems, like melting ice caps, rising sea levels, and more extreme weather events.The IPCC Guidelines help countries keep track of their greenhouse gas emissions by providing a standardized way to measure and report them. This allows us to better understand where these emissions are coming from and how we can reduce them.The Guidelines cover everything from how to measure emissions from different sectors like energy, agriculture, and transportation, to how to account for things like land use changes and forestry. They even provide guidance on how to verify the accuracy of the data and ensure that it is reported in a transparent and consistent manner.By following the IPCC Guidelines, countries can work together to address climate change and take steps towards amore sustainable future. So, even though it might seem like a big, complicated document, it's actually an important tool for protecting our planet.Let's all do our part to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and help make the world a better place for future generations!篇10Hello everyone! Today I want to talk to you about something very important - the IPCC Greenhouse Gas Inventory Guidelines. This is like a handbook that helps us understand how much greenhouse gases we are producing and how we can reduce them to protect our planet.First of all, let's talk about what greenhouse gases are. These gases, like carbon dioxide and methane, trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere and make our planet warmer. This is causing climate change, which is not good for us and the environment.The IPCC Guidelines help us measure how much greenhouse gases we are producing from different sources, like transportation, industries, and even agriculture. By measuring and reporting this information, we can track our progress in reducing emissions and meeting our climate goals.So how can we reduce our greenhouse gas emissions? We can start by using energy more efficiently, switching to renewable energy sources like solar and wind, and planting more trees to absorb carbon dioxide. We can also reduce waste and recycle more to prevent methane emissions from landfills.By following the IPCC Guidelines and taking action to reduce our greenhouse gas emissions, we can all do our part to protect the planet and combat climate change. Remember, even small actions can make a big difference! Let's work together to create a sustainable and healthy future for all living beings on Earth. Thank you for listening!。
中考英语全球气候治理练习题40题1.Greenhouse gases mainly include carbon dioxide, methane and _____.A.oxygenB.nitrogenC.ozoneD.hydrogen答案：C。
温室气体主要包括二氧化碳、甲烷和臭氧。
选项A 氧气不是温室气体；选项 B 氮气不是温室气体；选项 D 氢气不是温室气体；而臭氧是温室气体之一。
2.The term “carbon footprint” refers to _____.A.the amount of carbon dioxide a person producesB.the area of forest that absorbs carbon dioxideC.the number of cars that emit carbon dioxideD.the total amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere答案：A。
“碳足迹”指的是一个人产生的二氧化碳量。
选项B 是吸收二氧化碳的森林面积；选项C 是排放二氧化碳的汽车数量；选项D 是大气中温室气体的总量。
3.Which of the following is NOT a greenhouse gas?A.Water vaporB.Nitrous oxideC.Sulfur dioxideD.Oxygen答案：D。
氧气不是温室气体。
选项A 水蒸气是温室气体；选项B 一氧化二氮是温室气体；选项C 二氧化硫在一定程度上也会对气候产生影响，但通常不被认为是主要的温室气体。
4.The increase in greenhouse gases leads to _____.A.global warmingB.global coolingC.no change in climateD.random climate changes答案：A。
高一英语气候政策分析单选题30题答案解析版1.Climate change is a major global issue. We need to take action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Which of the following is NOT a greenhouse gas?A.Carbon dioxideB.MethaneC.OxygenD.Nitrous oxide答案：C。
选项A“Carbon dioxide”是二氧化碳，是主要的温室气体之一；选项B“Methane”是甲烷，也是温室气体；选项D“Nitrous oxide”是一氧化二氮，同样是温室气体。
而选项C“Oxygen”是氧气，不是温室气体。
2.The main goal of climate policies is to ___.A.increase pollutionB.reduce greenhouse gas emissionsC.destroy the environmentD.ignore climate change答案：B。
气候政策的主要目标是减少温室气体排放，选项A“increase pollution”增加污染，与目标相悖；选项C“destroy the environment”破坏环境，也不是目标；选项D“ignore climate change”忽视气候变化，这是错误的做法。
只有选项B 符合。
3.Which country is a leader in climate policy?AB.ChinaC.JapanD.Russia答案：B。
中国在气候政策方面积极行动，是领导者之一。
选项A 美国在气候政策上态度反复；选项C 日本和选项D 俄罗斯在气候政策方面也不如中国积极主动。
4.Climate policies can help ___.A.make the climate worseB.save energy and protect the environmentC.waste resourcesD.do nothing答案：B。
湖北省十堰市第二中学2017-2018学年高一英语下学期期中试题编辑整理：尊敬的读者朋友们：这里是精品文档编辑中心，本文档内容是由我和我的同事精心编辑整理后发布的，发布之前我们对文中内容进行仔细校对，但是难免会有疏漏的地方，但是任然希望（湖北省十堰市第二中学2017-2018学年高一英语下学期期中试题）的内容能够给您的工作和学习带来便利。
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十堰二中2018年春季高一年级期中考试英语试题时间：120分钟满分:150分第I卷第一部分：听力（共两节，满分20分)做题时，先将答案划在试卷上。
录音内容结束后，你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂到答题卡上。
第一节(共5小题；每小题1分，满分5分）听下面5段对话。
每段对话后有一个小题,从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项,并标在试卷的相应位置.听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。
每段对话仅读一遍.1。
What does the man use to take notes？A. A pen。
B。
A computer C。
A pencil.2。
When will the phone be repaired?A. By Wednesday before noon. B。
By Monday before noon. C。
By Monday afternoon。
3。
What is the woman doing recently？A。
Skipping breakfast。
B。
Losing weight. C。
Learning how to cook。
4. Who is the presentation intended for?A. New clients.B. The director of the board. C。
Greenhouse Gas Control Policies in RussiaPublished: February 1, 2010, 2:15 pmEdited: February 1, 2010, 2:15 pmLead Author:This article has been reviewed by the following Topic Editor: Peter SaundryTable of Contents1 Overall GHG emission target and timing2 Principal Policy Instruments3 Covered Gases and Sectors4 Allocation of GHG reductions to various sectors5 Regulations or exemptions specific to trade-sensitive sectors6 ReferencesOverall GHG emission target and timing[1]The Russian Federation (hereafter “Russia”) projects that its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the year 2010 will be 28% below the 1990 level, which is Russia’s GHG emissions cap (its “Assigned Amount”) under the Kyoto Protocol.[2]Though GDP in 2006 was 3% below the 1990 level, Russia’s GHG emissions were 34% below the 1990 level (inclusive of carbon uptake by forests and other vegetation, net GHG emissions were 74% below the 1990 level). Some fourfifths of the GHG reductions came from the energy sector. Russia’s GHG emissions are thus below its Kyoto Protocol obligation, creating a large surplus of emission allowances (Assigned Amount Units, or AAUs, in the terminology of the Protocol). Under the rules of the Kyoto Protocol, Russia may sell its surplus AAUs to other Parties with GHG obligations.A Presidential Decree[3] on measures for increasing the energy and environmental efficiency of the Russian economy was issued in 2008, setting a target to decrease the energy intensity of the economy by at least 40% by 2020, compared to the 2007 level. The government has also set a target to increase the share of renewable energy (excluding large hydroelectric production) in electricity generation to 4.5% by 2020, and to use 95% of associated natural gas (produced with oil) by 2014-2016.In the Copenhagen negotiations, President Dmitry Medvedev has offered a GHG target for Russia’s emissions of 10%-15% below 1990 levels by 2020.[4]With policies and measures in place, the Russian government has projected that its GHG emissions in 2010, 2015, and 2020 will be reductions of 28%, 21%, and 13%, respectively, of its 1990 emissions level. Other experts project them to be as much as 25% below 1990 levels in 2020 with current policies and economic outlooks.[5]Although Russian leaders agreed in the G8 summit meeting of July 2008 to consider an 80% reduction from 1990 levels of GHG emissions from developed countries by 2050, they agreed only to a 50% reduction target for Russia.Principal Policy InstrumentsMany observers contend that climate change has not attracted the interest of high level leaders in Russia and that, consequently, “[t]he government hardly has any official climate strategy, and little progress is occurring.”[6]These claims persist in spite of apparent changes in the Russian leadership’s diplomatic approach to the issue (e.g., an announcement of a climate “doctrine” accepting that GHG emissions would pose risks and would require actions to reduce emissions).[7]Many suspect that Russia’s support for climate change actions is associated with expanding its export market for natural gas in Europe and, to a much smaller degree, the value of potentially selling its surplus AAUs to EU and other countries with GHG reduction obligations.As noted above, Russia’s reduced GHG emissions is due primarily to economic collapse, leading to steep drops in energy demand and production, as well as other activities (e.g., agriculture, waste) that lead to GHG emissions. Replacing old, inefficient manufacturing and other infrastructure has led to relatively slower increases in GHG emissions than in economic activity.The government’s strategy for economic and social development has relied on reform and expansion of the energy sector, in part because 50% of the central government’s revenue comes from t he oil and natural gas sector.[8] The export value of oil and natural gas has driven a policy emphasizing extraction of these resources for trade. However, many observers have noted a concomitant, low level of investment in new capacity. The 2006 Russian Energy Strategy to 2020 sought to increase reliance on nuclear and coal-fired electricity for domestic use in order to increase oil and natural gas available for export.[9] Investments are being made toback out natural gas use, for example, by investing in efficient, combined cycle gas turbine technologies. These energy initiatives have mixed effects on GHG trajectories.In 2005, the government adopted the Complex Action Plan for Implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in the Russian Federation for 2004-2008. It gave coordinating authority to the Interdepartmental Commission on Implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in the Russia Federation. It established some sectoral targets for improving energy efficiency, although some commentators allege that no actions would be needed to achieve them.[10]The UNFCCC in-depth review concluded that these targets had been only partially met. The Mid-term Social-economic Development Programme of the Russian Federation for 2003– 2005 provided for economic incentives to modernize equipment and technologies, improving energy efficiency and thereby reducing GHG emissions. To supplement these initiatives, a Presidential Decree was issued in 2008 on measures for increasing the energy and environmental efficiency of the economy of Russia. Other reported actions include:∙Gazprom, Russia’s stat e-owned natural gas enterprise, established an energy conservation program for 2001–2010.∙Gazprom is implementing measures to reduce CH4 and CO2 emissions through 2012 (the annual reductions expected are a 10% reduction in CH4 emissions and a 2.5% reduction in CO2 emissions);other measures to increase the efficiency of gas transport and decrease losses by Gazprom (emission reductions of 3 Mt CO2 in the period 2001–2004 through reconstruction of pump stations).∙ A federal program for housing for 2002–2010 targets housing retrofit and modernization and includes energy efficiency measures and introduction of small-scale renewable energy generation in the residential and services sectors.On November 12, 2009, President Medvedev addressed the Federal Assembly and outlined his proposal for Russia to “undergo comprehensive modernization.” In this speech Medvedev announced that “increasing energy efficiency and making the transition to a rational resource consumption model is another of our economy’s [five] modernization priorities.”[11]To this end, he highlighted a number of new program proposals to:∙produce and install individual energy meters for households;∙transition to energy-saving light bulbs;∙introduce energy service contracts and introduce payment for consumption of services (and considering family incomes);∙increase efficiency in the public sector; and∙capture and sell natural gas co-produced with oil, instead of flaring gas.President Medvedev also promoted developing waste-to-energy systems; super-conductors for electricity production, transmission, and use; and nuclear generation, including nuclear fusion. The in-depth review of Russia’s Fourth National Communication under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)found that Russia did not report on its specific domestic measures to abate GHG emissions or detail on how they would contribute to meeting Russia’s GHG commitments.[12]The review recommended that the government provide greater transparency of how Russia’s policies and measures may be modifying long-term trends in anthropogenic GHG emissions and removals. According to the UNFCCC in-depth review, In the period 1990–1998, GHG emissions decreased almost in parallel with the economic decline. In the period 1998–2006, GDP growth was accompanied by a relatively slower increase in the level of GHG emissions, which was 9.9 per cent higher in 2006 than in 1998. The differences between GDP and the GHG emission trends are mainly driven by: shifts in the structure of the economy (particularly of non-energy intensive industries); shifts in the primary energy supply (the share of oil and coal has decreased and the share of natural gas and nuclear energy has increased); a decline in activities in the agriculture and transport sectors; the decrease in population (by 3.9 per cent); and the increase in energy efficiency. These trends resulted in a 31.9 per cent decrease in the Party’s carbon intensity per GDP unit in 2006 compared with that in 1990.Russia has not reported estimates of how government funding or financial incentives may influence GHG emissions.Russia’s latest energy strategy, as updated in August 2009, focuses in 2013-2015 on recovery from the current economic crisis. In its second phase, from 2015 to 2022, Russia would emphasize introducing new technologies and more efficiency into its energy sector. An expansion of renewable energy, including large hydroelectric plants, wind, and solar generation, would occur only in the third phase of the new strategy, from 2022 to 2030, along with continued development of hydrocarbon resources.C overed Gases and SectorsRussia’s target under the Kyoto Protocol includes the six Kyoto Protocol gases.Allocation of GHG reductions to various sectorsNone specified.Regulations or exemptions specific to trade-sensitive sectorsMotor Vehicles: In 2005, limits on motor vehicle pollutant emissions were introduced, including indicators of GHG emissions. These standards were comparable to the EURO 2–EURO 5 emission standards. (See Figure A-2.)Figure A-1. Comparison of International Fuel Economy and GHG Standards. Source: Feng An, “Revised Chart for World Sta ndards,” Innovation Center for Energy and Transportation(iCET) (2009). Available at /.Figure A-2. Standardized Comparison of Select Vehicle Efficiency Standards Internationally (standards as of mid-2009). Source: Feng An, “Revised Chart for World Standards,” Innovation Center for Energy and Transportation (iCET) (2009). Available at /.References1.^This section was prepared by Jane A. Leggett, Specialist in Environmental and Energy Policy,Congressional Research Service2.{{note|106v United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Report of the CentralizedIn-Depth Review of the Fourth National Communication of the Russian Federation (Bonn, August 31, 2009), http://unfccc.int/documentation/ documents/advanced_search/items/3594.php?rec=j&priref=600005423.3.^ Decree 889, June 4, 2008.4.^http://eng.kremlin.ru/speeches/2009/06/18/1241_type82916_218210.shtml.5.^Anna Korppoo, “Linkages between Russian Energy and Climate Policies towards Copenhagen,”October 16, 2009, /gview?a=v&q=cache:oW7foRGyOo4J:www.upi-fiia.fi/assets/events/anna_korppoo.pdf+Russia+GHG+policies+measures&hl=en&gl=us&sig=AFQjCNEMV4xp1Ac- SYT7zh5Oh7v4UBit3Q.6.^Anne Karin Saether, “Moscow Environmental Conference Places Climate Demands onMedvedev,” Bellona, March 27, 2009, /articles/articles_2009/environmentalists_put_climate_changes_to_medvede v; Simon Shuster, “Russia offers climate goal with no real bite,” June 19, 2009, /article/environmentNews/idUSTRE55I3CP20090619; Ulkopoliittinen instituutti, “Russia’s Post-2012 Climate Politics in the Context of Economic Gro wth,” May 11, 2008, http://www.upi-fiia.fi/fi/event/195/; or, Simon Shuster, “Russia Still Dragging Its Feet on Climate Change,” Time, October 8, 2009, /time/specials/packages/article/ 0,28804,1929071_1929070_1934785,00.html.7.^Quirin Schiermeier, “Russia makes major shift in climate policy,” Nature -News (May 26, 2009),/news/2009/090526/full/news.2009.506.html; Simon Shuster, “Russia offers climate goal with no real bite,” June 19, 2009, /article/environmentNews/idUSTRE55I3CP20090619; or 1. Oleg Shchedrov, “Russia’s Medvedev warns of climate catastrophe,” November 16, 2009, /article/ environmentNews/idUSTRE5AF1SU20091116.8.^Jean Foglizzo, “Russia’s New Energy Strategy Seems a Lot Like its Old One,” The New YorkTimes, March 30, 2008, /2008/03/30/business/worldbusiness/30iht-rnrgruss.1.11526942.html.9.^Kevin Rosner, “Dirty Hands: Russian Coal, GHG Emissions & European Gas Demand,” Journalof Energy Security (August 27, 2009), /index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=207:dirty-hands-russiacoal -ghg-emissions-aamp-european-gas-demand&catid=98:issuecontent0809&Itemid=349. The author raises, “The significant issue is whether it would be more advantageous, from an environmental-security perspective within the framework of Russia’s coal paradigm, that the majority of new coal capacity is driven by comparatively more regulated OECD countries or whether it will revert back to Russia. Russia’s environmental record is not exemplary in this regard.”10.^ Ibid.11.^Dimtry Medvedev, “Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation,”http://www.kremlin.ru/, November 12, 2009.12.^ UNFCCC, op. cit., p. 4.Note: The first version of this article was drawn from R40936 An Overview of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Control Policies in Various Countries by Jane A. Leggett, Richard K. Lattanzio, Carl Ek, and Larry Parker, Congressional Research Service, November 30, 2009.Disclaimer:This article is taken wholly from, or contains information that was originallypublished by, the Congressional Research Service. Topic editors and authors for the Encyclopediaof Earth may have edited its content or added new information. The use of information from theCongressional Research Service should not be construed as support for or endorsement by thatorganization for any new information added by EoE personnel, or for any editing of the originalcontent.CitationCrs (Content Source);Peter Saundry(Topic Editor) . "Greenhouse Gas Control Policies in Russia". In: Encyclopedia of Earth. Eds. Cutler J. Cleveland (Washington, D.C.: Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment). [First published in the Encyclopedia of Earth February 1, 2010; Last revised Date February 1, 2010; Retrieved October 11, 2010 </article/Greenhouse_Gas_Control_Policies_in_Russia>The Author。
