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仅供参考Iｎｔｒoduction to Oｒganｉc Ｃheｍiｓt ｒy1．Ｓources of Orｇaｎic ＣompｏunｄsTｈe major sourｃes of orｇanic cheｍｉｃａｌs ａre coal, petｒole ｕm, ａnd agriculturａｌprｏｄucｔｓ．Both coal and pｅtrｏlｅu ｍweｒe formｅd througｈthe gｅologic prｏcesseｓof ｃhanging aｎimal anｄpｌant rｅmains iｎto ｃarbｏn-contaｉniｎg reｓiｄues. Aboutｏｎe-thiｒｄof all oｒgａnic chemicａｌｓar ｅderived from coａlａndａbouｔonｅ－haｌf ｆrom thｅｐetrｏｌｅum inｄｕstｒy有机化合物的来源有机化学药品的主要来源是煤、石油和农产品。
动植物的遗体通过地质作用变成含碳残基然后形成煤和石油。
三分之一的所有有机化合物品是从煤中得到的,一般来自于石油工业。
２. ThｅMeｔhods and Objｅcｔives ｏｆOｒganic Chemiｓtr ｙBecause oｆｔhｅｔremendｏus nｕｍber of organic comｐouｎdｓkｎown, anｄof the ｍany more being syｎthesized daｉlｙ，t ｈe stｕｄy of ｏrgaｎic chｅmisｔｒｙｉs noｔｔhe sｔudy of i ｎdividuａｌcompoundｓ，ｉt iｓthe study oｆｇroups or families oｆｃompｏundsａｌl clｏsｅｌy rｅlateｄtｏeａch ｏther．Obviously，tｈe formeｒappｒoach woｕｌd ｂe prohibｉtｉve[pｒE5ｈibiｔiｖ］. Ｏnce the sｔｒucｔurａlｒelat ｉoｎｓhｉps of certaｉn ｔypｉcal mｅmbeｒs of a paｒticｕlar gr ｏｕp or ｆamily of coｍｐouｎds aｒe unｄerstｏｏd,ｔhese strucｔural ｆeａtｕres are uｎderstoｏdｆor any one of ｔhe m ａny memｂeｒs ｏf the faｍiｌy,ｅveｎｔhougｈsome may not be knｏｗn cｏmｐoｕｎds.因为已知的有机化合物的数目庞大,而且还在逐日合成更多的品种,所以有机化学不是研究单个的化合物,而是把彼此密切相关的化合物按类或族来研究。
化工专业英语词汇化学专业课程中英文对照普通化学 General Chemistry分析化学 Analytical Chemistry有机化学 Organic Chemistry物理化学 Physical Chemistry谱学导论 Introducton of Spectroscopy无机化学 Inorganic Chemistry普通化学和分析化学实验 Experiments of General and Analytical Chemistry 现在基础化学 The Principle of Mordern Chemistry现在基础化学实验 Experiments of Modern Fundamental Chemistry有机化学实验 Experiments of Organic Chemistry仪器分析和物理化学实验 Experiments of Instrumental Analysis and Physical Chemistry 合成化学实验 Experiments of Synthetic Chemistry现代化学专题 Topic of Modern Chemistry化学综合实验 Experiments of Comprehensive Chemistry化工原理 Principle of Chemical Engineering化工原理实验 Experiments of Chemical Engineering应用化学实验 Experiments of Applied Chemistry无机合成化学 Synthetic Inorganic Chemistry近代分析化学 Modern Analytical Chemistry分离分析化学 Separation Analytical Chemistry有机化合物波谱鉴定 Spectrum Identification of Organic Compounds有机合成及反应机理 Organic Synthesis and Mechanics化学进展 Progress in Chemistry化学反应工程 Chemical Reaction Engineering应用电化学 Applied Electrochemistry工业催化 Industrial Catalysis环境化学 Environmental Chemistry环境监测 Environmental Monitoring化学科技英语 Scientific English for Chemistry数理方法在化学中的应用 Mathematical Statistics for Chemistry 化工制图Chemical Engineering Cartography计算机与化学测量实验 Computer and Chemical Measurement 化学信息学Chemoinformatics or Chemical Informatics应用化学专题 Special Topics in Applied Chemistry一、化工装置常用词汇一概论 introduction方案 (建议书 proposal可行性研究 feasibility study 方案设计 concept design工艺设计 process design基础设计 basic design详细设计 detail design开工会议 kick-off meeting 审核会议 review meeting外商投资 foreign investment 中外合资 joint venture中外合营 joint venture补偿贸易 compensation trade 合同合同附件 contract卖方 vendor买方 buyer顾客 client承包商 contractor工程公司 company供应范围 scope of supply生产范围 production scope生产能力 production capacity项目 project界区 battery limit装置 plant公用工程 utilities工艺流程图 process flow diagram工艺流程方块图 process block diagram管道及仪表流程图 piping and instrument drawing物料及热量平衡图 mass & heat balance diagram蒸汽及冷凝水平衡图 steam & condensate balance diagram 设备布置图 equipment layout设备表 equipment list成品 (产品 product(final product副产品 by-product原料 raw-material设计基础数据 basic data for design技术数据 technical data数据表 data sheet设计文件 design document设计规定 design regulation现场服务 site service项目变更 project change用户变更 client change消耗定额 consumption quota技术转让 technical transfer技术知识 technical know-how technical knowledge技术保证 technical guarantee 咨询服务 consultative services 技术服务 technical services工作地点 location施工现场 construction field报价 quotation标书 bidding book公司利润 company profit固定价合同 fixed price contract固定单价合同 fixed unit price contract 成本加酬金合同 cost plus award fee contract 定金 mobilization银行保证书 bank guarantee letter保留金 retention所得税 income taxes特别承包人税 special contractor's taxes 城市和市政税 city and municipal taxes 工作手册 work manual工作流程图 work flow diagram质量保证程序 QA/QC procedures采购计划 procurement plan施工计划 construction plan施工进度 construction schedule项目实施计划 project execution plan项目协调程序 project coordination procedure 项目总进度计划 project master schedule 设计网络计划 engineering network logic 项目质量保证 project quality assurance 项目质量控制 project quality control采购 procurement采购周期 procurement period会签 the squad check计算书 calculation sheets询价 inquiry检验 inspection运输 transportation开车 start up / commission验收 inspection & acceptance 校核 check审核 review审定 approve版次 version部门 department专业 specialty项目号 project number图号 drawing number目录 contents序言 foreword章 chapter节 section项 itemMR material requisitionSPEC engineering specificationDATA SHEET(技术表 technical data sheetTBA(技术评标 technical bid analysisPDP preliminary design packagePM (项目经理 project managerLDE(专业负责人 lead discipline engineerMRQ(材料询价单 Material requisition for quotationMRP(材料采购单 material requisition for purchaseBEP(基础工程设计包 basic engineering packageP&ID(管道及仪表流程图 piping and instrument drawing(diagram PFD process flow diagramNNF normally no flowFO failure openFC failure closeC/S/A civil/structure/architectureDDP (详细设计阶段 detail design phase二、工艺流程连续过程 continuous process间歇过程 batch process工艺叙述 process description 工艺特点 process feature操作 operation反应 reaction副反应 side reaction絮凝 flocculation浮洗 flotation倾析 decantation催化反应 catalytical reaction 萃取 extraction中和 neutralization水解 hydrolysis过滤 filtration干燥 drying还原 reduction氧化 oxidation氢化 hydrogenation分解 decomposition离解 dissociation合成 synthetics吸收 absorption吸附 adsorption解吸 desorption结晶 crystallization 溶解 solution调节 modulate控制 control悬浮 suspension循环 circulation再生 regeneration再活化 reactivation 沥取 leaching破碎 crushing煅烧 caloination沉降 sedimentation 沉淀 precipitation 气化 gasification冷冻 refrigeration固化、结晶 solidification 包装 package 升华 sublimation燃烧 combustion引烧 ignition蒸馏 distillation碳化 carbonization 压缩 compression三、化学物质及特性固体 solid液体 liquid气体 gas化合物 compound混合物 mixture粉 powder片状粉未 flake小粒 granule结晶 crystal乳化物 emulsion氧化物 oxidizing agent 还原剂 reducing agent 有机物 organic material 真空vacuum母液 master liquor富液 rich liquor贫液 lean liquor萃出物 extract萃余物 raffinate絮凝剂 flocculants冷冻盐水 brine酸度 acidity浓度 concentration碱度 alkalinity溶解度 solubility凝固点 solidificalion point 沸点 boiling point熔点 melting point蒸发率 evaporation rate 粘度 viscosity吸水的 water absorbent(a 无水的 anhydrous(a 外观 appearance 无色的 colorless(a透明的 transparent(a半透明的 translucent密度 density比重 specific gravity催化剂 catalyst燃烧 combustion引燃 ignition自然点 self-ignition temperature可燃气体 combustible gas可燃液体 inflammable liquid易燃液体 volatile liquid爆炸混合物 explosive mixture爆炸性环境 explosive atmosphere(environment 爆炸极限 explosive concentration limit废水 waste water废液 waste liquid废气 off-gas噪声 noise pollution成分 composition挠度 deflection力和力矩 force and moment弯矩 bending moment应力 -应变曲线 stress-strain diagram百分比 percentage环境温度 ambient temperature工作温度 operating设计温度 design temperature(pressure相对湿度 RH=relative humidity油渣、淤泥 sludge杂质 impurity四、化工设备泵 pump轴流泵 axial flow pump真空泵 vacuum pump屏蔽泵 canned pump柱塞泵 plunger pump涡轮泵 turbine pump涡流泵 vortex pump离心泵 centrifugal pump喷射泵 jet pump转子泵 rotary pump管道泵 inline pump双作用往复泵 double action reciprocating pump 计量泵 metering pump深井泵 deep well pump齿轮泵 gear pump手摇泵 hand(wobble pump螺杆泵 screw (spiral pump潜水泵 submersible pump斜转子泵 inclined rotor pump封闭式电磁泵 hermetically sealed magnetic drive pump 气升泵 air-lift-pump 轴承 bearing叶轮 impeller虹吸管 siphon高压容器 high pressure vessel焚化炉 incinerator火焰清除器 flame arrester工业炉 furnace烧嘴 burner锅炉 boiler回转窑 rotary kiln 加热器 heater电加热器 electric heater 冷却器 cooler冷凝器 condenser换热器 heat exchanger 反应器 reactor蒸馏釜 still搅拌器 agitator混合器 mixer静态混合器 static mixers 管道混合器 line mixers 混合槽 mixing tanks 破碎机crusher磨碎机 grinder研磨机 pulverizer球磨机 ballmill过滤器 filter分离器 separator干燥器 drier翅片 fins烟囱 stack火炬 flare筛子 screen煅烧窑 calciner倾析器 decanter蒸发器 evaporator 再沸器 reboiler萃取器 extractor离心机 centrifuger吸附(收器 adsorber结晶器 crystallizer电解槽 electrolyzer电除尘器 electric precipitator 洗涤器 scrubber消石灰器 slaker料仓 bin料斗 hopper加料器 feeder增稠器 thickener澄清器 clarifier分级器 classifier浮洗器 flocculator废液池 sump喷射器 ejector喷头 sprayer成套设备 package unit仪器设备 apparatus附属设备 accessory旋转式压缩机 rotary compressor 往复式压缩机 reciprocating compressor 水环式压缩机 nash compressor螺杆式压缩机 helical screw compressor 离心式压缩机 centrifugal compressor 多级压缩机 mutiple stages compressor 固定床反应器 fixed bed reactor流化床反应器 fluidized bed reactor 管式反应器 tubular reactor列管式换热器 tubular heat exchanger 螺旋板式换热器 spiral plate heat exchanger 萃取塔 extraction column板式塔 plate column填料塔 packed column洗涤塔 scrubber吸收塔 absorber冷却塔 cooling tower精馏塔 fractionating tower汽提塔 stripper再生塔 regenerator造粒塔 prill tower塔附件 tower accessories液体分配(布器 liquid distributor 填料支持板 support plate定距管 spacer降液管 downcomer升气管 chimney顶 (底层塔盘 top (bottom tray 挡板 baffle抽出口 draw nozzle溢流堰 weir泡罩 bubble cap筛板 sieve plate浮阀 float valve除沫器 demister pad塔裙座 skirt椭圆封头 elliptical head高位槽 head tank中间槽 intermediate tank加料槽 feed tank补给槽 make-up tank计量槽 measuring tank电解槽 cell溜槽 chute收集槽 collecting tank液滴分离器 knockout drum稀释罐 thinning tank缓冲罐 surge drum回流罐 reflux drum闪蒸罐 flash drum浮顶罐 floating roof tank内浮顶罐 covered floating roof tank 球罐 spheroid气柜 gas holder湿式气柜 wet gas-holder干式气柜 dry gas-holder螺旋式气柜 helical gas-holder星型放料器 , 旋转阀 rotary valve 抽滤器 mutche filter压滤器 filter press压滤机 pressure filter板框压滤器 plate-and-fram filter press 转鼓过滤器 rotary drum filter 带式过滤器 belt filter翻盘式过滤器袋滤器 bag filter旋风分离器 cyclone separator盘式干燥箱 compartment tray drier 真空干燥器 vacuum drier隧道式干燥器 tunnel drier回转干燥器 rotary drier穿流循环干燥器 through circulation drier 喷雾干燥器 spray drier 气流干燥器 pneumatic conveyor drier 圆盘式加料器 dish feeder 螺旋式加料器 screw feeder颚式破碎机 jaw crusher回转破碎机 gyratory crusher滚洞破碎机 roll crusher锤式破碎机 hammer crusher冲击破碎机 rotor impact breaker气流喷射粉碎机 jet pulverizer棍磨机 rod mill雷蒙机 raymond mill锤磨机 hammer mill辊磨机 roller mill振动筛 vibrating screen回转筛 rotary screen风机 fan罗茨鼓风机 root's blower起重机 crane桥式起重机 bridge crane电动葫芦 motor hoist发电机 generator电动机 motor汽轮机 steam turbine五、管道工程 piping engineering1 阀门 valve阀杆 stem内螺纹阀杆 inside screw阀座 valve seat (body seat阀座环、密封圈 sealing ring阀芯 (包括密封圈 , 杆等 trim阀盘 disc阀体 body阀盖 bonnet手轮 hand wheel手柄 hand level (handle压盖 gland闸阀 gate valve平行双闸板 double disc parallel seat楔形单闸板 split wedge截止阀 globe valve节流阀 throttle valve针阀 needle valve角阀 (角式截止阀 angle valveY 型阀 (截止阀 Y-valve(Y-body globe valve 球阀 ball valve三通球阀 3-way ball valve蝶阀 butterfly valve对夹式 (薄片型 wafer type偏心阀板蝶阀 offset disc (eccentric butterfly valve 斜阀盘蝶阀 canted disc butterfly valve连杆式蝶阀 link butterfly valve止回式蝶阀 combined non-return butterfly valve 柱塞阀 piston type valve 旋塞阀 plug valve三通旋塞阀 three-way plug valve四通旋塞阀 four-way plug valve旋塞 cock衬套旋塞 sleeve cock隔膜阀 diaphragm valve橡胶衬里隔膜阀 rubber lined diaphragm valve 直通式隔膜阀 straight way diaphragm valve 夹紧式胶管阀 pinch valve止回阀 check valve升降式止回阀 lift check valve旋启式止回阀 swing check valve落球式止回阀 ball check valve弹簧球式止回阀 spring ball check valve底阀 foot valve切断式止回阀 stop check valve活塞式止回阀 piston check valve翻板止回阀 flap check valve蝶式止回阀 butterfly check valve安全泄气阀 safety[SV]安全泄放阀 relief valve[RV]安全泄压阀 safety relief valve杠杆重锤式 lever and weight type罐底排污阀 flush-bottom tank valve波纹管密封阀 bellow sealed valve电磁阀 solenoid (operated valve电动阀 electrically(electric-motoroperated valve 气动阀 pneumatic operated valve 低温用阀 cryogenic service valve蒸汽疏水阀 steam trap机械式疏水阀 mechanical trap浮桶式疏水阀 open (top bucket trap浮球式疏水阀 float trap倒吊桶式疏水阀 inverted bucket trap自由浮球式疏水阀 loose float trap恒温式疏水阀 thermostatic trap压力平衡式恒温疏水阀 balanced pressure thermostatic trap 热动力式疏水阀thermodynamic trap脉冲式蒸汽疏水阀 impulse steam trap放汽阀 (自动放汽阀 (automatic air vent valve换向阀 diverting (reversing valve呼吸阀 breather valve减压阀 pressure reducing valve控制阀 control valve执行机构 actuator差压调节阀 differential pressure regulating valve 切断阀 block (shut-off, stop valve调节阀 regulating valve快开阀 quick opening valve快闭阀 quick closing valve隔断阀 isolating valve三通阀 three way valve夹套阀 jacketed valve非旋转式阀 non-rotary valve2管子 , 管件 , 法兰管子 pipe(按标准制造的配管用管tube(不按标准规格制造的其它用管钢管 steel pipe铸铁管 cast iron pipe衬里管 lined pipe复合管 clad pipe碳钢管 carbon steel[C.S.]pipe合金钢管 alloy steel pipe不锈钢管 stainless steel[S.S.]pipe奥氏体不锈钢管 austenitic stainless steel pipe铁合金钢管 ferritic alloy steel pipe轧制钢管 wrought-steel pipe锻铁管 wrought-iron pipe无缝钢管 seamless[SMLS] steel pipe焊接钢管 welded steel pipe电阻焊钢管 electric-resistance-welded steel pipe电熔 (弧焊钢板卷管 electric-fusion(arc-welded steel-plate pipe 螺旋焊接钢管spiral welded steel pipe镀锌钢管 galvanized steel pipe排污阀 blowdown valve集液排放阀 drip valve排液阀 drain valve放空阀 vent valve卸载阀 unloading valve排出阀 discharge valve吸入阀 suction valve取样阀 sampling valve手动阀 hand operated(manually-operated valve (水龙头 bibb;bib;faucet抽出液阀 (小阀 bleed valve旁路阀 by-pass valve软管阀 hose valve混合阀 mixing valve破真空阀 vacuum breaker冲洗阀 flush valve根部阀 root (primary, header valve水煤气钢管 water-gas steel pipe塑料管 plastic pipe玻璃管 glass tube橡胶管 rubber tube壁厚 wall thickness[WT]壁厚系列号 schedule number[SCH.NO.]加厚的 , 加强的 extra heavy (strong双倍加厚的 , 双倍加强的 double extra heavy (strong 弯头 elbow 异径弯头 reducing elbow长半径弯头 long radius elbow短半径弯头 short radius elbow长半径 180°弯头 long radius return短半径 180°弯头 short radius return三通 tee异径三通 reducing tee等径三通 straight tee带支座三通 base tee45°斜三通 45°lateralY 型三通 true"Y"四通 cross异径管 reducer同心异径管 concentric reducer偏心异径管 eccentric reducer管接头 coupling;full coupling活接头 union短管 nipple预制弯管 fabricated pipe bendU 型弯管 "U"bend法兰端 flanged end万向接头 universal joint对焊的 butt welded[BW]螺纹的 threaded[THD]承插焊的 socket welded[SW]法兰 flange[FLG]整体管法兰 integral pipe flange 钢管法兰 steel pipe flange螺纹法兰 threaded flange滑套法兰 slip-on flange平焊法兰 slip-on-welding flange 承插焊法兰 socket welding flange 松套法兰 lap joint flange[LJF]对焊法兰 weld neck flange[WNF] 法兰盖 blind flange;blind异径法兰 reducing flange压力级 pressure rating(class突面 raised face[RF]凸面 male face凹面 female face全平面 ; 满平面 flat face;full face[FF]3. 管道特殊件 piping speciality粗滤器 strainer过滤器 filter临时过滤器 temporary strainer(cone type Y 型过滤器 Y-type strainer T 型过滤器 T-type strainer永久过滤器 permanent filter洗眼器及淋浴器 eye washer and shower 视镜 sight glass阻火器 flame arrester喷咀 ; 喷头 spray nozzle喷射器 ejector取样冷却器 sample cooler消音器 silencer膨胀节 expansion joint波纹膨胀节 bellow补偿器 compensator软管接头 hose connection[HC] 快速接头 quick coupling 金属软管 metal hose橡胶管 rubber hose挠性管 flexible tube特殊法兰 special flange漏斗 funnel8字盲板 spectacle (figure 8 blind 爆破板 rupture disk 4, 其它材料碳素钢 carbon steel [C.S.]不锈钢 stainless steel[S.S.]铸铁 cast iron[C.I.]铝 aluminum铜 , 紫铜 copper钛 titanium抗拉强度 tensile strength非金属材料 non-metallic material 塑料 plastic陶瓷 ceramic搪瓷 porcelain enamel玻璃 glass橡胶 rubber垫片 gasket[GSKT]平垫片 flat gasket填料 packing型钢 shaped steel角钢 angle steel槽钢 channel工字钢 I-beam宽缘工字钢或 H 钢 wide flanged beam扁钢 flat bar圆钢 round steel; rod钢带 strap steel网络钢板 checkered plate材料表 bill of material[BOM]材料统计 material take-off[MTO]散装材料 bulk material综合管道材料表 consolidated piping material summary sheet[CPMSS] 汇总表 summary sheet5. 设备布置及管道设计中心线 center line装置边界 boundary limit[BL]区界 area limit设备布置 equipment arrangement (layout;plot plan 标高 , 立面 elevation[EL]支撑点 point of support[POS]工厂北向 plant north方位 orientation危险区 hazardous area classification净正吸入压头 net positive suction head绝对标高 absolute elevation坐标 coordinate管道研究 piping study管道布置平面 piping arrangement plan[PAP]管道布置 piping assembly; layout详图 detail"X" 视图 view "X""A-A" 剖视 section "A-A"轴测图 isometric drawing索引图 key plan管道及仪表流程图 piping and instrument diagram[P&ID] 管口表 list of nozzles 地上管道 above ground piping地下管道 under ground piping管线号 line number总管 header; manifold旁路 by pass常开 normally open常闭 normally closed取样接口 sampling connection伴热管 tracing pipe蒸汽伴热 steam tracing热水伴热 hot-water tracing电伴热 electrical tracing夹套管 jacketed line全夹套管 full jacketed比例 scale图 figure 草图 sketch 图例 legend 符号 symbol 件号 part n。
化工专业英语Lesson-4Lesson 4 Chemical Reaction Engineering化学反应工程A1 Every industrial chemical process is designed to produce economically a desired product from a variety of starting materials through a succession of treatment steps.每一个工业化学过程的目的是从不同的原材料，经过一系列的处理步骤生产经济所需的产品。
2 Fig. 4-1 shows a typical situation.图4-1展示了一个典型的情况。
3 The raw materials undergo a number of physical treatment steps to put them in the form in which they can be reacted chemically.原料进行了一些物理处理的步骤，使它们能够发生化学反应。
4 They then pass through the reactor.然后让他们通过反应器。
5 The products of the reaction must then undergo further physical treatment- -separations, purifications, etc. - for the final desired product to be obtained.产物要经历进一步的物理处理——分离，净化提纯等等，以获得期望的最终产品。
B1 Design of equipment for the physical treatment steps is studied in the unit operations.物理处理步骤设备的设计在单元操作中研究。
化学工程与工艺专业英语课文翻译Unit 1 Chemical Industry化学工业 ...................................................................................... - 1 -Unit 2 Research and Development研究和开发................................................................... - 3 -Unit 3 Typical Activities of Chemical Engineers化学工程师的例行工作............................ - 5 -Unit 4 Sources of Chemicals化学资源 ................................................................................. - 7 -Unit 5 Basic Chemicals基本化学品...................................................................................... - 9 -Unit 6 Chlor-Alkali and Related Processes氯碱及其相关过程.......................................... - 10 -Unit 7 Ammonia, Nitric Acid and Urea氯、硝酸和尿素 ................................................... - 12 -Unit 8 Petroleum Processing石油加工 .............................................................................. - 15 -Unit 9 Polymers 聚合物 ................................................................................................... - 16 -Unit 10 What Is Chemical Engineering?什么是化学工程学 .............................................. - 18 -Unit 11 Chemical and Process Thermodynamics化工热力学 ........................................... - 21 -Unit 12 What do we mean by transport phenomena ?如何定义传递现象 ...................... - 23 -Unit 13 Unit Operations in Chemical Engineering化学工程中的单元操作...................... - 24 -Unit14 Distillation蒸馏....................................................................................................... - 26 -Unit 15 Solvent Extraction, Leaching and Adsorption溶剂萃取，浸取和吸附................ - 28 -Unit 16 Evaporation, Crystallization and Drying蒸发、结晶和干燥................................. - 31 -Unit 17 Chemical Reaction Engineering化学反应工程 ..................................................... - 33 -Unit18 Chemical Engineering Modeling化工建模 ............................................................. - 36 -Unit 19 Introduction to Process Design过程设计简介...................................................... - 37 -Unit 20 Material Science and Chemical Engineer材料科学和化学工程........................... - 39 -Unit 21 Chemical Industry and Environment化学工业与环境 ......................................... - 42 -Unit 1 Chemical Industry化学工业1．化学工业的起源尽管化学品的使用可以追溯到古代文明时代，我们所谓的现代化学工业的发展却是非常近代（才开始的）。
Unit 5 Basic Chemicals基本化学品我们将化学工业部门分成两类，生产量较大的部门和产量较低的部门。
在产量高的部门中，各种化学品的年产量达上万吨至几十万吨。
结果这样所用的工厂专门生产某一个单个产品。
这些工厂的连续方式进行操作，自动化程度高（计算机控制）归类于产量高的部门有硫酸，含磷化合物，含氮化合物，氯碱及其相关化合物，加上石油化学品和商品聚合物（如聚乙烯）（生产部门）。
除商品聚合物外，其它的均为重要的中间体，或基本化学品。
这些基本化学品是其他许多化学品的生产原料，其他许多基本化学品的需求量很大。
相反，产量低的部门主要从事精细化学品的生产。
单个化学品的年产量只有几十吨到几千吨。
然而，与高产量的产品相比，这些产品单位重量具有很高的价值。
通常，精细化斜坡的生产与间歇方式操作在工厂中，而且这些工厂常进行多种产品的生产。
低产量生产部门生产农用化学品，染料，药品和特种聚合物（如聚醚醚酮）。
基础化学品在化学工业中得不到支持，它们不那么引人注意（如药品），有时候利润不很高。
其利润来自于经济盛衰时难以预测的周期。
这些基本化学品不被公众注意到和直接使用，因此其重要性常得不到理解。
即使在化学工业中，其重要性也得不到足够的重视。
然而，如果没有这些基本化学品，其他工业就不复存在。
基本化学品处于原料（及那些从地下通过采矿、开采或用泵抽出来的物质）和最终产品的中间位置。
基本化学品的一个显著的特征就是它们的生产规模，每一种（基本化学品）的生产规模都相当大。
图2-1表示在1993 年美国市场上的25 中化学品。
（为了使我们了解化学品的分类与生产量有关。
）通常，基本化学品生产于那些年产量上万吨的工厂。
年产量10 万吨的工厂每小时要生产1.25 吨。
基本化学品的另一显著重要的特征是其价格。
大多数价格相当便宜。
基本化学品工业所作的工作（或任务）是找到经济的途径将原来转变为有用的中间体。
生产厂家要对它们的产品收取较高的价格几乎没有余地，因此，那些最低费用生产产品的厂家可能获得的利润最高。
普通化学 General Chemistry分析化学 Analytical Chemistry有机化学 Organic Chemistry物理化学 Physical Chemistry谱学导论 Introducton of Spectroscopy无机化学 Inorganic Chemistry普通化学和分析化学实验 Experiments of General and Analytical Chemistry 现在基础化学 The Principle of Mordern Chemistry现在基础化学实验 Experiments of Modern Fundamental Chemistry 有机化学实验 Experiments of Organic Chemistry仪器分析和物理化学实验 Experiments of Instrumental Analysis and Physica 合成化学实验 Experiments of Synthetic Chemistry现代化学专题 Topic of Modern Chemistry化学综合实验 Experiments of Comprehensive Chemistry化工原理 Principle of Chemical Engineering化工原理实验 Experiments of Chemical Engineering应用化学实验 Experiments of Applied Chemistry无机合成化学 Synthetic Inorganic Chemistry近代分析化学 Modern Analytical Chemistry分离分析化学 Separation Analytical Chemistry有机化合物波谱鉴定 Spectrum Identification of Organic Compounds 有机合成及反应机理 Organic Synthesis and Mechanics化学进展 Progress in Chemistry化学反应工程 Chemical Reaction Engineering应用电化学 Applied Electrochemistry工业催化 Industrial Catalysis环境化学 Environmental Chemistry环境监测 Environmental Monitoring化学科技英语 Scientific English for Chemistry数理方法在化学中的应用 Mathematical Statistics for Chemistry化工制图 Chemical Engineering Cartography计算机与化学测量实验 Computer and Chemical Measurement化学信息学 Chemoinformatics or Chemical Informatics应用化学专题 Special Topics in Applied Chemistry方案(建议书)proposal可行性研究 feasibility study方案设计 concept design工艺设计 process design基础设计 basic design详细设计 detail design开工会议 - kick-off meeting审核会议 review meeting外商投资 foreign investment中外合资 joint venture中外合营 joint venture补偿贸易 compensation trade合同合同附件 contract卖方 vendor买方 buyer顾客 client承包商 contractor工程公司 company供应范围 scope of supply生产范围 production scope生产能力 production capacity项目 project界区 battery limit装置 plant公用工程 utilities工艺流程图 process flow diagram工艺流程方块图 process block diagram管道及仪表流程图 piping and instrument drawing物料及热量平衡图 mass & heat balance diagram蒸汽及冷凝水平衡图 steam & condensate balance diagram 设备布置图 equipment layout设备表 equipment list成品(产品)() product(final product)副产品 by-product原料 raw-material设计基础数据 basic data for design技术数据 technical data数据表 data sheet设计文件 design document设计规定 design regulation现场服务 site service项目变更 project change用户变更 client change消耗定额 consumption quota技术转让 technical transfer技术知识 - technical know-howtechnical knowledge技术保证 technical guarantee咨询服务 consultative services技术服务 technical services工作地点 location施工现场 construction field报价 quotation标书 bidding book公司利润 company profit固定价合同 fixed price contract固定单价合同 fixed unit price contract成本加酬金合同 cost plus award fee contract定金 mobilization银行保证书 bank guarantee letter保留金 retention所得税 income taxes特别承包人税 special contractor's taxes城市和市政税 city and municipal taxes工作手册 work manual工作流程图 work flow diagram质量保证程序 QA/QC procedures采购计划 procurement plan施工计划 construction plan施工进度 construction schedule项目实施计划 project execution plan项目协调程序 project coordination procedure项目总进度计划 project master schedule设计网络计划 engineering network logic项目质量保证 project quality assurance项目质量控制 project quality control采购 procurement采购周期 procurement period会签 the squad check计算书 calculation sheets询价 inquiry检验 inspection运输 transportation开车 start up / commission验收 inspection & acceptance校核 check审核 review审定 approve版次 version部门 department专业 specialty项目号 project number图号 drawing number目录 contents序言 foreword章 chapter节 section项 itemMR material requisitionSPEC engineering specification（技术表）DATA SHEET（） technical data sheet(技术评标）TBA(） technical bid analysisPDP preliminary design package(项目经理)PM () project manager(专业负责人LDE( lead discipline engineer(材料询价单)MRQ() Material requisition for quotation(材料采购单)MRP() material requisition for purchase(基础工程设计包)BEP() basic engineering package&(管道及仪表流程图) ()P&ID() piping and instrument drawing(diagram)PFD process flow diagramNNF normally no flowFO failure openFC failure closeC/S/A civil/structure/architecture（详细设计阶段）DDP（） detail design phase二. 工艺流程.连续过程continuous process 间歇过程batch process工艺叙述process description 工艺特点process feature操作operation反应reaction副反应side reaction絮凝flocculation浮洗flotation倾析decantation催化反应catalytical reaction 萃取extraction中和neutralization水解hydrolysis过滤filtration干燥drying还原reduction氧化oxidation氢化hydrogenation分解decomposition离解dissociation合成synthetics吸收absorption吸附adsorption解吸desorption结晶crystallization溶解solution调节modulate控制control悬浮suspension循环circulation再生regeneration再活化reactivation沥取leaching破碎crushing煅烧caloination沉降sedimentation沉淀precipitation气化gasification冷冻refrigeration固化、结晶、solidification包装package升华sublimation燃烧combustion引烧ignition蒸馏distillation碳化carbonization压缩compression三、化学物质及特性固体solid液体liquid气体gas化合物compound混合物mixture粉powder片状粉未flake小粒granule结晶crystal乳化物emulsion氧化物oxidizing agent还原剂reducing agent有机物organic material真空vacuum母液master liquor富液rich liquor贫液lean liquor萃出物extract萃余物raffinate絮凝剂flocculants冷冻盐水brine酸度acidity浓度concentration碱度alkalinity溶解度solubility凝固点solidificalion point沸点boiling point熔点melting point蒸发率evaporation rate粘度viscosity吸水的 ()water absorbent(a)无水的()anhydrous(a)外观appearance无色的()colorless(a)透明的()transparent(a)半透明的translucent密度density比重specific gravity催化剂catalyst燃烧combustion引燃ignition自然点-self-ignition temperature可燃气体combustible gas可燃液体inflammable liquid易燃液体volatile liquid爆炸混合物explosive mixture爆炸性环境 ()explosive atmosphere(environment)爆炸极限explosive concentration limit废水waste water废液waste liquid废气-off-gas噪声noise pollution成分composition挠度deflection力和力矩force and moment弯矩bending moment应力-应变曲线--stress-strain diagram百分比percentage环境温度ambient temperature工作温度operating设计温度 ()design temperature(pressure)相对湿度=RH=relative humidity油渣、淤泥sludge杂质impurity四、化工设备泵pump轴流泵axial flow pump真空泵vacuum pump屏蔽泵canned pump柱塞泵plunger pump涡轮泵turbine pump涡流泵vortex pump离心泵centrifugal pump喷射泵jet pump转子泵rotary pump管道泵inline pump双作用往复泵double action reciprocating pump计量泵metering pump深井泵deep well pump齿轮泵gear pump手摇泵()hand(wobble) pump螺杆泵 ()screw (spiral) pump潜水泵submersible pump斜转子泵inclined rotor pump封闭式电磁泵hermetically sealed magnetic drive pump 气升泵--air-lift-pump轴承bearing叶轮impeller虹吸管siphon高压容器high pressure vessel焚化炉incinerator火焰清除器flame arrester工业炉furnace烧嘴burner锅炉boiler回转窑rotary kiln加热器heater电加热器electric heater冷却器cooler冷凝器condenser换热器heat exchanger反应器reactor蒸馏釜still搅拌器agitator混合器mixer静态混合器static mixers管道混合器line mixers混合槽mixing tanks破碎机crusher磨碎机grinder研磨机pulverizer球磨机ballmill过滤器filter分离器separator干燥器drier翅片fins烟囱stack火炬flare筛子screen煅烧窑calciner倾析器decanter蒸发器evaporator再沸器reboiler萃取器extractor离心机centrifuger吸附（收）器adsorber结晶器crystallizer电解槽electrolyzer电除尘器electric precipitator洗涤器scrubber消石灰器slaker料仓bin料斗hopper加料器feeder增稠器thickener澄清器clarifier分级器classifier浮洗器flocculator废液池sump喷射器ejector喷头sprayer成套设备package unit仪器设备apparatus附属设备accessory旋转式压缩机rotary compressor往复式压缩机reciprocating compressor 水环式压缩机nash compressor螺杆式压缩机helical screw compressor 离心式压缩机centrifugal compressor多级压缩机mutiple stages compressor固定床反应器fixed bed reactor流化床反应器fluidized bed reactor管式反应器tubular reactor列管式换热器tubular heat exchanger螺旋板式换热器spiral plate heat exchanger 萃取塔extraction column板式塔plate column填料塔packed column洗涤塔scrubber吸收塔absorber冷却塔cooling tower精馏塔fractionating tower汽提塔stripper再生塔regenerator造粒塔prill tower塔附件tower accessories液体分配（布）器liquid distributor填料支持板support plate定距管spacer降液管downcomer升气管chimney顶(底)层塔盘 ()()top (bottom) tray挡板baffle抽出口draw nozzle溢流堰weir泡罩bubble cap筛板sieve plate浮阀float valve除沫器demister pad塔裙座skirt椭圆封头elliptical head高位槽head tank中间槽intermediate tank加料槽feed tank补给槽-make-up tank计量槽measuring tank电解槽cell溜槽chute收集槽collecting tank液滴分离器knockout drum稀释罐thinning tank缓冲罐surge drum回流罐reflux drum闪蒸罐flash drum浮顶罐floating roof tank内浮顶罐covered floating roof tank 球罐spheroid气柜gas holder湿式气柜 -wet gas-holder干式气柜 -dry gas-holder螺旋式气柜 -helical gas-holder星型放料器,旋转阀,rotary valve抽滤器mutche filter压滤器filter press压滤机pressure filter板框压滤器--plate-and-fram filter press 转鼓过滤器rotary drum filter带式过滤器belt filter翻盘式过滤器袋滤器bag filter旋风分离器cyclone separator盘式干燥箱compartment tray drier 真空干燥器vacuum drier隧道式干燥器tunnel drier回转干燥器rotary drier穿流循环干燥器through circulation drier 喷雾干燥器spray drier气流干燥器pneumatic conveyor drier 圆盘式加料器dish feeder螺旋式加料器screw feeder颚式破碎机jaw crusher回转破碎机gyratory crusher滚洞破碎机roll crusher锤式破碎机hammer crusher冲击破碎机rotor impact breaker气流喷射粉碎机jet pulverizer棍磨机rod mill雷蒙机raymond mill锤磨机hammer mill辊磨机roller mill振动筛vibrating screen回转筛rotary screen风机fan罗茨鼓风机roots blower起重机crane桥式起重机bridge crane电动葫芦motor hoist发电机generator电动机motor汽轮机steam turbine五、管道工程piping engineering阀门 valve阀杆stem内螺纹阀杆inside screw阀座 ( )valve seat (body seat)阀座环、密封圈sealing ring阀芯(包括密封圈,杆等)(,)trim阀盘disc阀体body阀盖bonnet手轮hand wheel手柄 ()hand level (handle)压盖gland闸阀gate valve平行双闸板double disc parallel seat楔形单闸板split wedge截止阀globe valve节流阀throttle valve针阀needle valve角阀(角式截止阀)()angle valve型阀(截止阀)-(- )Y()Y-valve(Y-body globe valve)球阀ball valve三通球阀3-3-way ball valve蝶阀butterfly valve对夹式(薄片型)()wafer type偏心阀板蝶阀 ()offset disc (eccentric) butterfly valve斜阀盘蝶阀canted disc butterfly valve连杆式蝶阀link butterfly valve止回式蝶阀 -combined non-return butterfly valve柱塞阀piston type valve旋塞阀plug valve三通旋塞阀-three-way plug valve四通旋塞阀-four-way plug valve旋塞cock衬套旋塞sleeve cock隔膜阀diaphragm valve橡胶衬里隔膜阀rubber lined diaphragm valve直通式隔膜阀straight way diaphragm valve夹紧式胶管阀pinch valve止回阀check valve升降式止回阀lift check valve旋启式止回阀swing check valve落球式止回阀ball check valve弹簧球式止回阀spring ball check valve底阀foot valve切断式止回阀stop check valve活塞式止回阀piston check valve翻板止回阀flap check valve蝶式止回阀butterfly check valve安全泄气阀[]safety[SV]安全泄放阀 []relief valve[RV]安全泄压阀safety relief valve杠杆重锤式lever and weight type罐底排污阀-flush-bottom tank valve波纹管密封阀bellow sealed valve电磁阀 ()solenoid (operated) valve电动阀(-)electrically(electric-motor)operated valve 气动阀pneumatic operated valve低温用阀cryogenic service valve蒸汽疏水阀steam trap机械式疏水阀mechanical trap浮桶式疏水阀 ()open (top) bucket trap浮球式疏水阀float trap倒吊桶式疏水阀inverted bucket trap自由浮球式疏水阀loose float trap恒温式疏水阀thermostatic trap压力平衡式恒温疏水阀balanced pressure thermostatic trap热动力式疏水阀thermodynamic trap脉冲式蒸汽疏水阀impulse steam trap放汽阀(自动放汽阀)()()(automatic) air vent valve换向阀 ()diverting (reversing) valve呼吸阀breather valve减压阀pressure reducing valve控制阀control valve执行机构actuator差压调节阀differential pressure regulating valve切断阀 (-, )block (shut-off, stop) valve调节阀regulating valve快开阀quick opening valve快闭阀quick closing valve隔断阀isolating valve三通阀three way valve夹套阀jacketed valve非旋转式阀-non-rotary valve2管子,管件,法兰管子(按标准制造的配管用管)pipe()(不按标准规格制造的其它用管)tube()钢管steel pipe铸铁管cast iron pipe衬里管lined pipe复合管clad pipe碳钢管 [..]carbon steel[C.S.]pipe合金钢管alloy steel pipe不锈钢管 [..]stainless steel[S.S.]pipe奥氏体不锈钢管austenitic stainless steel pipe铁合金钢管ferritic alloy steel pipe轧制钢管-wrought-steel pipe锻铁管-wrought-iron pipe无缝钢管[]seamless[SMLS] steel pipe焊接钢管welded steel pipe电阻焊钢管--electric-resistance-welded steel pipe电熔(弧)焊钢板卷管-()- -()electric-fusion(arc)-welded steel-plate pipe 螺旋焊接钢管spiral welded steel pipe镀锌钢管galvanized steel pipe排污阀blowdown valve集液排放阀drip valve排液阀drain valve放空阀vent valve卸载阀unloading valve排出阀discharge valve吸入阀suction valve取样阀sampling valve手动阀 (-)hand operated(manually-operated) valve (水)龙头;;()bibb;bib;faucet抽出液阀(小阀)()bleed valve旁路阀-by-pass valve软管阀hose valve混合阀mixing valve破真空阀vacuum breaker冲洗阀flush valve根部阀 (, )root (primary, header) valve水煤气钢管-water-gas steel pipe塑料管plastic pipe玻璃管glass tube橡胶管rubber tube壁厚 []wall thickness[WT]壁厚系列号 [..]schedule number[SCH.NO.]加厚的,加强的 (),extra heavy (strong)双倍加厚的,双倍加强的 (),double extra heavy (strong)弯头elbow异径弯头reducing elbow长半径弯头long radius elbow短半径弯头short radius elbow长半径180°弯头180°long radius return短半径180°弯头180°short radius return三通tee异径三通reducing tee等径三通straight tee带支座三通base tee45°斜三通45°45°45°lateral型三通""Ytrue"Y"四通cross异径管reducer同心异径管concentric reducer偏心异径管eccentric reducer管接头;coupling;full coupling活接头union短管nipple预制弯管fabricated pipe bend型弯管""U"U"bend法兰端flanged end万向接头universal joint对焊的 []butt welded[BW]螺纹的[]threaded[THD]承插焊的 []socket welded[SW]法兰[]flange[FLG]整体管法兰integral pipe flange钢管法兰steel pipe flange螺纹法兰threaded flange滑套法兰-slip-on flange平焊法兰--slip-on-welding flange承插焊法兰socket welding flange松套法兰 []lap joint flange[LJF]对焊法兰 []weld neck flange[WNF]法兰盖 ;blind flange;blind异径法兰reducing flange压力级 ()pressure rating(class)突面 []raised face[RF]凸面male face凹面female face全平面;满平面 ; [];flat face;full face[FF]3.管道特殊件 3.piping speciality粗滤器strainer过滤器filter临时过滤器 ( )temporary strainer(cone type)型过滤器-YY-type strainer型过滤器-TT-type strainer永久过滤器permanent filter洗眼器及淋浴器eye washer and shower视镜sight glass阻火器flame arrester喷咀;喷头;spray nozzle喷射器ejector取样冷却器sample cooler消音器silencer膨胀节expansion joint波纹膨胀节bellow补偿器compensator软管接头 []hose connection[HC]快速接头quick coupling金属软管metal hose橡胶管rubber hose挠性管flexible tube特殊法兰special flange漏斗funnel8字盲板 ( 8)8spectacle (figure 8) blind爆破板rupture disk4,其它材料4碳素钢 [..]carbon steel [C.S.]不锈钢 [..]stainless steel[S.S.]铸铁 [..]cast iron[C.I.]铝aluminum铜,紫铜,copper钛titanium抗拉强度tensile strength非金属材料-non-metallic material塑料plastic陶瓷ceramic搪瓷porcelain enamel玻璃glass橡胶rubber垫片[]gasket[GSKT]平垫片flat gasket填料packing型钢shaped steel角钢angle steel槽钢channel工字钢-I-beam宽缘工字钢或钢Hwide flanged beam扁钢flat bar圆钢 ;round steel; rod钢带strap steel网络钢板checkered plate材料表 []bill of material[BOM]材料统计 -[]material take-off[MTO]散装材料bulk material综合管道材料表consolidated piping material summary []sheet[CPMSS]汇总表summary sheet5.设备布置及管道设计中心线center line装置边界 []boundary limit[BL]区界area limit设备布置 ();equipment arrangement (layout);plot plan 标高,立面[],elevation[EL]支撑点 []point of support[POS]工厂北向plant north方位orientation危险区hazardous area classification净正吸入压头net positive suction head绝对标高absolute elevation坐标coordinate管道研究piping study管道布置平面 []piping arrangement plan[PAP]管道布置 ;piping assembly; layout详图detail""视图 """X"view "X""-" 剖视 "-""A-A" section "A-A"轴测图isometric drawing索引图key plan管道及仪表流程图 [&]piping and instrument diagram[P&ID]管口表list of nozzles地上管道above ground piping地下管道under ground piping管线号line number总管;header; manifold旁路by pass常开normally open常闭normally closed取样接口sampling connection伴热管tracing pipe蒸汽伴热steam tracing热水伴热-hot-water tracing电伴热electrical tracing 夹套管jacketed line全夹套管full jacketed比例scale图figure草图sketch图例legend符号symbol件号part n。
化工专业英语词汇化学专业课程中英文对照一、化工装置常用词汇一概论 introduction方案(建议书) proposal可行性研究 feasibility study 方案设计 concept design工艺设计 process design基础设计 basic design详细设计 detail design开工会议 kick-off meeting审核会议 review meeting外商投资 foreign investment 中外合资 joint venture中外合营 joint venture补偿贸易 compensation trade 合同合同附件 contract卖方 vendor买方 buyer顾客 client承包商 contractor工程公司 company供应范围 scope of supply生产范围 production scope 生产能力 production capacity 项目 project界区 battery limit装置 plant公用工程 utilities工艺流程图 process flow diagram工艺流程方块图 process block diagram管道及仪表流程图 piping and instrument drawing物料及热量平衡图 mass & heat balance diagram蒸汽及冷凝水平衡图 steam & condensate balance diagram 设备布置图 equipment layout设备表 equipment list成品(产品) product(final product)副产品 by-product原料 raw-material设计基础数据 basic data for design技术数据 technical data数据表 data sheet设计文件 design document设计规定 design regulation现场服务 site service项目变更 project change用户变更 client change消耗定额 consumption quota技术转让 technical transfer技术知识 technical know-howtechnical knowledge技术保证 technical guarantee咨询服务 consultative services技术服务 technical services工作地点 location施工现场 construction field报价 quotation标书 bidding book公司利润 company profit固定价合同 fixed price contract固定单价合同 fixed unit price contract成本加酬金合同 cost plus award fee contract 定金 mobilization银行保证书 bank guarantee letter保留金 retention所得税 income taxes特别承包人税 special contractor's taxes城市和市政税 city and municipal taxes工作手册 work manual工作流程图 work flow diagram质量保证程序 QA/QC procedures采购计划 procurement plan施工计划 construction plan施工进度 construction schedule项目实施计划 project execution plan项目协调程序 project coordination procedure 项目总进度计划 project master schedule设计网络计划 engineering network logic项目质量保证 project quality assurance项目质量控制 project quality control采购 procurement采购周期 procurement period会签 the squad check计算书 calculation sheets询价 inquiry检验 inspection运输 transportation开车 start up / commission验收 inspection & acceptance校核 check审核 review审定 approve版次 version部门 department专业 specialty项目号 project number图号 drawing number目录 contents序言 foreword章 chapter节 section项 itemMR material requisitionSPEC engineering specificationDATA SHEET（技术表） technical data sheetTBA(技术评标） technical bid analysisPDP preliminary design packagePM (项目经理) project managerLDE(专业负责人) lead discipline engineerMRQ(材料询价单) Material requisition for quotationMRP(材料采购单) material requisition for purchaseBEP(基础工程设计包) basic engineering packageP&ID(管道及仪表流程图) piping and instrument drawing(diagram) PFD process flow diagramNNF normally no flowFO failure openFC failure closeC/S/A civil/structure/architectureDDP（详细设计阶段） detail design phase二、工艺流程连续过程 continuous process间歇过程 batch process工艺叙述 process description工艺特点 process feature操作 operation反应 reaction副反应 side reaction絮凝 flocculation浮洗 flotation倾析 decantation催化反应 catalytical reaction萃取 extraction中和 neutralization水解 hydrolysis过滤 filtration干燥 drying还原 reduction氧化 oxidation氢化 hydrogenation分解 decomposition离解 dissociation合成 synthetics吸收 absorption吸附 adsorption解吸 desorption结晶 crystallization溶解 solution调节 modulate控制 control悬浮 suspension循环 circulation再生 regeneration再活化 reactivation沥取 leaching破碎 crushing煅烧 caloination沉降 sedimentation沉淀 precipitation气化 gasification冷冻 refrigeration固化、结晶 solidification 包装 package升华 sublimation燃烧 combustion引烧 ignition蒸馏 distillation碳化 carbonization压缩 compression三、化学物质及特性固体 solid液体 liquid气体 gas化合物 compound混合物 mixture粉 powder片状粉未 flake小粒 granule结晶 crystal乳化物 emulsion氧化物 oxidizing agent还原剂 reducing agent有机物 organic material 真空 vacuum母液 master liquor富液 rich liquor贫液 lean liquor萃出物 extract萃余物 raffinate絮凝剂 flocculants冷冻盐水 brine酸度 acidity浓度 concentration碱度 alkalinity溶解度 solubility凝固点 solidificalion point 沸点 boiling point熔点 melting point蒸发率 evaporation rate 粘度 viscosity吸水的 water absorbent(a) 无水的 anhydrous(a)外观 appearance无色的 colorless(a)透明的 transparent(a)半透明的 translucent密度 density比重 specific gravity催化剂 catalyst燃烧 combustion引燃 ignition自然点 self-ignition temperature可燃气体 combustible gas可燃液体 inflammable liquid易燃液体 volatile liquid爆炸混合物 explosive mixture爆炸性环境 explosive atmosphere(environment) 爆炸极限 explosive concentration limit废水 waste water废液 waste liquid废气 off-gas噪声 noise pollution成分 composition挠度 deflection力和力矩 force and moment弯矩 bending moment应力-应变曲线 stress-strain diagram百分比 percentage环境温度 ambient temperature工作温度 operating设计温度 design temperature(pressure)相对湿度 RH=relative humidity油渣、淤泥 sludge杂质 impurity四、化工设备泵 pump轴流泵 axial flow pump真空泵 vacuum pump屏蔽泵 canned pump柱塞泵 plunger pump涡轮泵 turbine pump涡流泵 vortex pump离心泵 centrifugal pump喷射泵 jet pump转子泵 rotary pump管道泵 inline pump双作用往复泵 double action reciprocating pump计量泵 metering pump深井泵 deep well pump齿轮泵 gear pump手摇泵 hand(wobble) pump螺杆泵 screw (spiral) pump潜水泵 submersible pump斜转子泵 inclined rotor pump封闭式电磁泵 hermetically sealed magnetic drive pump 气升泵 air-lift-pump轴承 bearing叶轮 impeller虹吸管 siphon高压容器 high pressure vessel焚化炉 incinerator火焰清除器 flame arrester工业炉 furnace烧嘴 burner锅炉 boiler回转窑 rotary kiln加热器 heater电加热器 electric heater 冷却器 cooler冷凝器 condenser换热器 heat exchanger 反应器 reactor蒸馏釜 still搅拌器 agitator混合器 mixer静态混合器 static mixers 管道混合器 line mixers 混合槽 mixing tanks破碎机 crusher磨碎机 grinder研磨机 pulverizer球磨机 ballmill过滤器 filter分离器 separator干燥器 drier翅片 fins烟囱 stack火炬 flare筛子 screen煅烧窑 calciner倾析器 decanter蒸发器 evaporator再沸器 reboiler萃取器 extractor离心机 centrifuger吸附（收）器 adsorber结晶器 crystallizer电解槽 electrolyzer电除尘器 electric precipitator洗涤器 scrubber消石灰器 slaker料仓 bin料斗 hopper加料器 feeder增稠器 thickener澄清器 clarifier分级器 classifier浮洗器 flocculator废液池 sump喷射器 ejector喷头 sprayer成套设备 package unit仪器设备 apparatus附属设备 accessory旋转式压缩机 rotary compressor往复式压缩机 reciprocating compressor水环式压缩机 nash compressor螺杆式压缩机 helical screw compressor离心式压缩机 centrifugal compressor多级压缩机 mutiple stages compressor固定床反应器 fixed bed reactor流化床反应器 fluidized bed reactor管式反应器 tubular reactor列管式换热器 tubular heat exchanger螺旋板式换热器 spiral plate heat exchanger 萃取塔 extraction column板式塔 plate column填料塔 packed column洗涤塔 scrubber吸收塔 absorber冷却塔 cooling tower精馏塔 fractionating tower汽提塔 stripper再生塔 regenerator造粒塔 prill tower塔附件 tower accessories液体分配（布）器 liquid distributor 填料支持板 support plate定距管 spacer降液管 downcomer升气管 chimney顶(底)层塔盘 top (bottom) tray挡板 baffle抽出口 draw nozzle溢流堰 weir泡罩 bubble cap筛板 sieve plate浮阀 float valve除沫器 demister pad塔裙座 skirt椭圆封头 elliptical head高位槽 head tank中间槽 intermediate tank加料槽 feed tank补给槽 make-up tank计量槽 measuring tank电解槽 cell溜槽 chute收集槽 collecting tank液滴分离器 knockout drum稀释罐 thinning tank缓冲罐 surge drum回流罐 reflux drum闪蒸罐 flash drum浮顶罐 floating roof tank内浮顶罐 covered floating roof tank球罐 spheroid气柜 gas holder湿式气柜 wet gas-holder干式气柜 dry gas-holder螺旋式气柜 helical gas-holder星型放料器,旋转阀 rotary valve抽滤器 mutche filter压滤器 filter press压滤机 pressure filter板框压滤器 plate-and-fram filter press转鼓过滤器 rotary drum filter带式过滤器 belt filter翻盘式过滤器袋滤器 bag filter旋风分离器 cyclone separator盘式干燥箱 compartment tray drier真空干燥器 vacuum drier隧道式干燥器 tunnel drier回转干燥器 rotary drier穿流循环干燥器 through circulation drier喷雾干燥器 spray drier气流干燥器 pneumatic conveyor drier 圆盘式加料器 dish feeder螺旋式加料器 screw feeder颚式破碎机 jaw crusher回转破碎机 gyratory crusher滚洞破碎机 roll crusher锤式破碎机 hammer crusher冲击破碎机 rotor impact breaker气流喷射粉碎机 jet pulverizer棍磨机 rod mill雷蒙机 raymond mill锤磨机 hammer mill辊磨机 roller mill振动筛 vibrating screen回转筛 rotary screen风机 fan罗茨鼓风机 root's blower起重机 crane桥式起重机 bridge crane电动葫芦 motor hoist发电机 generator电动机 motor汽轮机 steam turbine五、管道工程 piping engineering1 阀门 valve阀杆 stem内螺纹阀杆 inside screw阀座 valve seat (body seat)阀座环、密封圈 sealing ring阀芯(包括密封圈,杆等) trim阀盘 disc阀体 body阀盖 bonnet手轮 hand wheel手柄 hand level (handle)压盖 gland闸阀 gate valve平行双闸板 double disc parallel seat楔形单闸板 split wedge截止阀 globe valve节流阀 throttle valve针阀 needle valve角阀(角式截止阀) angle valveY型阀(截止阀) Y-valve(Y-body globe valve)球阀 ball valve三通球阀 3-way ball valve蝶阀 butterfly valve对夹式(薄片型) wafer type偏心阀板蝶阀 offset disc (eccentric) butterfly valve 斜阀盘蝶阀 canted disc butterfly valve连杆式蝶阀 link butterfly valve止回式蝶阀 combined non-return butterfly valve柱塞阀 piston type valve旋塞阀 plug valve三通旋塞阀 three-way plug valve四通旋塞阀 four-way plug valve旋塞 cock衬套旋塞 sleeve cock隔膜阀 diaphragm valve橡胶衬里隔膜阀 rubber lined diaphragm valve 直通式隔膜阀 straight way diaphragm valve夹紧式胶管阀 pinch valve止回阀 check valve升降式止回阀 lift check valve旋启式止回阀 swing check valve落球式止回阀 ball check valve弹簧球式止回阀 spring ball check valve底阀 foot valve切断式止回阀 stop check valve活塞式止回阀 piston check valve翻板止回阀 flap check valve蝶式止回阀 butterfly check valve安全泄气阀 safety[SV]安全泄放阀 relief valve[RV]安全泄压阀 safety relief valve杠杆重锤式 lever and weight type罐底排污阀 flush-bottom tank valve波纹管密封阀 bellow sealed valve电磁阀 solenoid (operated) valve电动阀 electrically(electric-motor)operated valve 气动阀 pneumatic operated valve低温用阀 cryogenic service valve蒸汽疏水阀 steam trap机械式疏水阀 mechanical trap浮桶式疏水阀 open (top) bucket trap浮球式疏水阀 float trap倒吊桶式疏水阀 inverted bucket trap自由浮球式疏水阀 loose float trap恒温式疏水阀 thermostatic trap压力平衡式恒温疏水阀 balanced pressure thermostatic trap 热动力式疏水阀 thermodynamic trap脉冲式蒸汽疏水阀 impulse steam trap放汽阀(自动放汽阀) (automatic) air vent valve换向阀 diverting (reversing) valve呼吸阀 breather valve减压阀 pressure reducing valve控制阀 control valve执行机构 actuator差压调节阀 differential pressure regulating valve切断阀 block (shut-off, stop) valve调节阀 regulating valve快开阀 quick opening valve快闭阀 quick closing valve隔断阀 isolating valve三通阀 three way valve夹套阀 jacketed valve非旋转式阀 non-rotary valve2管子,管件,法兰管子 pipe(按标准制造的配管用管)tube(不按标准规格制造的其它用管)钢管 steel pipe铸铁管 cast iron pipe衬里管 lined pipe复合管 clad pipe碳钢管 carbon steel[C.S.]pipe合金钢管 alloy steel pipe不锈钢管 stainless steel[S.S.]pipe奥氏体不锈钢管 austenitic stainless steel pipe铁合金钢管 ferritic alloy steel pipe轧制钢管 wrought-steel pipe锻铁管 wrought-iron pipe无缝钢管 seamless[SMLS] steel pipe焊接钢管 welded steel pipe电阻焊钢管 electric-resistance-welded steel pipe电熔(弧)焊钢板卷管 electric-fusion(arc)-welded steel-plate pipe 螺旋焊接钢管 spiral welded steel pipe镀锌钢管 galvanized steel pipe排污阀 blowdown valve集液排放阀 drip valve排液阀 drain valve放空阀 vent valve卸载阀 unloading valve排出阀 discharge valve吸入阀 suction valve取样阀 sampling valve手动阀 hand operated(manually-operated) valve(水)龙头 bibb;bib;faucet抽出液阀(小阀) bleed valve旁路阀 by-pass valve软管阀 hose valve混合阀 mixing valve破真空阀 vacuum breaker冲洗阀 flush valve根部阀 root (primary, header) valve水煤气钢管 water-gas steel pipe塑料管 plastic pipe玻璃管 glass tube橡胶管 rubber tube壁厚 wall thickness[WT]壁厚系列号 schedule number[SCH.NO.]加厚的,加强的 extra heavy (strong)双倍加厚的,双倍加强的 double extra heavy (strong) 弯头 elbow异径弯头 reducing elbow长半径弯头 long radius elbow短半径弯头 short radius elbow长半径180°弯头 long radius return短半径180°弯头 short radius return三通 tee异径三通 reducing tee等径三通 straight tee带支座三通 base tee45°斜三通 45°lateralY型三通 true"Y"四通 cross异径管 reducer同心异径管 concentric reducer偏心异径管 eccentric reducer管接头 coupling;full coupling活接头 union短管 nipple预制弯管 fabricated pipe bendU型弯管 "U"bend法兰端 flanged end万向接头 universal joint对焊的 butt welded[BW]螺纹的 threaded[THD]承插焊的 socket welded[SW]法兰 flange[FLG]整体管法兰 integral pipe flange钢管法兰 steel pipe flange螺纹法兰 threaded flange滑套法兰 slip-on flange平焊法兰 slip-on-welding flange承插焊法兰 socket welding flange松套法兰 lap joint flange[LJF]对焊法兰 weld neck flange[WNF]法兰盖 blind flange;blind异径法兰 reducing flange压力级 pressure rating(class)突面 raised face[RF]凸面 male face凹面 female face全平面;满平面 flat face;full face[FF]3.管道特殊件 piping speciality粗滤器 strainer过滤器 filter临时过滤器 temporary strainer(cone type) Y型过滤器 Y-type strainerT型过滤器 T-type strainer永久过滤器 permanent filter洗眼器及淋浴器 eye washer and shower 视镜 sight glass阻火器 flame arrester喷咀;喷头 spray nozzle喷射器 ejector取样冷却器 sample cooler消音器 silencer膨胀节 expansion joint波纹膨胀节 bellow补偿器 compensator软管接头 hose connection[HC]快速接头 quick coupling金属软管 metal hose橡胶管 rubber hose挠性管 flexible tube特殊法兰 special flange漏斗 funnel8字盲板 spectacle (figure 8) blind 爆破板 rupture disk4,其它材料碳素钢 carbon steel [C.S.]不锈钢 stainless steel[S.S.]铸铁 cast iron[C.I.]铝 aluminum铜,紫铜 copper钛 titanium抗拉强度 tensile strength非金属材料 non-metallic material 塑料 plastic陶瓷 ceramic搪瓷 porcelain enamel玻璃 glass橡胶 rubber垫片 gasket[GSKT]平垫片 flat gasket填料 packing型钢 shaped steel角钢 angle steel槽钢 channel工字钢 I-beam宽缘工字钢或H钢 wide flanged beam扁钢 flat bar圆钢 round steel; rod钢带 strap steel网络钢板 checkered plate材料表 bill of material[BOM]材料统计 material take-off[MTO]散装材料 bulk material综合管道材料表 consolidated piping material summary sheet[CPMSS]汇总表 summary sheet5.设备布置及管道设计中心线 center line装置边界 boundary limit[BL]区界 area limit设备布置 equipment arrangement (layout);plot plan标高,立面 elevation[EL]支撑点 point of support[POS]工厂北向 plant north方位 orientation危险区 hazardous area classification净正吸入压头 net positive suction head绝对标高 absolute elevation坐标 coordinate管道研究 piping study管道布置平面 piping arrangement plan[PAP]管道布置 piping assembly; layout详图 detail"X"视图 view "X""A-A" 剖视 section "A-A"轴测图 isometric drawing索引图 key plan管道及仪表流程图 piping and instrument diagram[P&ID] 管口表 list of nozzles地上管道 above ground piping地下管道 under ground piping管线号 line number总管 header; manifold旁路 by pass常开 normally open常闭 normally closed取样接口 sampling connection伴热管 tracing pipe蒸汽伴热 steam tracing热水伴热 hot-water tracing电伴热 electrical tracing夹套管 jacketed line全夹套管 full jacketed比例 scale图 figure草图 sketch图例 legend符号 symbol件号 part n普通化学General Chemistry分析化学Analytical Chemistry有机化学Organic Chemistry物理化学Physical Chemistry谱学导论Introducton of Spectroscopy无机化学Inorganic Chemistry普通化学和分析化学实验Experiments of General and Analytical Chemistry现在基础化学The Principle of Mordern Chemistry现在基础化学实验Experiments of Modern Fundamental Chemistry有机化学实验Experiments of Organic Chemistry仪器分析和物理化学实验Experiments of Instrumental Analysis and Physical Chemistry合成化学实验Experiments of Synthetic Chemistry现代化学专题Topic of Modern Chemistry化学综合实验Experiments of Comprehensive Chemistry化工原理Principle of Chemical Engineering化工原理实验Experiments of Chemical Engineering应用化学实验Experiments of Applied Chemistry无机合成化学Synthetic Inorganic Chemistry近代分析化学Modern Analytical Chemistry分离分析化学Separation Analytical Chemistry有机化合物波谱鉴定Spectrum Identification of Organic Compounds有机合成及反应机理Organic Synthesis and Mechanics化学进展Progress in Chemistry化学反应工程Chemical Reaction Engineering应用电化学Applied Electrochemistry工业催化Industrial Catalysis环境化学Environmental Chemistry环境监测Environmental Monitoring化学科技英语Scientific English for Chemistry数理方法在化学中的应用Mathematical Statistics for Chemistry化工制图Chemical Engineering Cartography计算机与化学测量实验Computer and Chemical Measurement 化学信息学Chemoinformatics or Chemical Informatics应用化学专题Special Topics in Applied Chemistry。
化学及化工专业英语词汇翻译化学及化工专业词汇英语翻译(J-O)j acid j 酸jacket 夹套jacket cooling 套管冷却jacob cell 雅讣电池jacobsen rearrangement 雅可布森重排jade 硬玉jadeite 硬玉jalap 贾拉普japan 黑漆jasmin oil 茉莉花油jasmone 茉莉酮jasper 碧玉javel water 爪维尔水jaw breaker 腭式碎石机jaw crusher 腭式碎石机jelly 凝胶jena glass 耶拿玻璃jervine 介藜芦胺jet 喷射jet blower 喷射式通风机jet compressor 喷气压缩机jet condenser 喷水凝汽器jet fuel 喷气发动机燃料jet pump 喷射泵jewel 宝石jig sieve 振动筛joule 焦耳joule effect 焦耳效应joule thomson effect 焦耳汤姆森效应joule's law 焦耳定律juglone 胡桃酮julian tube 凯撒管junker's calorimeter 容克量热计jute 黄麻juvenile gas 初生气juvenile water 初生水k acid k 酸k meson k 介子kali fusion 钾熔融kalimeter 碳酸计kallikrein 舒血管素kanamycin 卡那霉素kaolin 瓷土kaolin clay 高岭土kaolinite 高岭石kaolinization 高岭土化kapok oil 爪哇木棉油karaya gum 剌梧桐屎karl fischer method 卡尔费歇尔法karl fischer's reagent 费氏试剂karyokinesis 核分裂karyolysis 核溶解karyoplasm 核质kata thermometer 卡他温度计kauri butanol value 贝壳杉脂丁醇值kauri gum 栲里松脂kauri resin 栲里松脂keene's cement 金纳水泥keesom relationship 基朔关系kelp 海草灰kelvin's temperature 开氏温度keratin 角蛋白keratin plastics 角质塑料kermes 胭脂虫粉kermesite 红锑矿kerogen 油母质kerosene 煤油kerosine 煤油ketene 乙烯酮ketene lamp 乙烯酮灯ketimine 酮亚胺keto acid 酮酸keto enol tautomerism 酮烯醇互变异构keto form 酮式ketoadipic acid 酮己二酸ketoalcohol 酮醇ketocapric acid 己酮酸ketoglutaric acid 氧代戊二酸ketoheptose 庚酮糖ketol 酮醇ketone 酮ketone decomposition 酮分解ketone group 酮基ketone musk 香酮ketone resin 酮尸ketonic ester 酮酯ketonisation 酮化ketose 酮糖ketoxime 酮肟key component 限界组分kieselguhr 硅藻土kieserite 水镁矾killed steel 镇静钢kiln 炉kinase 激酶kindling temperature 着火温度kinematic viscosity 运动粘度kinematical theory of diffraction 运动学的衍射论kinescope 显象管kinetic chain length 动力学链长kinetic current 反应电流kinetic energy 动能kinetic friction 动摩擦kinetic molecular theory 分子运动理论kinetic theory 动力学理论kinetic theory of gases 气体分子运动论kinetics of polymerization 聚合动力学kinetin 激动素king's yellow 雄黄kipp's apparatus 基普气发生器kipp's gas generator 基普气发生器kirchhoff's law 基尔霍夫定律kitol 鲸醇kjeldahl flask 基耶达尔氏测氮瓶kjeldahl method 基耶达尔法kjellin furnace 开林电炉kneader 捏和机kneading 捏和knife edge of balance 天平的支棱knock intensity 爆震强度knocking 爆震knoevenagel reaction 诺文葛耳反应knorr synthesis 克诺尔合成法koch's acid 柯赫酸kojic acid 曲酸kolbe schmitt reaction 科尔伯施密特反应korean paper 朝鲜纸kotoite 粒镁硼石kozeny carman's equation 康采尼卡曼方程krafft point 克拉夫特点kraft paper 牛皮纸kraft pulp 牛皮纸浆krypton 氪kyanite 蓝晶石labarraque's solution 拉巴腊克氏溶液labelled atom 示踪原子labile equilibrium 不稳平衡labile form 不稳形lability 不稳定性laboratory 实验室laboratory scale 实验室规模laboratory test 实验室实验lac 紫胶lac dye 紫胶染料lachrymator 催泪剂lacmoid 间苯二酚蓝lacquer 漆lacquer diluent 漆稀释剂lacquer enamel 瓷漆lacquering 涂漆lactacidogen 乳酸精lactalbumin 乳清蛋白lactam 乳胺lactamide 乳酸胺lactase 乳糖酶lactate 乳酸盐lactic acid 乳酸lactic acid bacteria 乳酸菌lactic acid fermentation 乳酸发酵lactic anhydride 乳酸酐lactide 交酯lactim 内酰亚胺lactobutyrometer 乳脂计lactoflavin 乳黄素lactogenic hormone 促乳泌素lactoglobulin 乳球朊lactometer 乳比重计lactone 内酯lactone bond 内酯键lactonic ring 内酯环lactonitrile 乳腈lactonization 内酯化lactophenine 乳吩咛胺lactoscope 乳酪计lactose 乳糖ladder polymer 梯形聚合物lagrange's equation of motion 拉格朗日运动方程lagrange's method of undetermined multipliers 拉格朗日不定乘子法laguerr's polynomial 拉盖尔多项式lake 色淀颜料lake red c 色淀红 clalande cell 拉兰电池lambert beer's law 朗伯波特比尔定律lambert's law 朗伯特定律lamella 薄板lamina 薄板laminar film 片状膜laminar flow 层流laminar furnace 层怜laminate 层压材料laminated coal 叠层煤laminated glass 夹层玻璃laminated paper 层压纸laminated wood 胶合板lamination 层压lamp 灯lamp black 灯黑lamp oil 灯油lamp test 灯泡实验lanatoside 毛花甙langbeinite 无水钾镁矾langmuir's adsorption isotherm 朗格缪尔吸附等温线lanolin 羊毛脂lanoline 羊毛脂lanosterol 羊毛醇lanthanide 镧系元素lanthanide contraction 镧系收缩lanthanoid 镧系元素lanthanum 镧lanthanum acetate 乙酸镧lanthanum bromate 溴酸镧lanthanum bromide 溴化镧lanthanum carbonate 碳酸镧lanthanum chloride 氯化镧lanthanum oxide 氧化镧lanthionine 羊毛硫氨酸lap welding 叠式焊接lapachoic acid 拉帕醇lapachol 拉帕醇lapidification 石化酌laplace equation 拉普拉斯方程laplace transformation 拉普拉斯变换lard 猪脂large aromatic molecule 大芳香族分子large scale gas chromatography 制备级气相色谱法laser 激光last heat of dissolution 溶解终热latence 潜伏latency 潜伏latent catalyst 潜伏催化剂latent heat 潜热latent heat of fusion 熔化潜热latent heat of sublimation 升华热latent image 潜像latent period 潜伏期latent valency 潜化合价lateral axis 横轴线lateral chain 侧链lateral face 侧面lateral magnification 横放大率lateral secretion 侧分泌laterite 红土latex 胶乳latex cement 胶乳结合剂latex paint 胶乳漆latex thickener 胶乳增稠剂latexometer 胶乳比重计lather 肥皂泡lathering number 起泡值lathering soap 泡沫lattice constant 晶格常数lattice defect 点阵缺陷lattice distance 晶格间距lattice energy 晶格能lattice model 点阵模型lattice plane 晶格面laudanidine 劳丹尼定laudanine 劳丹碱laudanosine 劳丹素laue method 劳厄法laue photograph 劳厄照相laughing gas 笑气laundry soap 家用皂lauraldehyde 月桂醛laurate 月桂酸盐laurel 月桂laurel oil 月桂油lauric acid 月桂酸lauroleate 月桂酸盐lauroleic acid 月桂烯酸lauroyl chloride 月桂酰氯lauroyl peroxide 过氧化月桂酰lauryl alcohol 月桂醇lauryl chloride 月桂基氯lauryl mercaptan 月桂硫醇lauryl methacrylate 甲基丙烯酸月桂酯lava 熔岩lavazeck viscometer 拉巴切克粘度计lavender oil 熏衣草油lavender water 熏衣水law of chemical equivalent 化学当量定律law of conservation and conversion of energy 能量守恒及能量转换定律law of conservation of energy 能量守恒律law of conservation of mass 质量守恒定律law of conservation of momentum 动量守恒定律law of constant proportion 定比律law of corresponding states 对应态原理law of definite proportion 定比律law of equipartition of energy 能量均分律law of gaseous reaction 气体反应定律law of ideal gases 理想气体定律law of independent ionic mobilities 独立离子怜定律law of ionic strength 离子强度定律law of isomorphism 类质同晶定律law of mass action 质量酌定律law of multiple proportions 倍比律law of partition 分配定律law of photochemical equivalent 光化学当量定律law of radioactive decay 放射性蜕变定律law of reciprocal proportion 互比定律law of reciprocity 互反律law of velocity distribution 速度分布定律lawrencium 铹laxative 轻泻剂layer built cell 积层电池layer lattice 层形点阵layer structure 层状构造lazulite 天蓝石le chatelier braun's principle 勒夏特利埃布劳董理leachability 可浸出性leachate 浸出液leaching 浸析leaching agent 溶浸剂lead 铅lead accumulator 铅蓄电池lead acetate 醋酸铅lead arsenate 砷酸铅lead azide 叠氮化铅lead bath 铅浴lead carbonate 碳酸铅lead chamber 铅室lead chamber process 铅室法lead chloride 氯化铅lead chromate 铬酸铅lead compound 铅化合物lead cyanamide 氰氨化铅lead cyanide 氰化铅lead dioxide 二氧化铅lead glance 方铅矿lead glass 铅玻璃lead glaze 铅釉lead hydrogen citrate 氢柠檬酸铅lead hydroxide 氢氧化铅lead lining 铅内衬lead linoleate 亚油酸铅lead molybdate 钼酸铅lead nitrate 硝酸铅lead oxide 氧化铅lead paper 乙酸铅试纸lead peroxide 过氧化铅lead poisoning 铅中毒lead resinate 尸酸铅lead silicate 硅酸铅lead stearate 硬脂酸铅lead storage battery 铅蓄电池lead suboxide 一氧化二铅lead sulfate 硫酸铅lead sulfide 硫化铅lead susceptibility 受铅性lead telluride 碲化铅lead tetraacetate 醋酸高铅lead tetrachloride 四氯化铅lead tungstate 钨酸铅lead vanadate 钒酸铅leaded gasoline 加铅汽油leaf condenser 箔电容器leaf filter 叶片式过滤器leak detector 漏电指示器leak test 泄漏实验leakage 泄漏leakage current 漏电流lean coal 贫煤lean gas 贫气lean lime 贫石灰leather 皮革leather substitute 人造革lecithase 卵磷脂酶lecithin 卵磷脂lecithinase 卵磷脂酯leclanche cell 勒克朗谢电池ledeburite 菜德布尔体lederer manasse reaction 菜德勒曼讷斯反应legumin 豆球蛋白lehre 退火炉lemon oil 柠檬油lemongrass oil 柠檬草油lenacil 环草定length 长度lens 透镜lenticular film 凹凸式胶片leonite 钾镁矾lepidine 勒皮啶lepidolite 鳞云母lethal dose 致死量leucic acid 白氨酸leucine 白氨酸leucite 白榴石leuckart reaction 洛卡特氐反应leucoalizarin 去氧茜素leucobase 路易克碱leucocompound 无色化合物leucocyte 白血球leucocytolysin 白细胞溶素leucoscope 光学高温计leucosol 白色溶胶levan 果聚糖level dyeing 均匀染色level gage 液面计level meter 液面仪leveling 均匀染色leveling agent 匀染剂leveling tube 水准管levigation 水磨levo form 左旋体levo rotary matter 左旋性物质levorotation 左旋性levorotatory compound 左旋化合物levulinaldehyde 乙酰丙醛levulinic acid 乙酰丙酸levulosan 左旋聚糖levulose 果糖lewis langmuir's theory of valency 路易斯兰格穆尔原子价理论lewisite 路易氏气liberation 游离lichen starch 地衣多糖lichenase 地衣聚糖酶lichenin 地衣多糖licopene 茄玉红lidocaine 利多卡因liebermann's reaction 李伯曼反应liebig condenser 李比希氏冷凝器liesegang ring 李四光环life of decay 半衰期lifetime 寿命lift 水头ligancy 配位数ligand 配位体ligand field 配位场ligand field absorption band 配位场吸收带ligand field theory 配位场理论ligand membrane 配位体膜ligand migration reaction 配位体移动反应light alloy 轻合金light burned magnesia 轻质煅烧镁氧light emitting diode 发光二极管light end 轻馏分light fastness 耐光性light filter 滤光器滤光片light fire brick 轻质耐火砖light fog 光灰雾light induced proton pump 光诱致质子泵light metal 轻金属light meter 曝光计light oil 轻油light pressure 光压light quantum 光子light rare earth element 轻稀土元素light resistance 耐光性light ruby silver 淡红银矿light scattering method 光散射法light scattering photometer 光散射光度计light sensitivity 感光度light soils 轻质土light source 光源light velocity 光速light weight concrete 轻质混凝土lignification 木质化lignin 木素lignocaine 利多卡因lignocellulose 木质纤维素lignoceric acid 廿四酸lignosulfonic acid 木素磺酸ligroin 里格苦因lime 石灰lime burning 煅烧石灰lime cream 石灰乳lime hydrate 消石灰lime kiln 石灰窑lime kilning 煅烧石灰lime milk 石灰乳lime mortar 石灰浆lime nitrate 硝酸钙lime nitrogen 石灰氮lime oil 梨莓油lime pozzolanic cement 石灰火山灰水泥lime rosin 石灰松香lime salpeter 硝酸钙lime saturation degree 石灰饱和度lime silica ratio 石灰硅石比lime slag cement 石灰炉渣水泥lime slaker 石灰熟化器lime soap 石灰皂lime sulfur mixture 石硫合剂lime water 石灰水limestone 石灰石liming 用石灰处理limit dextrin 有限糊精limit of error 误差极限limit of identification 证实限度limit of inflammability 可燃限度limiting concentration 极限浓度limiting current 极限电流limiting current density 极限电淋度limiting value 极限值limonene 二戊烯limonite 褐铁矿limpidity 透迷linaloe oil 沉香油linalool 里哪醇linalyl acetate 醋酸里哪酯lindane 林丹linde air liquefier 林德空气液化器line density 线密度line spectrum 线性光谱line width 线宽度linear accelerator 直线加速器linear condensation polymer 线型缩合聚合物linear differential equation 线性微分方程linear expansion 线膨胀linear expansivity 线膨胀性linear macromolecule 线型大分子linear molecule 线型分子linear ordinary differential equation of first order 一阶线性常微分方程linear polymer 线状聚合物linear transformation 线性变换linear viscoelasticity 线性粘弹性lining 内衬lining brick 砌壁砖linkage 键合linking 键合linnaeite 硫钴矿linoleic acid 亚麻仁油酸linolenic acid 亚麻酸linoleum 油地毡linoleum cement 油毡胶粘剂linoleum oil 漆布油linolic acid 亚麻仁油酸linolin 亚麻精linoxylin 氧化亚麻油linoxyn 氧化亚麻油linseed oil 亚麻子油lint 皮棉linter 棉绒lipase 脂肪酶lipid 脂质lipid metabolism 脂类代谢lipid peroxide 脂类过氧化物lipoamino acid 脂氨基酸lipochrome 脂色素lipoic acid 硫辛酸lipolysis 脂类分解lipoprotein 脂蛋白liposome 脂质体lipoxidase 脂肪氧化酶liquefaction 液化liquefaction of air 空气液化liquefaction of coal 煤的液化liquefied gas 液化气liquefied natural gas 液化天然气liquefied petroleum gas 液化石油气liquid 液体liquid air 液态空气liquid ammonia 液态氨liquid calorimeter 液体量热计liquid carbon dioxide 液态二氧化碳liquid chlorine 液态氯liquid chromatography 液相谱liquid cooling 液体冷却liquid crystal 液晶liquid crystalline polymers 液晶聚合物liquid culture 液体培养liquid cyclone 湿式旋风除尘器liquid drier 液体催干剂liquid drop model 液滴模型liquid fertilizer 液体肥料liquid film technology 液膜技术liquid filter 液体过滤器liquid fuel 液体燃料liquid gold 金水liquid grease 液体钙基脂liquid heat exchanger 液体热交换器liquid hydrocarbon 液烃liquid insulator 液体绝缘体liquid ion exchanger 液体离子交换剂liquid junction cell 液体接界电池liquid junction potential 液体接界电势liquid level indicator 液面仪liquid liquid chromatography 液液色谱法liquid liquid extraction 液液提取liquid liquid partition chromatography 液液分配色谱法liquid manometer 液体压力计liquid medium 液体培养基liquid membrane 液体膜liquid nitrogen 液态氮liquid oxygen 液态氧liquid oxygen explosive 液氧炸药liquid paraffin 液体石蜡liquid phase 液相liquid phase cracking 液相分解liquid phase cracking process 液相过程liquid phase hydrogenation 液相氢化liquid rubber 液态橡胶liquid seal 液封liquid soap 液体肥皂liquid solid chemical reaction 液固化学反应liquid solid equilibrium 固液平衡liquid sulfur dioxide benzene process 液态二氧化硫苯抽提过程liquid thermometer 液体温度计liquidus 液线liquor ratio 液比liquorice 甘草litharge 密陀僧lithia porcelain 氧化锂瓷lithium 锂lithium aluminium hydride 氢化铝锂lithium aluminium hydride reduction 氢化铝锂还原lithium carbonate 碳酸锂lithium chlorate 氯酸锂lithium chloride 氯化锂lithium hydroxide 氢氧化锂lithium nitrate 硝酸锂lithium oxide 氧化锂lithium silicate 硅酸锂lithium sulfate 硫酸锂lithium tartrate 酒石酸锂lithochemistry 岩石化学lithocholic acid 石胆酸lithogeochemistry 岩石地球化学lithographic ink 石印墨lithographic varnish 石印清漆lithography 石印术lithol red 立遂lithophile element 亲岩元素lithopone 立德粉lithosphere 岩石圈litmus 石蕊litmus paper 石蕊纸live steam 直接蒸汽liver oil 肝油living coordination polymerization 活性配位聚合living polymer 活性聚合物lixiviation 浸析load test 负荷实验loading hopper 进料漏斗loading material of rubber 橡胶填料loam 亚粘土lobeline 洛贝林local analysis 局部分析local cell 局部电池local corrosion 局部腐蚀local current 局部电流local equilibrium 局部平衡local magnetic moment 局部磁矩locally limit theorem 局部极限定理lode 矿脉loess 黄土log mean temperature difference 对数平均温差logarithmic function 对数函数logarithmic mean 对数平均logic element 逻辑元件logical circuit 逻辑电路logwood 苏木lone pair 非共有电子对long flame coal 长焰煤long oil varnish 长油性清漆long tube vertical evaporator 长管竖式蒸发器longitudinal flow reactor 纵向连续反应器loop strength ratio 钩接强力比lorentz's force 洛伦兹力lorenz lorentz's formula 洛伦茨洛伦兹公式loretin 试铁灵loss 损失loss angle 损耗角loss of weight 失重lossen reaction 洛森反应lost heat 废热loudness 音量lovibond tintometer 拉维邦德油品色度计low alloy 低合金low angle scattering of x ray x线小角散射low energy neutron 低能中子low expansion glass 低膨胀玻璃low fired porcelain 低温瓷器low frequency induction furnace 低频感应电炉low grade bituminous coal 低级沥青炭low heat cement 低热水泥low melting glass 低熔点玻璃low molecular weight hydrocarbon 低分子量烃low polymer 低聚物low pressure gauge 低压计low pressure molding 低压模塑low pressure resin 低压尸low pressure tyre 低压轮胎low temperature carbonization 低温干馏low temperature coke 低温焦炭low temperature fractionation 低温精馏low temperature polymerization 低温聚合low temperature processing 低温分离法low temperature resistance 耐寒性low temperature tar 低温焦油lower calorific power 低热值lower calorific value 低热值lower homologue 低级同系物lowering of melting point 熔点降低loxygen 液氧lubricant 润滑剂lubricating grease 润滑脂lubricating oil 润滑油lubricating property 润滑性lubrication 润滑lucas reagent 卢卡斯试药luciferase 荧光素酶luciferin 荧虫光素lumen 流。
仅供参考Introduction to Organic Chemistry1. Sources of Organic CompoundsThe major sources of organic chemicals are coal, petroleum, and agricultural products. Both coal and petroleum were formed through the geologic processes of changing animal and plant remains into carbon-containing residues. About one-third of all organic chemicals are derived from coal and about one-half from the petroleum industry有机化合物的来源有机化学药品的主要来源是煤、石油和农产品。
动植物的遗体通过地质作用变成含碳残基然后形成煤和石油。
三分之一的所有有机化合物品是从煤中得到的，一般来自于石油工业。
2. The Methods and Objectives of Organic Chemistry Because of the tremendous number of organic compounds known, and of the many more being synthesized daily, the study of organic chemistry is not the study of individual compounds, it is the study of groups or families of compounds all closely related to each other. Obviously, the former approach would be prohibitive[prE5hibitiv]. Once the structural relationships of certain typical members of a particular group or family of compounds are understood, these structural features are understood for any one of the many members of the family, even though some may not be known compounds.因为已知的有机化合物的数目庞大，而且还在逐日合成更多的品种，所以有机化学不是研究单个的化合物，而是把彼此密切相关的化合物按类或族来研究。
显然，以前的方法是不可取的，一旦典型的一类特殊化合物被认识，这些结构特征将适用于这类化合物，甚至是一些未知的化合物，For each group or family of compounds often called homologous series of compounds, structural features are important. In studying organic chemistry, it is not enough to know theidentities of the elements and how many atoms of each element are present in a given molecule. More importantly, the order in which these atoms are linked together to form the molecule must also be known. Once the identities of the elements and the number of atoms present in each of these elements have been established, structural studies are quite important. They require considerable effort and ingenuity[独创] on the part of the organic chemist.对于一类化合物经常称其为同系物，结构特征是非常重要的。
只知道分子含有的元素和元素的原子个数是不够的，更重要的是知道原子组成分子的连接顺序，当元素及原子个数被确认之后，结构的研究也是很重要的，这些都需要有化学家的努力和聪明才智。
Another important phase of the study of organic chemistry is communication, or exchange of information, among organic chemists.学习有机化学的另一个重要的方面是有机化学家们之间交流和交换信息。
This requires the acquisition of adequate vocabulary and terminology so that any one of the more than a million known compounds, or any one of the yet unsynthesized compounds, can be discussed intelligently on an individual basis.这就需要熟悉足够的词汇和术语，以便能对百万种以上已知的以及目前尚未合成的化合物中的任一化合物，逐个进行充分的讨论。
This requires a highly systematized method of naming organic compounds.这需要高度系统化的方法来命名有机化合物。
This science of nomenclature[命名] has received considerable attention during the development of organic chemistry, and it will constitute a second important topic for consideration in connection with each homologous series of compounds to be studied.这个科学术语在有机化学的发展过程中已经得到相当多的注意，并且他会被看做该考虑的第二个重要主题用来研究每一个同系化合物的联系。
A third important topic for consideration in connection with each homologous series of compounds is procurement[获得]. Many organic compounds, as pointed out earlier, are naturallyoccurring. Many others, however, are not found in nature,andmust be synthesized or prepared from compounds which can beobtained from natural sources. The term "synthesis" meansbuilding up of a molecule from smaller units. It is more oftenused, however, to mean the chemical process of changing orconverting an available compound into the desired compound,either in the laboratory or on a larger scale, as in a manufacturing plant. This general topic can be described as"Methods of Synthesis"第三个该考虑的主题是同系物的采购。
就如前面指出的，许多有机化合物在自然界中存在。
但是，更多的是大自然中找不到的，必须由可以从自然资源中获得的化合物合成或配制的。
这个合成的意思是从一个更小的单位构成一个分子。
这个更多的是用来形容改变或转换一个可得到的化合物变成（人们）希望得到的化合物的化学反应，无论是在实验室或是在更大的范围，如在制造厂。
这个主题可被描述成为“合成方法”。
3. Identification of Unknown Organic Compounds The chemistry of biological systems is very complicated and the organic compounds present arenumerous and constitute complex mixtures. Consequently,isolation of a pure chemical species from any oneof the major sources of organic matter requires elaborate[详细描述] and painstaking[辛勤的] isolation procedures.Therefore, a major portion of the effort of organic chemistsover the years has been devoted to improving methods forisolation and purification of organic compounds.生物化学系统非常复杂，现有的有机化合物很多并构成复杂的混合物。
因此从任何一种有机物的主要来源中分离出纯化学品需要精心细致的分离程序。
所以，大部分的有机化学家在努力，致力于提高有机化合物的分离和纯化方法。
In summary, the following four steps are required in order tocompletely identify any organic compound isolated forthe first time from a natural source or produced forthe first time in the laboratory：(1)Isolation of the compound from the mixture of organic orinorganic compounds among which it may be found，followed byapplication of appropriate criteria of purity．(2)Establishment of its empirical and molecular formulas by use of appropriate methods of qualitative analysis，quantitative analysis，and molecular weight determination(3)Proposal of a structural formula physical examination of the compound．as the result of appropriate chemical and(4)Synthesis of the compound by an unambiguous method as confirmation of the proposed structural formula．总而言之，为了能完全区别那些第一次从自然资源中分离或是从实验室中生产出来的有机化合物，以下四个步骤是必须的：( 1 )从被发现的有机或无机化合物中分离出来的物质，运用适当的标准检验其纯度。
