杭州师范大学2020年《718综合英语》考研专业课真题试卷

杭州师范大学硕士研究生招生考试命题纸杭州师范大学2020年招收攻读硕士研究生考试题考试科目代码： 718考试科目名称：综合英语说明：考生答题时一律写在答题纸上，否则漏批责任自负。

I. Cloze（每小题1分，共50分）Fill in each of the blanks with a function word, otherwise the first letter is given as a clue. Passage One: Instinct or cleverness?We have been brought up to fear insects. We regard them as unnecessary creatures that do more harm than good. We continually wage war (1) ______ them, for they contaminate our food, carry diseases, or devour our crops. They sting or bite without provocation; they fly uninvited into our rooms on summer nights, or beat against our lighted windows. We live in dread not only of unpleasant insects like spiders or wasps, but of quite harmless ones like moths. Reading about them increases our understanding without dispelling our fears. Knowing that the industrious ant lives in a highly organized society does nothing to prevent us (2) ______ being filled with revulsion when we find hordes of them crawling over a carefully prepared picnic lunch. No matter how much we like honey, or how much we have read about the uncanny sense of direction which bees possess, we have a horror of being (3) s______. Most of our fears are unreasonable, but they are impossible to erase. At the same time, however, insects are strangely fascinating. We enjoy reading about them, especially when we find that, like the praying mantis, they lead perfectly horrible lives. We enjoy staring (4) ______ them, entranced as they go about their business, unaware (we hope) (5) ______ our presence. Who has not stood in awe (6) ______ the sight of a spider pouncing (7) ______ a fly, or a column of ants triumphantly bearing home an enormous dead beetle?Last summer I spent days in the garden watching thousands of ants crawling up the trunk of my prize peach tree. The tree has grown against a warm wall on a sheltered side of the house. I am especially proud (8) ______ it, not only because it has survived several severe winters, but because it occasionally produces luscious peaches. During the summer, I noticed that the leaves2020年考试科目代码 718 考试科目名称综合英语（本考试科目共 6页，第1 页）。

2020浙江杭州师范大学翻译硕士英语考研真题I. Vocabulary and grammar (30’)SectionAMultiple choice (20’)Directions:Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the answer that best completes the sentence. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.1. Creativity should not be as an exceptional talent; it is a basic skill that can be mastered with the right teaching.A. replacedB. perceivedC. cultivatedD. probed2. These guests were to the host for his gracious and impressive hospitality.A. contemptuousB. resentfulC. obligedD. mighty3. Whatever we attempt to do, we mustn’t our main objective.A. attainB. rejectC. lose sight ofD. prosecute4. With the passage of time, some words are beginning to a new sense.A. go aboutB. take onC. draw uponD. turn out5. Tourism, particularly ecotourism, helps promote of wildlife and natural resources.A. conservationB. distinctionC. extinctionD. aspiration6. Despite the changes in this country, many tough issues remain unsolved.A. radicalB. reversibleC. rigorousD. insensible7. Life is stressful, so it is always difficult to work, school and family.A. encounterB. eliminateC. illuminateD. prioritize8. People who diabetes have to minimize their daily consumption of sugar.A. make up forB. crack down onC. take fancy toD. are stricken with9. The city was paralyzed by the transit strike for better wages.A. subjectivelyB. imaginablyC. virtuallyD. positively10. The changes brought about by digital technologies have impacted the whole world.A. novelB. adverseC. profoundD. prospective11. The camps are not usual tent-type camps. They are mostly long-established,structures, often with strange Islamic names.A. historicalB. monotonousC. permanentD.raw12. Among all the changes resulting from the ______ entry of women into the work force, the transformation that has occurred in the women themselves is not the least important.A. massiveB. quantitativeC. surplusD. formidable13. The manufacturing in China is expected to continue to expand in 2019 despite the slight decline of an index.A. versionB. sectorC. questD.factor14. Researchers say that cigarettes is necessary to dramatically reduce the chance of cardiovascular problems.A. carrying outB. breaking outC. cutting outD. putting out15. Econo mic recessions will weaken one’s confidence in the government and threaten social.A. cohesionB. erosionC. illusionD. evasion16. The Mexican settlers built cities and missions in what become California.A. used toB. would ratherC. was toD. had better17. Each of us is working hard to get happiness which brings substantial benefitsfor society .A. by mere chanceB. at great lengthC. all at onceD. as a whole18. Although the colonists ______ to some extent with the native Americans, the Indians’ influence on American culture and language was not extensive.A. migratedB. matchedC. mingledD. melted19. Most readers believe that this book is, thoughtful and informative.A. intriguingB. ambiguousC. compulsiveD. imperative20. Some of the recent actions of the government are their statement of policy.A. in the interest ofB. in conformity withC. in proportion toD. in the event ofSectionB Proofreading and error c orrection (10’)The passage contains TEN errors. Each indicated line contains a maximum of ONE error.In each case, only ONE word is involved. You should proofread the passage and correctit in the following way:For a wrong word underline the wrong word and write the correct one in the blank provided at the end of the lineFor a missing word mark the position of the missing word with a “Λ” sign andwrite the word you believe to be missing in the blank provided at the end of theline.For an unnecessary word cross the unnecessary word with a slash “/”and put theword in the blank provided at the end of the line.EXAMPLEWhenΛart museum wants a new exhibit,(1) anIt never buys things in finished form and hangs (2) neverthem on the wall. When a natural history museumwants an exhibition, it must often build it. (3) exhibitMany people are disturbed by the genetic diversify of (1) cancers--- an inevitable result of random evolution. (2) Cancer therapies used to be applied fairly random or (3) Carelessly, but nowadays many believe that effectivetherapies need to be specific and tailoring to genetic (4) faults in each individual’s cancer. Therefore, a personalized(5)treatment disregards the most fundamental reason (6)it is difficult to cure cancers once for all: cancer cellsadapt and evolve with response to treatment. Even drugs (7) that are initially effective often have a progressive (8) diminishing effect, as the biological systems blockedof the treatment spontaneously compensateof rerouting (9)the cancer cell’s internal wiring, in restoring the cancer’s (10)ability to spread. To use an analogy, in the absence ofshort cuts, evolution takes over: naturally arising mutantcancer cells that are resistant to the targeted drug rapidlyoutgrow their disabled siblings and cancer comes back.II. Reading comprehension(40’)Section A Multiple choice (20’)Directions: In this section there are two passages followed by multiple choice questions. Read the passages and then mark your answers on the answer sheet. Passage AThe language of rights now dominates political debate in the United States. Does the Government respect the moral and political rights of its citizens? Or does the Government’s war policy, or its race policy, fly in the face of these rights? Do the minorities whose rights have been violated have the right to violate the law in return? Or does the silent majority itself have rights, including the right that those who break the law be published? It is not surprising that these questions are now prominent. The concept of rights, and particularly the concept of rights against the Government, has its most natural use when a political society is divided, and appeals to co-operation or a common goal are pointless.The debate does not include the issue of whether citizens have some moral rights against their Government. It seems accepted on all sides that they do. Conventional lawyers and politicians take it as a point of pride that our legal system recognizes, for example, individual rights of free speech, equality, and due process. They base their claim that our law deserves respect, at least in part, on that fact, for they would not claim that totalitarian system deserve the same loyalty.Some philosophers, of cause, reject the idea that citizens have rights apart from what the law happens to give them. Bentham thought that the idea of moral rights was “nonsense on stilts”. But that view has never been part of our orthodox political theory, and politicians of both parties appeal to the rights of the people to justify a great part of what they want to do. I shall not be concerned, in this essay, to defend the thesis that citizens have moral rights against their governments;I want instead to explore the implications of that thesis for those, including the present United States Government, who profess to accept it.It is much in dispute, of cause, what particular rights citizens have. Does the acknowledged right to free speech, for example, include the right to participate in nuisance demonstrations? In practice, the Government will have the last word on what an individual’s rights are, because its police will do what the officials and courts say. But that does not mean that the Government’s view is necessarily the correct view, anyone who thinks it does must believe that men and women have such moral rights as Government chooses to grant, which means they have no moral rights at all.All this is sometimes obscured in the United States by the constitutional system. The American Constitution provides a set of individual legal rights in the FirstAmendment, and in due process, equal protection, and similar clauses. Under present legal practice the Supreme Court has the power to declare an act of Congress or of a state legislature void if the Court finds that the act offends these provisions. This practice has had some commentators to suppose that individual moral rights are fully protected by this system, but that is hardly so, nor could it be so.1. In the United States nowadays__________.A. politicians are discussing about the right language.B. politicians are debating about what is right and what is wrong.C. language is the most important theme in the political debate.D. we can hear lots of talks about rights.2. It is onl y natural that questions about citizens’ rights are now prominent because__________A. the minorities are violating the law.B. the political society in the USA is divided.C. the silent majority wants to punish those who have violated the law.D. people are looking for a common goal.3. Which of the following statements is not true?A. It is generally agreed that citizens should have some moral rights.B. It is a moral right of the citizens to respect the legal system.C. Citizens’ moral rights include fr ee speech, equality and due process.D. The legal system deserves respect because it recognizes citizens’ moral rights.4. In this essay the author will not be concerned to defend the thesis that citizens have moral rights against their government because__________A. this thesis has never bee put into question in the mainstream political theory.B. he shares the view of those philosophers who think that citizens only have the rights that the law gives them.C. this thesis has appeal to politicians of both parties.D. the United States government professes to accept this thesis.5. The author believes that__________A. the United States Constitution protects citizens’ moral rights but the government does not.B. the Supreme Court has the power to protect c itizens’ moral rights but it does not do that.C. Citizens’ moral rights could not be fully protected by the present legal practice.D. the United States Constitution does not have provisions that fully protect citizens’ moral rights.Passage BWhat do yo u do when everyone hates you? That is the problem faced by America’s pharmaceutical industry. Despite its successes in treating disease and extending longevity, soaring health-care costs and bumper profits mean that big drug firms are widely viewed as exploitative, and regarded almost as unfavorably as tobaccoand oil firms (see chart). Last week, at a conference organized by The Economist in Philadelphia, the drug industry was offered some advice from an unlikely source: a tobacco firm. Steven Parrish of Altria, the conglomerate that includes Philip Morris, gave his perspective on how an industry can improve its tarnished public image.Comparing the tobacco and pharmaceutical industries might seem absurd, or even offensive.“Their products kill people. Our products save people's lives,” says Alan Holmer, the head of the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America, an industry association. Yet the drug giants currently face an unprecedented onslaught of class-action lawsuits and public scrutiny; industry bosses are being grilled by lawmakers asking who knew what and when. It is all reminiscent of what happened to the tobacco industry in 1994.Mr. Parrish advised drug firms to abandon their bunker mentality and engage with their critics. Rather than arguing about the past, he said, it is better to move on, and give people something new to think about. (Philip Morris now acknowledges, for example, that cigarettes are addictive and deadly, and is trying to develop less harmful products.) Not everyone is open to persuasion, so focus on those who are, he said. But changing opinions takes time and demands deeds as well as words: “This is not about spin, this is about change.”The pharmaceutical industry is pursuing a range of initiatives to mollify its critics, Mr. Holmer noted in his own speech. But Mr. Parrish suggested that speaking with one voice through a trade association might be counter-productive, since it can give the impression that the industry is a monolithic cartel. And too much advertising, he said, can actually antagonize people further.The audience was generally receptive, claims Mr. Parrish. This is not the first time he has offered his thoughts on dealing with implacable critics. At a conference at the University of Michigan last year, he o ffered America’s State Department advice on improving America’s image in the Middle East. So does his prescription work? There has been a positive shift in attitudes towards tobacco firms, if only a small one. But at least, for once, a tobacco firm is peddling a cure, rather than a disease.1. Why is America’s pharmaceutical industry so unpopular?A. Because it, like tobacco and oil firms, does harm to people‘s health and environment.B. Because it fails to cure disease and make people live longer.C. Because the prices of its products are too high and its profit margin is too wide.D. Because it exploits its employees.2. Alan Holmer is quoted to illustrate that __________A. the comparison between tobacco and pharmaceutical industries might seem ridiculous, or even insulting.B. the pharmaceutical industries agree that they are similar to tobacco industry.C. tobacco products do more harm to people than pharmaceutical products.D. pharmaceutical industries are currently facing lots of problems.3. According to the text, Mr. Parrish gives the following suggestions to drug firms except__________A. To acknowledge the problems and try to do something to improve their images.B. Not to react to the public in one voice through the drug association.C. Not to care about the past.D. To try to spend time and energy to persuade the majority of the audience who are open to persuasion.4. The word “mollify” (Line 1, Paragraph 4) might mean?A. placateB. enrageC. fightD. relieve5. What does the author imply by sayi ng “This is not the first time he has offered histhoughts on dealing with implacable critics.”?A. Mr. Parrish has offered his advice to other on dealing with tough critics for several times.B. Mr. Parrish has dealt successfully with other critics himself.C. Mr. Parrish has given sound advice to drug firms.D. Mr. Parrish has been of help to others on critical moments.Section B Answering questions(20’)Directions: Read the following two passages and then answer IN COMPLETE SENTENCES the questions which follow each passage. Use only information from the passage you have just read and write your answers on the answer sheet.Questions 1-3New tools offer new opportunities, but what are the risks and who benefits?Human intervention for the improvement of crops, trees, livestock and fish is nothing new. For millennia, humans have bred, crossed and selected those varieties, ecotypes and breeds that were more productive, better adapted or particularly useful.Conventional breeding practices can now be complemented by a number of new and powerful techniques. Some of these allow, for example, the propagation of plant material in glass tubes to keep it free of diseases, and the production of more sensitive and specific reagents for diagnosing diseases in plants, livestock and fish through tissue and cell culture. Others, often referred to as molecular methods, enable scientists to see the layout of the entire genome of any organism and to select plants and animals with preferred characteristics by “reading” at th e molecular level, saving precious time and resources.Modern biotechnology also includes an array of tools for introducing or deleting a particular gene or genes to produce plants, animals and micro-organisms with novel traits. This kind of genetic manip ulation is called “genetic engineering” and the product is a genetically modified organism, or GMO. Both traditional and modern biotechnologies result in plants, animals and micro-organisms with combinations ofgenes that would not have come about without human intervention. It has to be emphasized, however, that biotechnology includes a range of techniques and products, and GMOs are but one of them.“With the increasingly limited amount of new land available to agriculture, modern biotechnologies could complement and improve the efficiency of traditional selection and breeding techniques to enhance agricultural productivity,” says Mahmoud Solh, Director of FAO’s Division of Plant Production and Protection.A plant or an animal resistant to a particular disease can be produced through a “traditional” breeding programme, that is, through crosses with resistant relative, selection and backcrossing again, or by the introduction of a gene that confers the resistance through genetic engineering. While the products of both approaches will be disease resistant, only the second one is a GMO. What is new is the ability of scientists to unravel the genome to look at the genes of an organism, and then make use of that information to change the organism, and even transfer genes to another organism very distant in the evolutionary scale. And that is where the controversy comes in.“FAO recognizes that genetic engineering has the potential to help increase production and productivity in agriculture, forestry and fisheries,” says FAO’s Statement on Biotechnology. “It could lead to higher yields on marginal lands in countries that today cannot grow enough food to feed their people.” But, it adds, FAO “is also aware of the concern about the potential risks posed by certain as pects of biotechnology. These risks fall into two basic categories: the effects on human and animal health and the environmental consequences.”These new tools offer new opportunities for solving problems where traditional techniques have failed. Genetically modified products are usually developed and used for large-scale commercial interests, and with a few exceptions, small-scale farmers have so far not benefited from the technology.The articles in this focus are intended to provide background information on genetic engineering in agriculture for the non-specialist--what it is, how it is being used, how it might be used in the future and possible benefits and risks. If you are new to the subject, you might find it easiest to read the pages in the order shown in the column on the right. Those who would like to pursue the subject further may wish to visit.1. According to the passage, what is called “genetic engineering”?2. What are the potential benefits and risks of genetic engineering in agriculture?3. Why are small-scale farmers unlikely to benefit from biotechnology?Questions 4-5According to the latest figures, the majority of the world’s population is now bilingual or multilingual, having grown up speaking two or more languages. In the past, such children were considered to be at a disadvantage compared with their monolingual peers. Over the past few decades, however, technological advances have allowed researchers to look more deeply at how bilingualism interacts with and changes the cognitive and neurological systems, thereby identifying several clearbenefits of being bilingual.Research shows that when a bilingual person uses one language, the other is active at the same time. When we hear a word, we don’t hear the entire word all at once: the sounds arrive in sequential order. Long before the word is finished, the brain’s language system begins to guess what that word might be. If you hear ‘can’, you will likely activate words like ‘candy’ and ‘candle’ as well, at least during the earlier stages of word recognition. For bilingual people, this activation is not limited to a single language; auditory input activates corresponding words regardless of the language to which they belong. Some of the most compelling evidence for this phenomenon, call ed ‘language co-activation’, comes from studying eye movements. A Russian-English bilingual asked to ‘pick up a marker’ from a set of objects would look more at a stamp than someone who doesn’t Know Russian, because the Russian word for ‘stamp’, marka, sou nds like the English word he or she heard, ‘marker’. In cases like this, language co-activation occurs because what the listener hears could map onto words in either language.Having to deal with this persistent linguistic competition can result in difficulties, however. For instance, knowing more than one language can cause speakers to name picture more slowly, and can increase ‘tip-of-the-tongue states’, when you can almost, but not quite, bring a word to mind. As a result, the constant juggling of two language creates a need to control how much a person accesses a language at any given time. For this reason, bilingual people often perform better on tasks that require conflict management. In classic Stroop Task, people see a word and are asked to name the colour of the word’s font. When the colour and the word match (i.e., the word ‘red’ printed in red), people correctly name the colour more quickly than when the colour and the word don’t match (i.e., the word ‘red’ printed in blue). This occurs because th e word itself (‘red’) and its font colour (blue) conflict. Bilingual people often excel at tasks such as this, which tap into the ability to ignore competing perceptual information and focus on the relevant aspects of the input. Bilinguals are also better at switching between two tasks; for example, when bilinguals have to switch from categorizing objects by colour (red or green) to categorizing them by shape (circle or triangle), they do so more quickly than monolingual people, reflecting better cognitive control when having to make rapid changes of strategy.It also seems that the neurological roots of the bilingual advantage extend to brain areas more traditionally associated with sensory processing. When monolingual and bilingual adolescents listen to simple speech sounds without any intervening background noise, they show highly similar brain stem responses. When researchers play the same sound to both groups in the presence of background noise, however, the bilingual listeners’ neural response is consi derably larger, reflecting better encoding of the sound’s fundamental frequency, a feature of sound closely related to pitch perception.Such improvements in cognitive and sensory processing may help a bilingual person to process information in the environment, and help explain why bilingual adults acquire a third language better than monolingual adults master a secondlanguage. This advantage may be rooted in the skill of focusing on information about the new language while reducing interference from the languages they already know.Research also indicates that bilingual experience may help to keep the cognitive mechanisms sharp by recruiting alternate brain networks to compensate for those that become damaged during aging. Older bilinguals enjoy improved memory relative to monolingual people, which can lead to real-world health benefits. In a study of over 200 patients with Alzheimer’s disease, a degenerative brain disease, bilingual patients reported showing initial symptoms of the disease an average of five years later than monolingual patients. In a follow-up study, researchers compared the brains of bilingual and monolingual patients match on the severity of Alzheimer’s symptoms. Surprisingly, the bilinguals’ brains had more physical signs of disease than their monolingual counterparts, even though their outward behaviour and abilities were the same. If the brain is an engine, bilingualism may help it to go farther on the same amount of fuel.Furthermore, the benefits associated with bilingual experience seem to start very early. In one study, researchers taught seven-month-old babies growing up in monolingual or bilingual homes that when they heard a tinkling sound, a puppet appearing on the opposite side of the screen. In order to get a reward, the infants had to adjust the rule they’d learned; only the bilingual babies were able to successfully learn the new rule. This suggests that for very young children, as well as for older people, navigating a multilingual environment imparts advantages that transfer far beyond language.4. Why do bilingual people often perform better than monolingual people on tasks that require conflict management?5. According to the passage, what are the results when monolingual and bilingual adolescents listen to simple speech sounds with or without intervening background noise?III. Writing (30’)Directions:After Abhijit Banerjee, Esther Duflo and Michael Kremer were awarded the 2019 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Science for their outstanding contributions to “experimental research” into the “daunting issue” of global poverty, many have questioned the Nobel Committee’s choice, with some saying China’s poverty alleviation efforts have been the most effective in the world and are more worthy of study. But since the three winners are experts in development economics, this year’s Nobel Prize for economics is seen as highlighting the global need for eradicating poverty and achieving common economic growth.Write a composition of about 400 words on the ANSWER SHEET, in which you should: (1) express your opinion on why poverty alleviation core of development economics and what further steps to be taken.(2) give sound arguments to support your view.Marks will be awarded for content relevance, content sufficiency, organization, and language quality.Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.。

杭州师范大学2020年招收攻读硕士研究生考试题考试科目代码：211考试科目名称：翻译硕士英语说明：考生答题时一律写在答题纸上，否则漏批责任自负。

I. Vocabulary and grammar (30’)SectionAMultiple choice (20’)Directions:Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the answer that best completes the sentence. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.1. Creativity should not be as an exceptional talent; it is a basic skill that can be mastered with the right teaching.A. replacedB. perceivedC. cultivatedD. probed2. These guests were to the host for his gracious and impressive hospitality.A. contemptuousB. resentfulC. obligedD. mighty3. Whatever we attempt to do, we mustn’t our main objective.A. attainB. rejectC. lose sight ofD. prosecute4. With the passage of time, some words are beginning to a new sense.A. go aboutB. take onC. draw uponD. turn out5. Tourism, particularly ecotourism, helps promote of wildlife and natural resources.A. conservationB. distinctionC. extinctionD. aspiration6. Despite the changes in this country, many tough issues remain unsolved.A. radicalB. reversibleC. rigorousD. insensible7. Life is stressful, so it is always difficult to work, school and family.A. encounterB. eliminateC. illuminateD. prioritize8. People who diabetes have to minimize their daily consumption of sugar.A. make up forB. crack down onC. take fancy toD. are stricken with9. The city was paralyzed by the transit strike for better wages.A. subjectivelyB. imaginablyC. virtuallyD. positively10. The changes brought about by digital technologies have impacted the whole world.A. novelB. adverseC. profoundD. prospective11. The camps are not usual tent-type camps. They are mostly long-established,structures, often with strange Islamic names.A. historicalB. monotonousC. permanentD.raw12. Among all the changes resulting from the ______ entry of women into the work force, the transformation that has occurred in the women themselves is not the least important.A. massiveB. quantitativeC. surplusD. formidable13. The manufacturing in China is expected to continue to expand in 2019 despite the slight decline of an index.A. versionB. sectorC. questD.factor14. Researchers say that cigarettes is necessary to dramatically reduce the chance of cardiovascular problems.A. carrying outB. breaking outC. cutting outD. putting out15. Economic recessions will weaken one’s confidence in the government and threaten social .A. cohesionB. erosionC. illusionD. evasion16. The Mexican settlers built cities and missions in what become California.A. used toB. would ratherC. was toD. had better17. Each of us is working hard to get happiness which brings substantial benefits for society .A. by mere chanceB. at great lengthC. all at onceD. as a whole18. Although the colonists ______ to some extent with the native Americans, the Indians’ influence on American culture and language was not extensive.A. migratedB. matchedC. mingledD. melted19. Most readers believe that this book is , thoughtful and informative.A. intriguingB. ambiguousC. compulsiveD. imperative20. Some of the recent actions of the government are their statement of policy.A. in the interest ofB. in conformity withC. in proportion toD. in the event ofSectionB Proofreading and error correction (10’)The passage contains TEN errors. Each indicated line contains a maximum of ONE error. In each case, only ONE word is involved. You should proofread the passage and correct it in the following way:For a wrong word underline the wrong word and write the correct one inthe blank provided at the end of the lineFor a missing wordmark the position of the missing word with a “Λ” signand write the word you believe to be missing in theblank provided at the end of the line.For an unnecessary word cross the unnecessary word with a slash “/”and put theword in the blank provided at the end of the line.EXAMPLEW h e nΛa r t m u s e u m w a n t s a n e w e x h i b i t,(1) anIt never buys things in finished form and hangs (2) neverthem on the wall. When a natural history museumwants an exhibition, it must often build it. (3) exhibitMany people are disturbed by the genetic diversify of (1)cancers--- an inevitable result of random evolution. (2)Cancer therapies used to be applied fairly random or (3)Carelessly, but nowadays many believe that effectivetherapies need to be specific and tailoring to genetic (4)faults in each individual’s cancer. Therefore, a personalized(5)treatment disregards the most fundamental reason (6)it is difficult to cure cancers once for all: cancer cellsadapt and evolve with response to treatment. Even drugs (7)that are initially effective often have a progressive (8)diminishing effect, as the biological systems blockedof the treatment spontaneously compensateof rerouting (9)the cancer cell’s internal wiring, in restoring the cancer’s (10)ability to spread. To use an analogy, in the absence ofshort cuts, evolution takes over: naturally arising mutantcancer cells that are resistant to the targeted drug rapidlyoutgrow their disabled siblings and cancer comes back.II. Reading comprehension(40’)Section A Multiple choice (20’)Directions:In this section there are two passages followed by multiple choice questions. Read the passages and then mark your answers on the answer sheet.Passage AThe language of rights now dominates political debate in the United States. Does the Government respect the moral and political rights of its citizens? Or does the Government’s war policy, or its race policy, fly in the face of these rights? Do the minorities whose rights have been violated have the right to violate the law in return? Or does the silent majority itself have rights, including the right that those who break the law be published? It is not surprising that these questions are now prominent. The concept of rights, and particularly the concept of rights against the Government, has its most natural use when a political society is divided, and appeals to co-operation or a common goal are pointless.The debate does not include the issue of whether citizens have some moral rights against their Government. It seems accepted on all sides that they do. Conventional lawyers and politicians take it as a point of pride that our legal system recognizes, for example, individual rights of free speech, equality, and due process. They base their claim that our law deserves respect, at least in part, on that fact, for they would not claim that totalitarian system deserve the same loyalty.Some philosophers, of cause, reject the idea that citizens have rights apart from what the law happens to give them. Bentham thought that the idea of moral rights was “nonsense on stilts”. But that view has never been part of our orthodox political theory, and politicians of both parties appeal to the rights of the people to justify a great part of what they want to do. I shall not be concerned, in this essay, to defend the thesis that citizens have moral rights against their governments; I want instead to explore the implications of that thesis for those, including the present United States Government, who profess to accept it.It is much in dispute, of cause, what particular rights citizens have. Does the acknowledged right to free speech, for example, include the right to participate in nuisance demonstrations? In practice, the Government will have the last word on what an individual’s rights are, because its police will do what the officials and courts say. But that does not mean that the Government’s view is necessarily the correct view, anyone who thinks it does must believe that men and women have such moral rights as Government chooses to grant, which means they have no moral rights at all.All this is sometimes obscured in the United States by the constitutional system. The American Constitution provides a set of individual legal rights in the First Amendment, and in due process, equal protection, and similar clauses. Under present legal practice the Supreme Court has the power to declare an act of Congress or of a state legislature void if the Court finds that the act offends these provisions. This practice has had some commentators to suppose that individual moral rights are fully protected by this system, but that is hardly so, nor could it be so.1. In the United States nowadays__________.A. politicians are discussing about the right language.B. politicians are debating about what is right and what is wrong.C. language is the most important theme in the political debate.D. we can hear lots of talks about rights.2. It is only natural that questions about citizens’ rights are now prominent because__________A. the minorities are violating the law.B. the political society in the USA is divided.C. the silent majority wants to punish those who have violated the law.D. people are looking for a common goal.3. Which of the following statements is not true?A. It is generally agreed that citizens should have some moral rights.B. It is a moral right of the citizens to respect the legal system.C. Citizens’ moral rights include free speech, equality and due process.D. The legal system deserves respect because it recognizes citizens’ moral rights.4. In this essay the author will not be concerned to defend the thesis that citizens have moralrights against their government because__________A. this thesis has never bee put into question in the mainstream political theory.B. he shares the view of those philosophers who think that citizens only have the rights that thelaw gives them.C. this thesis has appeal to politicians of both parties.D. the United States government professes to accept this thesis.5. The author believes that__________A. the United States Constitution protects citizens’ moral rights but the government does not.B. the Supreme Court has the power to protect citizens’ moral rights but it does not do that.C. Citizens’ moral rights could not be fully protected by the present legal practice.D. the United States Constitution does not have provisions that fully protect citizens’ moralrights.Passage BWhat do you do when everyone hates you? That is the problem faced by America’s pharmaceutical industry. Despite its successes in treating disease and extending longevity, soaring health-care costs and bumper profits mean that big drug firms are widely viewed as exploitative, and regarded almost as unfavorably as tobacco and oil firms (see chart). Last week, at a conference organized by The Economist in Philadelphia, the drug industry was offered some advice from an unlikely source: a tobacco firm. Steven Parrish of Altria, the conglomerate that includes Philip Morris, gave his perspective on how an industry can improve its tarnished public image.Comparing the tobacco and pharmaceutical industries might seem absurd, or even offensive. “Their products kill people. Our products save people's lives,” says Alan Holmer, the head of the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America, an industry association. Yet the drug giants currently face an unprecedented onslaught of class-action lawsuits and public scrutiny; industry bosses are being grilled by lawmakers asking who knew what and when. It is all reminiscent of what happened to the tobacco industry in 1994.Mr. Parrish advised drug firms to abandon their bunker mentality and engage with their critics. Rather than arguing about the past, he said, it is better to move on, and give people something new to think about. (Philip Morris now acknowledges, for example, that cigarettes are addictive and deadly, and is trying to develop less harmful products.) Not everyone is open to persuasion, so focus on those who are, he said. But changing opinions takes time and demands deeds as well as words: “This is not about spin, this is about change.”The pharmaceutical industry is pursuing a range of initiatives to mollify its critics, Mr. Holmer noted in his own speech. But Mr. Parrish suggested that speaking with one voice through a trade association might be counter-productive, since it can give the impression that the industry is a monolithic cartel. And too much advertising, he said, can actually antagonize people further.The audience was generally receptive, claims Mr. Parrish. This is not the first time he has offered his thoughts on dealing with implacable critics. At a conference at the University of Michigan last year, he offered America’s State Department advice on improving America’s image in the Middle East. So does his prescription work? There has been a positive shift in attitudes towards tobacco firms, if only a small one. But at least, for once, a tobacco firm is peddling a cure, rather than a disease.1. Why is America’s pharmaceutical industry so unpopular?A. Because it, like tobacco and oil firms, does harm to people‘s health and environment.B. Because it fails to cure disease and make people live longer.C. Because the prices of its products are too high and its profit margin is too wide.D. Because it exploits its employees.2. Alan Holmer is quoted to illustrate that __________A. the comparison between tobacco and pharmaceutical industries might seem ridiculous, oreven insulting.B. the pharmaceutical industries agree that they are similar to tobacco industry.C. tobacco products do more harm to people than pharmaceutical products.D. pharmaceutical industries are currently facing lots of problems.3. According to the text, Mr. Parrish gives the following suggestions to drug firms except__________A. To acknowledge the problems and try to do something to improve their images.B. Not to react to the public in one voice through the drug association.C. Not to care about the past.D. To try to spend time and energy to persuade the majority of the audience who are open topersuasion.4. The word “mollify” (Line 1, Paragraph 4) might mean?A. placateB. enrageC. fightD. relieve5. What does the author imply by saying “This is not the first time he has offered histhoughts on dealing with implacable critics.”?A. Mr. Parrish has offered his advice to other on dealing with tough critics for several times.B. Mr. Parrish has dealt successfully with other critics himself.C. Mr. Parrish has given sound advice to drug firms.D. Mr. Parrish has been of help to others on critical moments.Section B Answering questions(20’)Directions:Read the following two passages and then answer IN COMPLETE SENTENCES the questions which follow each passage. Use only information from the passage you have just read and write your answers on the answer sheet.Questions 1-3New tools offer new opportunities, but what are the risks and who benefits?Human intervention for the improvement of crops, trees, livestock and fish is nothing new. For millennia, humans have bred, crossed and selected those varieties, ecotypes and breeds that were more productive, better adapted or particularly useful.Conventional breeding practices can now be complemented by a number of new and powerful techniques. Some of these allow, for example, the propagation of plant material in glass tubes to keep it free of diseases, and the production of more sensitive and specific reagents for diagnosing diseases in plants, livestock and fish through tissue and cell culture. Others, often referred to as molecular methods, enable scientists to see the layout of the entire genome of any organism and to select plants and animals with preferred characteristics by “reading” at the molecular level, saving precious time and resources.Modern biotechnology also includes an array of tools for introducing or deleting a particular gene or genes to produce plants, animals and micro-organisms with novel traits. This kind of genetic manipulation is called “genetic engineering” and the product is a genetically modifiedorganism, or GMO. Both traditional and modern biotechnologies result in plants, animals and micro-organisms with combinations of genes that would not have come about without human intervention. It has to be emphasized, however, that biotechnology includes a range of techniques and products, and GMOs are but one of them.“With the increasingly limited amount of new land available to agriculture, modern biotechnologies could complement and improve the efficiency of traditional selection and breeding techniques to enhance agricultural productivity,” says Mahmoud Solh, Director of FAO’s Division of Plant Production and Protection.A plant or an animal resistant to a particular disease can be produced through a “traditional” breeding programme, that is, through crosses with resistant relative, selection and backcrossing again, or by the introduction of a gene that confers the resistance through genetic engineering. While the products of both approaches will be disease resistant, only the second one is a GMO. What is new is the ability of scientists to unravel the genome to look at the genes of an organism, and then make use of that information to change the organism, and even transfer genes to another organism very distant in the evolutionary scale. And that is where the controversy comes in.“FAO recognizes that genetic engineering has the potential to help increase production and productivity in agriculture, forestry and fisheries,” says FAO’s Statement on Biotechnology. “It could lead to higher yields on marginal lands in countries that today cannot grow enough food to feed their people.” But, it adds, FAO “is also aware of the concern about the potential risks posed by certain aspects of biotechnology. These risks fall into two basic categories: the effects on human and animal health and the environmental consequences.”These new tools offer new opportunities for solving problems where traditional techniques have failed. Genetically modified products are usually developed and used for large-scale commercial interests, and with a few exceptions, small-scale farmers have so far not benefited from the technology.The articles in this focus are intended to provide background information on genetic engineering in agriculture for the non-specialist--what it is, how it is being used, how it might be used in the future and possible benefits and risks. If you are new to the subject, you might find it easiest to read the pages in the order shown in the column on the right. Those who would like to pursue the subject further may wish to visit.1. According to the passage, what is called “genetic engineering”?2. What are the potential benefits and risks of genetic engineering in agriculture?3. Why are small-scale farmers unlikely to benefit from biotechnology?Questions 4-5According to the latest figures, the majority of the world’s population is now bilingual or multilingual, having grown up speaking two or more languages. In the past, such children were considered to be at a disadvantage compared with their monolingual peers. Over the past fewdecades, however, technological advances have allowed researchers to look more deeply at how bilingualism interacts with and changes the cognitive and neurological systems, thereby identifying several clear benefits of being bilingual.Research shows that when a bilingual person uses one language, the other is active at the same time. When we hear a word, we don’t hear the entire word all at once: the sounds arrive in sequential order. Long before the word is finished, the brain’s language system begins to guess what that word might be. If you hear ‘can’, you will likely activate words like ‘candy’ and ‘candle’ as well, at least during the earlier stages of word recognition. For bilingual people, this activation is not limited to a single language; auditory input activates corresponding words regardless of the language to which they belong. Some of the most compelling evidence for this phenomenon, called ‘language co-activation’, comes from studying eye movements. A Russian-English bilingual asked to ‘pick up a marker’ from a set of objects would look more at a stamp than someone who doesn’t Know Russian, because the Russian word for ‘stamp’, marka, sounds like the English word he or she heard, ‘marker’. In cases like this, language co-activation occurs because what the listener hears could map onto words in either language.Having to deal with this persistent linguistic competition can result in difficulties, however. For instance, knowing more than one language can cause speakers to name picture more slowly, and can increase ‘tip-of-the-tongue states’, when you can almost, but not quite, bring a word to mind. As a result, the constant juggling of two language creates a need to control how much a person accesses a language at any given time. For this reason, bilingual people often perform better on tasks that require conflict management. In classic Stroop Task, people see a word and are asked to name the colour of the word’s font. When the colour and the word match (i.e., the word ‘red’ printed in red), people correctly name the colour more quickly than when the colour and the word don’t match (i.e., the word ‘red’ printed in blue). This occurs because the word itself (‘red’) and its font colour (blue) conflict. Bilingual people often excel at tasks such as this, which tap into the ability to ignore competing perceptual information and focus on the relevant aspects of the input. Bilinguals are also better at switching between two tasks; for example, when bilinguals have to switch from categorizing objects by colour (red or green) to categorizing them by shape (circle or triangle), they do so more quickly than monolingual people, reflecting better cognitive control when having to make rapid changes of strategy.It also seems that the neurological roots of the bilingual advantage extend to brain areas more traditionally associated with sensory processing. When monolingual and bilingual adolescents listen to simple speech sounds without any intervening background noise, they show highly similar brain stem responses. When researchers play the same sound to both groups in the presence of background noise, however, the bilingual listeners’ neural response is considerably larger, reflecting better encoding of the sound’s fundamental frequency, a feature of sound closely related to pitch perception.Such improvements in cognitive and sensory processing may help a bilingual person toprocess information in the environment, and help explain why bilingual adults acquire a third language better than monolingual adults master a second language. This advantage may be rooted in the skill of focusing on information about the new language while reducing interference from the languages they already know.Research also indicates that bilingual experience may help to keep the cognitive mechanisms sharp by recruiting alternate brain networks to compensate for those that become damaged during aging. Older bilinguals enjoy improved memory relative to monolingual people, which can lead to real-world health benefits. In a study of over 200 patients with Alzheimer’s disease, a degenerative brain disease, bilingual patients reported showing initial symptoms of the disease an average of five years later than monolingual patients. In a follow-up study, researchers compared the brains of bilingual and monolingual patients match on the severity of Alzheimer’s symptoms. Surprisingly, the bilinguals’ brains had more physical signs of disease than their monolingual counterparts, even though their outward behaviour and abilities were the same. If the brain is an engine, bilingualism may help it to go farther on the same amount of fuel.Furthermore, the benefits associated with bilingual experience seem to start very early. In one study, researchers taught seven-month-old babies growing up in monolingual or bilingual homes that when they heard a tinkling sound, a puppet appearing on the opposite side of the screen. In order to get a reward, the infants had to adjust the rule they’d learned; only the bilingual babies were able to successfully learn the new rule. This suggests that for very young children, as well as for older people, navigating a multilingual environment imparts advantages that transfer far beyond language.4. Why do bilingual people often perform better than monolingual people on tasks that requireconflict management?5. According to the passage, what are the results when monolingual and bilingual adolescentslisten to simple speech sounds with or without intervening background noise?III. Writing (30’)Directions:After Abhijit Banerjee, Esther Duflo and Michael Kremer were awarded the 2019 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Science for their outstanding contributions to “experimental research” into the “daunting issue” of global poverty, many have questioned the Nobel Committee’s choice, with some saying China’s poverty alleviation efforts have been the most effective in the world and are more worthy of study. But since the three winners are experts in development economics, this year’s Nobel Prize for economics is seen as highlighting the global need for eradicating poverty and achieving common economic growth.Write a composition of about 400 words on the ANSWER SHEET, in which you should:(1) express your opinion on why poverty alleviation core of development economics andwhat further steps to be taken.(2) give sound arguments to support your view.Marks will be awarded for content relevance, content sufficiency, organization, and language quality.Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.杭州师范大学2019年招收攻读硕士研究生考试题考试科目代码：211考试科目名称：翻译硕士英语说明：考生答题时一律写在答题纸上，否则漏批责任自负。

2015年杭州师范大学718综合英语考研真题(总分150,考试时间180分钟)ClozeDirections: Fill in the blanks with proper words (the first letter is given).(30 points, 1 point for each)Every aspect of language is **plex. Yet very young (1) c________—before the age of five—already (2) k________ most of the intricate system we have been calling the grammar of a (3) l________. Before they can add 2+2, children are conjoining sentences, asking (4) q________, using appropriate pronouns, negating sentences, forming relative clauses, and using the syntactic, phonological, morphological, and semantic (5) r________ of the grammar.A normal human being can go (6) t________ life without learning to read or (7) w________. Millions of people in the world today do. These same people (8) s________ and understand a language, and they can (9) d________ ideas as complex and abstract (10) a________ literate speakers can. Learning to speak and understand a language, and (11) l________ to read and write, are different. Similarly, millions (12) h________ never learn algebra or chemistry or how to (13) u________ a computer. They must be taught these skills or systems, but they do not have to be (14) t________ to walk or to talk. In fact, “We are designed to walk…. That we are taught to walk is impossible. And pretty much the (15) s________ is true of language. (16) N________ is taught language. In fact you can’t prevent the child (17) f________ learning it.”The (18) s________ of the grammars of human languages has revealed a great deal (19) a________ language acquisition, about what a child does and does not do when learning a language. First, it is obvious that children do not (20) l________ a language (21) b________ storing all the words and all the (22) s________in some giant mental dictionary. The list of (23) w________ is finite, but no dictionary can hold all the sentences, which are (24) i________ in number. Rather, they learn to construct and understand sentences, most of which they have never produced or (25) h________ before.Children must therefore (26) c________ the rules that permit them to use their language creatively. No one teaches (27) t________ these rules. Their parents are no (28) m________ aware of the phonological, morphological, syntactic, and semantic rules that are the children. Children seem to (29) act l________ efficient linguists equipped with a perfect theory of language, and they use this (30) t________ to construct the grammar of the language they hear.1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11.12.13.14.15.16.17.18.19.20.21.22.23.24.25.26.27.28.29.30.Reading ComprehensionDirections: There are 6 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice and write the corresponding letter on the answer sheet.(60 points, 2 points for each)Pop stars today enjoy a style of living which was once the prerogative only of Royalty. Wherever they go, people turn out in their thousands to greet them. The crowds go wild trying to catch a brief glimpse of their smiling, colorfully dressed idols. The stars are transported in their chauffeur driven Rolls-Royces, private helicopters or executive airplanes. They are surrounded by a permanent entourage of managers, press agents and bodyguards. Photographs of them appear regularly in the press and all **ings and goings are reported, for, like Royalty, pop stars are news. If they enjoy many of the privileges of Royalty, they certainly share many of the inconveniences as well. It is dangerous for them to make unscheduled appearances in public. They must be constantly shielded from the adoring crowds which idolize them. They are no longer private individuals, but public property. The financial rewards they receive for this sacrifice cannot be calculated, for their rates of pay are astronomical.And why not? Society has always rewarded its top entertainers lavishly. The great days of Hollywood have become legendary: famous stars enjoyed fame, wealth and adulation on an unprecedented scale. By today’s standards, theexcesses of Hollywood do not seem quite so spectacular. A single gramophone record nowadays may earn much more in royalties than the films of the past ever did. **petition for the title ‘Top of the Pops’ is fierce, but the rewards are truly colossal.It is only right that the stars should be paid in this way. Don’t the top men in industry earn enormous salaries for the services they perform to **panies and their countries? Pop stars earn vast sums in foreign currency—often more than large industrial concerns—and the taxman can only be grateful for their massive annual contributions to the exchequer. So who would begrudge them their rewards?It’s all very well for people in humdrum jobs to moan about the successes and rewards of others. People who make envious remarks should remember that the most famous stars represent only the tip of the iceberg. For every famous star, there are hundreds of others struggling to earn a living. A man working in a steady job and looking forward to a pension at the end of it has no right to expect very high rewards. He has chosen security and peace of mind, so there will always be a limit to what he can earn. But a man who attempts to become a star is taking enormous risks. He knows at the outset that only a handful of competitors ever get to the very top. He knows that years of concentrated effort may be rewarded **plete failure. But he knows, too, that the rewards for success are very high indeed: they are the recompense for the huge risks involved and if he achieves them, he has certainly earned them. That’s the essence of private enterprise.31. The sentence “Pop stars’ style of living was once the prerogative only of Royalty” means ________.A. their life was as luxurious as that of royaltyB. they enjoy what once only belonged to the royaltyC. they are rather richD. their way of living was the same as that of the royalty32. What is the author’s attitude toward top stars’ high income?A. Approval.B. Disapproval.C. Ironical.D. Critical33. It can be inferred from the passage ________.A. there exists **petition in climbing to the topB. people are blind in idolizing starsC. successful Pop stars give great entertainmentD. the tax they have paid are great34. What can we learn from the passage?A. Successful man should get high-income repayment.B. Pop stars made great contribution to a country.C. Pop stars can enjoy the life of royalty.D. Successful men represent the tip of the iceberg.35. Which paragraph covers the main idea?A. The first.B. The second.C. The third.D. The fourth.Taking charge of yourself involves putting to rest some very prevalent myths. At the top of the list is the notion that intelligence is measured by your ability to **plex problems; to read, write **pute at certain levels, and to resolve abstract equations quickly. This vision of intelligence asserts formal education and bookish excellence as the true measures of self-fulfillment. It encourages a kind of intellectual prejudice that has brought with it some discouraging results. We **e to believe that someone who has more educational merit badges, who is very good at some form of school discipline, is “intelligent.” Yet mental hospitals are filled with patients who have all of the properly lettered certificates. A truer indicator of intelligence is an effective, happy life lived each day and each present moment of every day.If you are happy, if you live each moment for everything it is worth, then you are an intelligent person. Problem solving is a useful help to your happiness, but if you know that given your inability to resolve a particular concern you can still choose happiness for yourself, or at a minimum refuse to choose unhappiness, then you are intelligent. You are intelligent because you have the ultimate weapon against the big N. B. D—Nervous Break Down.“Intelligent” people do not have N. B. D.'s because they are in charge of themselves. They know how to choose happiness over depression, because they know how to deal with the problems of their lives.You can begin to think of yourself as truly intelligent on the basis of how you choose to feel in the face of trying circumstances. The life struggles are pretty much the same for each of us. Everyone who is involved with other human beings in any social context has similar difficulties. Disagreements, conflicts **promises are a part of what it means to be human. Similarly, money, growing old, sickness, deaths natural disasters and accidents are all events which present problems to virtually all human beings. But some people are able to make it, to avoid immobilizing depression and unhappiness despite such occurrences, while others collapse or have an N. B. D. Those who recognize problems as a human condition and don’t measure happiness by an absence of problems are the most intelligent kind of humans we know; also, the most rare.36. According to the author, the conventional notion of intelligence measured in terms of one’s ability to read, write **pute ________.A. is a widely held but wrong conceptB. will help eliminate intellectual prejudiceC. is the root of all mental distressD. will contribute to one’s self-fulfillment37. It is implied in the passage that holding a university degree ________.A. may result in one’s in ability to **plex real-life problemsB. does not indicate one’s ability to write properly worded documentsC. may make one mentally sick and physically weakD. does not mean that one is highly intelligent38. The author thinks that an intelligent person knows ________.A. how to put up with some very prevalent mythsB. how to find the best way to achieve success in lifeC. how to avoid depression and make his life worthwhileD. how to persuade others to compromise39. In the last paragraph, the author tells us that ________.A. difficulties are but part of everyone’s lifeB. depression and unhappiness are unavoidable in lifeC. everybody should learn to avoid trying circumstancesD. good feelings can contribute to eventual academic excellence40. According to the passage, what kind of people are rare?A. Those who don’t emphasize bookish excellence in their pursuit of happiness.B. Those who are aware of difficulties in life but know how to avoid unhappiness.C. Those who measure happiness by an absence of p roblems but seldom suffer from N. B.D.’s.D. Those who are able to secure happiness though having to struggle against trying circumstances. Greece, economically, is in the black. With very little to export other than such farm products as tobacco, cotton and fruit, the country earns enough from “invisible earnings” to pay for its needed, growing imports. From the sending out of things the Greeks, earn only $285 million; from tourism, shipping and the remittances of Greeks abroad, the country takes in an additional $375 million and this washes out the almost $400 million by which imports exceed exports.It has a balanced budget. Although more than one drachma out of four goes for defense, the government ended a recent year with a slight surplus—$66 million. Greece has a decent reserve of almost a third of a billion dollars in gold and foreign exchange. It has a government not dependent on coalescing incompatible parties to obtain parliamentary majorities.In thus summarizing a few happy highlights, I don’t mean to minimize the vast extent of Greece’s problems. It is the poorest country by a wide margin in Free Europe, and poverty is widespread. At best an annual income of $60 to $70 is the lot of many a peasant, and substantial unemployment plagues the countryside, cities, and towns of Greece. There are few natural resources on which to build any substantial industrial base. Some years ago I wrote here:Greek statesmanship will have to create an atmosphere in which home and foreign savings will willingly seek investment opportunities in the back ward economy of Greece. So far, most American and other foreign attempt have bogged down in the Greek government’s red tape and shrewdness about small points.”Great strides have been made. As far back as 1956, expanding tourism seemed a logical way to bring needed foreign currencies and additional jobs to Greece. At that time I talked with the Hilton Hotel people, who had been examining hotel possibilities, and to the Greek government division responsible for this area of the economy. They were hopelessly deadlocked in almost total differences of opinion and outlook.Today most of the incredibly varied, beautiful, historical sights of Greece have new, if in many cases modest, tourist facilities. Tourism itself has jumped from approximately $31 million to over $90 million. There is both a magnificent new Hilton Hotel in Athens and a completely modernized, greatly expanded Grande Bretagne, as well as other first-rate new hotels. And the advent of jets has made Athens as accessible as Paris or Rome—without the sky-high prices of traffic-choked streets of either.41. The title below that best expresses the ideas of this passage is ________.A. Greek income and expendituresB. the improving economic situation in GreeceC. the value of tourismD. military expenditures42. Many peasants earn less than ________.A. $60 a weekB. $2 a weekC. $1 a dayD. $10 a month43. The Greek Government spends ________.A. more than 25%of its budget on military termsB. more than its collectsC. a third of a billion dollars in goldD. less than 25% of its budget on military terms44. According to the passage, Greece has ________.A. a dictatorshipB. a monarchyC. a single majority partyD. too much red tape45. Greece imports annually goods and materials ________.A. totaling almost $700 millionB. that balance exportsC. that are paid by touristsD. costing $66 millionIt is hardly necessary for me to cite all the evidence of the depressing state of literacy. These figures from the Department of Education are sufficient: 27 million Americans cannot read at all, and a further 35 million read at a level that is less than sufficient to survive in our society.But my own worry today is less that of the overwhelming problem of elemental literacy than it is of the slightly more luxurious problem of the decline in the skill even of his middle-class reader, of his unwillingness to afford those spaces of silence, those luxuries of domesticity and time and concentration, that surround the image of the classic act of reading. It has been suggested that almost 80 percent of America’s literate, educated teenagers can no longer read without an accompanying noise (music) in the background or a television screen flickering at the corner of their field of perception. We know very little about the brain and how it deals with simultaneous conflicting input, but **mon-sense intuition suggests we should be profoundly alarmed. This violation of concentration, silence, solitude goes to the very heart of our notion of literacy; this new form of part-reading, of part-perception against background distraction, renders impossible certain essential acts of apprehension and concentration, let alone that most important tribute any human being can pay to a poem or a piece of prose he or she really loves, which is to learn it by heart. Not by brain, by heart; the expression is vital.Under these circumstances, the question of what future there is for the arts of reading is a real one. Ahead of us lie technical, psychic, and social transformations probably much more dramatic than those brought about by Gutenberg, the German inventor in printing. The Gutenberg revolution, as we now know it, took a long time; its effects are still being debated. The information revolution will touch every facet of composition, publication, distribution, and reading. No one in the book industry can say with any confidence what will happen to the book as we’ve known it.46. The picture of the reading ability of the American people, drawn by the author, is ________.A. rather bleakB. fairly brightC. very impressiveD. quite encouraging47. The author’s biggest concern is ________.A. elementary school children's disinterest in reading classicsB. the surprisingly low rate of literacy in the U.S.C. the musical setting American readers require for readingD. the reading ability and reading behavior of the middle class48. A major problem with most adolescents who can read is ________.A. their fondness of music and TV programsB. their ignorance of various forms of art and literatureC. their lack of attentiveness and basic understandingD. their inability to focus on conflicting input49. The author claims that the best way a reader can show admiration for a piece of poetry or prose is ________.A. to be able to appreciate it and memorize itB. to analyze its essential featuresC. to think it over conscientiouslyD. to make a fair appraisal of its artistic value50. About the future of the arts of reading the author feels ________.A. upsetB. uncertainC. alarmedD. pessimisticYet the difference in tome and language must strike us, so soon as it is philosophy that speaks: that change should remind us that even if the function of religion and that of reason coincide, this function is performed in the two cases by very different organs. Religions are many, reason one. Religion consists of conscious ideas, hopes, enthusiasms, and objects of worship; it operates by grace and flourishes by prayer. Reason, on the other hand, is a mere principle or potential order, on which indeed we **e to reflect but which exists in us ideally only, without variation or stress of any kind. We conform or do not conform to it; it does not urge or chide us, not call for any emotions on our part other than those naturally aroused by the various objects which it unfolds in their true nature and proportion. Religion brings some order into life by weighting it with new materials. Reason adds to the natural materials only the perfect order which it introduces into them. Rationality is nothing but a form, an ideal constitution which experience may more or less embody. Religion is a part of experience itself, a mass of sentiments and ideas. The one is an inviolate principle, the other a changing and struggling force. And yet this struggling and changing force of religion seems to direct man toward something eternal. It seems to make for an ultimate harmony within the soul and for an ultimate harmony between the soul and all that the soul depends upon. Religion, in its intent, is a more conscious and direct pursuit of the Life of Reason than is society, science, or art, for these approach and fill out the ideal life tentatively and piecemeal, hardly regarding the foal or caring for the ultimate justification of the instinctive aims. Religion also has an instinctive and blind side and bubbles up in all manner of chance practices and intuitions; soon, however, it feels its way toward the heart of things, and from whatever quarter it **e, veers in the direction of the ultimate.Nevertheless, we must confess that this religious pursuit of the Life of Reason has been singularly abortive. Those within the pale of each religion may prevail upon themselves, to express satisfaction with its results, thanks to a fond partiality in reading the past and generous draughts of hope for the future; but any one regarding the various religions at once **paring their achievements with what reason requires, must feel how terrible is thedisappointment which they have one and all prepared for mankind. Their chief anxiety has been to offer imaginary remedies for mortal ills, some of which are incurable essentially, while others might have been really cured by well-directed effort. The Greed oracles, for instance, pretended to heal out natural ignorance, which has its appropriate though difficult cure, while the Christian vision of heaven pretended to be an antidote to our natural death—the inevitable correlate of birth and of a changing and conditioned existence. By methods of this sort little can be done for the real betterment of life. To confuse intelligence and dislocate sentiment by gratuitous fictions is a shortsighted way of pursuing happiness. Nature is soon avenged. An unhealthy exaltation and a one-sided morality have to be followed by regrettable reactions. When **e. The real rewards of life may seem vain to a relaxed vitality, and the very name of virtue may irritate young spirits untrained in and natural excellence. Thus religion too often debauches the morality it comes to sanction and impedes the science it ought to fulfill.What is the secret of this ineptitude? Why does religion, so near to rationality in its purpose, fall so short of it in its results? The answer is easy; religion pursues rationality through the imagination. When it explains events or assigns causes, it is an imaginative substitute for science. When it gives precepts, insinuates ideals, or remoulds aspiration, it is an imaginative substitute for wisdom — I mean for the deliberate and impartial pursuit of all food. The condition and the aims of life are both represented in religion poetically, but this poetry tends to arrogate to itself literal truth and moral authority, neither of which it possesses. Hence the depth and importance of religion becomes intelligible no less than its contradictions and practical disasters. Its object is the same as that of reason, but its method is to proceed by intuition and by unchecked poetical conceits.51. As used in the passage, the author would define “wisdom” as ________.A. the pursuit of rationality through imaginationB. an unemotional search for the truthC. a purposeful and unbiased quest for what is bestD. a short-sighted way of pursuing happiness52. Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE?A. Religion seeks the truth through imagination, reason, in its search, utilizes the emotions.B. Religion has proved an ineffective tool in solving man’s problems.C. Science seeks a piece meal solution to man’s questions.D. The functions of philosophy and reason are the same.53. According to the author, science differs from religion in that ________.A. it is unaware of ultimate goalsB. it is unimaginativeC. its findings are exact and finalD. it resembles society and art54. The author states that religion differs from rationality in that ________.A. it relies on intuition rather than reasoningB. it is not concerned with the ultimate justification of its instinctive aimsC. it has disappointed mankindD. it has inspired mankind55. According to the author, the pursuit of religion has proved to be ________.A. imaginativeB. a provider of hope for the futureC. a highly intellectual activityD. ineffectualOur culture has caused most Americans to assume not only that our language is universal but that the gestures we use are understood by everyone. We do not realize that waving good-bye is the way to summon a person from the Philippines to one’s side, or that in Italy and some Latin-American countries, curling the finger to oneself is a sign of farewell.Those private citizens who sent packages to our troops occupying Germany after World War Ⅱ and marked them GIFT to escape duty payments did not bother to find out that “Gift” means poison in German. Moreover, we like to think of ourselves as friendly, yet we prefer to be at least 3 feet or an arm’s length away from others. Latins and Middle Easterners like to come closer and touch, which makes Americans uncomfortable.Our linguistic and cultural blindness and the casualness with which we take notice of the developed tastes, gestures, customs and languages of other countries, are losing us friends, business and respect in the world.Even here in the United States, we make few concessions to the needs of foreign visitors. There are no information signs in four languages on our public buildings or monuments; we do not have multilingual guided tours. Very few restaurant menus have translations, and multilingual waiters, bank clerks and policemen are rare. Our transportation systems have maps in English only and often we ourselves have difficulty understanding them.When we go abroad, we tend to cluster in hotels and restaurants where English is spoken. The attitudes and information we pick up are conditioned by those natives-usually the richer-who speak English. Our business dealings, as well as the nation's diplomacy, are conducted through interpreters.For many years, America and Americans could get by with cultural blindness and linguistic ignorance. After all, America was the most powerful country of the free world, the distributor of needed funds and goods.But all that is past. American dollars no longer buy all good things, and we are slowly beginning to realize that our proper role in the world is changing. A 1979 Harris poll reported that 55 percent of Americans want this country to play a more significant role in world affairs; we want to have a hand in the important decisions of the next century, even though it may not always be the upper hand.56. It can be inferred that Americans being approached too closely by Middle Easterners would most probably ________.A. stand stillB. jump asideC. step forwardD. draw back57. The author gives many examples to criticize Americans for their ________.A. cultural self-centerednessB. casual mannersC. indifference toward foreign visitorsD. arrogance towards other cultures58. In countries other than their own most Americans ________.A. are isolated by the local peopleB. are not well informed due to the language barrierC. tend to get along well with the nativesD. need interpreters in hotels and restaurants59. According to the author, Americans’ cultural blindness and linguistic ignorance will________.A. affect their image in the new eraB. cut themselves off from the outside worldC. limit their role in world affairsD. weaken the position of the US dollar60. The author’s intention in writing this article is to make Americans realize that ________.A. it is dangerous to ignore their foreign friendsB. it is important to maintain their leading role in world affairsC. it is necessary to use several languages in public placesD. it is time to get acquainted with other culturesParaphraseDirections: Rephrase the underlined sentences in the following passage.(20 points, 4 points for each)61. No matter what their specific forms, families in all known societies have performed major social functions—production, maintenance, socialization, and social placement of the young.62. All their teachers looked for were mistakes, and there are so many kinds of mistakes in writing that their students despair of ever learning to avoid them.63. In education there should be no class distinction.64. Through uninhibited spraying against one enemy we have destroyed the natural balances our survival requires. All these evils can and must be **e if America and Americans are to survive; but many of us still conduct ourselves as our ancestors did, stealing from the future for our clear and present profit.65. It makes little sense for prospective students to choose to go to a university simply because it has an excellent reputation.WritingDirections: Please write an application letter in at least 350 words based on the following information.66. You are planning to go on your further study after your graduation in **ing year. A USC TESOL Master Program has interested and you are going to write an application letter to the USC. You must answer all the following questions:Why have you chosen to apply to USC, specifically?What are your strong points in finishing the program?What unique contribution can you make to the program?Address your professional goals and how these goals can best be achieved through the program.。

2021年硕士研究生招生考试科目《综合英语》考试大纲
（注：尽可能详细！）参考书参考书目任选
考试内容考察本科英语专业语言基本知识与技能，侧重学术英语阅读和写作能力，部分题型参照TEM8或IELTS。

试卷内容结构客观题与主观题两大题型，内容包括英语词汇语法运用、翻译、写作。

试卷难易结构本科英语专业语言综合应用能力达中上水平，与英语八级相当，较易部分60%，较难部分40%
试卷题型结构完形填空、翻译、改写、写作
试卷分值结构完形填空（50分）、翻译（30分）、改写（15分）、写作（55分）
评分标准和要求客观题按标准答案，主观题根据参考答案灵活评阅
备注
一级学科硕士点召集人签名：(学院盖章)学院分管院长签名：。

2020浙江杭州师范大学二外英语考研真题Part I Reading Comprehension（Skimming and Scanning）(2×10=20 points) Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on the Answer Sheet.For questions 1 - 7, markY (for YES) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage; N (for NO) if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage;NG (for NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage.For questions 8 - 10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.The Paradox of HappinessIt’s plain common sense ——the more happiness you feel, the less unhappiness you experience. It’s plain common sense, but it’s not true. Recent research reveals that happiness and unhappiness are not really flip sides of the same emotion. They are two distinct feelings that, coexisting , rise and fall independently. “You’d think that the higher a person’s level of unhappiness, the lower their level of happiness and vice v ersa,” says Edward Diener, a University of Illinois professor of psychology who has done much of the new work on positive and negative emotions. But when Diener and other researchers measure people’s average levels of happiness and unhappiness, they often find little relationship between the two. The recognition that feelings of happiness and unhappiness can coexist much like love and hate in a close relationship may offer valuable clues on how to lead a happier life. It suggests, for example, that changing or avoiding things that make you miserable may well make you less miserable but probably won’t make you any happier. That advice is backed up by an extraordinarily series of studies which indicate that a genetic predisposition for unhappiness may run in certain families. On the other hand, researchers have found, happiness doesn’t appear to be anyone’s heritage. The capacity for joy is a talent you develop largely for yourself. Psychologists have settled on a working definition of the feeling——happiness is a sense of subjective well-being. They’ve also begun to find out who’s happy, who isn’t , and why. To date, the research hasn’t found a simple recipe for a happy life, but it has discovered some of the actions and attitudes that seem to bring people closer to that most desired of feelings.In a number of studies of identical and fraternal twins, researchers have examined the role genetics plays in happiness and unhappiness. The work suggests that although no one is really born to be happy, sadness may run in families.In one University of Southern California study, psychologist Laura Baker and colleagues compared 899 individuals who had taken several commonly used tests for happiness and unhappiness. The men and women included 105 pairs of identical and fraternal twins as well as grandparents, parents and young adult offspring from more than 200 other families.“Family members,” Baker reports, “resembled each other more in their levels of unhappiness than in their levels of happiness.” Furthermore, identical twins were much closer than fraternal twins in unhappiness, a finding that implies a genetic component.In a study at the University of Minnesota, twins (some raised together and others who had grown up apart) were tested for a wide range of personality traits. In terms of happiness——defined as the capacity to enjoy life——identical twins who were separated soon after birth were considerably less alike than twins raise together. But when it came to unhappiness, the twins raised apart——some without contact for as long as 64 years——were as similar as those who’d grown up together.Why is unhappiness less influenced by environment? When we’re happy we are more responsive to people and keep up connections better than when we’re feeling sad. This doesn’t mean, however, that some people are born to be sad and that’s that. Genes may predispose one to unhappiness, but disposition can be influenced by personal choice. You can increase your happiness through your own actions.In a series of experiments by psychologists John Reich and Alex Zautra at Arizona State University, they asked students to select their favorite activities from a list of everyday pleasures——things like going to a movie, talking with friends and playing cards.Then the researchers instructed some of the subjects to increase the number of favorite activities they participated in for one month (the other participants in the study served as controls and did not vary their activity level). Results: Those who did more of the things they enjoyed were happ ier than those who didn’t. The conclusion, then, is that the pleasure we get from life is largely ours to control.1. The feeling of unhappiness may be genetic.2. There is a strong relationship between levels of happiness and unhappiness ina person.3. Researchers have found that happiness is inherited.4. Unhappiness is less influenced by environment than it is by genetics.5. It is impossible to increase your happiness.6. We can control our own happiness.7. The level of happiness may vary with gender.8. Family members resembled each other more in their levels of unhappiness than in ____________.9. _______people took part in the study conducted by University of Southern California.10. Studiessuggest that in order to be happier, we need to increase the number of _______________.Part II Vocabulary (0.5×20=10 points)Directions:Choose the best answer you think most suitable to explain the underlined words or phrases in each sentence . Please write down the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.11.There was an inclination to treat geography as a less important subject.A) point B) tendency C) result D) finding12.New secretaries came and went with monotonous regularity.A) amazing B) depressing C) predictable D) dull13.The committee was asked to render a report on the housing situation.A) furnish B) copy C) publish D) summarize14. The group does not advocate the use of violence.A)limit B) regulate C) oppose D) support15.The original experiment cannot be exactly duplicate.A) reproduced B) invented C) designed D) reported16.The department deferred the decision for six months.A) put off B) arrived at C) abide by D) protested against17.The symptoms of the disease manifested themselves ten days later.A) eased B) appeared C) improved D) relieved18.The uniform makes the guards look absurd.A)serious B) ridiculous C) beautiful D) impressive19.Some of the larger birds can remain stationary in the air for several minutes.A) silent B) motionless C) seated D) true20.The country was torn apart by strife.A) poverty B) war C) conflict D) economy21.She felt that she had done her good deed for the day.A) act B) homework C) justice D) model22.A person’s wealth is often in inverse proportion to their happiness.A) equal B) certain C) large D) opposite23.His professional career spanned 16 years.A) started B) changed C) moved D) lasted24.His stomach felt hollow with fear.A) sincere B) respectful C) terrible D) empty25.This was disaster on a cosmic scale.A) modest B) huge C) commercial D) national26.Afterwards there was just a feeling of let down.A) excitement B) anger C) calm D) disappointment27.The curriculum was too narrow and too rigid.A) hidden B) inflexible C) traditional D) official28.The majority of people around here are decent.A) real B) honest C) normal D) wealthy29.It was a magic night until the spell was broken.A) time B) charm C) space D) opportunity30.They are trying to identify what is wrong with the present system.A) prove B) discover C)consider D) imaginePart III Grammar (1×20=20 points)Directions: There are two passages in this section. Some indicated lines are correct while others contain a mistake. Note that a line contains no more than ONE mistake.For the correct lines, put a tick (√) on the blanks while for the wrong ones, you should correct it in the following way:For a wrong word, underline the wrong word and write the correct one in the blank provided at the end of the line.For a missing word, mark the position of the missing word with a “^” sign and write the word you believe to be missing in the blank provided at the end of the lien. ExampleWhen ^ art museum wants a new exhibit, (1) anit buys things in finished form and hangs (2) √them on the wall. When a natural history museumwants an exhibition, it must often build it. (3) exhibitA.What fun it is to jump into a pool or go swimming in a river in summer! What joyful and relaxing it is to have a game of table tennis after a day of study at school! And how exciting it is to play and watch a close game of basketball or volleyball! All over the world millions of people take part different kinds of sports. Sports are perhaps the more popular form of relaxation that almost all can enjoy, no matter what they are, boys or girls, men or women, young or old.Some people seem to think that sports and games are unimportant things that people do at times when they are not working, instead going to the cinema, listening the radio, or sleeping. But in fact, sports and games can be of great value, especially to people work with their brains. They should not be treated only as amusement.31. _______________32. _______________33. _______________34. _______________35. _______________36. _______________37. _______________38. _______________39. _______________40. _______________B.People in countries as far apart as Japan, the United States, Australia and France sends Valentine cards to someone they fancy in 14 February, St. Valentine’s Day. Most cards are romantic but express secret love messages which don’t let on who the sender is.Senders of newspaper messages, no matter which they are in Britain, North America or Australia, must get a thrill out of their exhibitionism without letting who is the secret admirer hidden in the words of the advertise. The British newspaper ad brigades tend to see themselves or the desired ones for animals, with bears beingthe firm favorites. But fleas, toads, bugs and mice are well represented.In parts of the English countryside it is still believe that a girl can tell the occupation of her future husband by noting which bird she sees first on 14 February. But if it’s a woodpecker, she will find no man at all. Happy bird-watching! Happy V alentine’s Day!41. _______________42. _______________43. _______________44. _______________45. _______________46. _______________47. _______________48. _______________49. _______________50. _______________Part IV Cloze (0.5×20=10 points)Directions：There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then write down the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.For many years, we ha ve been led to believe that a person’s intellectual intelligence is the greatest predictor of success. Society (51) _____ that people with high IQ will naturally accomplish(52) _____ in life. Schools often use IQ test results to (53) _____ children for gifted programs and advanced (54) _____. Some companies even use the results (55) _____ a criterion for hiring employees.In the past 10 years, we have been conditioned to (56) _____ intelligence with these numbers. (57) _____, researchers have found that thi s isn’t necessarily the case. They have discovered that more than IQ, your (58) _____ awareness and abilities to handle feelings will determine your success in all (59) _____ of life, (60) _____ family relationships.In the early 1990s, Dr. John Mayer and Dr. Peter Salovey (61) _____ the term “emotional intelligence” in the Journal of Personality Assessment. They used this (62) _____ to describe people’s ability to understand their own emotions and emotions of others and to act (63) _____ based on this understanding. Then in 1995, psychologist Daniel Goleman (64) _____ this term with his book Emotional Intelligence: Why It Can Matter More Than IQ.(65) _____ investigated emotional intelligence by measuring related concepts, (66) _____ social skills, interpersonal competence, psychological (67) _____, long before the term “emotional intelligence” came into (68) _____. Social scientists are just beginning to (69) _____ the relationship of EQ to other phenomenon. (70) _____ Goleman, “Emotional intelligence, the skills that help people harmonize, should become increasingly valued as a workplace asset in the years to come.”51. A. assumes B. believes C. thinks D. holds52. A. some B. more C. many D. less53. A. choose B. make C. allow D. distinguish54. A. levels B. tests C. courses D. works55. A. as B. for C. with D. by56. A. know B. judge C. say D. determine57. A. Certainly B. However C. Yet D. Moreover58. A. mental B. intellectual C. emotional D. affectional59. A. fields B. levels C. points D. walks60. A. including B. involving C. consisting D. taking61. A. named B. made C. called D. introduced62. A. term B. name C. phrase D. idiom63. A. perfectly B. correctly C. properly D. precisely64. A. invented B. created C. publicized D. popularized65. A. Teachers B. Doctors C. Researchers D. Workers66. A. for example B. for instance C. such as D. about67. A. maturity B. ripeness C. familiarity D. mellowness68. A. effect B. operation C. use D. power69. A. uncover B. unsettle C. unlock D. undress70. A. As for B. As to C. According to D. As regardsPart V Reading Comprehension （Reading in Depth）(1.5×20=30 points) Directions: There are 3 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and write down the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Passage OneQuestions 71 to 75 are based on the following passage.If you want to stay young, sit down and have a good think. This is the research finding of a team of Japanese doctors, who say that most of our brains are not getting enough exercise—and as a result, we are ageing unnecessarily soon.Professor Taiju Matsuzawa wanted to find out why otherwise healthy farmers in northern Japan appeared to be losing their ability to think and reason at a relatively early age, and how the process of ageing could be slowed down.With a team of colleagues at Tokyo National University, he set about measuring brain volumes of a thousand people of different ages and varying occupations. Computer technology enabled the researchers to obtain precise measurements of the volume of the front and side sections of the brain, which relate to intellect and emotion, and determine the human character. (The rear section of the brain, which controls functions like eating and breathing, does not contract with age, and one can continue living without intellectual or emotional faculties.)Contraction of front and side parts—as cells die off—was observed in some subjects in their thirties, but it was still not evident in some sixty- and seventy-year-olds. Matsuzawa concluded from his tests that there is a simple remedy to the contraction normally associated with age—using the head.The findings show in general terms that contraction of the brain begins sooner in people in the country than in the towns. Those least at risk, says Matsuzawa, are lawyers, followed by university professors and doctors. White collar workers doing routine work in government offices are, however, as likely to have shrinking brains as the farm worker, bus driver and shop assistant.Matsuzaw a’s findings show that thinking can prevent the brain from shrinking. Blood must circulate properly in the head to supply the fresh oxygen the brain cells need. “The best way to maintain good blood circulation is through using the brain,” he says, “Think h ard and engage in conversation. Don’t rely on pocket calculators.”71. The team of doctors wanted to find out ________.A) why certain people age sooner than others.B) how to make people live longer.C) the size of certain people’s brains.D) which people are most intelligent.72. On what are their research findings based?A) A survey of farmers in northern Japan.B) Tests performed on a thousand old people.C) The study of brain volumes of different peopleD) The latest development of computer technology.73. The doctor’s test show that ________.A) our brains shrink as we grow older.B) the front section of the brain does not shrink.C) sixty-year-olds have the better brains than thirty-year-olds .D) some people’s brains have contracted more than other people’s.74. The word “subjects” in Paragraph 5means ________.A) something to be considered.B) branches of knowledge studied.C) persons chosen to be studied in an experiment.D) any member of a state except the supreme ruler.75. According to the passage, which people seem to age slower than the others?A) Lawyers.B) Farmers.C) Clerks.D) Shop assistants.Passage TwoQuestions 76 to 80 are based on the following passage.Imagine you enter a car with no steering wheel, no brake or accelerator pedals （踏板）. Under a voice-activated command, you say an address. "The fastest route will take us 15.3 minutes. Should I take it?" You say "yes" and you are on your way. The car responds and starts moving all by itself. All you have to do is sit back and relax.How weird would it be if, one day in the future, everyone had such a car. No crazy driving，no insults，no cutting in; traffic laws would be respected and driving much safer. On the other hand, imagine the cost savings for local police enforcement and town budgets without all those speeding and parking tickets.A new technology has the potential to change modem society in radical ways. There's no question that self-driving vehicles could be an enormous benefit. The potential for safer cars means accident statistics would drop: some 94% of road accidents in the U.S. involve human error. Older drivers and visually-or physically-impaired people would gain a new level of freedom. Maintaining safe speeds and being electric, self-driving cars would drastically reduce pollution levels and dependency on non- renewable fuels. Roads would be quieter, people safer.But we must also consider the impact of the new technology on those who now depend on driving for their livelihoods. According to the U.S Department of Labor, in May 2015 there were 505,560 registered school bus drivers. The American Trucking Association lists approximately 3.5 million professional truck drivers in the U.S. The companies developing self-driving vehicles should be partnering with state and federal authorities to offer retraining for this massive workforce, many of whom will be displaced by the new technology. This is similar to what's happening in the coal and oil industries, a situation that fuels much of the current political discontent in this country.New technologies will, and should, be developed. This is how society moves forward. However, progress can't be one-sided. It is necessary for the companies and state agencies involved to consider the ethical consequences of these potential changes to build a better future for all.76. What would be the impact of the extensive use of driverless cars?A) People would be driving in a more civilized way.B) It would save local governments a lot of money.C) More policemen would be patrolling the streets.D) Traffic regulations would be a thing of the past.77. How would the elderly and the disabled benefit from driverless cars?A) They could enjoy greater mobility.B) They would suffer no road accidents.C) They would have no trouble driving.D) They could go anywhere they want.78. What would be the negative impact of driverless cars?A) The conflict between labor and management intensify.B) The gap between various sectors of society would be widened.C) Professional drivers would have a hard time adapting to new road conditions.D) Numerous professional drivers would have to find new ways of earning a living.79. What is the result of the introduction of new technologies in energy industries?A) Political dissatisfaction. B) Retraining of employees.C) Fossil fuel conservation. D) Business restructuring.80. What does the author suggest businesses and the government do?A) Keep pace with technological developments.B) Make new technologies affordable to everyone.C) Enable everyone to benefit from new technologies.D) Popularize the use of new technologies and devices.Passage ThreeQuestions 81 to 85 are based on the following passage.Clothes play a critical part in the conclusions we reach by providing clues to who people are, who they are not, and who they would like to be. They tell us a good deal about the wearer's background, personality, status, mood, and social outlook. Since clothes are such an important source of social information, we can use them to manipulate people's impression of us. Our appearance assumes particular significance in the initial phases of interaction that is likely to occur. An elderly middleclass man or woman may be alienated(疏远……) by a young adult who is dressed in an unconventional manner, regardless of the person's education, background, or interests.People tend to agree on what certain types of clothes mean. Adolescent girls can easily agree on the lifestyles of girls who wear certain outfits(套装), including the number of boyfriends they likely have had and whether they smoke or drink. Newscasters, or the announcers who read the news on TV, are considered to be more convincing, honest, and competent when they are dressed conservatively. And college students who view themselves as taking an active role in their inter personal relationships say they are concerned about the costumes they must wear to play these roles successfully. Moreover, many of us can relate instances in which the clothing we wore changed the way we felt about ourselves and how we act ed. Perhaps you have used clothing to gain confidence when you anticipated a stressful situation, such as a job interview, or a court appearance.In the workplace, men have long had well-defined precedents and role models for achieving success. It has been otherwise for women. A good many women in the business world are uncertain about the appropriate mixture of "masculine" an d "feminine" attributes they should convey by their professional clothing. The variety of clothing alternatives to women has also been greater than that available for men. Male administrators tend to judge women more favorably for managerial positions when the women display less "feminine" grooming(打扮)-shorter hair, moderate use ofmake-up, and plain tailored clothing. As one male administrator confessed, "An attractive woman is definitely going to get a longer interview, but she won't get a job."81. According to the passage, the way we dress __________.A) provides clues for people who are critical of usB) indicates our likes and dislikes in choosing a careerC) has a direct influence on the way people regard usD) is of particular importance when we get on in age82. From the third paragraph of the passage, we can conclude that young adults tend to believe that certain types of clothing can __________.A) change people's conservative attitudes toward their lifestyleB) help young people make friends with the opposite sexC) make them competitive in the job marketD) help them achieve success in their interpersonal relationships83. The word "precedent" (Line 1, Para.4) probably refers to __________ .A) early acts for men to follow as examplesB) particular places for men to occupy especially because of their importanceC) things that men should agree uponD) men's beliefs that everything in the world has already been decided84. According to the passage, many career women find themselves in difficult situations because __________.A) the variety of professional clothing is too wide for them to chooseB) women are generally thought to be only good at being fashion modelsC) men are more favorably judged for managerial positionsD) they are not sure to what extent they should display their feminine qualities through clothing85. What is the passage mainly about?A) Dressing for effect.B) How to dress appropriately.C) Managerial positions and clothing.D) Dressing for the occasion.Part VI Translation (2×5=10 points)Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the phrases in brackets. Then write the corresponding sentence on the Answer Sheet.86. 我们中国人往往把春节与家人团聚联系起来。

杭州师范大学2020年招收攻读硕士研究生考试题考试科目代码： 718考试科目名称：综合英语说明：考生答题时一律写在答题纸上，否则漏批责任自负。

I. Cloze（每小题1分，共50分）Fill in each of the blanks with a function word, otherwise the first letter is given as a clue. Passage One: Instinct or cleverness?We have been brought up to fear insects. We regard them as unnecessary creatures that do more harm than good. We continually wage war (1) ______ them, for they contaminate our food, carry diseases, or devour our crops. They sting or bite without provocation; they fly uninvited into our rooms on summer nights, or beat against our lighted windows. We live in dread not only of unpleasant insects like spiders or wasps, but of quite harmless ones like moths. Reading about them increases our understanding without dispelling our fears. Knowing that the industrious ant lives in a highly organized society does nothing to prevent us (2) ______ being filled with revulsion when we find hordes of them crawling over a carefully prepared picnic lunch. No matter how much we like honey, or how much we have read about the uncanny sense of direction which bees possess, we have a horror of being (3) s______. Most of our fears are unreasonable, but they are impossible to erase. At the same time, however, insects are strangely fascinating. We enjoy reading about them, especially when we find that, like the praying mantis, they lead perfectly horrible lives. We enjoy staring (4) ______ them, entranced as they go about their business, unaware (we hope) (5) ______ our presence. Who has not stood in awe (6) ______ the sight of a spider pouncing (7) ______ a fly, or a column of ants triumphantly bearing home an enormous dead beetle?Last summer I spent days in the garden watching thousands of ants crawling up the trunk of my prize peach tree. The tree has grown against a warm wall on a sheltered side of the house. I am especially proud (8) ______ it, not only because it has survived several severe winters, but because it occasionally produces luscious peaches. During the summer, I noticed that the leavesof the tree were beginning to wither. Clusters of tiny insects called aphides were to be found on the underside of the leaves. They were visited by a large colony of ants which obtained a sort of honey (9) ______ them. I immediately embarked on an experiment which, even though it failed to get rid of the ants, kept me fascinated (10) ______ twenty-four hours. I bound the base of the tree with sticky tape, making (11) ______ impossible for the ants to reach the aphides. The tape was so sticky (12) ______ they did not dare to cross it. For a long time, I watched them scurrying around the base of the tree (13) ______ bewilderment. I even went out at midnight with a torch and noted (14) ______ satisfaction (and surprise) that the ants were still swarming around the sticky tape (15) ______ being able to do anything about it. I got up early next morning hoping to find (16) ______ the ants had given up in despair. Instead, I saw that they had discovered a new (17) r______. They were climbing (18) ______ the wall of the house and then on to the leaves of the tree. I realized sadly that I had been completely (19) d______ by their ingenuity. The ants had been quick to find an (20) a______ to my thoroughly unscientific methods!Passage Two: Cosmic DustWe know the universe doesn’t revolve around us. But parts of it do, like household dust. This continuously reproducing filth is comprised (1) _____ skin cells, hair, clothing fibres, dirt from outside, dust mites, bacteria and chemicals that can stick (2) _____ any of these items.As a child, one of my weekly chores was dusting the house. If you had told 12-year-old me that, at 37, I would find dusting one of the most comforting things I do at home, I would have been very concerned about exactly how awful adulthood is. But perhaps I might have worried less if I had also been told (3) _____ with adulthood would come knowledge of cosmic dust, which is all over the universe and absolutely does not revolve around us.Space dust is part of a fascinating life cycle of structure formation in the universe: the emergence of stars and planets, as well as their deaths. In the very early universe, gravity caused hydrogen and helium gas to collapse into objects that often became densely packed enough ignite nuclear hydrogen burning which leads (4) _____ star formation. The nuclear chain reactions that occur in stars produce elements heavier (5) _____ hydrogen and helium, like carbon, nitrogen and oxygen. Even heavier elements, like neon and titanium, are made in the supernova explosions that can occur at the end (6) _____ a star’s life.These explosions blow stardust made of these elements – most commonly silicon and carbon – out into the universe. Some of it leads to solar system formation, producing the extrasolar planets we are increasingly capable of observing. In the case (7) _____ our local star, the sun, that solar system sprouted life on the third-innermost planet, Earth.Some of the dust helps form the next-generation stars that burn a little differently than their forebears because some of the elements they contain are heavier.One thing cosmic dust does have in common (8) _____ household dust is that it can be annoying. An ongoing issue in astronomy observations is figuring out how to learn about objects – from planets to stars – that are obscured (9) _____ cosmic dust in what we call our line of sight, the path of light travelling from that object (10) _____ our telescope. Light passing through cosmic dust interacts with its particles. The dust will sometimes absorb and scatter the light, dimming the object’s brightness, although this can also offer valuable insight (11) _____ the size of the dust particles.Like household dust, cosmic dust can lead (12) _____ misinterpretations of what we are viewing. Your black television stand can end (13) _____ looking grey if you don’t clean it. Similarly, cosmic dust can get mistaken for something else. Just five years ago, researchers on the BICEP2 experiment revealed they had detected gravitational waves, ripples in space-time, from the universe’s first second of existence. It turned (14) _____ that instead they had seen (15) d_____. The mistaken announcement occurred because they hadn’t properly subtracted dust out (16) _____ their data. In other (17) w_____, dust can really get in the way of taking a good, clean picture.At the same (18) t_____, studying cosmic dust is a critical part of understanding how objects form in the cosmos. While most of the matter in the universe is probably in the form of dark matter, most of the visible matter is in the form of interstellar dust, not in compact objects like stars and planets. Thus, insight (19) _____ large-scale structures like galaxies requires an understanding of dust dynamics. One galaxy we would really like to understand is ours, the Milky (20) W_____. But we face challenges in trying to comprehend it because (21) _____ the way dust obscures our view, so looking at other examples is (22) i________.It is good to have neighbours. The Milky (23) W_____ is part of what is known as the Local Group, a collection of galaxies whose largest members are our own and Andromeda. By looking at the patterns of dust in Andromeda, we can gain exciting insight (24) _____ our own corner of the universe. Ant Whitworth at Cardiff University in the UK recently led a team in doing just that, using (25) d_____ from the Herschel Space Observatory.Herschel, named (26) _____ British astronomers and siblings Caroline and William Herschel, was a European Space Agency telescope that specialised (27) _____ looking at the universe in the part of the electromagnetic spectrum that straddles infrared and radio waves – exactly where space dust is most visible (28) _____ our instruments. With their data, Whitworth and his team affirmed a previously noted tension between theoretical models of interstellar dustand observations. Dust continues to give humanity trouble, whether (29) _____ home or (30)_____ the galaxy next door.II. Translation （每小题15分，共30分）Part A Translate the following into Chinese.I lost my sight when I was four years old by falling off a box car in a freight yard in Atlantic City and landing on my head. Now I am thirty-two. I can vaguely remember the brightness of sunshine and what colour red is. It would be wonderful to see again, but a calamity can do strange things to people. It occurred to me the other day that I might not have come to love life as I do if I hadn't been blind. I believe in life now. I am not so sure that I would have believed in it so deeply, otherwise. I don't mean that I would prefer to go without my eyes. I simply mean that the loss of them made me appreciate the more what I had left.Part B Translate the following into English.在发展科学技术方面，我们要共同努力。

目　录2010年杭州师范大学842综合英语考研真题及详解2011年杭州师范大学723综合英语考研真题及详解2012年杭州师范大学716综合英语考研真题及详解2013年杭州师范大学718综合英语考研真题及详解2014年杭州师范大学718综合英语考研真题及详解2015年杭州师范大学718综合英语考研真题及详解2016年杭州师范大学724综合英语考研真题及详解2017年杭州师范大学723综合英语考研真题及详解2018年杭州师范大学723综合英语考研真题及详解2019年杭州师范大学718综合英语考研真题及详解2010年杭州师范大学842综合英语考研真题及详解Part Ⅰ. Cloze (20points)Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.It is often observed that the aged spend much time thinking and talking about their past lives, (1) _____ about the future. These reminiscences are not simply random or trivial memories, (2) _____ is their purpose merely to make conversation. The old person’s recollections of the past help to (3)_____ an identity that is becoming increasingly fragile: (4) _____ any role that brings respect or any goal that might provide (5) _____ to the future, the individual mentions their past as a reminder to listeners, that here was a life (6) _____ living. (7) _____, the memories form part of a continuing life (8) _____, in which the old person (9) _____ the events and experiences of the years gone by and (10) _____ on the overall meaning of his or her own almost completed life.As the life cycle (11) _____ to its close, the aged must also learn to accept the reality of their own impending death. (12) _____ this task is made difficult by the fact that death is almost a (13) _____ subject in the United States. The mere discussion of death is often regarded as (14) _____. As adults many ofus find the topic frightening and are (15) _____ to think about it—and certainly not to talk about it (16) _____ the presence of someone who is dying.Death has achieved this taboo (17) _____ only in the modern industrial societies. There seems to be an important reason for our reluctance to (18) _____ the idea of death. It is the very fact that death remains (19) _____ our control; it is almost the only one of the natural processes (20) _____ is so.1. A. better thanB. rather thanC. less thanD. other than2. A. soB. evenC. norD. hardly3. A. preserveB. conserveC. resumeD. assume4. A. performingB. playingC. undertakingD. lacking5. A. orientationB. implicationC. successionD. presentation6. A. worthyB. worthC. worthlessD. worthwhile7. A. In a wordB. In briefC. In additionD. In particular8. A. prospectB. impetusC. impressionD. review9. A. integratesB. incorporatesC. includesD. interacts10. A. reckonsB. countsC. reflectsD. conceive11. A. keepsB. drawsC. inclinesD. tends12. A. ThereforeB. AndD. Otherwise13. A. tabooB. disputeC. contemptD. neglect14. A. notoriousB. indecentC. obscureD. desperate15. A. readyB. willingC. liableD. reluctant16. A. atB. onC. with17. A. statusB. circumstanceC. environmentD. priority18. A. encounterB. confrontC. tolerateD. expose19. A. underB. aboveC. beyondD. within20. A. whichB. whatC. asD. that【答案与解析】1. B 句意：老年人谈论过去而不是未来。