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Part Eight•The Research Paper•I Purpose•II Process•The process of writing a research paper is generally divided into five steps or stages（P 220，keep in mind the sub-topics）•1. Choosing a topic•The a topics for Graduation Thesis for every student is prepared by to-be tutor r when it is time for the teachers to assign a variety of graduation thesis, which are usually put into the college education system for the students to choose.•1）Selecting a general topic P 221•2）Reading and thinking•2 Collecting Information•1）Using the library or Internet•2）Reading and thinking•3）Taking notes•4）Quotation of sources P 230•3 Analyzing the information，organizing ideas, and working out an outline P 233•Layers of the paper. Not the same as P 234!•4 Writing the first draft （Keep in mind 1-6）•The first draft of a research paper should be prepared by the following way——•1）Using your own words （P 237）•2）Using proper tenses （P 238）•3）Using facts and views （P 240）•4）Paying attention to logic and organization（P 240）•5）Making your tone objective rather than personal （P 241）•6）Choosing the right style （P 241）•5 Rewriting the draft and finalizing the paper •（P 241）•III Format•1. The Structure of a research paper•Generally speaking, a research paper consist of five parts（P 242, keepin mind 1-5）:•1）Thesis statement and outline•2）Introduction•3）Body•4）Conclusion•5）In-text notes and works cited•Review 1: Basic Theoretical Skills•（From Contents to Text）•1. Level of words（P 7）•The words from a stylistic point of view may be divided into three types:formal, common and informal.•2. Types of sentences （P 37）•1）According to their use, sentences are declarative, interrogative, imperative and exclamatory；•2）According to their structures, sentences are simple, compound, complex and compound-complex.•2）According to their rhetorical styles, sentences are loose, periodic and balanced.•3. Effective sentences （P 37）•Effective sentences should include the following five qualities （elements）（P IV）•1. Unity•2. Coherence•3. Emphasis•4. Variety•4. Criteria of an Effective Paragraph（P IV）•1. Unity•2. Coherence•3. Transition•5. Ways of Developing Paragraphs （P IV）•Developing by•1. Time; 2. Process; 3. Space; 4. Example or generalization; 5. Comparison and Contrast;•6. Cause and effect; 7. Classification; 8. Definition; 9. A combination of methods.•6. The Whole Composition•A well-developed composition are made up of three parts:（P IV）•1）A Beginning•2）A Middle•3）An End•7. The Types of Writing （P IV）•1）Description•2）Narration•3）Exposition•4）Argumentation•8. Description （P 116）•Description is painting a picture in words of a person, a place, an object or a scene.•A description is usually developed through sensory details, or the impressions of one’s senses——sight, hearing, taste, smell, and touch.•Writing a description, the writer should choose those details that can help to bring out the dominant characteristic or outstanding quality of the person or thing described, and leave out those irrelevant ones, which, if included, would only distract the readers’ attention from the main impression the writer wishes to give.•9. Narration （P 127）•When writing a narrative composition, one has usually to pay attention to the following five aspects（points）:•1）Purpose•2）Selection of details•3）Context•4）Organization•5）Point of view•10. Exposition (P 133)•Exposition means expounding or explaining.•We are writing a description when describe the appearance of an object; but we are writing an exposition when we explain how it is made, how it is used, and how it may change.•When we narrate a historical event, we tell what happened, when and where it happened, and we took part in it. In a exposition paper, we discuss its cause and effect, its nature, and its significant in history.•11. Requirements for a Good Argumentation （P 180-182）•1）A debatable point•2）Sufficient evidence•3）Sound logic•4）Good organization•5）Good use of the other three types of writing——description,narration and exposition, and especially the various methods of exposition.•6）An honest and friendly attitude•12. A Summary for Differences of The Four Writing Types （P 133, 180）•Description mainly deals with appearance and feelings, and narrationwith events and experience. Unlike the two, exposition deals with processand relationships.•The purpose of exposition is to inform; the purpose of argumentationis to convince.•Argumentation is actually exposition with additional purpose ofconvincing or persuading.•Review 2: Practical Skills•1. Paragraph （Unity, Coherence, Transition）•When writing, we have to make all the paragraphs coherent andtransitional.•Paragraph Rearrangement Exercise.•Carpool lane.doc•Paragraph Rearrange Exercise .doc•Study carefully the texts on P 137, 159, 165, 179, and 188, and then understand how the paragraphs got coherent and transitional.。
2006年考研英语应用文写作完全手册2006年考研英语增加一篇应用短文写作。
考生应能写不同类型应用文，以及一般描述性、表达性、说明性或议论性文章。
A节要求考生根据所给情景写出一篇约100词(标点符号不计算在内)应用性短文，包括私人与公务信函、便笺、备忘录、摘要、报告等。
考生在答题卡2上作答，总分值10分。
应用文都有一定格式，但了解格式只是应用文写作最起码要求，要想在10分钟左右写好一篇既定情景应用短文，这既需要具有熟练运用语言文字根本功，同时又需要有根据既定情景迅速构文能力。
因此，考生对这一局部应给予足够重视，在复习过程中要针对应用文写作做足量专项练习。
针对此变化，我们为广阔莘莘学子特意编辑了这期应用文写作完全手册专题，有望尽各位一臂之力！———————有志者事竟成破釜沉舟百二秦关终属楚天不负有心人卧薪尝胆三千里越甲可吞吴各种类型文章写作· 演讲与致辞· 证书· 证明· 合同与协议· 产品说明书· 天气预报· 食谱· 广告· 贺卡· 日记· 启事· 自我介绍· 海报· 通知· 简历--举例· 简历--概述· 摘要--常见句型· 摘要--概述· 备忘录--举例· 备忘录--概述· 便笺(便条)与短信--分类举例--回复友人问侯· 便笺(便条)与短信--分类举例--借物· 便笺(便条)与短信--分类举例--抱歉· 便笺(便条)与短信--分类举例--约请· 便笺(便条)与短信--分类举例--请假· 便笺(便条)与短信--概述· 私人与公务信函--分类举例--祝福信· 私人与公务信函--分类举例--请求信· 私人与公务信函--分类举例--求学信· 私人与公务信函--分类举例--感谢信· 私人与公务信函--分类举例--邀请信· 私人与公务信函--分类举例--求助信· 私人与公务信函--分类举例--推荐信· 私人与公务信函--分类举例--应聘信· 私人与公务信函--分类举例--私人介绍信· 私人与公务信函--常用句式· 私人与公务信函--概述演讲与致辞一篇好演讲稿，通常要有很精彩演讲词，以及很好文体特征与篇章构造，同时还得考虑所演讲对象。
词语应用WORD POWER DEVELOPMENT1.credit n.a)Nearly all retail business here is done on credit,the period varyingfrom 3 to 6 months.在这里几乎所有的零售交易都以赊账方式进行，付款期从3个月到6个月不等。
Since it is not the policy of this wholesaler to grant\allow\extend credit beyond his usual trading terms,he insist that they send this remittance by return（of post）.因为这个批发商的做法是提供的赊账额度不能超出其一般交易条件，所以他坚持要他们立即将钱款汇出。
b)Our cerdit assessment form is enclosed and we look forward to seeingit completed so that we can consider the payment terms.随信附上我方的信用评估表希望您填写，以便于我们考虑付款条件。
We immediately wrote to their bankers to inquire about their credit standing.我们当即向他们的银行写信询问他们的信用状况。
c)Through the Midminster Bank Ltd,65 Aldwych,London EC2,we have arrangedwith the Bank of Japan,Tokyo,to open\issue\establish a(letter of) credit in your favor to be available until 30 September.通过Midminster银行(地址：伦敦Aldwych街65号，邮编EC2)，我们已经与东京的日本银行达成协议，由他们开立以贵方为受益人的信用证，有效期至9月30日。
