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Citing Sources: Principles and ExamplesRichard N. L. AndrewsUpdated August 2008It is very important that you develop good habits of documenting the sources of both factual statements and the ideas, opinions, and arguments of other people that you use in any paper you write. One basic reason for this is to be able to support the statements you make and the facts you use if someone else should challenge or disagree with them. A second is to distinguish clearly between someone else’s ideas and arguments and your own, and not confuse the two. And a third is to protect your own integrity against either deliberate or accidental representation of someone else’s ideas or work as your own, which if intentional is known as plagiarism and is a serious violation of the UNC Honor Code and of the standards of ethical writing.Here are a few key recommendations:1.When you take notes on readings, either (1) take direct quotations (usingquotation marks, even in your notes) and a full, exact citation with it at the sametime (i ncluding page number, so that you don’t have to go back and find it again), or (2) write your notes in sentences beginning, “Jones argues that…” or “Smithsays that…” (and again, take an exact citation for future reference). Do not justcut and paste without including quotation marks and a citation, and do not writeout directly copied or closely paraphrased material without including a citation of where it was from – both these practices may lead you later to misremember orrationalize what was your own w riting versus what was the original author’s.2.When you use other authors’ materials in your paper, always use it in the formsdiscussed above, and always cite it (e.e. Andrews, 2003: 2). This also has thebenefit of setting up the other author’s point for you to interpret or critique usingdifferent facts or your own counter-arguments, clearly showing your own ideas as different (“Adams argues that …, on the basis that …. In the case we are presently discussing, however, I believe a different interpretatio n is more persuasive [or, “In this case, however, the facts seem to lead to a different conclusion….”] Forexample, ….”).3.Citations can be done in any of several different ways in different fields andpublications. Unless there is a good reason to do otherwise, I encourage studentsto use the “Author, date: page” citation system (e.g. Andrews et al., 2003: 26).This is the simplest and most efficient way to do it, and it allows you to relateyour references to a single alphabetical reference list or bibliography, avoidcomplicated footnoting (id., ibid., op. cit., etc.), and use footnotes only for moredetailed explanation or interesting side-issues on a particular point in the text ofthe paper.4.Materials cited from on-line sources must include (1) the author and title of theactual document found, and the exact Internet URL where it is located (not justthe search engine page, or the main home page of the site on which you found it);(2) the actual date of its publication, if given; (3) any additional informationavailable about the actual original date of publication and publisher; and (4) thedate on which you accessed the web page (since Internet sites can change overtime, and documents be moved around). If something you find on the Internetcannot be identified in this way, it should be used only as the opinion or positionof the group that runs that site (and should be cited accordingly), or as anunreliable source of information.5.Particularly when using materials from Internet sites, be a critical reader, and docareful checking yourself to determine both the quality of the evidence andreasoning of the paper itself, and what sort of organization is providing thisinformation. Many are ideologically-oriented advocacy groups, even thoughlabeled as “n on-partisan research organizations” or “foundations” or “institutes”;some are deliberately misleading, seeking to persuade you of their credibility orneutrality when they are in fact covertly “fronting for” a different point of view(this is true for example of some groups attacking environmental policies). Check the group’s mission statement and other subsidiary pages about it and about itsagenda; check what kinds of other sites it links you to; check the names of keyindividuals associated with the sit e (you can “Google” them to see what they’vewritten or who else they’re affiliated with); check even the webmaster’s or“contact us” email address to see if it takes you to some other underlying group’s web site. Then read the articles themselves skeptically, as you should anythingelse, with careful attention to evidence and reasoning; and always be aware thatthere may be at least one differing point of view, and look carefully to see whichone you think is most persuasive. For an excellent guide to evaluating evidence in printed sources, which is also a very good starting point on the same issues inInternet sources, see /depts/wcweb/handouts/evidence.html.6.For a very good handout providing additional detail on proper citation,plagiarism, and how to use other authors’ materials properly, see/depts/wcweb/handouts/plagiarism.html (accessed August 22, 2008). Please read it, and print it or download it to your own computer forfuture reference. For excellent handouts on many other aspects of good writingpractices, see /depts/wcweb/handouts/ (accessed August 22,2008).Here are some examples of how to accurately cite several kinds of materials: a book, a book chapter, a journal or magazine article, a newspaper article, a government report, and a report on the Internet:Andrews, Richard N. L. 1999. Managing the Environment,. Managing Ourselves: A History of American Environmental Policy. New Haven: Yale University Press. 416 pp. [Cite in paper as Andrews, 1999: pp.]Applebaum, Richard P., and Gary Gereffi. 1994. Power and Profits in the Apparel Commodity Chain. Chapter 3 in Global Production: The Apparel Industry in thePacific Rim, edited by Edna Bonacich et al. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, pp. 42-62. [cite in paper as Applebaum and Gereffi, 1994: pp.]Darnall, Nicole; Gallagher, Deborah R.; Andrews, R. N. L.; and Deborah Amaral. 2000.Environmental Management Systems: Opportunities for Improved Environmental and Business Strategy? Environmental Quality Management 9(3): 1-9. [This means Volume 9, Number 3, pages 1-9. Cite in paper as Darnall et al., 2000: pp.]Rives, Karen. 2002. The High Price of Free Trade: No End in Sight to N.C. Job Losses.Raleigh News & Observer, August 18, 2002, p. 1A. [Note that while this is anewspaper article found on line, the proper citation is to the author of the article and the actual date of its publication, and the page number if available, not just to the web site or search engine].U. S. Congress. House Committees on Agriculture and on Foreign Affairs. 1990. Review of U.S. International Food Assistance Programs. Joint hearing, November 1, 1989, Serial no. 101-32. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. [This showsproper citation for a government document – in this case a Congressional hearing –showing how to cite the report of a specific committee of the Congress, or of aspecific office or bureau within a larger government agency. If available on theInternet, you would also add the Internet citation using the style below, being sure to use an actual Internet page URL and not simply a search-engine character string.] Connor, Timothy. 2002. We Are Not Machines: Indonesian Nike and Adidas Workers.Ottawa, Canada & Victoria, Australia: Oxfam. On line at/campaigns/nike/pdf/Wearenotmachines.pdf,accessed September 24, 2002. [Note that this is a good example of a paper actually written by one individual and published by one organization, but posted on line on another group’s web site. Be sure to identify the original author and publisher ifidentifiable. Also be sure you are getting an actual URL web address for this specific document, not simply a “frame” citing only the organization’s m ain home page].。
英语论文引用格式规范四、英语论文的文中引述正确引用作品原文或专家、学者的论述是写好英语论文的重要环节；既要注意引述与论文的有机统一,即其逻辑性,又要注意引述格式（即英语论文参考文献）的规范性。
引述别人的观点,可以直接引用,也可以间接引用。
无论采用何种方式,论文作者必须注明所引文字的作者和出处。
目前美国学术界通行的做法是在引文后以圆括弧形式注明引文作者及出处。
现针对文中引述的不同情况,将部分规范格式分述如下。
1.若引文不足三行,则可将引文有机地融合在论文中。
如:The divorce of Arnold's personal desire from his inheritance results in “the familiar picture of Victorian man alone in an alien universe”(Roper9).这里,圆括弧中的Roper为引文作者的姓(不必注出全名)；阿拉伯数字为引文出处的页码(不要写成p.9)；作者姓与页码之间需空一格,但不需任何标点符号；句号应置于第二个圆括弧后。
2.被引述的文字如果超过三行,则应将引文与论文文字分开,如下例所示:Whitman has proved himself an eminent democratic representative and precursor, and his “Democratic Vistas”is an admirable and characteristicdiatribe. And if one is sorry that in itWhitman is unable to conceive theextreme crises of society, one is certainthat no society would be tolerable whosescitizens could not find refreshment in itsbuoyant democratic idealism.(Chase 165)这里的格式有两点要加以注意。
在英⽂中引⽤名⾔需要加双引号吗1.英语论⽂中,引⽤名⼈名⾔的格式是什么⼀、英语论⽂中引⽤名⼈名⾔的格式通常分为直接引⽤和间接引⽤。
1、直接引⽤先介绍名⼈的来历，后⾯直接引出名⼈的原话。
例如：According to Francis Bacon, a renowned British writer and philosopher, "Money is a good servant and a bad master."翻译：英国著名作家和哲学家培根（FrancisBacon）说：“⾦钱是⼀个好仆⼈，也是⼀个坏主⼈。
”2、间接引⽤间接引⽤通常为引⽤俗语或者古话。
例句：There goes a saying that he knows most who speaks least.翻译：有句俗语说，谁说得最少，谁知道得最多。
⼆、英语论⽂中引⽤⼀句句⼦的格式是：As an old saying goes+（引⽤的句⼦）。
引述别⼈的观点，可以直接引⽤，也可以间接引⽤。
⽆论采⽤何种⽅式，论⽂作者必须注明所引⽂字的作者和出处。
⽬前美国学术界通⾏的做法是在引⽂后以圆括弧形式注明引⽂作者及出处。
三、正确引⽤作品原⽂或专家、学者的论述是写好英语论⽂的重要环节；既要注意引述与论⽂的有机统⼀，即其逻辑性，⼜要注意引述格式（即英语论⽂参考⽂献）的规范性。
扩展资料：命题⽅式简明扼要，提纲挈领。
英⽂题名⽅法①英⽂题名以短语为主要形式，尤以名词短语最常见，即题名基本上由⼀个或⼏个名词加上其前置和（或）后置定语构成；短语型题名要确定好中⼼词，再进⾏前后修饰。
各个词的顺序很重要，词序不当，会导致表达不准。
②⼀般不要⽤陈述句，因为题名主要起标⽰作⽤，⽽陈述句容易使题名具有判断式的语义，且不够精炼和醒⽬。
少数情况（评述性、综述性和驳斥性）下可以⽤疑问句做题名，因为疑问句有探讨性语⽓，易引起读者兴趣。
③同⼀篇论⽂的英⽂题名与中⽂题名内容上应⼀致，但不等于说词语要⼀⼀对应。
英文文献的引用方法与格式一、引用的重要性引用英文文献首先是学术道德的要求。
通过引用，我们承认前人的工作和贡献，避免抄袭和剽窃。
其次，引用能够为我们的研究提供背景和依据，展示我们对该领域已有研究的了解程度。
此外，合理的引用还可以增加我们文章的可信度和权威性，使读者更容易接受我们的观点。
二、常见的引用格式1、 APA 格式APA（American Psychological Association）格式是社会科学领域中常用的引用格式。
在文中引用时，通常采用作者姓氏和出版年份的方式，如（Smith, 2010）。
如果直接引用，还需要注明页码，如（Smith, 2010, p 25）。
在参考文献列表中，书籍的格式为：作者姓氏，名字首字母（出版年份）书名出版地：出版社。
期刊文章的格式为：作者姓氏，名字首字母（出版年份）文章标题期刊名，卷号（期号），起止页码。
2、 MLA 格式MLA（Modern Language Association）格式主要用于人文领域。
文中引用的格式为作者姓氏和页码，如（Smith 25）。
参考文献列表中，书籍的格式为：作者姓氏，名字书名出版社，出版年份。
期刊文章的格式为：作者姓氏，名字“文章标题” 期刊名卷号期号（出版年份）：起止页码。
3、 Chicago 格式Chicago 格式在历史、艺术等领域较为常见。
文中引用有两种方式，脚注或尾注。
在参考文献列表中，书籍的格式根据具体情况有所不同，常见的为：作者姓氏，名字书名出版地：出版社，出版年份。
期刊文章的格式为：作者姓氏，名字“文章标题” 期刊名卷号期号（出版年份）：起止页码。
三、引用的类型1、直接引用直接引用是将原文的内容一字不差地引用过来，并使用引号标注。
直接引用通常用于原文的表述非常精彩、独特或者具有权威性。
2、间接引用间接引用是对原文的意思进行概括和转述，不需要使用引号。
在间接引用时，要确保准确传达原文的主要观点。
四、电子资源的引用随着互联网的发展，电子资源如在线文章、电子书、数据库等在学术研究中的使用越来越普遍。
英语毕业论文引用和参考文献格式英语专业毕业论文引用和参考文献格式采用APA 格式及规范。
一、文中夹注格式英语学位论文引用别人的观点、方法、言论必须注明出处，注明出处时使用括号夹注的方法（一般不使用脚注或者尾注），且一般应在正文后面的参考文献中列出。
关于夹注，采用 APA 格式。
（一）引用整篇文献的观点引用整篇文献（即全书或全文）观点时有两种情况：1.作者的姓氏在正文中没有出现，如：Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities butin their sources of inspiration for writing (Taylor, 1990).2.作者的姓氏已在正文同一句中出现，如：Taylor claims that Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only intheir personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing (1990).3. 如果作者的姓氏和文献出版年份均已在正文同一句中出现，按APA 的规范不需使用括号夹注，如：In a 1990 article, Taylor claims that Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing.4.在英文撰写的论文中引用中文著作或者期刊，括号夹注中只需用汉语拼音标明作者的姓氏，不得使用汉字，如： (Zhang, 2005)（二）引用文献中具体观点或文字引用文献中某一具体观点或文字时必须注明该观点或者该段文字出现的页码出版年份，没有页码是文献引用不规范的表现。
英语论文的文中引述正确引用作品原文或专家、学者的论述是写好英语论文的重要环节；既要注意引述与论文的有机统一,即其逻辑性,又要注意引述格式（即英语论文参考文献）的规范性。
引述别人的观点,可以直接引用,也可以间接引用。
无论采用何种方式,论文作者必须注明所引文字的作者和出处。
目前美国学术界通行的做法是在引文后以圆括弧形式注明引文作者及出处。
现针对文中引述的不同情况,将部分规范格式分述如下。
1.若引文不足三行,则可将引文有机地融合在论文中。
如:The divorce of Arnold's pe rsonal desire from his inheritance results in “the familiar picture of Victorian man alone in an alien universe”(Roper 9).这里,圆括弧中的Roper为引文作者的姓(不必注出全名)；阿拉伯数字为引文出处的页码(不要写成p.9)；作者姓与页码之间需空一格,但不需任何标点符号；句号应置于第二个圆括弧后。
2.被引述的文字如果超过三行,则应将引文与论文文字分开,如下例所示:Whitman has proved himself an eminent democratic representativeand precursor, and his “Democratic Vistas” is an admirable andcharacteristic diatribe. And if one is sorry that in it Whitman isunable to conceive the extreme crises of society, one is certain thatno society would be tolerable whose citizens could not findrefreshment in its buoyant democratic idealism.(Chase 165) 这里的格式有两点要加以注意。
英文文献的引用方法与格式一、引用的重要性引用英文文献首先有助于增强您研究的可信度和说服力。
通过引用权威的、相关的文献，您可以表明自己的研究是建立在前人的基础之上，并非凭空想象。
其次，引用能够展示您对该领域已有研究的了解程度，反映出您在学术研究中的深入程度和专业素养。
此外，恰当的引用还可以避免抄袭的嫌疑，保障学术的公正性和纯洁性。
二、常见的引用格式1、 APA 格式APA（American Psychological Association）格式是社会科学领域中常用的引用格式。
在正文中，引用一般采用作者姓氏和出版年份的方式，如（Smith, 2010）。
如果直接引用，还需要注明页码，如（Smith, 2010, p 25）。
在参考文献列表中，书籍的格式通常为：作者姓氏，名字首字母（出版年份）书名出版地：出版社。
例如：Smith, J D （2010) The history of psychology New York: Wiley期刊文章的格式为：作者姓氏，名字首字母（出版年份）文章标题期刊名，卷号（期号），起止页码。
例如：Johnson, M T （2015) The impact of technology on education Journal of Educational Technology, 25(2)， 120-135、2、 MLA 格式MLA（Modern Language Association）格式常用于人文领域。
在正文中，引用采用作者姓氏和页码的方式，如（Smith 25）。
参考文献列表中，书籍的格式为：作者姓氏，名字书名出版社，出版年份。
例如：Smith, John The Art of Writing Penguin, 2012、期刊文章的格式为：作者姓氏，名字“文章标题” 期刊名卷号，期号（出版年份）：起止页码。
例如：Johnson, Mary “The Future of Literature” English Journal 55, no 3 （2015)： 45-55、3、 Chicago 格式Chicago 格式有两种常见的引用方式：脚注/尾注格式和作者日期格式。
英语毕业论文“引用”格式要求详解英文论文和中文论文的引文有什么不同，我们今天就来看一下：引文是英语毕业论文的重要组成部分，可以为研究提供支持和证据，显示研究的深度和广度。
以下是英文毕业论文引用的格式要求的详细说明:1、引用格式的选择通常，英语毕业论文中使用的引用格式是美国心理学协会（APA）格式和现代语言协会（MLA）格式。
APA格式主要应用于社会科学学科中，而MLA格式主要适用于人文学科中，包括文学、历史、哲学等方向。
2、引用信息的组成在英文毕业论文中，引用信息包括名称、发表名称、发表日期、出版社、网址等。
这些信息应该以特定的格式排列，以便管理人员可以很容易地找到他们需要的信息。
例如，在APA格式中，引用信息的排列顺序通常为：姓名、出版年份、文章标题、出版物名称、卷号和期数、页码。
而在MLA格式中，引用信息的排列顺序通常为：姓名、文章标题、出版物名称、出版日期、出版社名称、网址（如果适用）。
3、引用样式的具体要求除了引用信息的内容之外，英语毕业论文中引用样式的格式也非常重要。
例如，在APA格式中，姓名的格式为：Last Name,First Name；文章标题和书名需要使用斜体；期刊名称和书名则需要使用标题大小写，如：JOURNAL NAME。
在MLA格式中，姓名的格式为：Last Name, First Name；文章题目和书名需要使用斜体；特定期刊和书名要使用引号包含；页码应以“p.”或“pp.”开头，如：p. 23或pp. 56-78。
4、引用的文献类型在英语毕业论文中，引用的文献类型包括书籍、期刊文章、报纸文章、会议文稿、电子资源等。
每种类型的参考文献格式差异很大，所需信息也不同。
因此，需要根据不同类型的文档进行引用。
英文毕业论文中的引文非常重要，需要遵循一定的格式和规范，以提高研究的可信度和有效性。
正确的引用可以保证不会被怀疑抄袭，同时加强证据和深度支持。
论文查重降重：checkbloc维普查重：weipu.checkbloc万方查重：wanfang.checkblocTurnitin查重：turnitin.checkblociThenticate查重：it.checkbloc。
论文中的引用格式1.1 间接引用（citations）A.如果引用只涉及一个作家的某本专著或文章，而作家的名字在自己的行文中没有出现, 将该作家的姓氏和出版的时间用括弧括起来，放在句子结尾，注意该括弧算作句子的一部分，标点符号应放在括弧之后。
例: It has been argued that teachers’ role is to provide the students with optimal condition that can facilitate learning so that students can achieve similar results (Bloom, 1976).B.如果引用所涉及到的作家的名字已经出现在行文中, 只需要在名字后面加上括弧, 填入出版时间即可。
例：Gould (1988) attributes Darwin’s success to his gift for making the appropriate metaphor.C.如果引用涉及到的作家和著作的出版时间在行文中已出现，那就不再需要单独的夹注了。
例：In a 1988 article, Gould explores some of Darwin’s most effective metaphors.D.如果引用涉及到的著作是由两位作者合著，则每次引用时都需把两位作者的姓氏注出来，在夹注中用“&”，在行文中则用“and”连接两个作者。
例：The disadvantages of the multiple regression analysis is that it cannot show the complex interrelations between independent variable (Bryman & Cramer, 1990). Bryman and Cramer (ibid.) also pointed out that…E.如涉及到的作者超过两人，少于六人，第一次加夹注时，写出所有作者的姓氏，以后每次引用，只需写出第一作者的姓氏，其后加上“et al.”即可。
