英汉翻译笔记

对考研最有帮助的目前最全面的英汉翻译笔记第一部分：数词的译法一、数字增减的译法：1.句式特征：by＋名词＋比较级＋thanThe wire is by three inches longer than that one.这根导线比那根长3英寸。

2.句式特征：表示增减意义的动词＋to+n.译为：增加到。

或减少到。

Metal cutting machines have been decreased to 50.金属切割机已经减少到50台。

二、百分数增减的表示法与译法1.句式特征：表示增减意义的动词＋％The output value has increased 35%.产值增加了35％2.句式特征：表示增减意义的动词＋by＋％Retail salses should rise by 8%商品零售额应增加3％The prime cost decreased by 60%.主要成本减少60％3.句式特征：表示减少意义的动词＋to+%表示减少后剩余的数量By using this new-process the loss of metal was reduced to 20%.采用这种新工艺，铁的损失量减少到20％4.句式特征：％＋比较级＋than表示净增减的数量Retail sales are expected to be nine percent higher than last year.今年零售额与去年相比，有望增加9％。

5.句式特征：％＋比较级＋名词表示净减数The new-type machine wasted 10 percent engergy supplied. 新型机械能耗量净减10％6.句式特征：a + % + increase表示净增数There is a 20% increase of steel as compared with last year.与去年相比，今年钢产量净增20％7.句式特征：％+ (of) 名词（代词）表示净减数，数字n照译The production cost is about 60 percent that of last year.今年产值仅为去年的60％8.句式特征：%＋up on 或over表示净增数The grain output of last year in this province was 20% percent up on that of 1978.去年粮食产量比1978年净增20％。

趁热打铁: to strike while the iron is hot.浑水摸鱼: to fish in the troubled water如坐针毡: to sit on pins and needles静水流深: still waters run deep奋力图存: to keep one's head above water不知所措/茫然: all at sea我全然不懂公司这些新的规章制度.I am totally/all at sea about the company's new rules & regulations. 在开一家商行之前, 先要了解当地的情况.You should see how the wind blows in the local area before you start a business.或 It is necessary/wise to see how the wind blows in the local area before you start a business.hang-hanged- hanged 上吊hang-hung-hung 悬挂在选择接受哪份工作之间他摇摆不定,错过了良机.He lost/ missed good opportunity because/ as he was hung in the wind about which offer to take.nail one's colors (旗帜) to the mast(围杆) : 坚决这家公司的老总在谈判中寸步不让, 导致了谈判破裂.The general manager nailed his colors to the mast in the negotiation and result in the failure of the negotiation.你一定会顺利渡过这些暂时的困境的.You will overcome /come through such temporary difficulty .with flying colors 获得大胜sail under false colors 伪装show one's true colors 原形毕露表面上他装得很绅士,可是一遇到紧急情况,他的真面目就暴露无遗了.He sailed under false colors as a gentleman. But in case of emergency, his true colors was shown./he will show his true colors.a group of peoplea school of fishbig fish 大人物shy fish 羞怯的人like a fish out of water 浑身不自在她不得不和一群陌生得客户一起共进晚餐, 这让她觉得浑身不自在.She had to dine with a group of strange clients, which make her feel like a fish out of water.drink like a fish 牛饮,豪饮a big fish in a little pond在当地,这家公司生意做得最大. 可是与全国同行业得其他公司比起来, 那只能是小巫见大巫.In the local area, the company has a wide business relationships.But compared with other companies in the same industry/field nationwide, it was only a big fish in a little pond.the great fish eat up the small这家公司设备陈旧,技术落后,在市场竞争中很快就被兼并了.The company was eaten up by great fish in the fierce market competition because it was lag behind both in equipment and technology.或With the outdated equipment and technology, the company was eaten by great fish in the competition.雨后春笋: bamboo shoots/like mushrooms after the rain掩耳盗铃: to bury one's head in the sand一箭双雕: to kill two birds with one stone健壮如牛: as strong as a horse一贫如洗: as pour as a church mouselucky dog :幸运儿love me, love my dog: 爱屋及乌狗仗人势: be a bully with the backing of a powerful person.狼心狗肺: ungrateful and heartless瓜熟蒂落: everything comes right when the right time comes瑞雪兆丰年: A timely snow promises a good harvestteach fish to swim: 班门弄斧black sheep: 害群之马,败家子The company lost a big order due to his carelessness. Most of the staffempolyees/colleages thought him as a black sheep, soon he took the blame and resigned.他的大意使得公司失去了一笔大订单. 大多数员工都把他当成是害群之马,不久他就引咎辞职了.come rain or shine: 不见不散不管什么情况下, 他都是一个可以值得信赖得朋友.Rain or shine, he is always a reliable/trustworthly friend.It never rains but pours. 不鸣则已,一鸣惊人for a rainy day 未雨绸缪in a fogHis mind was in a fog for a whole day.整整一天, 他的头脑都昏昏沉沉的.have the foggiest idea of他表达能力太差, 雇员们听了半天还是完全不知所云.He could not express himself clearly, and all the employees have the foggiest idea about what he talks about.空中楼阁: castles in the air自食其果: eat the fruit of one's own doing火上浇油: to pour oil on the flame轻如鸿毛: as light as a featherbird of a feather flock together :物以类聚胸有成竹: to have a well-thought-out plan before doing sth.剖腹藏珠: penny wise and pound foolish一朝被蛇咬,十年怕井绳: Once bitten, twice shy.无风不起浪: where there's smoke, there is fire.有志者事竟成: where there's a will, there is a way.新官上任三把火: A new broom (扫把) sweeps clean开门见山: to come straight to the point单枪匹马: to be single-handed in doing sth扬眉吐气: to feel proud and elated风雨飘摇: (of a situation ) being unstable初生牛犊不怕虎: The more wit, the less courage.叶公好龙: professed love of what one really fears.三个臭皮匠顶个诸葛亮: Two heads are better than one.赛翁失马,焉知非福: A loss may turn out to be a gain.初出茅庐: at the beginning of one's career.并驾齐驱: neck and neck不可一世: as proud as a peacock本末倒置: put the cart before the horse隔墙有耳: walls have ears入乡随俗: do in Rome as the Romans do画蛇添足: to paint the lilyRed-letter day(纪念日，喜庆的日子)如圣诞节等，因为这些日子在日历上是用红色标志出来的Roll out the red carpet for sb: 表示盛情欢迎某人Red for danger: 与流血，危险与暴力联系在一起红糖： blown sugar红茶： black tea红榜： honor roll红豆： love pea红运：good luck红利： dividend红颜： a beautiful girlRed ruin: 火灾Red battle: 血战Red sky: 彩霞Red tape: 繁文缛节Green: 表示嫉妒，眼红Green with envy/green as jealousy/green-eyed(红眼病)艾丽斯的女友看到他的新装, 心生嫉妒.Alice＇s girl friend was green with envy when they saw her new dress. Green：在英文中表示钱财，钞票，有经济实力；还表示没经验，缺乏训练，知识浅薄You cannot expect Mary to do business with such people.戴绿帽子： to be a cuckoldGreen：病态，脸色发青He was green after his boat ship. 他乘船回来，脸色发青。

（完整版）翻译笔记第一次课好英文：主次分明，逻辑严密，主三次八（主则主句主谓主系表，次则从句名形介副非谓三各种短语）好中文：音调和谐，结构匀称，具体表现凡十：双声（声母相同eg 坎坷，迷茫），叠韵（韵母相同eg 彷徨，徜徉），叠音，双音节，四字格，对仗，平仄，量词准（找准比喻角度，活用动量词eg.一本芭蕉），动词活（eg.眉毛一扬，头发一甩general／specific words）活用动词四法：具体，高频，靠近，连用好译文：faithful and smooth 忠通脱读是文章对读没走样（content &style）翻译：技巧，语言比较，相关表达怎么学：reading－observing－imitating－producing （speaking & writing & translating）条件：三语让之间之外技巧全攻略：增减逆顺转类换正反拆合引申难增减－eg.汉译英代词增加逆顺－英文先主后客，中文先客后主拆合－英译汉多拆；汉译英多合引申－深宽抽象事物具体化1.风在吼，马在叫，黄河在咆哮，河东河西高粱熟，万山丛中游击健儿逞英豪。

Wind howling，horses neighing，the Yellow River roaring. Sorghum ripe on both banks, the guerilla soldiers are fighting bravely in mountains beyond mountains.2.广出猎，见草中石以为虎而射之，中石，没全族，视之，石也，因复更射之，终不能入矣。

（三个左右的动词合一次，取一个最重要的做谓语）Once out on a hunting trip, General Li Guang mistook a rock in the grass for a tiger and shoot an arrow at it. He hit it with such force that the tip of the arrow get inside the rock. Laterhe discovered it to be only a rock. Thus, he wanted to try shooting again but was unable to pierce it.3.松下问童子，言师采药去。

自己收录一些句子（英汉翻译），大家看看吧：1．As they grow old, people also accumulate belongings for two other reasons: lack of physical and m ental energy—both of which are essential in turning out and throwing away—and sentiment.分析：该句包含了并列结构被分割的情况。

lack of physical and mental energy和sentiment 是并列结构，作two other reasons的同位语。

但是被非限定性定语从句both of which are essential in turning out and throwing away分割。

译文：人们随着日趋年迈，积存物品还有其它两个原因：一是缺乏体力和精神，两者在清理和扔掉无用之物时不可或缺，二是感情上的原因。

2．Old Henry and his wife Phoebe were as fond of each other as it is possible for two old people to be who have nothing else in this life to be fond of.分析：连词as 引导的比较状语从句中，it 代替for two old people to be。

to be 后省略了fond of each other。

to be 做分割成分。

译文：象两位老人一生中没有其它什幺东西可爱而彼此相爱一样，老亨利和他的妻子芬比也互相爱慕。

3．It is the insistence, as a first consideration, upon the interdependence of the various elements in, and parts of, the United States—a recognition of the old and permanently important manifestation of the American spirit of the pioneer.分析：insistence 后接upon the interdependence of the various elements in, and parts of, the United States, 中间被插入语as a first consideration 分割，做进一步说明。

英语专业研究生考试笔记，英汉翻译笔记:6.词组的翻译英语专业研究生考试笔记，英汉翻译笔记：第六部分词组的翻译1.all＋抽象名词/抽象名词＋itself ＝very + adj.He was all gentleness to her.他对她非常温存。

To his superiors, he is humility itself。

对于长辈，他极为谦逊。

分析：该结构原来是表示某种性质达到极点的一种说法，有“非常”、“尽管”、“一味”、“尽”的含义，有时甚至可以译为“。

的化身”、“。

的具体化”。

普通复数名词用于“all”之后，也是表达这种概念。

He is all smiles.他一味地笑。

She is all eyes.她盯着看。

I am all anxiety.我真担心。

He is all attention.他全神贯注地听着。

2.Something (much) of / nothing (little) ofMr.Li is something of a philospher.李先生略具哲学家风范。

Mr. Wu is nothing of a musician.吴先生全无音乐家的风味。

Mr. Lu is very much of a poet.陆先生大有诗人气派。

Mr.Liu is little of a scholar.刘先生几无学者风度。

分析：此为表示“程度”的形容词短语，有时可以当作副词翻译。

Something of ＝to some extent（某程度），在问句和条件句中则用anyting of（略有、多少）。

nothing of译作“全无、毫无”。

相类似的情况：to be something of = to have something of + 名词＋in ＋代名词He is nothing in ability of an orator = He has nothing of an orator in his ability.他毫无演说家的才能。

1.例子：现在必须采取措施来保护环境（表目的）分析：找主语－>无主语，也就是无主句。

无主语：对应英文三种句型：形式主语、there be 句型、被动句型。

形式主语:It is necessary ['nesəs(ə)rɪ] /essential [ɪ'senʃ(ə)l] / imperative /ɪm'perətɪv/to take/ adopt measures to protect the environment.（不定式表目的）essential, imperative。

能用高级词汇就用高级词汇。

adopt: 有两个意思，采取采纳；收养；there be 句型There is necessity [nə'sɛsəti] to adopt measures to protect the environment.被动句型(找被动句型的主语－：措施)Measures should be adopted (taken) to protect the environment.特殊句型：是到做某事的时候了It is time to do sth.... 是到做某事的时候了It is high time to adopt measures to protect the environment.（更加地道）。

使用从句，从句使用虚拟语气，动词用一般过去时It is high time that measures were adopted to protect the environment确定句型、结构1)确定基准时态，能够避免犯大的语法错误比如：记叙文――一般过去时，以及他的变化议论文、说明文――一般现在时。

对照原文，首先检查译文是否正确的转述了原文的内容，是否有错译和漏译；其次，检查是否有语言上的明显错误，如：时态、语态、单复数、拼写、大小写、标点符号等，发现错误，及时改正。

第一节翻译的标准要想译出好的译文，首先要了解翻译的标准。

翻译标准是翻译实践的准绳和衡量译文优劣的尺度。

对于翻译的初学者来说，能达到“忠实”，“通顺”即可。

一、忠实“忠实”是指译文在内容上要与原文保持一致。

然而，仅仅是字面上的一一对应不叫“忠实”。

如“中国重汽集团”的“重汽”自然是“重型汽车”的简称，但照译成“Heavy Truck”,显然没有传达出真正的意思，会被误解成汽车本身很重，所以只有在“heavy”后面加“duty”才会实现真正的“忠实”。

再如“soft drink”应译成“软饮料” 还是“饮料”？这要看汉语的习惯说法或者中国人对饮料的概念，不然就会弄巧成拙。

“soft drink”是指不含酒精的饮料，而中文的“饮料”一般就是不含酒精的，含酒精的就是酒了。

“软饮料”显然是画蛇添足，反而会把读者弄糊涂了。

二、通顺“通顺”主要是指语言。

如果原文是通顺易懂的，那么译文也要尽量通顺、易懂，没有逐词死译、硬译的现象，没有文理不通，结构混乱、逻辑不清的现象。

这就需要译者有深厚的汉语基础。

试想，如果写不出好文章，怎么可能译出好文章？第二节英汉语言对比一、英汉词汇对比英汉语都有实词（full word）与虚词(form word) 之分，语法作用也大体相同。

但是，也有许多不同点。

1．英语名词有单、复数之分，而汉语没有。

作为补偿，在汉语中，涉及人的复数，可考虑用“们”来翻译。

如：workers 工人们有时，也可在名词前用重叠的量词表示复数。

如：red flowers 朵朵红花smiling faces 一张张笑脸2．然而，有时英语名词的单、复数表达的意义不同，译者需要特别注意：custom 习惯customs 海关ground 场地grounds 理由damage 损害damages 赔偿费3. 对某些抽象名词需增加“现象”、“状况”、“情绪”等范畴词。

unemployment 失业现象tension 紧张局面arrogance 骄傲情绪shortage 短缺情况4.英语连词的使用率远远高于汉语连词，因为英语重形态结构，而汉语重内在联系。