中国历史文化概论

中国文化概论历史沿革与传承中国文化自古以来一直是世界上最为悠久、深厚的文化之一。

它源远流长，几千年的演变和传承铸就了今天的多元文化。

本文将对中国文化的历史沿革和传承进行概述。

一、夏商周时期的文化传统中国文化的起源可以追溯到夏商周时期。

在这一时期，奠定了中国文化的基础制度和思想传统。

夏朝是中国历史上的第一个朝代，其文化特点主要体现在宗教信仰、祭祀仪式以及社会礼仪等方面。

商朝的兴衰则为中国文化的发展提供了深刻的历史背景。

周朝的建立，则进一步加强了中国文化的传承与发展。

二、封建社会的文化繁荣自秦朝统一六国以后，中国进入了封建社会时期。

这一时期的中国文化极为繁荣。

诗经、楚辞等经典文献的创作和流传，孔子及其弟子的儒家思想的推崇，以及独具特色的汉字书法等各个方面都为中国文化的演变提供了重要的基础。

三、唐宋时期的文化繁盛唐宋时期是中国文化历史上的一个高峰时期。

唐朝的盛世文化、宋朝的科技进步以及文人墨客的繁荣，都为中国文化的丰富多元奠定了基础。

杜甫的《月夜忆舍弟》、苏轼的《赤壁赋》等文学作品至今仍然深受人们喜爱。

四、元明清时期的文化变革元明清是中国历史上的重要时期，中国文化也发生了一系列的变革。

元朝的建立带来了外族文化的冲击，中国文化出现了一定的异化。

明朝时期，程朱理学的兴起使中国文化发展出新的思想体系。

清朝时期，康雍乾盛世为中国传统文化提供了更稳定的环境，并且也有助于文化的传承。

五、现代时期的文化发展从19世纪开始，中国进入了现代化进程，西方文化的影响逐渐加深。

这一时期，包括五四运动和文化大革命等在内的重大事件对中国传统文化带来了冲击。

然而，中国文化在现代的传承和发展并未停滞不前，诸如中国画、京剧、中医药等传统艺术和文化形式传承至今，并逐渐在国际间赢得了声誉。

六、当代中国文化的特点在当代，中国文化不再是封闭的，它融合了世界各国的文化元素，形成了独特的中国特色。

中国人民对传统文化的热爱和传承使得传统文化得到了新的生机。

中国历史文化概论作业（从大明宫浅谈隋唐文化特点）北京交通大学机电1102周伟明11221057从大明宫浅谈隋唐文化特点看完《大明宫》后，我对隋唐文化最深刻的印象就是他的恢弘气度，如史诗般壮丽的大国文化气息。

这是中国封建历史上第二次大一统时期，它有着自己独特的风格，并且惊世骇俗，举世瞩目。

兴盛时期的大唐用它的开放性和包容性吸取着世界各国的文化精华，也让万国使者来到这里朝贺瞻仰。

唐朝是一个强大而繁荣的时代，唐朝全盛时在文化、政治、经济、外交等方面都达到了很高的成就，是中国历史上的盛世之一，也是当时世界的强国之一。

在唐朝的前半叶，社会经济处于上升阶段，文化先进，是历史上中国向周边国家文化与技术的一个大输出时期，兼容并蓄的社会风气，也给五胡十六国以来进居塞内的各个民族提供一个空前的交流融合环境，在过程中亦从外族文明汲取诸多。

唐朝的后半叶，处于中国历史的转型期，土地、盐铁、赋税制度的改革标志着社会的缓慢变化，藩镇割据势力的壮大与周边诸民族国家的形成，对此后近千年的中国历史产生深远的影响。

大明宫是唐朝鼎盛时期最好的写照，气势恢弘的建筑风格，广阔的建筑面积，无论对财力，人力还是技术，都有相当高的要求，若没有盛唐时期充裕的府库储备，没有国泰民安的生活，没有顶尖的建筑技术和设计才能，这样一座备受世人瞩目的宫殿是很难完成的，这不仅在中国封建历史上是一项空前绝后的浩大工程，也是中华文明立于世界文明前列最真切的写照。

隋唐文化到底有什么样的特点和魅力，吸引着世界各国目光，让所有人都想来到帝国一睹这里的风采呢？一、隋唐文化是多元化、多样性地域文化交融的产物隋唐文化体现出多元化、多样性的特点，与隋唐时期个地域文化的交融密不可分。

南北朝时期，长时间的分裂和战乱使得各地域的民族都以其独特的方式生活在华夏大地上，他们有着自己的语言和独特的文化。

例如，北方地区地域广阔，土地贫瘠，常年大风扬沙，恶劣的环境使得生活在这里的人民性格豪迈、粗犷，他们钟情于大漠，孤烟，长河，他们能够在现实的孤寂与苍凉中寻找对生活的豁达与坚持。

中国历史文化概论500字
一、中国历史起源
中国历史起源于远古时代，数千年前，华夏祖先在黄河流域建立了第一个王朝——夏。

自此，中国进入了古代文明时期，各朝各代在这片富饶的土地上留下了独特的印记。

二、古代政治制度
中国古代政治制度丰富多彩，从早期的分封制到秦始皇统一后的郡县制，再到明清时期的内阁制和军机处，政治制度不断演变。

这些制度在维护社会秩序、推动国家发展方面发挥了重要作用。

三、传统哲学思想
中国古代哲学思想博大精深，儒家、道家、墨家、法家等学派的思想家们提出了各种深刻的哲学理念。

其中，儒家强调仁、义、礼、智、信等美德，道家主张无为而治、顺应自然，这些思想深深影响了中华民族的价值观和思维方式。

四、古代文学艺术
中国古代文学艺术源远流长，从《诗经》、《楚辞》到唐诗、宋词、元曲，各种文学形式璀璨夺目。

同时，书法、绘画、音乐等艺术形式也取得了巨大成就。

这些作品不仅反映了古代人们的审美追求，也展现了中华民族的文化底蕴。

五、古代科技发展
中国古代科技发展在世界历史上占有重要地位。

四大发明——造纸术、印刷术、火药、指南针，为人类文明进步作出了巨大贡献。

此外，古代的天文、历法、数学、农业技术等也取得了显著成就。

六、传统民俗文化
中国民俗文化丰富多彩，各地民俗风情各异，民间艺术形式多样。

春节、清明节、端午节、中秋节等传统节日，以及各种地方性的庙会、灯会等活动，都蕴含着深厚的文化内涵，反映了中华民族的传统价值观和生活方式。

中国历史文化概论文化解读中国是一个拥有悠久历史和深厚文化的国家。

中国的历史可以追溯到几千年前，这段历史见证了社会的发展和文化的演变。

无论是中国的哲学思想、文学作品还是工艺技术，都展示出了中国文化的丰富多彩和独特性。

本文将从几个方面对中国历史文化进行解读。

首先，中国的文化是一个综合性的文化体系。

中国文化包括了语言、宗教、文学、艺术、建筑、音乐等多个方面。

其中，语言是中华民族的精神纽带，是中国文化传承的重要工具。

汉字作为中国语言的象形文字，具有丰富的内涵和历史意义。

宗教方面，中国有佛教、道教、儒教等多个宗教，不同的宗教信仰塑造了中国人的价值观念和道德观念。

文学方面，中国的文学作品有着悠久的历史，如《诗经》、《论语》等经典，这些作品表达了中国人的情感和思想。

艺术和建筑方面，中国有独特的风格和技艺，如中国画、汉唐风格的建筑等，展示了中国独有的审美观和艺术思想。

音乐是中国文化的又一重要组成部分，如古琴、古筝等传统乐器体现了中国人的音乐才华和情感表达。

其次，中国历史文化中有一些核心价值观念。

儒教是中国最重要的思想传统之一，强调了诸如仁、义、礼、智、信等价值观念。

这些价值观影响了中国人的思想和行为，塑造了中国人的为人处世方式。

尊师重道是中国文化的重要体现之一，传统上，中国注重尊重老师和长辈的教诲，强调孝道和家庭观念。

中国的文化也强调和谐和平衡，如阴阳平衡、天人合一等思想。

传统的观念认为个人的幸福和社会的和谐是相互关联的，追求社会公平和人与自然的和谐是中国文化中一个重要的价值观。

第三，中国历史文化在世界上的影响力不容忽视。

在历史上，中国是世界上最早的中央集权国家之一，统一的政权和官僚制度成为其他文明国家效仿的对象。

中国的科技和发明也对世界产生了深远的影响。

中国在农业、纺织、冶金等方面取得了一系列的创新。

如中国发明了火药、造纸术、指南针等重要的科技，这些发明对世界产生了巨大的影响。

此外，中国的文化传统也通过丝绸之路等贸易和文化交流渠道传播到世界各地。

中国历史文化概论期末考试题一、单项选择题：本大题共30小题,每小题1分,共30分。

1.《礼记.中庸》说“能尽人之性，则能尽物之性”，这说明中国古代观察世界和改造世界的出发点是（C）A.道德B.礼仪C.人文D.科学2.唐朝时，在今西藏地区主要居住的民族是（B）A.羌族B.吐蕃C.鲜卑D.回纥3.历来有居“天下形势”之说的地区是（B）A.山东B.山西C.湖南D.湖北4.我国现行的少数民族文字中，属于表意文字的是（A）A.彝文B.朝鲜文C.傣文D.蒙古文5.中国文化中心和经济中心几千年历史发展的大势是（D）A.从西南向东南逐渐移动B.从西北向东北逐渐移动C.从西南向东北逐渐移动D.从西北向东南逐渐移动6.在保护自然方面，“不违天时”观念的提出者是（B）A.老子B.孟子C.墨子D.韩非子7.下列选项中，不属于宋代“通漕四渠”的是（D）A.广济河B.金水河C.惠民河D.淮河8.氏族制度形成于（B）A.旧石器时代B.新石器时代C.商代D.周代9.汉朝地方行政体系中，最小的单位是（A）A.里B.乡C.亭D.县10.儒家“仁者，人也”最基本的要求是（B）A.“成人之美，不成人之恶”B.“己所不欲，勿施于人”C.“修身、齐家、治国、平天下”D.“先天下之忧而忧，后天下之乐而乐”11.庄子哲学强调主观上对矛盾的摆脱，强调对生活的超越。

摆脱、超越的方法是（B )A.无为B.齐物C.天人感应D.道法自然12.汉代灭南越，设立珠崖、南海等九郡的皇帝是（C）A.汉文帝B.汉景帝C.汉武帝D.汉宣帝13.士人群体真正构变成享有社会实际权益的士族阶层是在（B）A.先秦时期B.两汉时期C.魏晋时期D.五代十国时期14.唐朝在中央实行三省六部制，“三省”中负责政策执行的是（C）A.中书省B.门下省C.尚书省D.内使省15.明朝用“八股文”取士，题目就出自朱熹的（C）A.《楚辞章句》B.《古今图书集成》C.《四书章句》D.《五经正义》16.“兴，百姓苦；亡，百姓苦”的历史揭示出自（A）A.《山坡羊·潼关怀古》B.《一枝花·不伏老》C.《哨遍.高祖还乡》D.《西园闻见录.关税》17.我国南方稻麦两熟制形成于（D）A.西汉B.东汉C.北宋D.南宋18.下列选项中，属于秋季的节气是（C）A.雨水B.小满C.处暑D.小寒19.晚清时期，广州为给外商外货提供场所专设了（B）A.四夷馆B.十三行C.番邦行D.迎宾馆20.下列选项中，历史上曾以狗拉爬犁为交通工具的民族是（A）A.赫哲族B.黎族C.傣族D.瑶族21.中医肺腑学说的思想来源是（B）A.“天人合一”学说B.“阴阳五行”学说C.“知行合一”学说D.“中和之德”学说22.下列选项中，已出现雕版印刷术的是（D）A.周代B.秦代C.汉代D.唐代23.古代“朝赏暮戮，忽罪忽赦”的情形时有发生，这反映了皇帝拥有（A）A.司法权B.军事权C.财经权D.行政权24.礼起源于（C）A.祭祀B.法律C.习俗D.神话25.天子亲自前往泰山祭祀，这种祭祀方式属于（A）A.就祭B.望祭C.周祭D.合祭26.荒礼属于（D）A.冠礼B.婚礼C.诞生礼D.凶礼27.“家人鸡鸣而起，长幼悉正衣冠，以次拜贺”所描述的场景会出现于（A）A.春节B.清明节C.端午节D.重阳节28.佛教的基本教义是“四谛”法，下列选项不属于“四谛”法的是（D）A.苦B.集C.灭D.爱29.“不愤不启，不悱不发，举一隅不以三隅反，则不复也”体现的教学思想是（A）A.启发诱导B.因材施教C.教学相长D.学思结合30.中国对乐理的认识很早，周代已创立了五音阶体系。

A SURVEY OF CHINESE CULTURE1 An overview2 Philosophy and religions3 Literature4 Arts5 Education6 Science and technology7 Sports8 Traditional festivals9 Culinary(烹饪) culture10 Dress and adornments11 Architecture12 Major tourist cities13 World heritage sites14 Travel tipsChapter OnNational DayOct 1 in honor of the founding of the PRC on Oct 1, 1949.National FlagOn Sep 27,1949, the First Plenary Session of the CPPCC; the red five-star flag as the national flag of the PRC. The red color→revolution, the yellow color →the golden brilliant rays radiating from the vast red land. four smaller stars surrounding a bigger one →the unity of the Chinese people under the leadership of the CPC.National EmblemOn June 18, 1950, the Second Session of the First CPPCC National Committee adopted the design and illustration of the national emblem. On Sep 20 that year, Mao Zedong ordered the promulgation公布of the national emblem.patterns of the national flag, the Tian’anmen Rostrum城楼, a wheel gear and ears of wheat→symbolizes the New-Democratic Revolution of the Chinese people since the May 4th Movement in 1919 and the birth of New China under the people’s democratic dictatorship专政led by the working class on the basis of the worker-peasant alliance.National AnthemMarch of the Volunteers:Arise, ye who refuse to be slaves!Let us amount our flesh and blood towards our new Great Wall!The Chinese nation faces its greatest peril,The thundering roar of our peoples will be heard!Arise! Arise! Arise!We are many, but our hearts beat as one!Selflessly braving the enemy’s gunfire, march on!Selflessly braving the enemy’s gunfire, march on!March on! March on! on!written in 1935 with lyrics by the poet Tian Han and music by the composer Nie Er, honoring those who went to the front to fight the Japanese invaders in northeast China in the 1930s. Decided upon as the provisional national anthem of the new China on Sep 27,1949, at the First Plenary Session of the CPPCC, the song was officially adopted as the national anthem of the PRC on Dec 4, 1982, by NPC.National CapitalOn Sep27, 1949, the First Plenary Session of the CPPCC unanimously adopted a resolution making Beijing capital of the PRC.Beijing: the nation’s political centre, its economic, scientific and cultural heart. Being one of the famous ancient capital cities in China, BJ has gone through great development and changes since the founding of the PRC in 1949.Places of historic interest and scenic beauty in BJ:Forbidden City: the Imperial Palace, the largest and best-preserved collection of ancient buildings in China.the Chinese imperial palace from the Ming Dynasty to the end of the Qing Dynasty. located in the middle of Beijing, and now houses the Palace Museum. For almost five centuries: the home of the Emperor and his household, the ceremonial and political centre of Chinese government.Temple of Heaven天壇;天坛: a platform for the Ming and Qing emperors to perform sacrifices and solemn rites.a complex of Taoist buildings situated in southeastern urban BJ, in Xuanwu District. IT was visited by the Emperors of the Ming and Qing dynasties for annual ceremonies of prayer to Heaven for good harvest. It is regarded as a Taoist temple, although Chinese Heaven worship, especially by the reigning monarch of the day, predates Taoism.Summer Palace: the largest ancient preserved garden in China;Yihe yuan →“Gardens of Nurtured Harmony” a palace in BJ. is mainly dominated by Longevity Hill 长寿山and the Kunming Lake. It covers an expanse of 2.9 km2, 3/4 of which is water. The central Kunming Lake covering 2.2 km2was entirely man made and the excavated挖的soil was used to build Longevity Hill. In its compact 70,000 m2 of building space, one finds a variety of palaces, gardens, and other classical-style architectural structures.Ming Tombs: the stately and majestic mausoleums（陵墓）of 13 Ming Dynasty emperors;located some 50 km due north of urban BJ at a specially selected site. The site was chosen by the 3rd Ming Dynasty emperor Yongle (1402 - 1424), who moved the capital of China from Nanjing to the present location of northwest BJ.The Great Wall of China: a series of stone and earthen fortifications in China, built, rebuilt, and maintained between the 5th century BC and the 16th century to protect the northern borders of the Chinese Empire from Xiongnu attacks during the rule of successive dynasties.it stretches over approximately 6,400 km from Shanhaiguan in the east to Lop Nur罗布泊in the west, along an arc that roughly delineates the southern edge of Inner Mongolia, but stretches to over 6,700 km in total. At its peak, the Ming Wall was guarded by more than one million men. It has been estimated that somewhere in the range of 2 to 3 million Chinese died as part of the centuries-long project of building the wall.Geography Location and BoundaryLocated in the east of the Asian continent, on the western shore of the pacific Ocean, China has a land area of about 9.6 million km2, the 3rd largest country in the world, next only to Russia and Canada.From north to south, the territory of China stretches from the centre of the Heilongjiang River north of the town of Mohe to the Zengmu Reef at the southernmost tip of the Nansha Islands. From east to west, the nation extends from the confluence（交汇处）of the Heilongjiang River and Wusulijiang River to the Pamirs.China is bordered by the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea to the east; Mongolia to the north; Russia to the northeast; Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan to the northwest; Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal and Bhutan to the west and southwest; and Myanmar缅甸, Laos and Vietnam to the south. Across the seas to the east and southeast are Korea, Japan, the Philippines, Brunei文莱, Malaysia and Indonesia.The Chinese mainland is flanked to the east and south by the Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea, East China Sea and South China Sea. More than 7,000 islands scatter across the seas. The largest of these is Taiwan Island. The Diaoyu and Chiwei islands are located to the northeast of Taiwan Isl and. China’s southernmost island groups are called the Dongsha, Xisha, Zhongsha, Nansha and ZengmuTopography（地形）China is a country of varied topographical features with highlands in the west and plains in the east. Mountainous land and very rough terrains make up about 67% of Chinese territory, basins and plains 33%. Taking a bird's-eye view of China, the terrain gradually descends from west to east like four steps of astaircase.The first step is the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in Southwest China. With an average elevation of about 4,000 m, it is known as the “roof of the world”. Its highest peak is called Mount Qo molangma. The surrounding snow-capped mountains are the origins of many of China’s large rivers.The second step includes the gently sloping Inner Mongolia Plateau, the Loess（黄土）Plateau, the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, the Tarim Basin, the Junggar Basin and the Sichuan Basin, with an average elevation of between 1,000 m and 2,000 m.The third step, dropping to 500-1,000m in elevation（海拔), begins at a line drawn around the Greater Hinggan兴安岭, Taihang, Wushan and Xuefeng mountain ranges and extends eastward to the coast of the Pacific Ocean. Here, from north to south, are the Northeast Plain, the North China Plain and the Middle-Lower Yangtze Plain. Interspersed amongst the plains are hills and foothills.To the east, the land extends out into the ocean, in a continental shelf, the fourth step of the staircase. The water here is mostly less than 200 m deep、Rivers and LakesChina abounds in rivers. More than 1500 rivers each drain 1000km2 or larger areas. Most of the large rivers have their source on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and drop greatly between source and month. As a result, China is rich in water-power resources, leading the world in hydropower 水利发电potential, with reserves of 680 million kw.The Yangtze River is the longest river in China (6300 km), and the 3rd longest river in the world. Its source is in the Tanggula Mountain of Qinghai Province. It flows through 11 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities. one of the main artery主干道of water transportation between eastern and western China. Many important ports and economic centres are located along it.C hina’s 2nd longest river, the Yellow River, rises in Qinghai Province and flows some 5464 km to the Bohai Sea. As the most heavily silt泥沙-laden river in the world, it has formed a raised-bed river（地上河）in middle and lower reaches. The Yellow River catchment流域area is an important production base for grains in China.S cattered through China are about 24800 natural lakes. Most of which are found on the Middle-Lower Yangtze Plain and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Freshwater lakes such as Poyang Lake, Dongting Lake, Taihu Lake, and Hongze Lake mostly lie in the former area, while in the latter are saltwater lakes, such as QinghaiLake and Nam Co Lake.P oyang Lake, in the north of Jiangxi Province and with an area of 3583 km2, is the largest of its kind. Qinghai Lake, in northeast Qinghai Province and with an area of 4,583km2, is the largest one of its kind.m any man-made canals. The most famous is the Grand Canal（大运河）between BJ and Hang Zhou, 1,801 km in long. It passes through the city of Tianjin and four provinces (Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu and Zhejiang) and links five major rivers: the Haihe River, the Yellow River, the Huaihe River, the Yangtze River and the Qiantangjiang River. The canal was open to navigation over 1000 yrs ago. It played an important role in facilitating trade between the south and the north and was regarded as the country’s transportation and information “highway” befor e the advent of the railways.Today, some of the canal’s sections have been widened, deepened or straightened out, and a number of water conservancy and ship locks have been added. This old canal still provides water transportation from north to south, irrigation water for the farmlands on both of its sides, and cruise tours to the delight of travelers from home and abroad.ClimateMost of China lies in the North Temperate Zone北温带, characterized by a warm climate and distinctive seasons, a climate well suited for habitation.Most of China has a continental monsoon(季风) climate. From Sep to April the following year, the dry and cold winter monsoons blow from Siberia and the Mongolian Plateau, resulting in cold and dry winters and great differences between the temperatures of north and south China. From April to Sep, warm and humid summer monsoons blow from the seas in the east and south, resulting in overalls high temperatures and plentiful rainfall, and little temperature difference between north and south China.In terms of temperature, the nation can be sectored from south to north into equatorial, tropical, subtropical, warm-temperate, temperate, and cold-temperate zones. Precipitation降水量gradually declines from the southeastern to the northwestern inland area, and the average annual precipitation varies greatly from place to place. In southeastern coastal areas, it reaches over1500 mm, while in northwestern areas, it drops to below 200 mm.An Outline HistoryChina has a recorded history of nearly 4000 ys and is one of the 4 homes of the world’s earliest civilizations.Chinese dynastic history can be divided into two periods: the ancient period (ancient times-1840) and the modern period (1840-present).The Ancient PeriodChinese history began with two legendary figures-Emperor Huang and Emperor Yan, who, together with their bribes, inhabited the drainage area along the middle reaches of the Yellow River. By the time of Xia Dynasty, after centuries of living side by side, these two tribes has gradually merged into one. Consequently, the Chinese people usually call themselves “the descendants of Yan and Huang炎黄子孙.It was during the Xia Dynasty that the institution of slavery began. There are many legends describing the life of the people in this period, especially of the three sage（贤明的）kings after Emperor Huang and Emperor Yan—Yao, Shun and Yu. Yao made great contributions to the lunar calendar. His successor, Shun, was physically and intellectually gifted and was a man with great virtues. Yu was famous for conquering the floods. He inspired people to dig ditches to divert water away instead of building dams. He worked ceaselessly for 13 yrs and succeeded in controlling the floods. Legend has it that he was so busy that “thrice he had gone past his own house without even looking in”.Following the Xia Dynasty arose the Shang Dynasty（1600—1046 BC）, the Western Zhou Dynasty （1046—771 BC）, the Spring and Autumn and the Warring States Periods（770—221 BC）.In 221 BC, Ying Zheng, the highly gifted, ambitious king of the Qin Kingdom ended the turmoil and chaos among dukes诸侯and kings in the Warring States Period. He established the 1st united, centralised, multi-ethnic feudal monarchy封建王朝—the Qin Dynasty（221—206BC）, styling himself “First Emperor”.The First Emperor unified the lge, the measurement system and the currency, set up the prefectures（郡）and counties system, constructed the famous Great Wall and built extravagant（奢侈的）palaces and mausoleums.The Han Dynasty（206 BC—AD 220）was established by Liu Bang, with its capital at Chang’an (now Xi’an). 2 periods: Western Han Dynasty（206 BC—AD 25）and Eastern Han Dynasty（AD 25—220）. The Han Dynasty survived for 426 yrs. By AD 220, China evolved into the 3 Kingdoms Period, in a tripartite balance（三国鼎立）of the Wei Kingdom（AD 220—265）, the Shu Kingdom（AD 221—263）and the Wu Kingdom（AD 222-280）.Following the Three Kingdoms Period were consecutively the Jin Dynasty（AD 265—420）, the 16 Kingdoms（AD 304—439）, the Southern and Northern Dynasties（AD—420-589）and the Sui Dynasty （AD 581—618）. By the year 618, the Tang Dynasty（AD 618—907）, the commonly-regarded glorious period in Chinese history, was founded by Li Yuan.Following the Tang Dynasty came the period of the Five Dynasties and the Ten Kingdoms（AD 907—979）. In 960, Zhao Kuangyin launched a rebellion. His lieutenants（随从将领）clothed him in the yellow imperial gown and asked him to ascend the throne（登基）. Thus, the established the Song Dynasty （960—1279）.In 1209, Genghis Khan成吉思汗founded the Mongol Empire upon his unification of the scattered Mongol tribes. Kublai忽必烈, a grandson of Genghis Khan, swept southward across Central China in 1271 and founded the Yuan Dynasty（1271—1368）with Dadu（now Beijing）as the capital.In 1368 the Ming Dynasty（1368—1644）was founded by Zhu Yuanzhang(明太祖）. During the later period of the Ming Dynasty, a new military power in the nor theast of China arose. Led by Nu’erhachi（努尔哈赤）, their chieftain（首领）, the Manchu tribesmen on horsebacks fought with the Ming forces for 3 generations at the Great Wall, and finally established the Qing Dynasty（1616—1911）.·The Modern TimesThe Opium War（鸦片战争）was the turning point in Chinese history which marked the close of ancient period and the beginning of the modern history. From 1840 on, imperialists made continuous inroads（侵犯）into China, and China gradually became a country of semi-feudal, semi-colonial status.The Qing Dynasty, the last of China’s feudal dynasties, was finally overthrown by the Revolution of 1911 led by Sun Yat-sen（1866—1925）. One year later, the Republic of China was founded under his leadership. With the introduction of Marxism and Leninism into China and under the influence of the Oct Revolution in Russia, the May 4th Movement broke out in 1919, and in 1921 the Chinese Communist Party was founded, thus beginning a new period in Chinese history. After the anti-Japanese War and the Liberation War, the PRC was founded in 1949.Administrative DivisionsAccording to the Constitution of the PRC, China’s administrative units are currently based on a three-tier system（三级建制）, dividing the nation into provinces, counties and townships:(1) The country is divided into provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government;(2) provinces and autonomous regions are divided into autonomous prefectures, counties, autonomous counties, and cities;(3) counties and autonomous counties are divided into townships, minority townships, and towns.At present China has:23 provinces;5 autonomous regions are;4 municipalities;2 special administrative regions.PopulationChina, the most populous country in the world, had a total population of 1,307.56 million at the end of 2005, according to the “Statistical Communique of National Economic and Social Development（国民经济和社会发展统计公报）in 2006” published by the National Bureau of Statistics.Moreover, the population is high, with 135 people per km2 but unevenly distributed. The population density in coastal regions in east China is higher and that in the central and west China regions, the population becomes scarce. The distribution pattern was determined by economic conditions and geographic conditions.In 1949, a population of 541.67 million. With a stable society, production development, improvement of medical conditions, and a lack of awareness on the importance of birth control, China witnessed a rapid population increase to 806.71 million in 1969. Since the late 1970s, the Chinese government has been implementing the policy of family planning, or “one child policy”, hoping to control the population increase, improve population quality, promote the development of the economy and society, and protect the environment. The family planning policy has seen remarkable achievements.Distribution of the Ethnic GroupsFrom the hinterlands腹地of the north, to the lush茂盛的jungles in the south, from the mountains of Taiwan in the east, to the top of the world in the west, China serves as home to 56 ethnic groups.The largest group, the Han, makes up over 91.59% of China’s vast population, and the world uses the term of Han culture to refer to Chinese culture.The other 55 mino rity ethnic groups, nestled away in China’s vast frontiers, maintain their own rich traditions and customs. Great contributions have been made by the minority ethnic groups to China’s culture and science. Many of China’s beautiful poems, myths, folk tales,songs, and dances come directly from minority ethnic groups.Although small in number, the 55 minority ethnic groups are distributed extensively throughout China. They are widely dispersed, often inhabiting strategically important border regions. The regions where they are most concentrated are Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Tibet, Guangxi, Ningxia, heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan, Ynnan, Guizhou, Guangdong, Hunan, Hebei, Fujian and Taiwan. Many minority ethnic peoples have traditionally established their villages in mountainous and pastoral areas, on high plateaus and in deep forests.Equality, unity, mutual assistance and common prosperity are the basic principles of the Chinese government in handling the relations between ethnic groups. In accordance with these basic principles, China practices a regional ethnic autonomy system, in which ethnic groups live in compact（密集的）communities and autonomous organs of self-government are established under the unified leadership of the state.The Political SystemThe Constitution of the People’s Republic of China is the fundamental law of the state.The NPC is the highest organ of state power. Local people’s congresses are local organs of state power. The Standing Committee of the NPC is the permanent organ of the NPC. The term of office of the NPC and its Standing Committee is 5 yrs. The NPC and its Standing Committee are empowered with the rights of legislation, decision, supervision, election and removal.The Communist Party is the sole party in power in China. there are 8 democratic parties in China. Multi-party cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the CPC is the basic political system in China.The State Council, or the Central People’s Government, of the PRC is the exec utive body of the highest organ of state power and the highest organ of state administration.The CPPCC is a united front 统一战线organization under the leadership of the CPC and an organ for various other political parties, mass organizations and personages of various social circles to take part in running of the state.Economic Development and ReformChina has become one of the world’s major economic powers with the greatest potential. In the 30 yrs following reform and opening-up in 1979 in particular, Chin a’s economy developed at an unprecedented rate, and that momentum（势头）has been held steady into the 21st century. In 2004, the government further strengthened and improved its macro control, and the economy entered its best ever development period of recent yrs. the GDP for 2010 amounted to 39798 billion RMB, 9.0% higher than the previous year.Economic reform and opening-up are the two fundamental state policies of China. They have not only promoted the sustained, swift and sound development of China’s nati onal economy, but also helped restructure its economic system. For the first 30 years of the PRC, the government practiced a planned economy system, whereby industrial production, agricultural production, and the stocking and selling of goods in commercial departments were all controlled by state plan.The variety, quantity and prices in every sphere of the economy were fixed by state planners. While this contributed to the planned, focused and steady development of China’s economy, it also sapped（削弱）its vitality and limited its growth. Economic reforms began with the rural areas in 1978, and were extended to the cities in 1984.In 1992, after some 10 yrs of reform in the clear direction of the establishment of a socialist market economy, the government set out the main principles of economic restructuring: encouraging the development of diversified economic elements whilst retaining the dominance of the public sector; creation of a modern enterprise system to meet the requirements of the market economy; a unified and open market system across China, linking domestic and international markets, and promoting the optimization of resources;Deng Xiaoping: The Chief Architect of China’s ReformDeng Xiaoping was the chief architect who led China’s reform. The r eform was designed to improve the socialist system, bring its benefits into full play and push forward the drive for modernization. Through a lifetime of service to the people, Deng has earned the respect and affection of millions of his fellow countrymen.。

中国文化史概论中国文化源远流长，拥有悠久的历史和丰富的内涵。

中国文化史概论是对中国文化的整体梳理和总结，旨在通过对中国文化的发展历程进行系统的阐述，使读者更好地了解和把握中国文化的精髓。

中国文化的起源可以追溯到约5000年前的新石器时代。

在这个时期，中国的先民开始使用陶器和玉器，并且形成了较为完善的社会组织和宗教信仰。

这一时期的文化表现为原始的宗教祭祀、神话传说和图腾崇拜等。

随着时代的演进，中国进入了奴隶社会阶段。

这一时期，中国的文化逐渐形成了独特的风貌。

中国古代哲学的奠基者孔子提出了“仁政”和“中庸”等思想，对中国的政治、伦理和文化产生了深远的影响。

同时，儒家思想成为中国古代文化的主流，对后世产生了深远的影响。

随后，中国进入了封建社会阶段。

在这个时期，中国的文化达到了一个新的高度。

儒家思想在社会中占据重要地位，封建礼教得到了极度强化。

文人墨客们纷纷涌现，文化艺术繁荣发展。

中国的文学、绘画、音乐、戏剧等艺术形式得到了极大的发展，形成了独特的中国文化风格。

随着中国的历史演进，中国文化也不断与外来文化相互交融。

自秦汉以来，中国的统一和疆域的扩大使得中国文化影响力逐渐扩展到周边地区。

佛教、道教和伊斯兰教等外来宗教传入中国，与中国传统文化相互融合。

同时，中国古代的丝绸之路也成为了东西方文化交流的重要通道。

随着现代化进程的推进，中国文化也经历了巨大的变革。

中国的文化产业快速发展，传统文化与现代科技的结合为中国文化注入了新的生机和活力。

同时，中国传统文化的保护和传承也成为社会的重要议题。

中国的文化自信得到了进一步的增强，中国的传统文化也在国际舞台上展现出了强大的影响力。

总结起来，中国文化史概论是对中国文化发展历程的系统总结和梳理。

从中国文化的起源到现代化进程，中国文化经历了漫长的历史积淀和不断的变革。

中国文化的独特性和深厚内涵，使其成为世界上独一无二的文化现象。

通过学习中国文化史概论，我们能更好地了解和把握中国文化的精髓，为传承和发展中国文化做出应有的贡献。