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菲利普·罗斯（Philip Milton Roth，1933-）是20世纪美国最杰出的小说家之一，除诺贝尔文学奖的桂冠还未摘得外，几乎将所有文学类奖项收入囊中。
作品《欲望教授》（The Professor of Desire,1977）出版于《乳房》（The Breast，1972）之后，内容却是《乳房》的前篇，讲述主人公变成一个硕大的155磅乳房前的人生历程。
与罗斯的另一部作品《垂死的肉身》（The Dying Animal，2001）一起被称为“欲望三部曲”，书中主人公都是一个名为大卫·艾伦·凯普什（David Allen Kepesh）的文学教授，在纽约州立大学教授小说导论，在人生的不同阶段与性格迥异的不同女性之间的感情纠葛，成为欲望的牺牲品。
在“凯普什系列”中，学者更多的关注于《乳房》的异化与变形问题；《垂死的肉身》中伦理道德与死亡观问题，却忽略了作为前篇的《欲望教授》的重要性。
本文从文化隐喻的视角解读《欲望教授》这部作品，试图填补这一空白。
探讨作为理性化身的教授也难逃欲望的诱惑，最后异化为失去形体、面貌、职业、社会地位及社会责任的欲望器官乳房的深层原因。
一、自身悖论的隐喻“隐喻是一种基本的语言现象，最初它被看作是一种修辞手段，现代学者则认为人类语言本身就是隐喻性的。
”(1)在文学阐释中“隐喻”（Metaphor）“涉及意义与表达在修辞、诗学、语言以及思维诸领域内的转换与生成。
”(2)“隐喻是在彼类事物的暗示之下把握此类事物的文化行为。
所谓‘把握’，指的是感知、体验、想象、理解、谈论的总和；所谓‘文化行为’，指的是心理行为和语言行为的总和。
就其实质而言，它首先表现为语言现象，却暗示出更具深意的心理现象，而任何心理现象都是文化现象的深层性展示。
”(3)大卫·艾伦·凯普什教授就是这样一个含有隐喻意味的特定符号形象，他的理智与情感的矛盾碰撞代表了当下美国犹太裔中产阶级知识分子的现实困境。
邓普顿菲利普斯资本管理公司CEO劳伦·邓普顿:今天最悲观的行业可能是未来的赢家本刊特约凯尔·格里夫（Kyle Grieve）编者按：邓普顿菲利普斯资本管理公司（Templeton and Phillips Capital Management）的首席执行官劳伦·邓普顿（Lauren Templeton）日前接受了《投资者播客》（The Investor's Podcast）的采访，主持人凯尔·格里夫（Kyle Grieve）和劳伦进行了一期深度对话。
劳伦是传奇投资人约翰·邓普顿爵士（Sir John Templeton）的曾侄女。
约翰·邓普顿爵士的业绩，从1954年到1992年的38年间，他的资本复合增长率达到14.5%。
在此期间，1万美元的投资变成了170万美元。
劳伦曾经与约翰·邓普顿爵士共同工作，观察他如何投资、生活和控制内心情绪。
邓普顿爵士还指导她如何节俭、储蓄、做战略和框架。
在这期节目中，劳伦谈到了从约翰·邓普顿爵士那里学到的许多投资和人生经验，如何利用科学方法进行投资，如何利用历史教训来改进我们今天的决策，以及利用多种评估工具来寻找优秀投资的重要性。
今天最悲观的行业可能是未来的赢家。
本刊获得授权，在此与读者分享。
他留备现金等待机会他也做了很多艰苦的工作凯尔·格里夫：劳伦你好。
你经常被问到关于约翰·邓普顿爵士的问题，我今天想从他教给你的其他道理来开始这个话题，如他对节俭的看重。
你之前写道，“他从未做过抵押贷款，从未借钱买车，总是有足够的积蓄渡过难关”。
他为什么喜欢储蓄？劳伦·邓普顿：是的，我想部分原因是，他父亲的经济状况不稳定，他也是在大萧条时期长大的。
我记得，有一次，他的父亲在做棉花期货交易，回家后告诉约翰·邓普顿和我的祖父，他发财了，他们这辈子都不用工作了，他们的孩子也不用工作了，但没过多久，他就几乎破产了。
Professional ProfileDr. Philip Norrie was born in Sydney, Australia in 1953. He was educated at Knox Grammar School in Sydney‘s Upper North Shore, where he gained th e History and Geography prizes each year. In his final year, he gained the distinction of the Sports and Studies prize for the best all rounder.Dr. Norrie‘s father wa s Mervyn Norrie, an Industrial Chemist, who attended Harvard University and became General Manager of Union Carbide Australasia, as well as Cofounder and Chairman of the Board of Memtec. In the late 1930‘s Mervyn Norrie assisted Professor Lemburg, a haemotologist at the Royal North Shore Hospital in Sydney, in the world‘s first crystallization of an enzyme, when they isolated catalase.In 1971 Dr. Norrie began his medical studies at the University of New South Wales, where he trained and did his internship at St. Vincent‘s Hospital in Sydney - famous as Australia‘s Heart Transplant Hospital. After gaining his Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery degrees, Dr. Norrie gained an Australian Family Planning Association Certificate in 1980 and established his own solo family/general practice surgery in Sydney‘s famous Northern Beaches Region.In 1986, Dr. Norrie started to pursue his great interest in wine and health by researching the biographies of all the over 180 doctors in Australia, who have founded vi neyards, resulting in a book called ―Australia‘s Wine Doctors‖. (This extremely high proportion of doctors is unique to Australia).From this basic research have come four other books, namely ―Vineyards of Sydney‖in 1990, which re-wrote the history of Aus tralia‘s earliest wine industry,―Lindeman‖ in 1993, which was the official Company history of the Lindeman wine group, ―Penfold‖ in 1994, the history of Australia‘s largest wine companyand ―Leo Buring‖, the history of Australia‘s First Wine Authroity, pu blished in 1996.In 1992, Dr. Norrie became the first graduate from the newly formed History and Philosophy of Science Department at the University of Sydney (Australia‘s oldest university), when he completed his research and wrote his thesis, ―A study of original documents on Viticulture in Early New South Wales and the role of the Macleay Family 1788 to 1883‖ for a Master of Science degree.In 1997 Dr. Norrie completed his second Master‘s Degree, a Master of Social Science with Honours from Charles Sturt University. This one being more original research, resulting in a thesis titled ―Leo Buring, his life and influence on Australia‘s wine industry‖.Dr. Norrie‘s has comp leted a Doctor of Philosophy on the history of wine as a medicine, through the ages including today‘s research, and it also writes about all of Australia‘s Wine Doctors, why they are unique to Australia and what contribution they have made to Australia‘s W ine Industry.Other papers written by Dr. Norrie include ―Wine and Health - a new look at an Old Medicine‖, ―The Art of Sensible Drinking‖, ―Some Most Unusual Vineyards - The Vineyards in Australia‘s Lunatic Asylums‖ and the booklet―Wine and Health‖, whi ch was published by McWilliam Wines. Dr. Norrie has now become the Australian Wine Industry‘s unofficial medical spokesman, giving talks about wine and health as well as writing wine and health articles for the Australian Society of Wine Educators, the Australian Sommeliers Association, the Australian Wine Foundation and for the Hospitality Course of the New South Wales T.A.F.E. Technical Colleges. Dr. Norrie has also written regular wine columns for the Medical Observer Business, Winews, The Hong Kong Grapevine, the Australian Chinese Medical Asssociation Journal and Inside Wine.Dr. Norrie is the Founder and President of the Australian Medical Friends of Wine Society, which he founded to counteract the growing anti-alcohol lobby in Australia. He is on the Editorial Board of the Robert Mondavi Mission in the U.S.A. and the Alcohol in Moderation Journal in the U.K. Dr. Norrie is also a member of the Australian Medical Association, the Royal Australian Historical Society, the Australian National Trust, the Wine Press Club of New SouthWales, the Australian Society of the History of Medicine and the New South Wales Society of the History of Medicine.In 1986, together with his wife Belinda, Dr. Norrie founded the boutique 50 acre vineyard, Pendarves Estate, from 75 acres of bush at Belford in the Lower Hunter Valley wine region, to the north of Sydney. Dr. Norrie is a direct descendent of Alexander Norrie who migrated from Aberdeen in Scotland with his wife and nine children in 1839. They settled at Gresford in the Hunter Valley where they owned the general store and would have supplied Dr. Lindeman with all his goods after he settled in the area in 1841.Pendarves Estate is situated on the unique Belford Dome of Limestone, which gives excellent quality fruit, so much so that after the third vintage in 1993, Pendarves Estate was the Most Successful Exhibitor for the current vintage at the Hunter Small Winemakers Wine Show and in 1994 it was the Most Successful Exhibitor for white wines. White wine styles made include Semillon, Verdelho, Chardonnay and a Sauvignon Blanc-Semillon blend. Red wine styles are Pinot Noir, Chambourcin, Shiraz and a Cabernet-Merlot-Malbec blend. The 1992 vintage of this wine was described by James Halliday, Australia‘s leading wine writer, as the best cabernet in Australia from a small vineyard.1996 saw Pendarves Estate become the Most Successful Small Wine Producer-Grower at the Hunter Valley Boutique Winemakers Wine Show and have its verdelho voted the best in the Hunter Valley by Wine State magazine in their Hunter regional tasting. The 2003 Wine State tasting gave Pendarves two golds and six silvers.In the last couple of years the Pendarves Chardonnay, Verdelho, Shiraz and Cabernet blend have all won trophies at the Hunter Valley Boutique Winemakers Wine Show. In 2003 Pendarves won three trophies at this show Dr. Norrie‘s latest wine related literary project is his ―Wine and Health Diary‖ which fills a void for the wine consumer, because prior to this there was no such diary for wine lovers. Not only is it a functional diary for the year, but it also contains wine and medical history, weekly wine and health sayings and all the year‘s wine events liste d on the relevant days. Forewords have been written by Len Evans, Robert Mondavi, Oz Clarke and Jancis Robinson. 2000saw the launch of two new books ―Dr. Philip Norrie‘s Advice on Wine and Health - Thinking and Drinking Health‖ along with ―Wine and Health - A New Look at an Old Medicine‖. Dr. Norrie has also rewritten the Wine and Health sections of the Oxford Companion to Wine for the editor Jancis Robinson and has contributed the chapter on the history of wine as a medicine in ―Wine – A Scientific Explor ation‖ the definitive scientific and medical reference book on the health aspects of wine published by the Royal Postgraduate Medical School at the University of London in 2003.(Left: Sir James Hardy of Hardy's Wine, Dr. Philip Norrie and Mr Len Evans at the launch of Dr. Phillip Norrie's book "Vineyards of Sydney")Dr. Norrie is also a lecturer and a Ph.D. research fellow in the wine course at the School of Food Sciences, Faculty of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Western Sydney, Richmond focusing on wine and health. He has also helped in creating the wine and health display at Vinopolis, the new permanent ‗‘city of wine‘‘ exhibition on the southern ban k of the river Thames near Southwark Cathedral and is the only overseas member of the Vinopolis Wine Advisory Board. This display will complement his new wine and health books. Dr. Norrie currently has regular wine and health columns in the New Asia Cuisine and Wine Scene magazine; and Wine and Dine Magazine in Singapore; Australian Wine Selector magazine and Winestate Magazine in Australia, as well as Alcohol in Moderation and Wine World in U.K., Dr. Norrie is now also the wine and health ―pro‖ for the internet site ―Winepros‖.Mitchell Beazley (the world‘s leading publishers of wine books) will publish Dr. Norrie‘s latest book ―A Guide to Wine and Health – a New Look at an Old Medicine‖ with contributions by Professor Curtis Ellison (Professor of Epidemiology at Boston University) and Professor Thomas Pinney (noted American Wine Historian). This book will basically convert Dr. Norrie‘s PhD into an illustrated book about the history of wine as a medicine plus a summary of all the latest wine and health research and is due for world wide distribution in 2008.Dr. Norrie uses his unique ―The Wine Doctor‖ marketing concept to sell wine in Australia, Asia and Europe and also involves celebrity chefs as well; thus making a potent and unique combination of food, wine, medicine and history.Two new projects now occupy Dr. Norrie‘s time – his wine history short docu mentary series called ―Uncorked – The History of Wine‖ which appears across Australia on ―Good Health TV‖ and marketing the world‘s first Resveratrol Enhanced Wine.This new antioxidant resveratrol enhanced wine now makes all other wines redundant from a health point of view.R.E.W 高含量白藜芦醇葡萄酒发明人 Dr Philip Norrie PhDDr Philip Norrie PhD-澳大利亚著名医生菲利蒲博士是「高含量白藜芦醇红酒」「生产工艺之专利发明人」及「全球专利持有人」，也是―澳大利亚红酒协会医学之友‖创办人兼主席、"Alcohol in Moderation" 编辑委员会之澳大利亚代表、―澳洲医学协会‖及―新南威尔士红酒记者俱乐部‖等会员；自 1986 年以来，一直从事葡萄酒与健康的研究工作，并有 17 本酒业著作，其 2009 新著作 "The History of Wine as Medicine" 是描述酒可作药的理据。
摘 要:本文系统性地梳理与评价了80年来中国钢琴音乐创作中涉及内蒙古草原文化题材的诸多内容。
与一般讨论钢琴音乐创作仅关注钢琴独奏曲的研究论文不同，本文是根据内蒙古的区域特色，把特别重要的艺术歌曲化的民歌、室内乐和独奏曲、协奏曲并置，从而更全面地探讨中国作曲家们在这一颇具地域风格领域里的实践与创作，进而全面地认识和理解该领域在整个内蒙古地区音乐发展中的意义，以及它为中国钢琴艺术创作的实践探索与理论开掘所作出的贡献。
关键词：内蒙古；钢琴；音乐创作；回顾与反思分类号：J62 文献标识码：A 文章编号：2096-5621（2023）03-089-19收稿日期：2023-02-07项目基金：本文为内蒙古文艺创作基金文艺评论专项2022年度课题（项目编号：WCJJ-2022-YJ34）的结题成果及内蒙古自治区教育厅2022年度自治区高校科研技术研究项目《中国钢琴音乐中的内蒙古风格作品的搜集与整理》（项目编号：NJSY22590） 的系列研究成果。
作者简介：张凡（1980-），男，山西省长治市人。
内蒙古师范大学音乐学院，讲师。
内蒙古大学民族学与社会学学院 2019级博士研究生。
研究方向：内蒙古区域音乐史研究及中国北方民族音乐研究。
张 凡（内蒙古师范大学 内蒙古 呼和浩特 010022）内蒙古钢琴音乐创作80年的回顾与反思(三)有这样一段“有趣的”介绍（注：Gregory Mertl 所写唱片简介，见刘芳慈钢琴独奏CD 曲目介绍）：The 13th century writings of Marco Polo about the Mongol Emperor Kubla Khan led in the late 18th century to the Coleridge poem that inspired Griffes's composition in the 20th. How meaningful that a pianist of Mongolian heritage,Solungga Fang-Tzu Lu, reinterprets this work for the early 2lst century.三、钢琴独奏曲钢琴家刘芳慈博士，是诗人席慕蓉女士的女儿。
A Neo-Realism Reading of The Human Stain（从新历史主义的角度解读《人性的污点》）陈妍颖内容提要：菲利普罗斯是一个多产的作家。
在其写作生涯中，他创作了多部经典作品。
在不同的创造时期，根据不同的社会历史背景，其作品也显现出不同的特点。
论文试从新现实主义的角度分析菲利普罗斯的《人性的污点》，以期为该小说的理解和阐释提供一个新视角。
关键词：菲利普罗斯 《人性的污点》 新历史主义作者简介：陈妍颖，南开大学外国语学院，研究方向为英美文学。
Abstr act:Philip Roth is a proli c novelist.During his writing career,he has produced many classic works.And along with the change of history and society,his works also demonstrate different characteristics.This thesis analyzes the Neo-realistic features of his latter novel The Human Stain,hoping to offer a different perspective of interpretation and a better understanding of the novel.Key Wor ds:Philip Roth The Human Stain neo-realismAuthor:Chen Yanying,is from the School of Foreign Languages of Nankai University.Research Area is English and American literature.1.A Brief Introduction of the Novel and Its Author1.1About Philip RothThe American novelist Philip Milton Roth is one of the most awarded U.S.writers of his generation. His books have twice received the National Book Aw ard and the PEN/F aulkner Awa rd for three times.He received a Pulitzer Prize for his1997 novel,A merica n P astor al,which featured one of,N Z, j f y f R'T Sta in(2000),another Zuckerman novel,was awarded the United Kingdom's WH Smith Literary A ward for the best book of the year.Generally speaking,Roth's writing life can be divided into four stages.The first stage is from1959to1969.In this stage,Roth mainly wrote about the challenges and confusions faced by the offspring of the Jewish immigrants.And his works in this stage show the characteristics of realism.The se cond sta ge is from1970to1979.In this stage,Roth started his reflection on war,society and his faith.The works in this stage are in uenced by European postmodern x T fI,R fhis best-known characters athan uckerman the sub ect o man other o oth s novels.he Huma n e perimentalism.he third stage is rom1979 to1990.n this stage oth started his writing opostmodern novels.The fourth stage is from1990to the present.In this stage,Roth mainly focuses on the destiny of the nation and social reality.Roth returned back to realism on both on theme and writing skills.（高婷53）1.2About The Human StainThe Huma n Stain is set in late1990s rural New England,dur ing the per iod of P re side nt Bill Clinton's sca nda l w ith Monica Lewinsky.The story is told by Nathan Zuckerman,65-year-old author,who also appeared in several earlier Roth novels:America n P astor al(1997)and I Ma rried a Communist(1998).The protagonist of the novel is Coleman Silk,a former professor and dean of faculty at nearby Athena College.Silk is accused of racism by two African American students.And this leads to Silk's resignation.Soon after,his wife Iris dies of a stroke,which Silk feels is caused by the stress of his being forced out of the college. Then Silk begins an affair with Faunia Farley,a 34-year-old local woman who works as a janitor at the college.Silk is criticized by feminist scholars at the college for ter we know that Silk is an African America n who has presented himself as Jewish.He completed graduate school,married a white woman and had four children with her. He never told his wife and children of his African American ancestry.T he nov el w a s w e ll r e c ei ve d an d wo n numerous awards,such as PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction(2001).2.Theoretical Fr ameworkTraditionally,people tend to divide the20th c entur y Amer ic an Lite rature into tw o parts—modernism and postmodernism,and neglect realism. In the1970s,postmodernism started to lose its power and in uence and many writers and critics started to yy y,society and culture experienced a series of changes. Some writers started to face the reality and their writing style and contents gradually transcended modernism and postmodernism and turned to a new kind of realism—neo-realism,i.e.making use of the composing techniques of modernism and postmodernism to write about things that are closely related to contemporary society.It is worth noting tha t neo-r ealism is not simply a return to re alism.Neo-realism is the ne w development of realism in new per iod.It combined many artistic characteristics of realism, mode rnism and postmodernism.It observes the writing principles of realism and at the same time is influenced by the spirit of experimentalism.It reforms the traditional narrative mode and at the same time tries to＂keep the integrity of the plot, the continuity of the narration and the readability of the story＂（罗小云12）.Instead of trying to give a vivid description of the real world they've observed,neo-realism authors focus on the major issues and contradictions in real society.In their compositions,they could use different kinds of methods and techniques to convey the theme and express their opinions.Fir stly,on conte nt,w hen dec iding the ir themes,neo-realism writers always focus on the social problems in reality.They use modernism and postmodernism techniques to reveal social reality. They strive to explore different kinds of problem-solving methods in their works and promote the development of civilization.These neo-realism works show the writers'new thinking on social,cultural and economic globalism in America.Secondly,neo-realism novels also absorb the composing ide as a nd technique s of modernism and postmodernism.And they change the concept of reality and the mode of narration.They make use of the composing techniques of mode rnism and postmodernism to show the absurdity of our y,ffpa attention to realism again.Especiall in the late20th centur American contemporar world o ering a new perspective to observe the real world.Neo-realism writers combine the trivial things in daily life with historical events,combine real events with ctional plots.The creative practice enriched the connotation of realism and promoted its development. Philip Roth is one of the representative writers of neo-realism and his novel The Human Sta in is a case in point.3.Neo-realistic features of The Human Stain3.1Sticking to the Principles of RealismNeo-realism novels stick to the principle of ＂typical characters in typical environment＂which is a basic principle of realism.For the fifty years after world war two,there were a lot of big events in American History.Roth,of course,will not neglect these important materials.As for the writing background of The Huma n Stain,Roth said that the year of1998gave you kind of misconception.It seemed that people suddenly could understand that huge and unknowable country and could get a glimpse of the core of its morality. At that time,it seemed that the public stage was putting on a pony edition of The Sca rlet Letter.（高小云64）It is obvious that year’s scandal in the White House,i.e.the scandal between Clinton and Lewinski,was the historical background of The Human Sta in.＂The summer that Coleman took me into his confidence about Faunia Farley and their secret was the summer,fittingly enough,that Bill Clinton's secret emerged in every last mortifying detail…＂(Roth2)And this scandal is also like an analogy to the relationship between Coleman and Faunia.T he tra ditional L iter ary and a rt theor ie s believe that＂typical environment＂is a feature of realism.Roth often chooses a place that is very familiar to him as the background of the novel—Newark,New Jersey.This is the hometown of Roth. He has witnessed the development and change of y I,y yy I T S,Zuckerman and Coleman are intellectuals from that region.The p ortr ay in g o f ty pica l c ha ra c ter s is regarded as an important tradition of realism.And according to realism,typical characte rs refer to characters who have distinct characteristics and who could reflects some rules of the development of socie ty and history.In his works,Roth often uses Je wish intelle ctuals a s typical characters, for example Nathan Zuckerman.In The Huma n Stain,the protagonist Coleman Silk,a brillia nt professor,not only is a"Jewishintellectual",but also is a member of middle class.Middle class is the mainstay of the United States.It is the core component of capitalism society.Therefore,they are undoubtedly the typical characters in typical environment.At the same time,Coleman also is the product of history.He is the victim of racism.He could more or less represent the living conditions of the contemporary Americans.3.2The em plo yin g of po stmo der nis m techniques3.2.1Irony and Black HumorRoth also ma kes use of irony a nd bla ck humor in this novel.To black humor fictionists, the absurdity of existence can only be accepted because it is an unchangeable part of the world. They indifferently consider tha t absurdity is a part of the world that is a farce in nature.They comically and even absurdly deal with intrinsically tragic subjects.(Chen33)With disgust and despair, they use exaggerated and absurd humor and irony to reveal the nature of our society.In The Human Sta in,the protagonist is a black,but at last he is accused of racism and lost everything because of this.This arrangement of the plot is undoubtedly a huge irony of the racism in the United States.He was＂Thrown out of a Norfolk whorehouse for being black,thrown out of Athena College for being ＂(R6)Ff x T x fthis cit.n addition this cit is a t pical immigrant cit.n he Huma n tain we could know that white oth1.rom this we could see that the image o Coleman is a parado.his parado ohis living achieves the effect of irony and black humor.It reveals the difficult living conditions and dilemma for the colored people.No matter as a black man or as a Jew,he still could not get out of the dilemma of his destiny.3.2.2Meta ctionSimply speaking,metafiction is＂the fiction about how to write the fiction＂(Chen220).or we can say that meta ction is the ction that＂comments on the writing of ction itself while writing ction＂(Chen10).In writing a metafiction,＂the writer often uses a sort of so-called metalanguage that is not the language describing the non-language events, situations or objects but the language that depicts another kind of language＂(Chen294).In The Huma n Sta in,Coleman wants to write a book about his experience,named Spook.And at last,Zuckerman has written his story into a novel named T he Huma n Sta in.In the novel,Zuckerman,as a narrator,often talks about his writing of Coleman's story,of this novel.4.ConclusionPhilip Roth is a prolific American novelist. During his writing career,he has produced many classic works.And along with the change of history and society,his works also demonstrate different characteristics.His works change fromrealism to experimentalism and postmodern to postmodernism. In The Huma n Stain,Roth returned back to realism on both on theme and writing skills.At the same time, he employs postmodern writing techniques to express his theme.Therefore,this novel is demonstrates characteristics of neo-realism.【Works Cited】Chen Shidan.A Study of A merica n Postmoder nist Fiction. T ianjin:Nankai University Press,2012.Roth,Philip.The Huma n Stain.New Y ork:Vintage Books,2001.高婷：《超越犹太性——新现实主义视域下的菲利普罗斯近期小说研究》，光明日报出版社2011年版。
励志名人名言1. It's the possibility of having a dream come true that makes life interesting.梦想有可能成为现实，生活因此而有趣。
——《牧羊少年奇幻之旅》2. The shortest answer is doing.最简短的回答是行动。
——Lord Herbert3. Every life is a story, make yours a best seller.每一个人生都是一场故事，所以让你的人生成为畅销书吧。
——匿名4. Life isn't about finding yourself. Life is about creating yourself.生活不是寻找你自己，而是创造你自己。
——萧伯纳5. No one can make you feel inferior without your consent.未经你的许可，没人能让你妄自菲薄。
——埃莉诺·罗斯福6. None but ourselves can free our minds.能让我们的思想自由驰骋的只有我们自己。
——鲍勃·马利7. Pain is temporary. Quitting lasts forever.痛苦只是暂时的，一旦退出就永远无法改变。
——兰斯·阿姆斯特朗8. Turn your wounds into wisdom.将你受到的伤害变成智慧。
——奥普拉·温弗里9. You never fail until you stop trying.只要你不放弃尝试，就永远不会失败。
——爱因斯坦10. There is only one success — to be able to spend your life in your own way.只有一种成功，那就是以你的方式度过此生。
Philip Milton Roth was born in Newark, New Jersey, in 1933, the son of American-born parents and the grandson of European Jews who were part of the nineteenth-century wave of immigration to the United States. He grew up in the city's lower-middle-class section of Weequahic and was educated in Newark public schools. He later attended Bucknell University, where he received his B.A., and the University of Chicago, where he completed his M. A. and taught English. Afterwards, at both Iowa and Princeton, hetaught creative writing, and for many years he taught comparativeliterature at the University of Pennsylvania. He retired fromteaching in 1992.His first book was Goodbye, Columbus (1959), a novella and fivestories that use wit, irony, and humor to depict Jewish life inpost-war America. The book won him critical recognition, includingthe National Book Award for fiction, and along with that,condemnation from some within the Jewish community fordepicting what they saw as the unflattering side of cotemporary Jewish American experience. His first full-length novel was Letting Go (1962), a Jamesian realistic work that explores many of the societal and ethical issues of the 1950s. This was followed in 1967 by When She Was Good, another novel in the realistic mode that takes as its focus a rare narrative voice in Roth's fiction: a young Midwestern female.He is perhaps best known--notoriously so, to many--for his third novel, Portnoy's Complaint (1969), a wildly comic representation of his middle-class New York Jewish world in the portrait of Alexander Portnoy, whose possessive mother makes him soguilty and insecure that he can seek relief only in elaborate masturbation and sex with forbidden shiksas. For readers of that hilarious novel, eating liver would never be the same (read the book and you'll understand).Portnoy's Complaint was not only the New York Time's best seller for the year 1969, it also made a celebrity out of Roth. . . an uncomfortable position that he would later fictionalize in such novels as Zuckerman Unbound(1981) and Operation Shylock (1993). Following the publication of Portnoy Complaint, Roth experimented with different comic modes, at times outrageous,asillustrated in the works Our Gang (1971), a parodic attackon Richard Nixon; The Breast(1972), a Kafkaesquerendering of sexual desire; The Great American Novel(1973), a wild satire of both Frank Norris's novelistic questand the great American pastime, baseball; and the shortstory "On the Air."In My Life As a Man (1974), Roth not only introduces hismost developed protagonist, Nathan Zuckerman, but butfor the first time his fiction becomes highly self-reflexiveand postmodern. One of his most significant literaryefforts is the Zuckerman trilogy: The Ghost Writer (1979), Zuckerman Unbound, and The Anatomy Lesson (1983) and wrapped up with a novella epilogue, "The Prague Orgy" (1985). These novels trace the development of Roth's alter ego, Nathan Zuckerman, from an aspiring young writer to a socially compromised, and psychologically besieged, literary celebrity. In The Counterlife (1986), perhaps his most ambitious and meticulously structured novel, Roth brings a temporarily end to his Zuckerman writings. It is also the first time that the author engages in a sustained examination of the relationship between American and Israeli Jews.His next four books--The Facts (1988),Deception (1990),Patrimony (1991),and Operation Shylock--explore the relationship between the lived world and the written world, between "fact" and "fiction." Through his protagonist in these works, also named Philip Roth, the author questions the genres of autobiography and fiction, and he mischievously encourages the reader to become caught up in this literary game. Of these four books, only one, Deception, is billed as a novel. The other three are subtitled as either an autobiography (The Facts), a memoir or "true story" (Patrimony), or a confession (Operation Shylock). The most elaborate of these, Operation Shylock, is arguably Roth's finest work, leading fellow writer Cynthia Ozick to call it in one of her interviews, "the Great American Jewish Novel" and Roth "the boldest American writer alive."His most recent novel, The Plot Against America, takes Roth into fresh literary territory. It is an alternative history whose premise is the 1940 election of Charles A. Lindbergh to the White House. What, Roth asks, would America have been like had the isolationist and anti-Semitic Lindbergh defeated F.D.R., reached a cordial “understanding” with Adolf Hitler, and kept the United States out of the Second WorldWar? Reminiscent of the four works preceding it, the new novel appears to continue the author’s exploration of American identities, national as well as individual, within the contexts of its history.In The Dying Animal (2001), Roth revisits the life of David Kepesh, the protagonist of The Breast and The Professor of Desire(1977). As in the earlier novels, Kepesh is concerned with the erotic side of existence and, as he puts it, "emancipated manhood." Yet even though its focus in explicitly sexual, this novel, like almost all of Roth's other works, has as its theme the ways in whichindividuals--specifically men--live with desire in the largersense of the word. One of the hallmarks of Roth's fictionis the ways in which sexual, communal, familial, ethnic,artistic, and political freedoms play themselves out on thefield of contemporary existence.Unlike many prolific novelists, whose productive qualitiesmay tend to wane over time, Roth has demonstrated aunique ability not only to sustain his literary output, buteven surpass the scope and talent inherent in his previouswritings. His latter fiction is arguable his best work, asdemonstrated by the succession of awards he received in the 1990s (and a Nobel Prize in Literature a very likely possibility). He has lived in Rome, London, Chicago, and New York. He currently lives in Connecticut. His awards and honors include:Aga Khan Award, Paris Review, 1958Houghton-Mifflin literary fellowship, 1959National Institute of Arts and Letters grant, 1959National Book Award for Fiction for Goodbye, Columbus, 1960Daroff Award, Jewish Book Council of America for Goodbye, Columbus, 1960Second prize in the O. Henry Prize Story Contest for "Defender of the Faith," 1960Guggenheim fellowship, 1960Ford Foundation grant in playwriting, 1965Elected to National Institute of Arts and Letters, 1970American Book Award nomination for The Ghost Writer, 1980National Books Critics Circle nomination for The Anatomy Lesson, 1983American Book Award nomination for The Anatomy Lesson, 1984National Book Critics Circle Award for The Counterlife, 1987National Arts Club Medal of Honor, 1991National Book Critics Circle Award for Patrimony, 1992PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction for Operation Shylock, 1993Time magazine's Best American Novel of the year for Operaton Shylock, 1993Jewish Cultural Achievement Award in the Arts, 1993Karl Capek Prize (Czech Republic), 1994National Book Award for fiction, Sabbath's Theater, 1995National Book Critics Circle nomination for American Pastoral, 1997National Book Award nomination for American Pastoral, 1997Pulitzer Prize for fiction, American Pastoral, 1997Ambassador Book Award, English-Speaking Union, for I Married a Communist, 1998National Medal of Arts, 1998PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction for The Human Stain, 2000Time magazine's America's Best Novelist, 2001American Academy of Arts and Letters' Gold Metal for Fiction, 2001Franz Kafka Prize (Czech Republic), 2001France's Medicis foreign book prize for The Human Stain, 2002National Book Foundation Medal for Distinguished Contribution to AmericanLetters, 2002A conversation with Philip RothPhilip Roth rarely gives interviews. He did, however, agree to answer some faxed questions about his work from Robert McCrumSunday July 1, 2001The ObserverRobert McCrum: What made you return to David Kepesh, the hero of The Breast and The Professor of Desire?Philip Roth: The need, after three books, to move away from Nathan Zuckerman as a narrator.I was beginning to feel constrained by Zuckerman's perspective and by his condition as a man alone in the rural wilds of New England whose own story, he believes, has ended and who now lives vicariously through the stories of others. I think he served me well in the trilogy as both an observer and an imagination, but I needed a change.RMcC: Was there a specific moment of inspiration for The Dying Animal?PR: Yes. A man I know told me that a beautiful and shapely young woman with whom he had an intense erotic affair some 10 years earlier, when she was in her twenties, had showed up unexpectedly at his apartment one night to tell him that she had breast cancer. He hadn't seen her in the intervening decade and was so shocked by the news that he burst into tears. The Dying Animal took shape around that anecdote, which, after I heard it, I was unable to forget.RMcC: How does this novel relate, in your mind, to American Pastoral and The Human Stain?PR: Again, it was mainly undertaken as an escape from the concerns of the three books that preceded it (I include I Married a Communist). The only similarity is that Kepesh takes a historical view of the development of what he calls his 'emancipated manhood', and describes his sexual independence as a bequest of the 1960s. He contemplates at some length a radical side of the Sixties that is left out of American Pastoral, and, after his twenties, when he marries and has a child, he lives for the rest of his life taking seriously the values at the heart of what was called 'the sexual revolution'.RMcC: Do you think sex is the Western novel's deepest theme?PR: I don't know.RMcC: So what is the purpose of fiction?PR: God only knows.RMcC: What do you mean by 'the pornography of jealousy'?PR: The sexual imaginings that are inspired by jealousy. The pornography that is a torture to watch rather than a pleasure, because, as Kepesh says, 'you identify yourself not with the satiate, with the person who is getting it, but with the person not getting it, with the person losing it, with the person who has lost'.RMcC: Is American culture, as you see it, the upshot of a dialogue between rule and misrule, between William Bradford and Thomas Morton?PR: Bradford was the governor of the Puritan colony at Plymouth and Thomas Morton presided over the trading outpost at nearby Merry Mount that offended the Puritans by its licentiousness. The Plymouth Puritans were particularly outraged by the Merry Mount men openly cohabiting with Indian women. Kepesh, who is a bit of a historian, finds in the seventeenth-century struggle between Bradford and Morton 'the colonial harbinger of the national upheaval three hundred and thirty-odd years later' - the American 1960s - 'when Morton's America was born at last, miscegenation and all'.These observations are Kepesh's, not mine, and demonstrate the thoughtfulness that Kepesh characteristically applies to understanding and explaining his way of life. The three Kepesh books depict three alternative erotic lives - think of the trilogy as a sequence of dreams, here and there at variance with one another in the manner of dreams but essentially putting the same intelligent and rational hero through his life's self-defining ordeal: having to think his way through a sizable sexual predicament laden with contradiction and incongruities.RMcC: What is the most encouraging feature of contemporary American culture?PR: I'm not good at finding 'encouraging' features in American culture. I think we've got a substantial group of original and talented writers who've been at work in America for the past 20 or 30 years, but their readership gets duller and smaller by the year. I doubt that aesthetic literacy has much of a future here.RMcC: Who are the writers - alive or dead - whom you most admire?PR: To my mind, the greatest American writers of the last century were William Faulkner and Saul Bellow. Together they form the backbone of twentieth-century American literature. I don't write like either of them. Who could? But I read them again and again. As I Lay Dying and The Adventures of Augie March. It's hard to think of two better novels written in this country in any century.RMcC: What are you working on now?PR: The beginning of a new novel. I'm hoping that it takes me the rest of my life to finish it. I can't take starting from scratch one more time.。
