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专业英语四级听力-51(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、{{B}}PART Ⅰ DICTATION{{/B}}(总题数：1，分数：40.00)1.Listen to the following passage. Altogether the passage will be read to you four times. During the first reading, which will be done at normal speed, listen and try to understand the meaning. For the second and third readings, the passage will be read sentence by sentence, or phrase by phrase, with intervals of 15 seconds. The last reading will be read at normal speed again and during this time you should check your work. You will then be given 2 minutes to check through your work once more.Life Span（分数：40.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________正确答案：()解析：[听力原文]Life SpanAbout a century ago, /the average life span for Americans was about 50 years. /Today, the typical American lives for around seventy-eight years. /According to a German aging study, /the maximum life span in industrialized countries has increased by two years every decade /since the mid-19th century. /What accounts for such increased longevity? /Between 1900 and 1950, /inventions such as refrigeration and sewage treatment meant that/young people were able to survive longer./Moreover, medical breakthroughs helped contain diseases/such as some fatal ones that killed many children. /These advances helped increase the average life span. /Medical discoveries after World War II tended to benefit older people. /Treatments for heart disease, /for example, have allowed the elderly to live longer on average. /This means that future medical breakthroughs will result in even longer average life span./[解析] 这篇听写有一定的难度，整体上句子比较长且多为复合句。
英语专四听力突破辅导：如何进行英语听写练习精听一个重要的练习方法是听写（Dictation）。
英语专业四级考试中听写还是很重要的一块。
考察方式是，一篇文章一共读四遍。
第一遍总听，大约把握文章主题和大意。
听第二遍时开始写，但肯定会漏掉很多词没写下来。
第三遍开始补空。
最后一遍总体检查。
假如我们平时练习听力也用这样的方法的话，你会发现既浪费时间，提高得也很缓慢。
但说心里话，我觉得当时的老师并没有教给我们什么学习方法，完全靠拼命反复做题。
由我的经历可以得出：你要是特别能吃苦，可以天天学英语十几个小时，并且坚持下来的话，你的英语同样可以学好，在刻苦练习的过程中自己也会总结出很多学习方法和规律。
可人的生命太短暂了，假如我们把有限的生命错误地投入到一些低效能的事情上的话，就得不偿失了。
人要把有限的精力投入到最有也许带来效益的事情上去。
现在大家有福了！我会尽力帮大家总结提炼些能帮助你们高效提高英语水平的学习方法。
听写材料的选择建议大家不要用电影对白或者托福听力的对话部分练听写。
换句话说，对话类型的材料（conversations）是不适合拿来练听写的。
因素很简朴，对话的难点不在于某一个词，或一个复杂的句型，或比较晦涩的内容，或巨大的信息量。
难点往往来自于一些音变现象，比如连读失去爆破；来自于一些俚语习惯表达；来自于上下文语境的理解。
换句话说，很多对话材料，就算原文里每个单词你都结识，但不一定理解这句话的意思。
所以，费了半天劲听写下来的对话内容，要么看不懂不理解；要么就是这次看懂了，下次还是听不出。
所以，对话材料应当采用的练习方法其实是跟读模仿。
后面会讲到。
用来练听写的材料应当是一个人的陈述、讲座之类的（Lecture）。
之所以选择这样的材料，是和练听写的目地分不开的。
练听写的核心本质其实是为了提高我们快速理解和记忆的能力。
有的同学误认为听写就是要把听到的所有内容都写下来，那是一些考试的规定，不是我们平时提高听力的方法。
TEM4 --- Dictation1997 Legal Age for MarriageThroughout the United States, the legal age for marriage shows some difference. The most common age without parent s’consent is 18 for both females and males. However, persons who are under age in their home state can get married in another state, and then return to the home state legally married. Each state issues its own marriage license. Both residents and non-residents are qualified for such a license. The fees and ceremonies vary greatly from state to state. Most states, for instance,have a blood test requirement, but a few do not. Most states permit either a civil or religious ceremony, but a few require the ceremony to be religious. In most states a waiting period is required before the license is issued. This period is from one to five days depending on the state. A three-day wait is the most common. In some states there is no required waiting period.1998 The Railway in BritainThe success of early railways, such as the lines between big cities, led to a great increase in railway building in Victorian Times. Between 1835 and 1865 about 25,000 kilometers of track was built, and over 199 railway companies were created. Railway travel transform ed people's life. Trains were first designed to carry goods. However, a law in the 19th century forced railway companies to run one cheap train a day, which stopped at every station and cost only a penny a mile. Soon working-class passengers found they could afford to travel by rail. Cheap-day-excursion trains became popular，and seaside resorts grew rapidly. The railways also provided thousands of new jobs: building carriage s, running the railways and repairing the tracks. Railways even changed the time. The need to run the railways on time meant that local time was abolish ed, and clocks showed the same timeall over the country.1999 United Nations’ DayThe 24th. of October is celebrated as United Nations’Day. It is the day that belongs to everyone, and it is celebrated in most countries of the world. Some countries celebrate for a week instead of a day. In many parts of the world, schools have special programs for the day. Boys and girls in some communities decorate a UN tree. In other communities, young people put on plays about the UN. Some libraries exhibit children’s art works from around the world. Schools celebrate with the songs and dances of other countries, or give parties where foods of other countries are served. No matter how the day is celebrated, the purpose ofthese celebrations is to help everyone understand the UN and the important roles it plays in world affairs. The UN encourages people to learn about other lands and their customs. In this way, people can gain a better understanding and appreciation of peoples all over the world.2000 What We Know about LanguageMany things about language are all mystery and will remain so. However, we now do know something about it. First, we know that all human beings have a language of some sort. No human race anywhere on earth is so backward that it has no language of its own at all. Second, there is no such thing as a primitive language. There aremany peoples whose cultures are undeveloped, but the languages they speak are by no means primitive. In all the languages existing in the world today, there are complexities that must have been developed for years. Third, we know that all languages are perfectly adequate. Each is a perfect means of expressing its culture. And finally, we know that a language changes over time, which is natural and normal if a language is to survive. The language which remains unchanged is nothing but dead.2001 Characteristics of a Good ReaderTo improve your reading habits, you must understandthe characteristics of a good reader. First, the good reader usually reads rapidly. Of course he does not read every piece of material at the same rate. But whether he is reading a newspaper or a chapter in a physics text, his reading rate is relatively fast. He has learnt to read for ideas rather than words one at a time. Next, the good reader can recognize and understand general ideas and specific details. Thus he is able to comprehend the material with a minimum of effort and a maximum of interest. Finally, the good reader has at his command several special skills which he can apply to reading problems as they occur. For the college student, the most helpful of these skills include making use of the various aids to understanding that most text books provide and skim reading for a general survey.2002 Disappearing ForestsThe world’s forests are disappearing. As much as 1/3 of the total tree cover has been lost since agriculture began some 10,000 years ago. The remaining forests are home to half of the world species, thus becoming the chief resource for their survival. Tropical rainforests once covered 12% of the land of the planet. As well as supporting at least half of the world’s species of plants and animals, these rainforests are homes to millions of people. But there are other demands on them. For example, much has been cut for timber. An increasing amount of forestland has been used for industrial purposes or for agriculture development such as crop growing. By the 1990’s less than half of the earth original rainforests remained, and they continued to disappear at the alarming rate every year. As a result, the world’s forests are now facing gradual extinction.2003 SalmonEvery year millions of salmon swim from the ocean into the mouth of rivers and then steadily up the rivers. Passing through waters, around rocks and waterfalls, the fish finally reach their original streams or lakes. They dig out nests in the riverbed and lay their eggs. Then, exhausted by their journey, the parent salmon die. They have finished the task that nature has given them. Months or years later, the young fish start their trip to the ocean. They live in the salt water from two to seven years until they too are ready to swim back to reproduce. Their life cycle helps man provide himself with a basic food --- fish. When the adult salmon gather at the river mouths for the annual trip up the rivers, they are in the best possible condition, and nearly every harbor has its salmon fishing fleet ready to catch thousands for markets.2004 MoneyMoney is accepted across the world as payment for goods or services. People use money to buy food, clothes and hundreds of other things. In the past, many different things were used as money. People on Pacific islands once exchanged shells for goods. The Chinese used cloth and knives. In Africa, elephant’s tusks or salt were used. Even today some people in Africa are still paid in salt. Coins were first invented by the Chinese. Originally they were round pieces of metal with a hole in the center, so the piece of string could keep them together. This made doing businessmuch easier. But people still found coins inconvenient to carry when they wanted to buy something expensive. T o solve this problem, the Chinese again came up with a solution. They began to use paper money for coins. Now paper notes are used throughout the world.2005 The Wrist WatchIt is generally believed that wrist watches are an exception to the normal sequence in the evolution of man's jewelry. Reversing the usual order, they were first worn by women and then adopted by men. In the old days, queens included wrist watches among their crown jewelry. Later, they were worn by Swiss workers and farmers. Until WorldWar I, Americans associated the watch with fortune hunters. Then army officers discovered that the wrist watch was most practical for active combat. Race car drivers also loved to wear wrist watches, and pilots found them most useful while flying. Soon men dared to wear wrist watches without feeling self-conscious. By 1924, some 30 percent of man's watches were worn on the wrist. Today, the figure is 90 percent. And they are now worn by both men and women for practical purposes rather than for decoration.2006 The InternetThe Internet is the most significant progress in the field of communications. Imagine a book that never ends, alibrary with a million floors, or imagine a research project with thousands of scientists working around the clock forever. This is the magic of the internet. Yet the Internet has the potential for good and bad. One can find well-organized, information-rich websites. At the same time, one can also find wasteful websites. Most websites are known as different Internet applications. These include online games, chat rooms and so on. These applications have great power, too. Sometimes, the power can be so great that young people may easily become victims to their attraction. So we need to recognize the seriousness of the problem. We must work together to use its power for better ends.2007 AdvertisingAdvertising has already become a specialized activity in modern times. In today’s business world, supply is usually greater than demand. There is great competition between manufacturers of the same kind of product because they want to persuade customers to buy their particular brand. They always have to remind their customers of the name and qualities of their products by advertising. The manufacturer advertises in newspapers and on the radio. He sometimes employs sales girls to distribute samples of his product. He sometimes advertises on the Internet as well. In addition, he always has advertisements put into television programs that will accept them. Manufacturers often spend huge sums of money on advertisements. We buy a particular product because we think that is the best. We usually think so because the advertisements say so. People often don’t ask themselves if th e advertisements are telling the truth when they buy advertised products from shops.2008 Choosing a CareerWhen students graduate from college, many of them do not know how they want to spend their working lives, and they sometimes move from job to job until they find something that suits them and of equally importance to which they are suited. Others never find a job in which they are really happy. They remain all their lives square pegs in round holes(不得其所的人). When we choose our careers, we need to ask ourselves two questions: First, what do we think we would like to be? Second, what kind of people are we? The idea, for example, of being a painter or a musician may seem very attractive, but unless we have great talent and are willing to work very hard, we are certain to fail in these occupations and failure will lead to unhappiness in life.So it is important to assess our suitability for a certain career in job search.2009 New Year's EveFor many people in the west, New Year’s Eve is the biggest party of the year. It’s time to get together with friends or family and welcome in the coming year. New Year’s parties can take place in different places. Some people hold a house party; others attend street parties, while some just go for a few drinks with their friends. Big cities have large and spectacular fireworks displays. There is one thing that all New Year’s Eve parties have in common:the countdown to midnight. When the clock strikes 12, people give a loud c heer and sing songs. It’s also popular to make a promise in the New Year. This is called a New Year’s resolution. Typical resolutions include giving up smoking and keeping fit. However, the promise is often broken quite quickly and people are back into their bad habits within weeks or days.For lots of people in Britain, the 31st of December, or New Year's Eve as we call it, is the biggest party of the year. It's a time to get together with friends or family and welcome in the coming year. New Year's parties can take place at a number of different venues. Some people hold a house party; others attend street parties, while some just go to their local for a few drinks with their mates. Big cities, like London, have large and fireworks displays. There's one thing that all New Year's Eve parties have in common: the countdown to midnight. When the clock strikes twelve, revelers give a loud cheer, pop champagne corks and give each other a kiss. They then link arms and sing a songcalled Auld Lang's Syne, by a Scottish poet called Robert Burns. Not many people can remember all the lyrics, but the tune is well known, so lots of people just hum along. The parties then continue into the early hours of the morning with lots of dancing and drinking. Because of this, for a lot of people New Year's Day starts with a hangover. Other people might spend the day visiting relatives or friends they haven't managed to catch up with for a while. Whatever happens, New Year's Day tends to be very relaxed. In Britain, it's popular to make a promise to yourself about something you are going to do, or want to stop doing, in the New Year. This is called a New Year's . Typical s include giving up smoking and joining a gym to get fit. However, the promise is often broken quite quickly and people are back into their bad habits within weeks or days. New Year's Day is the last bank holiday of the festive season, which means most people have to go to work the next day: bright and fresh and ready for the new year ahead!。
专项练习Dictation 1Old AgeMany people mistakenly believe that old age is a time of increased illness and loneli ness./ In fact,people do not suddenly change /when they reach the age of 60 or 65. /Consequently , we shouldnot expect more mental illness/ among the 60to 70 age group than among the50 to 6 0. /Furthermore, although more parents and their married children live in separate house holds than ever before,/ this is usually by choice. It is not because children now tend to neglect their parents /when they become old. /Itis also wrong to believe that old age seriously affects a person’s mental abilities. /Th ere is clearproof that people who were eager to learn and who welcomed new experiences in th eir middle age,/ continue to do so in old age. /It is true that older people tend to take l onger to learn somethingnew than young people. /Nevertheless, if they are given sufficient time, /they learn a s well as young people do.Dictation 2GardeningGardening is one of the oldest of the arts. /The Chinese with their deep sensitiveness to beauty /laid the foundation for a form of garden art /which was later to have great influences upon other lan ds. /The Greeks gave to the world a new concept of gardening. /Their homes were decorated with flowers/but it was in their civic design that they most skillfully applied their garden art. /Their temp les were surrounded by rows oftrees, /and trees lined the important streets and market places in thei r principal cities. /TheRomans acquired much of the knowledge and skill in garden craft from Gree ks. /In the second century AD the Romans began to build gardens of great scale, /inspired by the va st palace gardens they had conquered./ They bought water from great distances to supply the orna mental foundations which decorated their villa gardens./ these great villas were later to inspire the Italian garden architects to follow the Roman style.Dictation 3Being UnemployedMost people are much more frightened by being unemployed than they need to be. /Being unempl oyed certainly has disadvantages,/ but there are good things about it too. /One advantage is that you don’t have to get up early to work in the rush hour. /You can stay in bed as long as you like, /and there is plenty of time to read the newspaper /and have a leisurely breakfast./ But the best thing of a ll is that you are your own boss /and there is no one to tell you what to do and when to do it. /One drawback of being unemployed is that you haven’t got much money coming in. /Having a job at le ast enables you to save a lot of money to go on holiday./ On the other hand, when you are unemplo yed, /you needn’t go on holiday /because you are on holiday already. /In fact, the main trouble is th at you have to spend much time looking for a job./Dictation 4The Credit Card in the U.S.Today, more and more people in the U.S. are using credit card/instead of money to buy what they need./Almost anyone who has a steady income and a continuous work record/can apply for a credit card. With a credit card, you can buy a car, eat a dinner, take a trip/ and even get a haircut by charging the cost to your account./ In this way, you can pay for purchases a month or two later./ Or you may choose to spread out your payments over severalmonths/ and pay only part of the total amount each month./With a credit card,you don’t have to carry much cash/ and you don’t have to be concerned about losing your money through carelessness or theft./ The card user only has to worry about paying the final bill./ This of course can be a problem/ if you charge more than you can pay for.Dictation 5A Woman at HomeIn Japan, most people still feel that a woman’s right place is in the home /and most women willingly accept their traditional role as wives, /leaving the business of making a living to their husbands. / For those who do want a career of their own, opportunities are limited. /And working women usual ly have to settle for lower wages and less responsible positions. /In America, on the other hand, m ost women, including wives and mothers, work most of their lives. /But until recently, few have ha d real careers. /As in Japan, most fields are dominated by men /and opportunities for women have been restricted, /salaries low, chances for promotion rare. /American women work mainly because they have to./ In these days of inflation and expensive living, /only one income per family is simpl y not enough. /So American women actually have two jobs: /one outside the home, and the other ro und-the-clock job such as wife, cook and nurse.Dictation 6SuccessSuccess in life depends to a great extent on what is meant by success. /To some peop le, money is the only real indication /of achievement in the modern world and theref ore/ their judgment of success is based on the state/ of their bank balance and the po wer that goes with it. /Their life is devoted to making money/ and they are at a loss t o understand people whose ideas are different from their own./ There are people, ho wever, who consider their lives successful/ if they are doing what they enjoy doing/ t hat may not bring them any great financial reward./A man who spends his time gardening might consider himself successful/ if the flowers blossomed and his trees gave fruit. /Nursing and teaching can also bring their own ki nd of successto those engaged in them. /Success can be found in painting a picture nobody will ev er see. /Thegreat thing is to believe that success is not necessarily public.Dictation 7People’s Way of Seeing ThingsThe way we see things is affected by what we know or what we believe. /For those people who bel ieved in the physical existence of Hell in the Middle Ages, /the sight of fire must have meant somet hing quite different from what it means today. /Nevertheless, their idea of Hell owed a lot to the sig ht/ of fire consuming and the ashes remaining as well as to their experience of the pain of burns. / We only see what we look at. /To look is an act of choice. /As a result of this act, what we see is br ought within our reach,/ though not necessarily within arm’s reach. /To touch something is to situat e oneself in relation to it./ We never look at just one thing. /We are always looking at the relation b etween things and ourselves. /Our vision is continually active, continually moving, /continually hol ding things in a circle around itself.Dictation 8EducationSome people may say that it is energy that makes the world go round, /but in my opinion thereis something else which is equally important. /That is education. /Education makes it possible to pa ss on /the invaluable knowledge of our ancestors and, at the same time, /makes it easier to explore the contemporary world. /Most great inventions have been brought about by educated people. /So we can say that education makes the world go round. /A poorly educated nation can never be a rich one. /The most advanced countries in the world all place great emphasis on education. /Nations w hich have a low percentage of educated people can, /in most cases, barely produce the basic necessi ties of life,/ let alone develop their science, technology and economics. /Such nations are facing the possibility of extinction in this highly developed world. /Therefore, education cannot be emphasiz ed enough in a developing country.。
听写，顾名思义，既听又写，它渗透在各种形式的语言活动中，是最常用到的基本功之一。
听写测试要求考生把听到的内容准确无误地以笔头的形式表达出来，虽无需考生自己遣词造句，但由于牵涉到语言（听力﹑单词拼写﹑篇章结构等）与非语言能力（如记忆力﹑速记等）也决非易事。
从90 年开始第一次TEM4测试，听写就作为一项测试项目，占有10 分, 比重为10%, 91 ,92年，93年上升到15 分, 比重为10%，从94年起（由于难度问题，本次取消了proof reading）, 听写尽管仍为15 分, 但比重上升为15%，其间制定的新的考试大纲，正式明确了这一点。
从教纲到考纲，听写都是一项不可或缺的部分，且所占比重上升，与写作相同。
在TEM4 中，考虑到基础阶段的特点及信度要求，采用的是录音式标准听写，根据考纲，长度为150字（word）左右，为一段或多段，答题纸上印有题目便于联想，所选题材广泛而不生僻，体裁多样，可以为叙述性、描写性、说明性，难度适中。
全文共分15个意群（chunk），每个意群可能是词组、分句或句子。
共念四遍，第一遍为正常速度朗读（wpm=120词），考生在此时要从整体理解全文内容，抓住中心大意，而不要着急写。
第二、三遍为慢读，根据意群停顿，分句或长句之间停10-15秒，考生此时要准确，逐字逐句迅速写下听到的内容。
第四遍又是正常语速（wpm=120词）, 便于考生校对，四遍全部听写结束后，留有2分钟作为复查时间。
考生利用此时可检查全文是否有单词遗漏，拼写是否有误，标点符号是否选择正确，直到录音中听到“That is the end of dictation”, 便可进行下一项听力内容了。
根据调查，听写中的几个明显错误是：1. 考生对这种标准听写形式陌生, 对听写材料进行改写甚至加工成作文；2. 第一遍听音时不知如何把握全文的大意(top-down approach), 而是着急写，丢了西瓜捡芝麻(bottom-up)，只见部分单词而缺少骨架结构；3. 同样，在第四遍结束后的两分钟复查时间里，不会很好地利用分析逻辑能力对有些明显的或介词搭配或词语进行校正，小错不断，或丢词，或写出的内容前后不通顺；4. 由于朗读中没有念出标点，而是靠学生自己听，判断选择，于是就出现全文没有标点符号，没有大小写，或所有的停顿处都是一种符号，或中文标点混用在英文短文里的情况。
