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本科毕业论文(设计)外文翻译外文题目：Competition and Cooperation in Industrial Clusters: The Implications for Public Policy出处：European Planning Studies作者：David Newlands译文：产业集群中的竞争和合作：基于公共政策视角.产业集群：对不同理论的批判性解读2.1标准的集聚理论--从马歇尔（Marshall）开始马歇尔在他关于Sheffield, Lancashire等其他英国地区的著作中认为外部经济的主要来源是共同的，即个体企业在一个产业地区可能享有的基础设施和其他服务等（Marshall, 1921）。
用现代术语来阐述，例如增加的工作寻找和匹配机会，更加便捷的融资渠道和企业之间的劳动力转移。
因为被吸引到这些地区的资本和劳动力开拓了更广阔的市场，所以对大量的企业而言，这些共享资源的可获得性提高了企业的规模和多样性。
这些反而导致了要素价格的减少或者要素生产效率的增加。
这就是在一个地区产业集群内，企业获得外部利益的方式。
单位生产成本在一个产业区内将低于在产业区之外。
与他的产业组织理论类似的，马歇尔在他的各种版本的《经济学原理》书中，发展了标准的集聚理论。
之后的很多理论发展都是基于这个标准集聚理论。
例如，Scitovsky（1954）进一步认证了无偿劳动的外部经济的种类，Perroux（1955）发表了著名的增长极理论，Chinitz（1961）将集聚经济设想应用于了纽约和匹兹堡的经济发展中。
更近地，Krugman（1991, 1995）开始强调增加收益的重要性--外部经济发展的有利条件。
Porter（1990）也被理解在其著名的钻石理论中，认为外部经济占有极其重要的位置。
标准的集聚理论试图解释为什么企业会集聚在一起，分享共同的商业服务和多样化的劳动力，与当地企业建立广泛联系。
然而，与新古典主义一致的是，二者都认为当地经济只是由很多微型商业所组成的集合体，彼此之间通过价格或成本信号为媒介机制来观察。
产业集聚区概况英语翻译Industrial cluster refers to a geographic concentration of interconnected businesses, suppliers, and associated institutions in a particular industry. It is a concept that embraces the idea that economies of scale, knowledge spillovers, and collaboration among firms can create a competitive advantage for the region.Industrial clusters have become increasingly popular as a strategy for economic development, as they promote innovation, job creation, and attract investment. They often specialize in a specific sector, such as automotive, biotechnology, or information technology. These clusters can be found in various regions around the world, from Silicon Valley in the United States to the automotive cluster in Stuttgart, Germany.One example of an industrial cluster is the Suzhou Industrial Park in China. Located in the Yangtze River Delta region, it is a joint venture between the Singapore and Chinese governments. The park was established in 1994 with the aim of attracting foreign investment and promoting technological innovation. It covers an area of over 290 square kilometers and is home to more than20,000 companies.The Suzhou Industrial Park has successfully created a thriving ecosystem for companies in the manufacturing and service sectors. It has focused on attracting investment in high-tech industries, such as electronics, machinery, and pharmaceuticals. The park provides a range of support services to help companies grow and succeed, including access to financing, talent recruitment, and research and development facilities.One of the key factors contributing to the success of the Suzhou Industrial Park is its strategic location. It is situated in close proximity to Shanghai, one of China's major economic centers, which provides access to a large consumer market and transportation networks. The presence of world-class universities and research institutions in the region also fosters innovation and knowledge spillovers.The park has also invested heavily in infrastructure development to support the needs of businesses. It has built modern industrial parks, logistics centers, and transportation networks, making it easier for companies to import and export goods. The presence of a well-developed infrastructure reduces transaction costs and improves supply chain efficiency.Another important aspect of the Suzhou Industrial Park is its commitment to sustainable development. It has implemented various environmental initiatives, including the use of clean energy, water conservation, and waste management. The park has also established a green innovation center to promote the development of environmentally friendly technologies.The Suzhou Industrial Park has been successful in attracting a diverse range of companies, both domestic and foreign. Multinational corporations, such as Siemens, Samsung, and Huawei, have set up their operations in the park, taking advantage of the favorable business environment and access to a skilled workforce. Small and medium-sized enterprises also thrive in the park, benefiting from the network effects and collaborationopportunities.In conclusion, industrial clusters play a vital role in promoting economic development and competitiveness. The Suzhou Industrial Park in China is a prime example of a successful cluster, attracting investment, promoting innovation, and creating job opportunities. With its strategic location, supportive infrastructure, and commitment to sustainable development, the park has become a magnet for companies looking to grow and succeed in the global marketplace.。
产业集聚区概况英语翻译产业集聚区概况英语翻译Part 2 Profiles of 8 Industrial Clusters开封新区Kaifeng New District精心打造河南经济社会发展增长极致力建设生态型现代化复合型新区Boost Henan’s Economic and Social DevelopmentBuild an Ecological and Compound New District开封新区作为开封市的重点发展区域，是郑汴洛工业走廊的重要支撑区，是郑汴一体化的主要对接空间，是开封未来城市发展的主要方向和重要载体。
(转载请注明来自:好范文网)As a district developed with priority in Kaifeng City, Kaifeng New District is the key supporting part along Zhengzhou-Kaifeng-Luoyang Industrial Corridor, connector in Zhengzhou-Kaifeng Integration as well as major orientation and carrier in Kaifeng’s future development.开封新区作为“郑汴新区”的重要组成部分，规划总面积287平方公里，辖开封经济开发区（含黄龙园区）、金明区、鼓楼区的仙人庄和南苑2个办事处。
As an important part in Zhengzhou-Kaifeng New District, it has a planned area of 287 square kilometers, administering Kaifeng Economic Development Zone (including Huanglong Park), Jinming District and Xianrenzhuang and Nanyuan Offices of Gulou District.其功能定位是：改革发展、体制创新的综合试验区，城乡统筹、科学发展的示范区，经济社会发展的核心增长极；以产业聚集为基础，以高新技术产业、先进制造业和现代服务业为支撑，充分发挥开封文化资源优势，融居住办公、科研教育、旅游休闲、商贸物流、现代农业为一体，城市功能完善的生态型、现代化、复合型新区。
工业强市标准英文解释以下从八个方面对工业强市做了解释，供参考：1. 产业体系- The industrial system refers to the comprehensive composition of various industries that form an industrial economy. In the context of building a strong industrial city, it involves optimizing and upgrading the industrial structure, promoting the coordinated development of primary, secondary, and tertiary industries, and establishing a modern industrial system with distinct local characteristics and strong competitiveness.2. 创新能力- Innovation ability refers to the capacity of enterprises, research institutions, and other创新主体to innovate, including the ability to generate new ideas, technologies, products, management methods, and business models. In the context of building a strong industrial city, it emphasizes the cultivation and promotion of innovation ability, the establishment of an innovation-driven development mechanism, and the continuous enhancement of the city's comprehensive competitiveness through innovation.3. 质量效益- Quality and efficiency refer to the pursuit of high-quality development and the improvement of economic efficiency. In building a strong industrial city, it requires the transformation from quantity-oriented development to quality-oriented development, the optimization of resource allocation, the promotion of high-quality economic growth, and the continuous improvement of economic benefits and social效益.4. 绿色发展- Green development refers to the concept of sustainable development, which emphasizes the balance between economic development and ecological protection, and strives to achieve economic, social, and environmental benefits simultaneously. In building a strong industrial city, it requires promoting green production modes, strengthening ecological protection, and building a resource-saving, environment-friendly, and sustainable urban development model.5. 企业培育- Enterprise cultivation refers to the government's support and guidance for enterprises in terms of policy扶持, technology innovation, market expansion, talent introduction and training, etc., in order to promote the healthy growth and development of enterprises. In building a strong industrial city, it requires strengthening enterprise cultivation,扶持high-tech enterprises and small and medium-sized enterprises to grow rapidly, and enhancing the city's industrial competitiveness.6. 品牌建设- Brand construction refers to the creation and promotion of brand images, brand reputation, and brand value through various forms of marketing activities. In building a strong industrial city, it requires strengthening brand construction, fostering local brands with international competitiveness, and promoting the upgrading of the city's industrial brands.7. 集群发展- Cluster development refers to the concentration and aggregation of similar or related industries in a certain region, which can achieve advantages in scale, efficiency, and competitiveness through the interaction and cooperation among enterprises. In building a strong industrial city, it requires promoting cluster development among industries, cultivating characteristic industrial clusters, and enhancing the overall competitiveness of the city's industries.8. 政策支持- Policy support refers to the government's use of various policies to promote the development of industries. In building a strong industrial city, it requires formulating and implementing policies that are in line with the characteristics and development needs of local industries, providing preferential support for key industries and enterprises, creating a good policy environment for industrial development, and promoting the healthy development of industries.。
经济学原理中对于产业区的英文表达Industrial clusters, a significant concept in economics, refer to geographical concentrations of interrelated businesses, suppliers, and institutions in a particular industry. These clusters are often formed due to the synergies created by proximity, specialization, and knowledge sharing among the participating entities. The economic benefits of industrial clusters are numerous, ranging from cost savings and efficiency gains toinnovation and competitiveness enhancement.The formation of industrial clusters is typicallydriven by several factors. One of the key drivers is the availability of resources and infrastructure. Industries tend to cluster in regions that offer abundant natural resources, skilled labor, and well-developed infrastructure. For instance, the automotive industry often clusters around areas with a strong supply of steel, rubber, and other raw materials, as well as a skilled workforce.Another important factor is the presence of supporting institutions and networks. These can include research institutions, universities, trade associations, andgovernment agencies that provide expertise, funding, and other support to the industry. The existence of such institutions and networks fosters collaboration and knowledge sharing among businesses, leading to the creation of a vibrant and innovative industrial ecosystem.The economic benefits of industrial clusters arediverse and significant. Firstly, clusters promote cost savings and efficiency gains by enabling businesses toshare resources, infrastructure, and knowledge. Thisreduces operational costs and enhances productivity, making the entire cluster more competitive.Secondly, industrial clusters foster innovation. The proximity of businesses and institutions within a cluster allows for the easy exchange of ideas, technologies, and best practices. This fosters a culture of innovation and experimentation, leading to the development of new products, processes, and services.Thirdly, clusters enhance the competitiveness of the region's economy. By attracting businesses, investors, and talent, clusters contribute to economic growth and jobcreation. They also raise the profile of the region, making it more attractive to external investors and partners.Moreover, industrial clusters contribute to the resilience and adaptability of the economy. In times of economic downturn or disruption, clusters can provide a buffer by pooling resources and expertise to address challenges and seize new opportunities.However, it's worth noting that the formation and sustenance of industrial clusters are not without challenges. Issues such as competition for resources, environmental impacts, and governance structures can arise within clusters. Therefore, it's crucial for policymakers and stakeholders to work closely to address these challenges and ensure the sustainable development of clusters.In conclusion, industrial clusters play a pivotal role in the economic development and competitiveness of regions. By leveraging the synergies created by proximity, specialization, and knowledge sharing, clusters enable businesses to achieve cost savings, efficiency gains, and innovation. As such, policymakers and stakeholders shouldprioritize the creation and nurturing of industrialclusters to promote economic growth and prosperity.**经济学中的产业区：其形成与影响的视角**产业区是经济学中的一个重要概念，指的是特定行业内相互关联的企业、供应商和机构在地理上的集中。
产业集群（industrial clusters ）是指彼此之间存在竞争和合作关系的最终产品生产商、原料供应商、中间品和专业服务提供商，相关产业领域的企业、政府以及其他机构（例如大学、智囊团、职业培训机构以及行业协会等）等共同构成的地理集聚体。
产业集群以一个主导产业为核心，产业链上相关的上下游企业和相关辅助产业在同一地理区域大量集聚，能有效整合资源，深化专业分工，加剧竞争，刺激创新，提高效率，降低成本，因此极大地提高了区域竞争力。
这种竞争力是非集群和集群外企业所无法拥有的。
2007年，在中国东部地区，尤其是珠三角、长三角一带，形成了众多的产品配套程度很高的产业集群。
例如，浙江省诸暨市大唐镇主产袜子，产业链涉及1000 多家原料生产企业、400 多家原料销售商、8700 多家袜子生产厂、300家包装厂、200 家机械配件供应商、600 家袜子营销商和100 家联运服务企业。
《洛杉矶时报》因此称其“对产业集群化的利用是美国完全不能望其项背的。
”
这些产业集群是我国制造业优胜于其他很多国家的一个重要原因。
以制衣业为例，在纺织业发达的珠三角或长三角，半径50 公里以内，纽扣、纱线等各种配套都能完成，可在短时间内完成大量订单，这在很多国家都做不到。
美国《商业周刊》2005 年撰文指出，中国产品拥有巨大竞争力的原因在于，“中国经济规模极为庞大，在供应方面的资源非常丰富，能够使你非常方便地从数百家厂商那里买到你所需的零部件和原材料。
”而且，这些产业集群形成的产业配套环境，也推动着国际制造业向这些地区转移，把我国作为出口加工基地。
同时，外资企业的加入进一步增强了企业集聚效应，又使这些产业集群更加壮大，更具竞争力。
Why Do Industries Cluster为什么产业聚集Clustering is term describing a phenomenon in which events or ar tifacts are not randomly distributed over space, but tend to be organ ized into proximate groups.集群是一个专业术语，用来描绘这样一种现象：即事件和人工制品并非在空间随机分布，而是被有组织的划入近似群体。
Industrial clustering is a process that has been observed from t he beginning of industrialization. From the cotton mills of Lancashir e and automobile manufacturing in Detroit, to the textile mills of Ah madabad and Bombay and the tanneries of Calcutta and Arcot, even the casual observer can visually discern the evidence on industrial clust ering by industry type. Why should this happen? It seems obvious that competing firms in the same industry derive some benefit from locati ng in proximity to each other.产业集群的过程在工业化开始时就受到关注。
从兰凯郡的棉花作坊和底特律特的汽车工厂到阿麻大德和彭贝的纺织工厂及卡尔库它和阿科特的皮革厂等，即使是最粗心的观察者都能看到不同种类工业的聚集过程。
价值工程0引言我国的产业集群现象已十分普遍。
无论是经济发达的东部地区，还是经济相对落后的中西部地区，产业集群都有不同程度的发展。
由于产业集群品牌建设不足，导致产业集群度不高，集而不群。
研究集群品牌与集群度之间的关系，分析集群品牌建设中的问题，探讨集群度提升的对策，对推动产业集群的发展有重要意义。
1产业集群品牌与集群度关系分析1.1产业集群品牌和产业集群度的内涵1.1.1产业集群品牌的内涵产业集群品牌就是把产业集群整体作为一个品牌来管理经营，其品牌名称由地名和当地特色产业结合而成，彰显企业和区域经济与文化特色，集聚产业要素，形成竞争优势。
具有区域性和品牌效应两特征。
区域性是指集群品牌一般限定在一个区域或一个城的范围内，带有很强的地域特色；品牌效应是指集群品牌往往代表一个地方产业和产品形象。
比如法国香水、米兰时装、瑞士手表、温州打火机等。
产业集群品牌是产业集群内所有企业共同拥有的一种公共资源，其创建是以产业集群为基础，以提高产业集群综合竞争力为目标，以集群的文化历史为背景，以产品、服务为载体，以集群品牌的特殊功能和运作方式为手段，整合、优化资源，实行统一的标准和规范，促进产业集群持续稳健发展。
集群品牌不是以某个有形产品为依托，而是以某一特定的区位为载体。
集群品牌不是为某个单个企业所拥有，而是集群内所有生产相同和相关产品的相互关联的企业共同享有的一种无形资产。
集群品牌与单个企业品牌相比，更形象、直接，更有广泛的代表性的品牌效应。
集群品牌以集群文化为核心和灵魂，通过对集群文化的提炼、发展，特别是对集群历史遗产的挖掘、传承，能够被社会广泛认同、宣扬，给消费者带来精神上的享受和积极向上的动力。
1.1.2产业集群度的内涵产业集群度也称产业集群成熟度，是基于产业集群发展状态和发展水平的完善程度。
产业集群度的评估指标由产业结构成熟度、产业规模成熟度、集群网络成熟度等三个主要特征变量组成。
其中，产业结构成熟度取决于产业特色和产业关联。
The Study on Policies of Industrial Clusters
作者： 王发明;周才明
作者机构： 浙江大学公共管理学院,杭州310027
出版物刊名： 技术经济
页码： 37-40页
主题词： 产业集群;政策
摘要：产业集群是当代经济世界的一个重要现象，也是已被实践证明了的有效的区域经济组织形式。
然而在促进产业集群发展的问题上，政府应扮演什么角色则一直是争论的焦点。
因此，研究地方政府应如何发挥作用以及主要发挥什么样的作用，以积极参与并促进区域产业集群的形成和健康持续发展，就成了摆在我们面前的一个比较紧迫的课题。
Industrial clustersBleak times in bra townOne-product towns fuelled China’s export boom. Many are now in troubleApr 16th 2016 | GURAO | From the print editionA PYRAMID of bras stands beside each worker at the Honji Underwear factory in Gurao, a town in the southern province of Guangdong. The workshop resounds with the clack-clack of sewing machines as employees repeat their single, assigned task before passing the garment on to the next person on the production line. Most of the 22,000 thickly padded bras made here each day are destined for shops in China. In this “Town of Underwear”, as the local government likes to call it, there are thousands of similar factories. Gurao produces 350m bras and 430m vests and pairs of knickers a year for sale at home and abroad. Undies account for 80% of its industrial output.Across Gurao, billboards show big-breasted—usually foreign—women sporting the lingerie that underwires the town’s prospe rity (see picture). But many people in Gurao and other underwear-factory clusters around Shantou, a coastal city, worry about the future. Costs are rising, but customers are unwilling to pay more, says June Liu of Pengsheng Underwear, which makes lingerie and swimwear. Last year several factory-owners fled from Gurao, leaving debts and unpaid wages. Some also shut up shop in Chendian, another underwear town nearby.During the past three decades of rapid economic growth, one-industry towns like Gurao and Ch endian sprang up along China’s eastern seaboard, often in what were once paddyfields. With investment from Hong Kong and Taiwan, and a huge influx of migrant labour from China’s interior,they fuelled the country’s export boom. There are now more than 500 such towns, making products such as buttons, ties, plastic shoes, car tyres, toys, Christmas decorations and toilets (see map).Knickerbocker gloriesGurao is one of several underwear hubs that have made China the world’s largest lingerie producer. The country made 2.9 billion bras in 2014, 60% of the world’s total, according to Frost & Sullivan, a consultancy. In several industries, the clustering of similar firms in the same place creates a critical mass of good suppliers and workers with relevant skills. Niche towns in China produce 63% of the world’s shoes, 70% of its spectacles and 90% of its energy-saving lamps.All this growth has had an environmental cost. In 2010 Greenpeace, an NGO, reported that fabric-dyeing plants in Gurao had severely polluted the water, making it unfit to drink. But the bra-makers of Gurao are far more worried about foreign competition than foreign eco-warriors.China’s consumer goods grabbed a huge share of global markets thanks to their low prices. That advantage is fading. Since 2001 wages have risen by 12% a year. Thailand and Vietnam, where labour is cheaper and taxes lower, now make lingerie for global brands such as Victoria’s Secret and La Senza. China’s biggest underwear firm, Regina Miracle, will open two factories in Vietnam this year, its first outside China. It plans another two there by 2018. Cambodia and Myanmar are joining the fray. Wacoal, a Japanese underwear-maker, opened factories in both countries in 2013 and another in Myanmar last year.Gurao still has advantages, such as excellent supply chains. Several factories there make components for undergarments: dyed textiles, lace and the tough foam used to upholster push-up bras. Every form of elastic waistband used for boxer shorts is produced locally. The town also appears to enjoy loose regulation of trademarks. Some of the waistbands use misspellings such as “Calven Klain” and “Oalvin Klein” in an attempt to cash in on famous brand names.Officials in Gurao insist that the town can overcome its difficulties by upgrading its technology and using machines instead of people. But attracting the capital and skill to transform Gurao may be more difficult than the daring step taken by a local entrepreneur in 1982 when he opened its first bra factory, at a time when private enterprise was still frowned on in China.Even China’s largest underwear manufacturers have always found it hard to get long-term commitments from buyers. That has made them reluctant to spend on research or technology. Some factories in Gurao are upgrading, for example by making seamless laser-cut underwear and using new, more comfortable, materials to underwire bras. But most remain low-tech and labour-intensive.Because they are dominated by private enterprises, towns such as Gurao may be nimbler at adapting to changing market conditions than China’s steel and coal cities, where 1.8m layoffs are planned in the next few years. In 2013 migrant workers made up nearly half of Gurao’s 161,000 people. Many are low-skilled, moving from one job to another, sewing the same part of the bra as they did in the previous factory. Most did not complete high school and are ill-equipped to retrain for jobs in service industries, which the Chinese government hopes will replace manufacturing ones. But luckily most of them have houses and farmland to go back to in their villages if they lose their jobs.Some of the one-product boomtowns could fade away, leaving little behind but the concrete shells of empty factories and polluted soil. Gurao and other such places have generated extraordinary wealth in once dirt-poor parts of the country. But to thrive in the future, they will need to look beyond the bare necessities.From the print edition: China。
