Attack the Dragon
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dragon英语儿歌当然,很高兴为你分享一首Dragon的英语儿歌。
这首歌旋律欢快,歌词简单易懂,非常适合孩子们学习英语和了解龙这种神秘的动物。
歌词内容:Dragon, dragon, what do you do?Roaring and playing in the sky and in the sea.Dragon, dragon, what color are you?Fiery and bright, like the sun on a clear summer day.Chorus:Oh, we love you, dragon!With your fire and your wings,You're our favorite hero.Oh, we fear you, dragon!With your power and your might,You're our guardian in the night.Dragon, dragon, where do you sleep?In a cave deep in the mountains or under the sea.Dragon, dragon, what's your favorite food?Dragons eat dragons, that's what they say.Chorus:Oh, we love you, dragon!With your fire and your wings,You're our favorite hero.Oh, we fear you, dragon!With your power and your might,You're our guardian in the night.扩展资料:这首儿歌还可以进一步拓展,加入更多关于龙的特点和传说,例如龙的犄角、鳞片、尾巴等身体特征,以及龙与勇士、神话、文化等方面的联系。
元宵节英语作文带翻译60词元宵节英语作文_第1篇:Today is the Lantern Festival, the whole yongkang was shrouded in happiness. Among them, the dragon lantern of attack is the most busy...This evening, so we decided to go to watch dragon lantern, zhiying. Really liked, the dragon was filled with people all around, make the atmosphere of the scene more lively. Wow, that dragon is about thirty meters, the whole street was filled. Dragon of all parts of the body is connected with benches, stool with two red lanterns. Dress up every day two, the dragon wham, more realistic.Began, I saw the dragons was up, the wind swaying lanterns in the fire. Dragon fly go forward, to a grocery store, the store immediately put the fireworks, the fireworks in the sky in full bloom, and the moon under the deck of the fireworks, more beautiful. Create a magical atmosphere. Leading point in the doorway at the three head, the shop owner took a big red envelope in the dragons mouth. Oh, is to let dragon gives oneself protect peace. Just then, leading a pendulum, the dragons in the back to call. The crowd at a draught panic, I also busy running. Everyone is like a frightened horse, crazy like ran around desperately. Ah, a wise man will feel is very dangerous, but stupid people think is very exciting. Although I dont want to be a fool but it is very exciting.Oh, meet dragon lantern really fun! He lets us know that unity is strength, like to meet dragon lantern, if not a heart, will be away. We must use the unity of the power to overcome difficulties.今日是元宵节,全永康被覆盖在欢乐中。
AbstractDo you know the difference of long or dragon between Chinese view and western view?In China, from the past, long is a good auspicious complicated animal. It has deer’s horn, camel’s head, snake’s eyes, frog’s stomach, hawk’s nail, tiger’s palm, cattle’s ear, carp’s scale. It means good weather and ethnic harmony. Chinese people are proud of Chinese word long from ancient time still now. Which is the symbol of auspiciousness and authority. But in Western people’s eyes, the dragon is an evil anim al. Its source is 「the Bible」where it is described as a red evil animal. So, the dragon is the symbol of evil and violence in western view. So long and dragon are quite different.The thesis is discuss to make a comparison between China and western countries on the cultural and historical development of dragon into two stages, then a conclusion has been drawn that although dragon is an imaginary creature both in China and western culture, the Chinese “Long” is not exactly equal to western “dragon”, this is mainly because each one has its own cultural origins, images, posts in ancient myths, as well as their symbols. Thus, due to the important roles long or dragon play in Chinese and western social culture and great consequences it has for ethnic and cultural promotion. It is a critical point to discuss the dragon’s difference between Chinese and Western culture.Key words: dragon; development; culture; symbolContents1. Introduction (1)2. Different cultural and historical developments of dragon in China and western countries (2)2.1 The cultural and historical development of Chinese “Long” (2)2.1.1“Long”in anci ent times (2)2.1.2 “Long” in the middle-age (3)2.2 The cultural and historical development of Western “Dragon” (4)2.2.1“Dragon”i n ancient time (4)2.2.2“Dragon” in the middle-age (5)3. The cultural symbol of dragon in China and western country (6)3.1 The cultural symbol of dragon in China (6)3.2 The cultural symbol of dragon in western countries (7)4. Conclusion (8)References (9)Acknowledgement (10)1. IntroductionLanguage and culture, intrinsically dependent on each other, have evolved together through the history. Their mutual inter interdependence can find proof in the rise of civilization, the development of writing and human communication. Much of the recent work has revealed that language is related to cognition, and cognition in turn is related to the cultural setting. Then translation, as an important means of cultural communication among human beings, has been exerting a profound influence not only on transforming between two kinds of languages, but also on interacting and combining two different cultures.For instance, understanding toward dragon from people with various cultural backgrounds varies to a great extent. On one hand, if we are asked to name some national emblems of China, dragon is prone to be one of famous images that pop into our minds. We Chinese often view ourselves as “the descendants of the dragon”. It is not unfamiliar to us that Chinese parents eagerly hope their offspring may become the “dragon”. As a mythical creature, the Chinese “long” has deeply rooted in Chinese culture. Traditionally, dragon in China is considered to govern rainfall. They have the power to decide where and when the rain falls. In addition, dragon in China stands for the imperial power. The emperors thought that they were real dragons and sons of the “God”. On the other hand, while Chinese believe that dragon can bring prosperity and good fortune, this mythical is regarded quite differently in western countries. In the Bible, dragon represents the devil and it tends to tricks the world. “W esterners usually see dragon as cold-blooded reptiles, just resembles snakes”, quoted from a copy editor for the teens. “They are cruel killers, breathing out fire and capturing women”, he also adds that people think of dragon as being dishonest because of their forked tongues. More ofmonsters against which the hero must battle.Now we will talk about the dragon’s different culture between Chinese and Western countries.2. Different cultural and historical developments of dragon in China and western countries2.1The cultural and historical development of Chinese “Long”2.1.1“Long”in ancient timesChinese long initially turned up as an auspicious creature. According to the archaeological studies, even 7,000 years earlier than nowadays, ancient Chinese people had begun to observe all kinds of ceremonies, in which they showed great respect and honor for long. From Chinese people’s point of view, long, broadly speaking is a mythological creature, with the head of camel or horse or snake, the horns of a deer, the eye of a rabbit, the ears of a cow, the scales of a carp, the claws of a hawk, the palm of tiger, whiskers and beard. Long has no wings and it will become Ying long(翼龙)after a one-thousand year’s self-tempering. Long is generally regarded as benevolent, powerful, worshipful and lucky. It is also thought of as the primary source of wind and rain, especially in laborers’ opi nion. Furthermore, long, which appeared on the description of Chinese fairy tales, often is said to situate in the bottom of sea or river. Rarely does this powerful deity come to contacts with common civilians living on the ground, nor will they stay in a certain location that fails to provide a quiet environment for them. With the large amount of mythological description about the magic beast, Chinese long is widely cherished as a lucky creature, in most cases long is even regarded as the ambassador of God, commanding supernatural power and serves for the immortals. No matter in articles of Chinese forebears or modern media material that vividly depict major duties of Chinese long, it is notmasters who usually are the celestial beings with magic power.2.1.2“Long”in the middle-ageChinese long has become closely intertwined with emperors of feudal societies, and this kind of subtle relationship eventually renders long as the prime representation of royalty. As early as in Tang Dynasty (200 BC) in China, the date had revealed that the image of long has been used to stand for the emperor. First of all, nearly all the dictators of ancient Chinese nation, ranging from Emperor Huang,Emperor Y an, Emperor Y ao, Shun and Y u , their original spirits were said to be the very “dragon” which came into being from the sky. Moreover, it is al known to us that Chinese, for quite a long time, have been showing honors for ancestors so that in their opinion, since the past emperors were called as dragon, the present monarch should also claim to be the descendents of dragon. Not surprisingly, Long’s status as the symbol of supreme governors has been passed down from generation to generation. Secondly, it is acknowledged for a long period that long must have a special talent to commute between the world and the paradise, as a result of the accepted belief that long is responsible for administrating water on the ground and rainfall from the sky. The ability to fly between different places enables long to perform the routine of reporting general situation about common people to the supreme emperor who governs immortal world as well as the mortal, conveying requirements from immortal deities to the mortal world. In that case, because emperors in feudal societies claim to be the “son” of long and execute plans in accordance with spiritual being’s command, they thus gradually accept dragon to be the symbol for themselves and look upon it as their own embodiment.Chinese long, during that time, was endowed with a lot of characteristics such as monarch, emperor, sacred, noble and propitious. No single emperor inof royal family were all named as “dragon’s generation. Besides, the palaces where emperors live and apparels with which they dress in daily lives are both named after with dragon. There are some examples of words, like the palace of emperor(龙庭), the bed of emperor (龙床), the overcoat of emperor (龙袍), the emperor looks greatly pleased (龙颜大悦) that fully display the subtle relations between long and emperor. From then on, the positive and commendatory meaning of dragon in China has been further developed.2.2The cultural and historical developments of western dragon2.2.1“Dragon”in ancient timeDragon in western countries often played the role as the loyal bodyguard who in charge of keeping an eye on such precious things as pearls and jewels. At this age, this devoted creature was all depicted as either a huge, ugly and ferocious snake or a simple-minded monster with a lizard-look body. The skin color of these fierce “snakes”was mostly dark-green and on the surface of skin grows the squama that is capable withstanding any exterior attack. At the same time, western dragon was commonly thought of having a peg-shape head and long poisonous teeth, some of dragons even had more than one hand which breathed out fire.There was a famous story in Greek tales telling that the king of Thebes, Cadmus succeeded in killing a giant dragon which was responsible for watching the fountain in Boeotia. It was said that after killing the monster, the king Cadmus decided to pull out its teeth and sowed them into soil as seeds. To his great surprise, these teeth soon turned into warriors who proceeded to fight against each other immediately. At length, the number of these brutal warriors was left only five. Therefore, English idiom “to sow dragon’s teeth”had been regarded to get origin from this anecdote. Nowadays, the idiom means that “keeping the hidden trouble but provokes conflicts and start aIt is not unique but has its similar cases. About in the Mid-5th century of Anglo-Saxons, the Britain had a masterpiece which was honored as the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons nation. It was called Beowulf. It’s centered on a story in which the hero, Beowulf, struggled to slaughter a fierce monster. Like the creature of Greek tales above, this sort of monster was none other than a dragon that guarded the treasure. Although Beowulf was badly injured by the dragon’s fire, he finally put an end to monster’s life through courage and determination.2.2.2“Dragon” in the middle-ageEuropean dragon in western has been degenerated as the embodiment of devil. Great changes took place with the image of western dragon amid the middle age. As a result, dragon was depicted like a huge and poisonous demon which can release fire out of mouth, being endowed with wings that bats could have, and a fat abdomen. Avarice, guile and atrocity constituted dragon’s primary features of nature. On the other hand, dragon was believed to be fond of inhabiting caves, crater, lakes or seas. Once disturbed or encroached, it was prone to take revenge on anyone who got close to their territories ruthlessly. In the Bible, the demon Satan transformed himself into a tremendous red dragon, whose tail was so long that it could reach to the sky, sweeping through one –third of stars. This red demon had got nine heads, each of which wore elegant crown and it devoured the newly-born infants greedily. In consequence, the role of western dragon shifted from the “miser”to “evil demon”, being reduced to the very representation of crime, craftiness and cruelty.A large number of myths about slaughtering dragon were also popular in Europe during the medieval period. Brave men’s wrestling against dragon in these myths were universally held as the fight occurred between good and evil. Among these widespread legends was one of Christian tales mostlyth AD. In the course of his journey at one of destinations, there he was told by the local people that a huge and violent dragon rooted in the lake and it threatened to cut off water supply provided that its requirement of claiming a young girl every day could not be met. Subsequently, the dragon was about to eat the last girl in the village when Saint George came out timely and thrust the dragon into death with spear.3. The cultural symbol and content of dragon in China and western countries3.1 The cultural symbol of dragon in China.For one thing, in China, long is a most suitable symbol that rightly represents the Chinese national culture as its image has been worshiped by Chinese for thousands of years. Hence, long has become embedded in Chinese living and has got further developed in the long course of cultural evolvement, eventually turning into “a spirit of religion”for Chinese. In particular in Chinese glossary, we can search for many Chinese idioms such as “龙飞凤舞”, “龙凤呈祥”, “龙马精神”, “龙腾虎跃”, each of them bears such symbol relating to dragon as solidarity, prosperity, enjoyment, force and powering rising. From laborers’ part, worshiped as a powerful and spiritual creature, long is capable of bringing wind and rain to render promising harvest possible. In addition, scenes of jubilation including Dragon Boat Festival and Dragon Lantern Festival reflect to some extent importance attached by Chinese to long. It is commonly acknowledged that in China long symbolizes the source of happiness and luckiness and impresses energy that provides blessings to everyone. In other words, dragon, dragon culture and dragon spirit play a unique role as the strong bond in securing national cohesion in China so that nearly all Chinese around the world call themselves as “dragon’sChinese are likely to associate dignity, glory, wisdom, expertise and power when it comes to mentioning Chinese long.3.2 The cultural symbol of dragon in western countries.For another, in western countries, however, dragon makes it first show with negative image just because it has long been regarded as the embodiment of demon., Satan. Undoubtedly, whenever dragon turns up, its image will be widely ungifted and worsened in public with the evil meaning. Generally speaking, apart from dragon’s derogatory senses in dictionaries and Christianity, in recent years, western media even employ dragon to refer to terrorism, German Fascism, Japanese militarism, as well as gangster Dom, financial deficit and political scandals. In western films, it is not uncommon to see dragon being portrayed as the prime culprit for future world extermination. In the same way, dragon has to “assume”the roles as colossal monsters breathing out fire in a variety of video games. Therefore, to reach a conclusion that dragon is the symbol of evil and ferocity in western countries in not so difficult. From such many western fairy tales like Beowulf and a series of stories from Bible, we can also detect that dragon is generally compared to the fierce, stern and wary treasury guardian. And other comparisons pertaining to dragon include autocratic regime, criminal force and even devil.As a result, it is the great differences concerning expressions of Chinese long and western dragon that arouse the heated controversy on how to translate this special cultural symbol. Through the comparison about the cultural and historical developments concerning Chinese “Long”and western dragon, it is obvious that differences of understanding and illustrating dragon among Chinese and westerners, present an obstacle for the effective intercultural communication, thus making the positive image of Chinese Long as the negative animal in western countries, so far as some westerners’4. ConclusionTo sum up, as a typical word with abundant cultural meaning ethnic features, dragon has been playing a tremendous part both in Chinese and western history. Throughout the endless tears of developments, dragon has respectively assumed different roles in Chinese and western culture and it beyond doubt continues to exert a profound and pronounced influence on people’s thoughts and living. Not surprisingly, during the Mascot Selection for 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, widely popular as it is in China, Long failed to be chosen in the end because it stands for varied symbols around the world so that it will be comprehended quite differently among people. This fact, to a large extent, makes Chinese national culture hardly represented. In this paper, through comparisons, In addition, “Long”not only can distinguish images between Chinese and western culture, but also precisely avoid the misunderstanding of western readers toward Chinese appreciation of the beauty.References[1] Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, Foreign LanguageTeaching and Research Press, 2004.[2] Oxford Advanced Learner's English-Chinese Dictionary, OxfordUniversity Press, 2004.[3] 陈德彰,汉英动物词语的文化内涵[A],北京中国对外翻译出版公司,2000 [6]孟兆芬,中西龙的演变及龙的翻译[J],内蒙古民族大学学报,2008.[4] 李玲,“龙”的英译,吉首大学学报[J],1993.[5] 杨春梅,“龙”和“dragon”—东西文化龙的比较与翻译[J],2000.AcknowledgementMy deepest gratitude goes firstly and foremost to my supervisor, Mrs. Li Ying, for her help, consistent encouragement and valuable instruction.I also thank all my teachers at the Department of English: who have instructed and helped me a lot in the past three years.I would also like to extend my sincere thankfulness to my classmates, who have been supporting and encouraging me consistently, and also helping me in working out the difficulties during the process of searching for materials, writing this paper, etc.。
Quiet! 安静What are you? 你是什么东西You're a demon! 你是恶魔No, no. I'm not a demon. 不不我不是恶魔I'm not a demon. 我不是恶魔See? Just a guy. 看只是个普通人Just a guy here to rescue these dragons, so, uh... 只是一个来救这些龙的普通人所以... - But you walked through fire! - Dragon scales! -但你从火里走了出来 -龙鳞Dragons shed a lot. 龙经常会掉鳞No, I know a demon when I see one. 不我一看到恶魔就能认出来No human legs are that skinny. 人腿不可能这么细Think that's a good entrance? Get a load of me. 你这叫什么闪亮登场看看我的I knew it! More demons! 我就知道还有更多的恶魔Ah, it's really just a nitwit 不这只是一个who forgot to fireproof his butt. 忘记给屁股涂防火层的蠢蛋Hot, hot, hot, hot! 烫烫烫烫Guys, no, not yet! 伙计们别先别下来Behold, your worst nightmare. Behold. 瞧好了本大爷是你最可怕的噩梦Along with his sister, who insisted on coming. 还有我坚持要跟过来的妹妹That's my intro? 你就这么介绍我吗Guys, too soon. You always come in too soon. 伙计们太早了你们总是登场太早了Sorry, still getting the hang of my wings. 抱歉我还在习惯我的翅膀Fishlegs, again with the baby? 鱼脚司你又带宝宝来了- This is a raid. - I couldn't find a sitter. -这是偷袭 -我找不到保姆Demons everywhere! 到处都是恶魔It's the end of the world! 世界要末日了Astrid. I had him right where I wanted him. 阿斯翠德我本来把他都安排好了And now he's right where I wanted him. 现在我把他安排好了Let's get to work. 开工吧Okay, we screwed that up, 好吧看来偷袭是没戏了but at least nobody else knows we're here. 但是至少没人知道我们在这里Easy, girl. It's okay. 放松点丫头没事的We're gonna get you out of here. 我们会带你离开这里A Crimson Goregutter! 猩红长角龙Look at this weirdo. 看看这个怪家伙Bet it's super-dumb. 它肯定超级蠢Why can't I get this cage open? 我为什么打不开这个笼子It slides. 因为得滑开Obviously. 显然嘛Attack! 入侵者- Get the rescues out of here! - Get that Night Fury! -带救出来的龙离开这里 -抓住那头夜煞No running on the deck! 甲板上不得跑动It's slippery. You could fall. 很滑会摔倒的Step aside! Let me handle the tough guy stuff. 让开让我来对付这些难缠的家伙Yeah! That's two for me. 我干掉两个Look out! 小心- No, no, no, no, no, no, no! - Sorry! -不不不不 -对不起Thank you. 谢谢你Now, go get the rest, bud. 快去救出其他人伙计I thought this was supposed to be a stealth mission. 我还以为这是偷袭呢Yeah, they always start that way. 他们总是搞成那样Look out! 小心Thanks, Stormfly! 谢谢风里飞Oh, stop worrying. 别担心They'll get it. 他们会成功的Eventually. 最终会的Move out! We got 'em all. 撤退全部救出来了I'm gonna headlock every last one of you. 我要把你们一个个锁头- Let's go, let's go, let's go! - Amateurs. -快走快走 -菜鸟- I was just getting started. - Clear out, guys! -我才刚开始热身呢 -大家撤退Go, go! 快走Don't let them get away! 别让他们跑了Good hustle, boys! 祝你们一无所获伙计们Toothless, time to go! 没牙仔该走了Hey, guys. 伙计们You always have my back, bud. 你永远是我的后盾伙计This is Berk, your new home away from home. 这里是伯克岛你们离家后的新家A stunning, one-stop, 这是一个非常完美all-expense-paid dream destination. 花销全免的一站式梦中之地So, settle in and let your worries melt away. 安顿下来打消你们的担忧The service here soars, the cuisine is fiery... 这里服务到位菜品火爆...and the locals are as colorful as you get. 当地居民还非常五彩纷呈Any run-of-the-mill paradise boasts beaches and sunshine.所有自称的度假天堂都自吹有海滩和阳光Well, not us. 我们不会We've got something no one else can touch. 我们有其他人根本触及不到的东西We, my friend, have dragons. Make room! 朋友们我们有龙让一让They're coming! 他们来了Lots and lots of dragons. 很多很多龙Gang, meet our latest Berkians. 伙计们来认识一下新来的柏克岛民Welcome to paradise, mate. 欢迎来到天堂伙计- Our home is your home. - Well, aren't you a beauty! -我们的家就是你们的家 -真是个可人儿Ah, you're welcome. You're welcome. 不客气不客气I took on, like, a hundred trappers. 我可是干掉了一百个捕龙猎手A-a thousand trappers. 一千个捕龙猎手All with burning undies. 穿着冒火的内裤My thick, full beard almost caught on fire. 我满脸浓密的胡子差点着火呢Ugh. Just-just stop. 别说了So, uh, Hiccup's mom, 小嗝嗝的妈妈any notes on my bone-crushing assault, 对我的裂骨攻击有什么评价吗or was it pretty much perfect? 是不是近乎完美Oh, it was indescribable. 简直难以形容And please, call me Valka. It has been a year. 叫我瓦尔卡吧都一年了First-name basis. 亲密到能直呼姓名了I think the real hero of the day was Toothless. 我觉得今天真正的英雄是没牙仔Isn't that right, bud? 对吧伙计What would we do without you, oh, king of dragons? 要是没有你我们该怎么办呢龙族之王What would we do? 我们该怎么办呢Well, we could train a lot harder, for one. 首先我们可以多勤加训练That was pretty sloppy. 刚刚真是太松散了Astrid, uh, does have a point. 阿斯翠德说得有道理Perhaps you all rely a little bit too much on your dragons 也许你们都有点太依赖于你们的龙and not enough on one another. 彼此之间的合作反而不够了See? That's exactly what I was saying. 看我就是这么说的嘛Just listen up, guys. 你们都得好好听啊伙计们Yeah, your mom's super impressed with me. 你妈妈超级喜欢我I'm like the son she always wanted. 她简直恨不得认我当儿子Fishmeat. 鱼肉仔You found a new friend. 你有新朋友了Mind your heads! 小心头What good is having the king of dragons around 要是龙族之王在这里却不维护好秩序if he can't keep the order? 那有什么用Hey, bud, do you want to do something here or...? 伙计你想做点什么还是...And where do you suppose we put these ones? 你指望我们把这些家伙安置在哪里Ah, we'll make room. 我们能腾出空间的You brought back a Hobgobbler! 你竟然带回来一只胡瓜龙They're a bad omen. We're cursed. 这是噩兆我们被诅咒了Nonsense. 胡说What harm could he do? 他能做出什么乱子No injuries. 完全无害They're all a little shaken but otherwise healthy. 肉有点颤但是很健康Now, who's hungry? 有谁饿了吗Point is you can't keep bringing dragons back here. 我的重点是你不能老是把龙带回到这里Come on, boy. 拜托伙计You're just asking for trouble. 你这只是在自找麻烦No, you don't, you little thief! 不行你这个小贼Those trappers are getting closer by the day. 那些捕龙者们离我们越来越近We can handle them. We have the alpha. 我们能对付他们我们有领头龙Ain't that right, bud? 是吗伙计Would you look at how happy they are? 你看他们多开心啊She's awesome. 她好棒Gobber, relax. We did it. 戈伯放松我们成功做到了The world's first dragon-Viking utopia. 这里是全世界第一个龙与维京人的乌托邦We made the dream a reality. 我们让梦想成真了Your dream maybe. Mine's less crowded and more... 这也许是你的梦想我的梦想没有那么拥挤更......sanitary. 卫生一点Gobber, you're not fooling anybody. 戈伯你骗不了别人I know you love them. 我知道你也爱他们You're supposed to be the generation 你们这一代应该带领我们that leads us into the future. 走向未来的Food fight! 食物大战Ooh, gorgeous. 真美啊- Watch the hair! - Good, Fishmeat. -别弄乱我头发 -乖鱼肉仔- Ugh! God help us. - Right between the eyes! -上帝啊 -正中眉心Time to stop worrying about problems out there... 是时候先不要再担心外面的问题- Gobber. - ...and start sorting out the ones right here. -戈伯 -先处理好这里的问题Okay, okay. 好吧好吧I-I'll think about it. 我会好好考虑的Hang up those saddles and get married. 拉住鞍先结婚The "M" word. 结婚Gross. Unless it's me. 真恶心除非是我结婚Start ruling like a proper royal couple. 像一对正式的王族夫妇般统治这里Marry him, please. 嫁给他吧拜托You're the only one with any sense around here. 你是这里唯一一个还有点理智的人With you wearing the pants, there's still hope. 要是交给你我们还有希望Wow! Gobber... 戈伯Not awkward at all. 真是一点都不尴尬啊Astrid, don't be like that. 阿斯翠德不要那样Whoa. That is a definitive no. 这可是明明白白的拒绝啊Look, if you need a beard to cry on, 要是你想要埋进胡子里大哭一场just lean on my shoulder and you can cry into 就靠在我的肩膀上吧你的泪水就能my full, thick beard. 流进我浓密的胡子里Oh, thank you, Tuffnut. 谢了悍夫纳特Thank you. 谢谢你So much. 太感激你了Eret, son of Eret! 与父亲同名的艾瑞特What's the report? 说说报告Two more trapper barges spotted in the strait. 海湾那里又发现两条捕龙者拖船So we go after them. 那我们就去找他们- What? - One day, -怎么了 -总有一天you're gonna pick a fight you can't win. 你会挑起一场你赢不了的战争Archers! 弓箭手Dragon killers. Stay on your guard. 屠龙者坚守防线Deathgrippers. 亡牙龙Back! Do what I say, now! 后退照我说的做Do what I say! 快点The dragon riders attacked us here, 龙骑士攻击了我们off the Eastern Strait. 位于东航线的这里- Ragnar. - Um, sorry. -朗纳 -抱歉My dear warlords. 我亲爱的军阀们How go your plans to conquer the world? 你们征服世界的计划怎么样了Grimmel, my old friend. 格里莫老朋友Thank you for coming. 谢谢你能来A year since Drago's defeat, 德拉戈大败一年后and no further along with your dragon army, I see. 看来你已经没有你的龙军了You can thank the young chief of Berk for that. 这都怪伯克岛的那位年轻首领Stoick's boy? 斯多戈之子吗Yep, he and his peace-loving dragon riders 是的他和她那群热爱和平的龙骑兵continue to raid our ships and steal our dragons. 到处突袭我们的船偷走我们的龙Mm. That does sound like a nuisance. 听起来的确很烦人But I'm in the business of killing dragons, 但是我的任务是杀死龙not retrieving them. 而不是夺回龙- But, Grimmel... - That idiot boy has done -但是格里莫 -那蠢小子已经帮你all of the work for you, 做好了所有事gathering the dragons in one place. 他把所有龙都聚集到了一个地方Why bother me? 为什么还要劳烦我出手Because the flock is protected by a Night Fury. 因为那群龙被一只夜煞保护着Not possible. 不可能It seems one slipped through your fingers. 看来还是有一只从你手下逃脱了Look, Berk's dragons will follow the alpha. 听着伯克的龙会跟随着他们的龙王So we'll pay you to capture him and bring the flock to us. 所以我们雇你抓住他把那群龙带回来We even have your favorite bait. 我们还给你准备好了你最喜欢的饵The only dragon they left us from last night's raid. 昨晚突袭中他们唯一没有救走的龙A female? Hmm. 母的So, do we have a deal, old friend? 那就这么说定了吗老朋友Watch out! 小心When all is said and done, 等一切都结束后this young chief will bring me the Night Fury. 这个年轻的首领要把夜煞乖乖交给我They don't have a leader, just a boy. 他们没有首领只是一个小子Hiccup. 小嗝嗝This is Berk, son. 这里是伯克岛儿子It's our home. 这里是我们的家It was the home of your grandparents 这里是你祖父母的家and their grandparents before them. 还有他们的祖父母And it's my job as chief to protect us, Hiccup. 我作为首领的职责就是要保护我们小嗝嗝And one day, when you're all grown up, 总有一天等你长大了that job will be passed on to you. 这份职责会传递给你Okay. 好吧And it's very important, son, because out there, 这很重要儿子因为在那里beyond the sunset, lies the home of the dragons. 日落的尽头是龙的家Aye. 没错Legends tell of ships that sailed too close to it, 传说行驶到离他们太近的船只only to drop off the edge of the world, 会从世界的边缘跌落never to be seen again. 永远不会再回来But those sailors who turned back 但是那些回来的水手told tales of a great waterfall 会讲述那巨大的瀑布and dragons guarding the entrance to a Hidden World. 和龙守护着的秘密世界入口的故事Not just a nest, Hiccup, 那不仅是他们的巢穴小嗝嗝but a land from which all dragons come. 而是一片所有龙的故土Even Night Furies? 连夜煞也是吗Especially Night Furies. 尤其是夜煞Those are scary. 他们好可怕Don't you worry. 别担心One day, I'll find the Hidden World 总有一天我会找到那个秘密世界and seal it up, 封上那个入口so that people and dragons will fight no more. 这样人和龙就不会再争斗了What? 干什么Oh, all right. 好吧You do know it's not a chew toy, don't you? 你知道这不是用来给你磨牙的吧Is this what you want? Oh, do you want this leg? 你想要这个吗你想要这只腿吗Do you want my leg? Go get it. 你想要我的腿吗去吧Getting pretty good at gliding on your own, bud. 你的滑翔技术越来越好了伙计Oh, so this is where you come to get away from Gobber. 你就是躲到这里来避开戈伯的啊I have no idea what you're talking about. 我不知道你在说什么Well, he's right, you know. 他说得没错R-Really? 真的吗You think you and I should...? 你觉得我们俩应该...Oh, Gods, no. 天啊才不是We're nowhere near ready for that. 我们俩根本就还没准备好呢No, that's-that's crazy. 是啊那太疯狂了I mean, he's right about all of this. 我是说他说的关于这一切的话It does seem like the whole world knows about us now. 现在的确好像全世界都知道我们了Yep. And the more dragons we bring back here, 是啊我们带回来的龙越多the bigger of a target we become. 盯上我们的目光就越多I just wish there was some way to make them leave us alone.我真希望有办法能让他们别来烦我们There might be. 可能真的有Dad used to talk about an old mariners' myth, 爸爸以前和我说过一个老水手之间的传说of a secret land at the edge of the world 龙都居住在世界边缘的秘密世界where dragons live totally out of reach. 没有人能够找到他们Well, sailors are known for tall tales. 水手们最会讲故事了True. But what if it's real? 是啊但万一是真的呢It could be the answer to all of our problems. 这也许能解决我们所有的问题How? By moving the dragons there? 怎么解决把所有龙都转移过去吗Uh-uh. All of us. 不我们所有人Seriously? 你是认真的吗And abandon our home of seven generations? 抛弃我们七代人流传下来的家园The home your father left you to protect. 你爸爸交给你保护的家园吗Yeah, I think we need a real solution, Hiccup. 我觉得我们需要一个真正的解决方案小嗝嗝Well, we could just take Gobber's advice 我们也可以采取戈伯的建议and tie the knot. 先结婚That should fix everything. 这样能解决一切问题But, hey, if you're having doubts about yours truly, 但是要是你还无法确认你的真心I'm pretty sure Snotlout's available. 鼻涕虫也是个不错的人选He only has eyes for your mom. 他的眼里只有你妈妈- Playing dirty now, huh? - You asked for it. -开始玩脏的了 -是你逼我的Looks like there might be a wedding after all. 看来还是会有婚礼了Oh, how dare you? That is a low blow. 你好大的胆子太卑鄙了No, no, you are not getting away. 不你别想跑Okay, okay, you win, you win! 好吧你赢了你赢了You always win. 你永远赢You knew what you were getting into. 你当初就知道我不好对付Uh-huh. Right. 没错Uh, bud? 伙计What... Yeah, sure, don't bother to wait for us. 你...没错不用等等我们Oh, my gods. 我的天Uh, Hiccup! 小嗝嗝Yeah, yeah, w-we're friends. No need to kill us. 我们是朋友不用杀了我们Another Night Fury. 另一只夜煞No, not quite. It's more like a... 不像是那更像是- Bright... Fury. - A Light Fury. -亮...煞 -光煞Yeah, yours is better, probably. 好吧你的称呼可能更好What do you mean, gone? 什么叫不见了Vanished, into thin air. 消失了遁入夜幕中What do you think? 怎么样Stubbier ears. No dorsal plates. 耳朵更短没有背板Okay. Got it. 好吧What a night. 这一晚真闹腾Bud, what's gotten into you? 伙计你怎么了What is all this slobbering and panting? 你怎么这么喘气流口水Isn't it obvious? He's in love. 你还看不出来吗他恋爱了Trust me, relationships are nothing but pain and misery. 相信我谈恋爱只有痛苦和煎熬What did I just say? 我怎么说的来着A-am I not enough? 我的遭遇还不够看吗I think that's a no. 我觉得他是说"不够"- Something like this? - You know what? -这样的吗 -这样吧Just trace your Toothless card and make her white. 就照着没牙仔的卡画个白色的就行- You could've led with that. - Can you believe it? -你早说啊 -你敢信吗Toothless has a girlfriend. 没牙仔有女朋友了I never took you for a romantic. 我从来没带你约过会Like, ever. 从来没有But it's so sweet. 但这也太甜了I mean, look. 你看Okay. That's just sad. 那也太可怜了- And weird. - Yeah, you better do something. -还很奇怪 -你最好做些什么Seriously? I'd rather shovel poop all day than watch that. 认真的吗我宁愿铲一天屎也不想看他这样All right. Let's head back to the woods 好吧那我们回森林里去and see if we can find her. 看看能不能找到她Ah, good idea. 好主意A little privacy. 单独聊聊- It's boy talk. - What? -男孩之间的对话 -什么Come on, let's go work this out. 走吧赶紧搞定So, you want to get married. 你想结婚了Uh, no, actually. 其实没有Good news. I've been to two weddings. 好消息是我参加过两场婚礼I crashed both, but none as high profile as this one. 都被我砸了但没有一场知名度比得上你们的Lots of pressure, judgment, and not just by me. 各种压力批判不仅仅是我的Look, we talked about it. We're not getting married. 听着我们谈过了我们不结婚Cold feet. I've seen it before. 胆怯常有的事Don't worry, Little Hiccy. I'm here. 别担心小嗝儿有我呢Wait, Hiccy? 等等嗝儿Now, I've seen the way Astrid looks at you. 我见过阿斯翠德看你的眼神Everyone has. That doubt. 大家都有目共睹那种疑虑That not so subtle disappointment. 明显的失望That longing for something more than you. 渴望得到比你更好的人You need to focus on being worthy. 你要专心成为更配得上她的人I mean, she's a warrior queen, for Thor's sake. 看在雷神的分上她可是战士女王And you are neither. 而你既不是战士也不是女王But with me as your best man... 但有我做你的伴郎your spirit guide, if you will... 你愿意的话我可以做你的灵魂向导you'll learn to embrace your inner Viking. 你会学会如何拥抱你内心的维京之魂Show these naysayers, of which there are many, 让那些质疑者很多质疑者看看that you're more than just a malnourished runt 你不仅仅只是一个发型糟糕with bad hair, strange teeth, and a twig for a neck. 牙齿奇怪脖子歪曲营养不良的小矮人You're-you're really bad at pep talks. 你真的很不会鼓励人Stop letting these insecurities 不要被那种不安全感get the best of you. 所击败Everyone's watching. I mean, everyone. 大家都看着你所有人都看着You need to man up. Do as I do. 你要男人起来像我一样It'll be hard, but you have my word. 很难但是我向你保证And until I break that word, I won't give up. 在我违背我的保证之前我不会放弃Hey! What am I wasting my time here? 我是在白费时间吗You see some shiny thing in the woods... Ooh, what is that?你在树林里发现什么亮亮的...那是什么Toothless! 没牙仔Don't move a muscle. 不要动Someone's here. Huh? 有人来了He managed to slip past our scouts 他躲过了我们的侦察兵and lay a trap in the woods. 在树林里设了个捕龙夹It ruined boy talk. 毁掉了男孩交心- Gah, let me at him! - Slow down, Gobber. -我去找他 -慢点戈伯Let's get a search team on the ground, scouts in the air. 派一支搜查队搜查天空和地面Toothless and I will fly the coastline. 没牙仔和我去沿海岸线巡逻Yeah, I wouldn't advise taking Toothless anywhere, Chief. 我不建议你带没牙仔出去首领I know this handiwork. 我认得这做工Grimmel the Grisly. Famous back where I'm from. 恐惧格里莫在我那儿可是个有名的家伙The smartest dragon hunter I ever met. 我见过的最聪明的捕龙猎手Well, next to me, of course. 当然了不及我Well, he can't be that smart. He left his trap unmanned. 他没有那么聪明他就那么丢下了他的捕龙夹Nothing's accidental when it comes to old Grimmel. 老格里莫做的任何事都不是随意的He lives for the hunt, 他为捕猎而生to get inside the mind of his prey, 懂他猎物的一举一动to control its every choice. 把它们所有的选择都掌控在手中It's all a game to him. 对他来说一切都是一场游戏Well, he doesn't know who he's playing with. 他不知道他遇上的对手是谁Yeah. Well, we've dealt with his kind before. 没错我们对付过像他那样的人Don't underestimate him, Hiccup. 别小瞧了他小嗝嗝Mark my words. He'll be back. 记住我说的话他会回来的Then we'll be waiting for him. 我们就等他来All right. 好了All right, come on, give me a clue here. 好吧给我点线索Give me a clue, Dad. 给我点线索爸爸Oh, I hope you don't mind if I help myself. 希望你别介意我自己拿来喝了This is, uh, mmm, quite good. 这味道真不错Oh, that is impressive. But let me finish my drink. 真厉害不过让我先喝完Toothless! 没牙仔What did you do to him? 你对他做了什么Eh, nothing that he won't sleep off. 只是让他睡了过去May I? 不介意吧Chief Hiccup. 小嗝嗝首领Hmm? Do I say Chief or do I call you Hiccup? 我该叫你首领还是小嗝嗝What do you prefer? 你喜欢哪个You have no idea who I am, do you? 你根本不知道我是谁对吗Well, your father knew of me. 你父亲认识我Now, there was a chief. 曾经有一个首领One of the greatest dragon hunters to have ever lived. 他是最厉害的捕龙猎手What would he think of you? 他会怎么想你He had it right, you know. 他做得没错Making it his mission to destroy the beasts 为了让你能在一个更好的世界中成长so that you could grow up in a better world. 而将消灭那些怪兽作为己任He changed his mind. 他改变了主意And look where that got him. 看看他落得什么下场So let's get to the point. 我们还是直奔主题吧I am the Night Fury killer. 我是夜煞杀手I've hunted every last one but yours. 我杀死了每一只夜煞除了你的You are going to give me that dragon, or I will... 你要把那条龙交给我不然我...I will never give him up. 我永远不会交出他You wish dragons to live free among us like equals? 你希望龙和我们平等自由地相处吗A toxic notion, my boy. 这种观念有毒孩子History has shown that we are the superior species. 历史证明我们是更高级的种族What if word of your misguided ideas were to spread? 万一你的错误观念流传开来怎么办It would be the undoing of civilization 据我们所知那样简直就是as we know it. 文明的倒退Did we get him? 我们抓到他了吗Now! 出来Sorry to barge in. 抱歉打扰了You think you can come into my home, 你以为你能这么走进我的家sit in my father's chair, and threaten my dragon? 坐在我父亲的椅子上威胁我的龙吗This is Berk. 这里是伯克岛And we have defended our way of life from far worse than you.我们从比你恶劣百万倍的人手中守护了自己的家园A fighting spirit. I love it. 有战斗精神我喜欢Only I'm afraid you're mistaken. 恐怕你搞错了You've never seen anything like me. 你从来没有见过像我这样的人Astrid, look out! 阿斯翠德小心- Look out! - Son, get clear. -小心 -孩子快跑Run! 快跑Have my dragon ready 在我下次来之前when I return, or I will destroy everything you love. 准备好我要的龙不然我会毁掉你爱的一切- Inside. - It's the middle of the night. -进去 -大半夜的- What are we doing here? - All right. -我们来这里干什么 -好了All right, everybody. Settle down, please. 好了大家安静一下Fishlegs. 鱼脚司Have you ever seen that species of dragon before? 你见过那种龙吗Let me at him! 让我去和他战斗I'll give him a piece of my mind! 我要让他尝尝我的厉害And by mind, I mean fist! 厉害就是指我的拳头Did you miss the part where we almost died? 你们忘了大家差点丧命吗Have you seen my house? 你们没看到我的房子吗This is a new kind of enemy. 这是新的敌人And I underestimated him. Now, that's on me. 我低估了他这是我的错But I will not do that again. 但我不会再犯这样的错误了We're Vikings. We don't run from a fight. 我们是维京人我们不会临阵逃脱At least, I don't. You might. 至少我不会你可能会I agree with Hiccup. 我同意小嗝嗝We haven't seen the last of Grimmel. 我们还没见识过格里莫真正的手段He's a predator, single-minded and patient. 他是一个耐心专注的捕猎者He won't stop until he gets what he wants. 他得不到他想要的东西是不会停手的I'm with Eret. 我支持艾瑞特We have to take this threat seriously. 我们必须认真对待这次威胁Grimmel is just a sign of the times. 格里莫只是一个征兆Our enemies are getting smarter, more determined. 我们的敌人愈发聪明执拗We're not just overcrowded. We are exposed and vulnerable. 我们不仅人数占劣势还将弱点暴露在明处Short of full-blown war and risking everyone we love, 无法应付全面战争要拿我们爱的人涉险I don't... 我觉得...I don't see a way of staying here any longer. 我觉得我们不该再留在这里了What would Stoick think of this? 斯多戈会怎么想Hey! Hear him out! 听他说完If we want to live in peace with our dragons, 如果我们想和我们的龙和平共处we need a better plan. 我们需要一个更好的计划So what are you saying, Chief? 你有什么想法首领I'm saying we have to disappear. 我想说我们要消失Off the map. 消失在地图上Take the dragons to a place where no one will find them.带这些龙去一个没人能找到他们的地方And where might that be? 那是哪里He's talking about a quest for the Hidden World. 他是说要去寻找秘密世界The hidden what? 秘密什么- Out to lunch. - Yeah. -白日做梦 -没错My father was obsessed with it when I was a boy. 我小时候我父亲就一心想找到那里He made notes and maps 他绘制了地图记录了笔记in search of the ancestral home of all dragons, 寻找深藏在世界边缘tucked away somewhere beyond the edge of the world. 所有龙的故土It may be the solution we need. 这也许是我们想要的解决办法We are dragon people. 我们是龙的子民It's where we belong. 我们属于那里Look, I know this is our home. 我知道这里是我们的家My father left me to protect it. 我的父亲把这里交给我来守护But Berk is more than this place. 但是伯克岛不仅仅只是这个地方We are Berk. 我们才是伯克The people, the dragons. 这些人民这些龙I say Berk is wherever we go. 我们去哪里伯克就在哪里I'm with him! Who else?! 我支持他还有谁Excuse me. Coming through. 不好意思让一下Just, let me just get right through here. 让我过去一下Fishmeat, look, eat your rocks. Eat your rocks. 鱼肉仔来吃石头吃石头Gods! People who fly with babies are the worst. 天带宝宝飞的人实在是太没素质了I feel like I'm always asking you this question, but... 我觉得我总是在问你这个问题但是Wake up, Grump! Wake up! 醒醒坏脾气醒醒Is there an actual plan or...? 你有个具体的计划还是...Just keep flying until we reach the end of the world. 只要一路飞到世界尽头Ah. Seems sensible. 听起来很靠谱So, where are they? 他们在哪里Gone. Obviously. 显然已经离开了The Night Fury escaped you? 夜煞再一次从你手中- Again? - I encouraged it. -逃走了 -是我促成的They've abandoned their only defensible position. 他们放弃了他们唯一的防守点Running scared with what little they can carry. 带着一点可怜的家当恐惧地逃离It just keeps going. 没个尽头That's 'cause the world is actually round. 因为世界其实是圆的The sun's round. The moon is round. 太阳是圆的月亮是圆的Stars are round. 星星是圆的Even though they're small and stupid. 尽管它们又小又蠢Right? Stars. 对吧星星Don't fret. They won't get far. 别气馁他们跑不了多远The Night Fury is distracted. 夜煞已经被干扰了I introduced him to your female. 我让他见到了你的母龙Furies mate for life, you see. 夜煞相配就相伴终身What you picking up on, bud? 你发现了什么伙计The Light Fury! 光煞She's following us! Wow! 她在跟着我们Cool. 好厉害- Would ya look at that? - Where'd she go? -你看 -她去哪里了Is she made of sky? 她是天空做的吗Whoa! Hold up, Toothless! 慢点没牙仔Well, look who it is. 看看这是谁Oh, hey, it's really nice to finally... 很高兴终于...This is perfect. So great. 太棒了真是太棒了Not a word. 都闭嘴Y-Yes, yes, but where did they go? 对对对但他们去哪里了I have to explain this. 还得要我解释Night Furies can't survive in the cold, 夜煞无法在寒冷的环境中生存。
恐龙大全(Dinosaur encyclopedia)The Ankylosaurus Ankylosaurus dinosaur tankGeneral dataHeight Height: 2~3 metersHeight Length: 10 metersWeight Weight: 4~6 tonnesThe period of survival Living, age:, Late CretaceousIt was about Living age:, 70 million years ago, 65 million years agoDiscover locations Discovery, Sites:, USA, Mexico, BoliviaBrief introductionThe Cretaceous period of earth occupied most of earth history carnivorous animal as widely known Tyrannosaurus and Spinosaurus. The dinosaur eating dinosaurs of the Cretaceous period were no longer able to protect themselves in the same manner as the Jurassic dinosaurs, so they developed a unique way of protecting themselves. The dragon is one very successful use of thick carapace to protect their dinosaur. It belongs to bird to medium-sized herbivorous dinosaur fossils show in America, once lived, 1908 was first discovered, named mean "strong" lizard. It can be said to be armored dinosaur evolution peak, because it can be said that the armor on the ground thanany live animal but also exaggerated.Most full of Ankylosaurus heavy armor, like the tank today. Its armor starts from the head and extends all the way to the rear; even over the eye, it has a long, plate like armor. The shoulder armor protection and more tapered spine, in its activities, a flat back covered with conical horn, protected by fine bone protrusion and inlaid plate. The Ankylosaurus have good self defense ability, can on the invasion of counter attack. The Ankylosaurus tail straight, by the strong and powerful muscle support tail bone bone hammer, hammer the tail of the conservative estimate there are more than 500 kilograms. The high contrast Ankylosaurus other medium-sized herbivorous dinosaurs is a short, this is mainly because it can make it more difficult to attack the carnivorous dinosaur. Even if there is a giant carnivorous dinosaur dinosaur attack ankylosaurs, they will soon discover the Ankylosaurus thick armor and hard, even if there is a two or three inch long teeth and claws could not penetrate. If they still relentlessly attack, may hit the dragon bone hammer.The Ankylosaurus before armored class to the number of the most famous dinosaur stegosaurus. Stegosaurus and sauropod dinosaurs flourished during the Jurassic period, but after the end of the Jurassic with climate change gradually disappear. During the Cretaceous period, only India still stegosaurus. But at this time was coming up, succeeded the stegosaurus in position in the history of the evolution of the earth. The Ankylosaurus defense reached the dinosaur evolutionary history of vertices, because of their armor than Stegosaurus or even worse. In the past, even some ankylosaur herbivorous dinosaursare the most vulnerable belly armor, can prevent soft tissue intelligent carnivorous dinosaur attacks of the abdomen. The Ankylosaurus brain and Stegosaurus are as well, so they are not clever animal. However, they do not require extra intelligence, because armor covering the body can effectively block the attack of the carnivorous dinosaurs. It is one of the last stage of the dinosaurs; ankylosaurs end with the end of the dinosaurs sixty-five million years ago.Mega version, dragon, dragon, Utah, dragon, UtahraptorGeneral dataHeight Height: 3 metersHeight Length: 7 metersWeight Weight: 1 tonnesLiving age: during the Cretaceous PeriodIt was about Living age:, 140 million years ago, 65 million years agoThe site was found in Discovery Sites:, USA (first discovered in Utah in 1993, hence the name "Utah dragon")Brief introductionUtah dragon was summed up as empty bone dragons, which belongs to the lizard head with the famous Velociraptor have relatives,however, but a lot of big size. The Utah dragon was first discovered in Utah, hence the name "dragon of Utah". Their survival time with Athlon almost, at a distance of about 140 million to 65 million years ago now; it has preserved many features of the attack force but Athlon, Athlon is much stronger than. We know from the fossils of Utah dragon skeleton and similar athlon,The largest claw on the foot is curved and shaped like a knife and controlled by the tendon of the foot. Archaeologists believe that when attacking prey they will jump to the first game, then pop. The claw completely ejected, can be up to 30 centimeters long, a giant dinosaur claw with another foot: Deinonychus is very similar. The Utah dragon, the largest of its kind in the Raptors family, was 7 meters long, and he was powerful enough to attack large herbivorous dinosaurs. The Athlon size and human are similar, but the Utah dragon is greater than the public light bus. We believe that Utah is the same with the Dragon Athlon group activities, in other words, Utah dragon than other giant carnivorous dinosaur survival place is to group as a unit of action. In groups, it is better to operate independently than a large number of giant carnivorous dinosaurs or act in a few units.Utah dragon weighing only 1 tonnes, 7 tonnes or Rex than Spinosaurus 5 tonnes lighter; cut weight can increase speed, but also can reduce bear feet in running at high speed when the pressure. The theory can run faster than Utah dragon Tyrannosaurus and spine have fast (incidentally, the movie Jurassic Park Tyrannosaurus > described speed too exaggerated. According to the research, the ability to catch a tyrannosaurusnot at full speed of the jeep, which is seventy-five kilometers per hour. The dragon of Utah also has a long, horizontal tail that can be used for balance purposes. When the animal needs a sharp turn at high speed, the tail is balanced so that it does not fall. Falling may be only a small problem for human beings, but in nature, the consequences of falls can be fatal. In modern times, the grassland ecosystem of Africa high-level consumer, cheetah, lion and other animal, if when chasing prey accidentally fall, the rate of broken leg, will lose the ability to hunt. Losing the ability to hunt means losing the ability to survive. We believe in the dinosaur era, when the top consumer such as Utah dragon, Athlon and so on, will face the same problem. This explains how dinosaurs can keep long tails when they chase prey at high speed.The animals, which accounted for one seat in the Cretaceous ecosystem, acted as a high level consumer, believing that they were in different directions with the most famous large carnivorous dinosaurs at that time. Taking speed as the tool of survival, Utah dragon lived for 75 million years from the early Cretaceous to the extinction of dinosaurs.The largest dinosaur in Australia found the wooden dragon MuttaburrasaurusGeneral dataHeight Height: 5 metersHeight Length: 7 metersWeight Weight: 4.5 tonnesThe period of survival is Living age: in the middle and late CretaceousIt was about Living age:, 130 million years ago, 65 million years agoFound at Discovery Sites:, Queensland, australia.Brief introductionSpeaking of Australia's most important species must count his wooden dragon, and it is in North America to dominate the Iguanodon are two very similar dinosaurs. He wood dragon belongs to the bird head of iguanodontia, species and hadrosaurs are close. It was discovered more than 40 years ago by Deranton, a rancher in the interior of australia.The Australian outback rancher Renton Deranton has been cultivated here for forty years, his ten thousand acres of agricultural land distribution in plain and bushes. His farm is located near the town of Queensland, in the centre of his town. Every day he checks his farm land and checks his livestock. One day in 1963, however, he worked as usual, without expecting an unexpected surprise. When he was ready to go vote below will stray animals back to the river, in the rocky rock on the surface of riding a horse, when he looked back, he noticed the stone inside something - but it is unusual. He was originally thought to be the bone of a dead cow, but after a close observation, he had new ideas. No matter what animal it is, this should bepart of the spine. Of course he didn't know what it was at the time, but the shape of the bone was the same,It's huge, too. It was estimated to be bone like a bull animal. He took a few pieces and put them in a hanging bag and carried them home and sent them to the museum for identification. The Queensland Museum Delandun Brisbane immediately announced not only find dinosaur bones almost complete, and new varieties. Thought of finding Australia, or even the world's only dinosaur, thought of his hometown, wood, he, town, and his own name. Renton was honored and excited that he named the new species "wood, dragon, orchid, and grass". He eats plants and has a dagger like pointed tip for self-defense. He walks with four feet, but he can stand on his feet to eat leaves that are growing high. A tooth that grows on the chin and has a special function for cutting off plants. It has an empty space on the skull, indicating that they have the ability to communicate. Their voice was believed to be very deep. With these discoveries, archaeologists were able to re-establish Australia during the time of the dragon's existence.One hundred and twenty million years ago, the low sound of the distance damaged the morning peace. A group of wooden dragons is moving slowly, looking for food along the way. The hollow part strengthens the call, warning the entire dinosaur group any close danger. The dragon dragon's appetite was amazing. They weighed 4.5 tonnes and ate 500 kilograms of food a day. More than one hundred million years ago, Australia was closer to the south pole than it is now, and the climate was much colder. In the winter, a whole group of wooden dragons wanted to adapt and survive, and it really needed a miracle. In the past,Australia was more like the outer circle of the Antarctic Circle; in winter there was no sun, and the earth was dark. Most plants do not lose their leaves or enter hibernation. It is still a mystery how he can survive in polar regions with little or no food. However, a discovery in four thousand and five hundred kilometers away, and he showed another kind of wood dragon similar medium-sized herbivorous dinosaurs hadrosaurs had - in today's Antarctic, and adapt to the cold theory is also applicable to similar wood dragon he. Today at the Antarctic Peninsula Seymor Island research station visible the climate is harsh, the average temperature of only thirty degrees below zero, but it suddenly dropped to ninety degrees below zero, the wind speed of 100 kilometers per hour.Here in 1998, the archaeological team of Argentina and the United States found that, one hundred and twenty million years ago, there was no ice and snow, and it was covered by conifers, ferns, and forests. The ground is thickly lined with moss and plants. Today, ten thousand feet of ice and snow engulfed the forests one hundred and twenty million years ago. The archaeological team found an important discovery in here, a completely belongs to the hadrosaur teeth. As everyone knows, the Cretaceous period of North America Yazui long is the most common herbivorous dinosaurs, this discovery means that hadrosaurs migrate thousands of kilometres to the south, when the Antarctic becomes very cold, they can survive to the only place in Argentina ahead of temperate grassland. But they will face a major hurdle separating Antarctica and South America from 300 kilometers of ocean. However, experts believe that the ocean is not necessarily an obstacle. Since there is no rare land, there must be land near it. Let animals pass through aseries of islands or arcs. Swim from one island to another and eventually reach the South American continent. Now, many experts believe that he is the Dragon wood through the same method, regular migration, avoid dark night endless Australia and antarctica.Fast agile HypsilophodonGeneral dataHeight Height: 1.2 metersHeight Length: 2.1 metersWeight Weight: 25~50 kgThe period of survival is Living age:, early Cretaceous and Middle CretaceousAbout Living age: ago, about 110 million years ago ~ 100 million years agoFound at Discovery Sites:, southern EnglandBrief introductionThe edge tooth dragon is an early dinosaur was found in Europe, on 1896 in the United Kingdom have unearthed belong to the south, to ornithopod ornithischian. The edge tooth dragon is a small herbivorous dinosaur, adult tooth body edge length of only 2 meters, weighing only tens of kilograms.The dinosaurs walk with their legs horizontal, most of the weight of the muscles used to drive the legs, while the rest of the body is relatively light, which means that the dragon is a good running dinosaur. The structure has better elastic highlights this dinosaur is suitable for jumping to escape predators, like modern African gazelle. The ability to quickly escape the edge tooth dragon this small herbivorous dinosaur in the law of the jungle, the survival of the fittest under the survival instinct. The edge tooth dragon is a common appearance of dinosaurs, and similar appearance than their bigger iguanodon. The dinosaurs had long forelimbs, with five fingers on each hand, and paleontologists believed long forelimbs were easy to pick up food. Their tail, which is the body's level, provides the ability to maintain steady and rapid steering while running at high speed.The edge tooth dragon is a very ordinary dinosaur, their similar distribution all over the world, but they also have their own characteristics, this feature was named the reason. The edge tooth dragon's teeth with five or six edges (angular position), these at the edge of the upper and lower jaw teeth can be found, these edges form abrasion surface inclined on the surface of the teeth, helps them to eat will not cause much damage to the teeth. The upper half of the upper jaw of the toothed dragon is inwardly bent, but the lower jaw is the reverse.Is thief stealing "thief"? Stealing egg dragon Oviraptor?General dataHeight Height: 1 metersHeight Length: 2 metersWeight Weight: 24-34 kgThe period of survival Living, age:, Late CretaceousIt was about Living age:, about 88 million to 70 million years agoLocate Discovery Sites:, China, Inner MongoliaBrief introductionIn 1923, archaeologists discovered for the first time that the fossil of an egg - eating dinosaur was unfortunate or unfortunate, and his fossil was found next to a nest of dinosaur eggs. In view of the fact that the knowledge of dinosaurs was poor, it was impossible to identify exactly what species of dinosaur eggs belonged to. When the archaeologists speculate that this is a nest of protoceratops eggs, in addition, when stealing dragon egg fossils have been found he was broken, the archaeologists speculate that environmental limited evidence exactly what happened.Originally, the story was organized by archaeologists: this kind of dinosaur is stealing eggs, because the egg contains a delicious breakfast, so it "rob" the dinosaur's nest. At this time, it was just back to the nest of the protoceratops found that it was angry protoceratops kill. At the same time, asandstorm suddenly struck, burying unsuspecting dinosaurs and eggs. For millions of years, the earth's crust has changed, and the sand has been under great pressure and turned into rocks. It has also fossilized those dinosaurs and eggs. Tens of millions of years later, human archaeologists dug them up. Later, archaeologists in the re assembly to steal eggs fossils found strong evidence that eating dinosaur eggs. For example, although the dinosaurs have no teeth, they have a sharp structure at the mouth, which may be used to pierce the thick eggshell of dinosaur eggs and suck the food inside". The egg - laying dragon has three sharp claws on each hand. The forelegs are short, but the hind legs are long and strong, capable of running or jumping at high speed, and are believed to be suitable for escaping from the scene after an attack. The size of the brain can be large in a dinosaur, so it should have considerable intelligence and may be quite intelligent.In twentieth Century the "ancient detective" -- archaeologists believe have already identified 88000000 years ago in a robbery, the bandits have been buried for thousands and thousands of years of sandstone. But when the discovery of "stealing eggs dragon" more and more, this case has a breakthrough new development. "The ancient detective" found some Oviraptor, and even their eggs; when we find their eggs, and again in 1923 found that the so-called protoceratops nest eggs, found that they are very similar, and even can be said to be exactly the same. This is the key evidence in such a case, the egg type and belongs to who is very important, even the case of torsion.This group of "ancient detective" in-depth study of these can prove that Oviraptor is not "thief" evidence, including thestudy of the two, found Oviraptor eggs and those originally thought to be "protoceratops eggs" completely consistent. The truth is finally uncovered, Oviraptor is a carnivorous dinosaur, but there is no evidence that it is related to steal eggs. Not only did we know that an egg thief was not a thief, but also changed his mind by 180 degrees. This is a new story about the discovery of new evidence in 1923.Not stealing eggs?After years of research, paleontologists finally pieced together the truth of the ancient story. One morningeighty-eight million years ago, the egg - laying dragon went out of its nest to hunt for food, and its eggs were about to hatch. But soon it returned empty handed. At the same time, the weather deteriorated rapidly (it was probably a semi desert area) before a real sandstorm struck. A yellow sand wall was the wind rolled up, it had a chance to escape, but it was not hatched eggs were buried in the sandstorm. He gave up the chance to escape, covered his eggs with his body and tried to protect his children, but he was still buried by sandstorms. The conclusion: stealing eggs is not a "thief", but a responsible parent.。
龙之崛起修改方法(The revision method of Dragon Rising)/Model/ctrl+f lookup in game directory:One, modify:Of EmperorFigureModels.txt text, NPC parameters.The numbers behind parentheses are in turn:1 *2 * unit size, unit of life value,3 * *4 melee attack power, defense force,5 melee defense force,6 * * projection projection attack,7 *8 * projected range, a projected attack time required (11.5 times), 9. The marching speed, 10. Age effect, 11 * two * 12 times, three times the effect of effect, 13. Four times, 14 times five. The effect of effect, 15. Morale, 16. The vision and the 17, 18 invalid invalid.ALL FIGURES all his NPC0, illegal figure type his special class NPC1, random ambient figures I NPC random2, I fire fire3 zguy, one million people4, map flag his forces flag5, Water Bubbles his bubble shadow6, Shipwreck I wreck7, Critter Turned to Stone I dynamic stone8, Critter Entranced his biological dynamic9, I standard bearer bearer10, laborer one million migrant workers11, immigrant one million immigrants12, Emmigrant one million immigrants13, homeless one million homeless14, beggar his beggar15, muggar his crocodile16, I thief thief17, I bandit the robber18, Disease Carrier his sick people.19, wheelbarrow pusher his cart20, Donkey Cart/ Water buffalo cart his ox cart / 21, warehouse guy his warehouse keeper22, I deliveryman delivery23, peddler his hawker24, Marketplace (buyer Food/ Tea/ Hemp/ Bronzeware/ Lacquerware/ Silk/ Ceramic) his market leader Clerk (food / tea / linen / bronze / lacquer / silk / pottery)25, Buyer's Servant market leader. His clerk26, farmer/ tender one million farmers27, Tax Official his tax officer28 water carrier, his husband water29, I Watchtower Guard inspector30, I herbalist herbal doctor31, acupuncturist his acupuncturist32, I acrobat Acrobat33, I actor actor34, Musician his musician35, diviner/scholar/priest/monk his fortune teller / scholar / Priest / monk36,播音员——>宣传员37节的表演——>节日庆祝者38、精英夫妇——>高级夫妇39、督察——>审查员40、猎人——>猎人41、记录——>记录员42、矿工/采石工——>矿工/采石矿工43、间谍——>间谍44、使者——>使者45、交易员——>贸易商人46、交易贸易的杂物垃圾--- >47、贸易商的船员——>贸易的队伍成员48、Ferry Sampan——>舢板轮渡49、渔筏——>渔木筏50、马——>马51,猎人的箭——>猎人的箭52,敌人的箭和火焰箭->敌人的箭或火箭53、敌人的火球或岩——>敌人的火球或投石54、玩家的箭头或火焰箭->玩家的箭或火箭55、玩家的火球或岩——>玩家的火球或投石56、哨兵(巡逻墙)——>哨兵(城墙)57、哨兵(站在塔)——>哨兵(塔楼)58,敌人的步兵——>敌人步兵59、Enemy Archer /弩——>敌人弓箭手/弩手60,敌人的骑兵——>敌人骑兵61、Enemy Chariot——>敌人战车62、敌人——>敌人投石车弹弓63、乌合之众——>溃败部队64、友好的步兵——>友军步兵(玩家)65、Friendly Crossbowman——>友军弩手(玩家)66、友好的骑兵——>友军骑兵(玩家)67、Friendly Chariot——>友军战车(玩家)68、友好的弹弓——>友军投石车(玩家)69、戈壁滩——>戈壁熊熊70、狗头--->秃鹫71、Panda Bear——>熊猫72、大鲵——>娃娃鱼73、虎——>老虎74、扬子鳄--->扬子鳄75、野猪——>野猪76、野鸡--->野鸡77、Saiga Antelope——>羚羊78、敌人的英雄——>敌人英雄79、玩家的英雄——>玩家英雄80、Carpenter——>木匠81、Ceramist——>陶瓷匠82、Stone Mason——>石匠说明:这里的移动速度有上限,下面有介绍。
必修一Unit 1△survey n.调查;测验add up合计upset adj.心烦意乱的;不安的;不适的vt. (upset, upset) 使不安;使心烦ignore vt.不理睬;无视calm vt. & vi.〔使〕平静;〔使〕镇定adj.平静的;镇静的;沉着的calm(…)down〔使〕平静下来;〔使〕镇定下来have got to不得不;必须concern vt.〔使〕担忧;涉及;关系到n.担忧;关注;〔利害〕关系be concerned about关心;挂念walk the dog 遛狗loose adj.松的;松开的△vet n.兽医go through经历;经受△Amsterdam n.阿姆斯特丹〔荷兰首都〕Netherlands n.荷兰〔西欧国家〕△Jewish 犹太人的;犹太族的German adj.德国的;德国人的;德语的n.德国人;德语△Nazi n.纳粹党人adj.纳粹党的set down记下;放下;登记series n.连续;系列a series of一连串的;一系列;一套△Kitty n.基蒂〔女名〕outdoors adv. 在户外;在野外△spellbind vt. (spellbound, spellbound)迷住;迷惑on purpose 成心in order to为了……dusk n.黄昏;黄昏at dusk在黄昏时刻thunder vi.打雷;雷鸣n.雷;雷声entire adj.整个的;完全的;全部的entirely adv. 完全地;全然地;整个地power n.能力;力量;权力face to face面对面地curtain n.窗帘;门帘;幕布dusty adj.积满灰尘的no longer/not…any longer不再……partner n.伙伴;合作者;合伙人settle vi.安家;定居;停留vt.使定居;安排;解决suffer vt. & vi.遭受;忍受;经历suffer from遭受;患病△loneliness n.孤单;寂寞highway n.公路;大路recover vi. & vt.痊愈;恢复;重新获得get/be tired of对……厌烦pack vi. & vt.捆扎;包装;打行李n.小包;包裹pack (sth) up将〔东西〕装箱打包suitcase n.手提箱;衣箱△Margot n.玛戈〔女名〕overcoat n.大衣;外套teenager n.十几岁的青少年get along with与……相处;进展△gossip vi. & n.闲话;闲谈fall in love相爱;爱上exactly adv. 确实如此;正是;确切地disagree vi.不同意grateful adj.感谢的;表示谢意的dislike n. & vt.不喜欢;厌恶join in参加;参加tip n.提示;技巧;尖;尖端;小费vt.倾斜;翻倒△secondly adv.第二;其次s.交换item n.工程;条款Unit 2△subway n.地下人行道;<美>地铁elevator n.电梯;升降机petrol n. <英>汽油〔=<美>gasoline〕gas n.汽油;气体;煤气;毒气official adj.官方的;正式的;公务的voyage n.航行;航海△conquer vt.征服;占领because of因为;由于native adj.本国的;本地的n.本地人;本国人△Amy n.艾米〔女名〕come up走近;上来;提出apartment n. <美> 公寓住宅;单元住宅actually adv.实际上;事实上AD 公元base vt.以……为根据n.基部;基地;根底at present现在;目前gradual adj.逐渐的;逐步的gradually adv.逐渐地;逐步地Danish n.丹麦语adj.丹麦的;丹麦人的;丹麦语的△enrich vt.使富裕;充实;改善vocabulary n.词汇;词汇量;词表△Shakespeare 莎士比亚〔英国剧作家,诗人〕make use of利用;使用spelling n.拼写;拼法△Samuel Johnson 塞缪尔·约翰逊〔英国作家,批评家〕△Noah Webster 诺厄·韦伯斯特〔美国词典编纂家〕latter adj.较后的;后半的;〔两者中〕后者的identity n.本身;本体;身份fluent adj.流利的;流畅的fluently adv.流利地;流畅地Singapore n.新加坡〔东南亚国家〕Malaysia n.马来西亚〔东南亚国家〕;马来群岛such as例如……;像这种的frequent adj.频繁的;常见的frequently adv.常常;频繁地usage n.使用;用法;词语惯用法command n.& vt.命令;指令;掌握request n. & vt.请求;要求△dialect n.方言expression n.词语;表示;表达midwestern adj.中西部的有中西部特性的African adj.非洲的;非洲人的;非洲语言的Spanish adj.西班牙的;西班牙人的;西班牙语的n.西班牙人;西班牙语play a part (in) 扮演一个角色;参与eastern adj.东方的;东部的southeastern adj.东南方的;来自东南的morthwestern adj.西北方的;来自西北的recognize vt.识别出;成认;公认lorry n. <英>卡车〔=<美>truck〕△Lori n.罗丽〔女名〕△Houston n.休斯顿〔美国城市〕△Texas n.德克萨斯州〔美国州名〕accent n.口音;腔调;重音△Buford n.布福德〔姓氏;男名〕△Lester n.莱斯特〔姓错;男名〕△catfish n.鲶鱼lightning n.闪电straight adv. 直接;挺直adj.直的;笔直的;正直的block n.街区;块;木块;石块cab n.出租车Unit 3journal n.日记;杂志;定期刊物transport n.运送;运输vt.运输;运送prefer vt.更喜欢;选择某事物〔而不选择其他事物〕disadvantage n.不利条件;不便之处fare n.费用△route n.路线;路途△Mekong n.湄公河flow vi.流动;流出n.流动;流量ever since从那以后persuade vt.说服;劝说cycle vi.骑自行车graduate vi.毕业n.大学毕业生finally adv.最后;终于schedule n.时间表;进度表vt.为某事安排时间fond adj.喜爱的;慈祥的;宠爱的be fond of喜爱;喜欢shortcoming n.缺点stubborn adj.顽固的;固执的organize vt.组织;成立care about关心;忧虑;惦念△detail n.细节;详情△source n.来源;水源determine vt.决定;确定;下定决心determined adj.坚决的;有决心的change one’s mind改变主意journey n.旅行;旅程altitude n.海拔高度;高处make up one’s mind下决心;决定give in投降;屈服;让步△atlas n.地图;地图集△glacier n.冰河;冰川△Tibetan adj.西藏的;藏族的;藏族人的n.〔西〕藏语;西藏人;藏族人△rapids n.急流valley n.〔山〕谷;流域△waterfall n.瀑布pace vi.缓慢而行;踱步n.一步;速度;步调bend n.弯;拐角vt. (bent, bent) 使弯曲vi.弯身;弯腰△meander n.〔指河流等〕蜿蜒缓慢流动△delta n.三角洲attitude n.态度;看法△Qomolangma n.珠穆朗玛峰boil vi.〔指液体〕沸腾;〔水〕开forecast n. & vt.预测;预报parcel n.小包;包裹insurance n.保险wool n.羊毛;毛织品as usual照常reliable adj.可信赖的;可靠的view n.风景;视野;观点;见解vt.观看;注视;考虑△yak n.牦牛pillow n.枕头;枕垫midnight n.午夜;子夜at midnight在午夜flame n.火焰;光辉;热情beneath prep.在……下面△Laos n.老挝〔东南亚国家〕△Laotian n.老挝人adj.老挝〔人〕的temple n.庙宇;寺庙cave n.洞穴;地窖Unit 4earthquake n.地震quake n.地震right away立刻;马上well n.井△crack n.裂缝;噼啪声vt. & vi.〔使〕开裂;破裂△smelly adj.发臭的;有臭味的△farmyard n.农场;农家pipe n.管;导管burst vi. (burst, burst) 爆裂;爆发n.突然破裂;爆发million n.百万event n.事件;大事as if 仿佛;好似at an end 结束;终结nation n.民族;国家;国民canal n.运河;水道steam n.蒸汽;水汽dirt n.污垢;泥土ruin n.废墟;消灭vt.消灭;使破产in ruins严重受损;破败不堪suffering n.苦难;痛苦extreme adj.极度的injure vt.损害;伤害△survivor n.幸存者;生还者;残存物destroy vt.破坏;毁坏;消灭brick n.砖;砖块dam n.水坝;堰堤track n.轨道;足迹;痕迹useless adj.无用的;无效的;无益的shock vt. & vi.〔使〕震惊;震动n.休克;打击;震惊rescu e n. & vt.援救;营救trap vt.使陷入困境n.陷阱;困境electricity n.电;电流;电学disaster n.灾难;灾祸dig out掘出;发现bury vt.埋葬;掩埋;隐藏mine n.矿;矿山;矿井miner n.矿工shelter n.掩蔽;掩蔽处;避身处a (great) number of许多;大量的title n.标题;头衔;资格reporter n.记者bar n.条;棒;条状物damage n. & vt.损失;损害frighten vt.使惊吓;吓唬frightened adj.受惊的;受恐吓的frightening adj.令人恐惧的congratulation n.祝贺;〔复数〕贺词judge n.裁判员;法官vt.断定;判断;判决sincerely adv.真诚地;真挚地express vt.表示;表达n.快车;速递outline n.要点;大纲;轮廓headline n.报刊的大字标题cyclist n.骑自行车的人Unit 5△Nelson Mandela纳尔逊·曼德拉〔前南非共和国总统〕quality n.质量;品质;性质△warm-hearted adj.热心肠的mean adj.吝啬的;自私的;卑劣的active adj.积极的;活泼的generous adj.慷慨的;大方的△easy-going adj.随和的温和宽容的self n.自我;自身selfish adj.自私的selfless adj.无私的;忘我的selflessly adv.无私地;忘我地devote vt.〔与to连用〕献身;专心于devoted adj.忠实的;深爱的△William Tyndale 威廉·廷代尔〔英国早期新教改革者〕△Bible n. ?圣经?△Norman Bethune 诺曼·白求恩〔加拿大胸外科医师〕△invader n.侵略者found vt.建立;建设republic n.共和国;共和政体principle n.法那么;原那么;原理△nationalism n.民族主义;国家主义△livelihood n.生计;谋生△Mohandas Gandhi莫罕达斯·甘地〔印度国民大会党领袖〕peaceful adj.和平的;平静的;安宁的△giant adj.巨大的;庞大的△leap n.飞跃;跳跃mankind n.人类△Elias n.伊莱亚斯〔男名〕lawyer n.律师guidance n.指导;领导legal adj.法律的;依照法律的fee n.费〔会费、学费等〕;酬金△passbook n.南非共和国有色人种的身份证△Johannesburg n.约翰内斯堡〔南非城市〕out of work失业hopeful adj.怀有希望的;有希望的△ANC 非国大;非洲人国民大会;非洲民族会议〔African National Congress〕youth n.青年;青年时期league 同盟;联盟;联合会Youth League 青年团stage n.舞台;阶段;时期vote vt. & vi.投票;选举n.投票;选票;表决attack vt.进攻;攻击;抨击violence n.暴力;暴行as a matter of fact事实上blow up 使充气;爆炸equa l adj.相等的;平等的in trouble 在危险、受罚、痛苦、忧虑等的处境中willing adj.乐意的;自愿的unfair adj.不公正的;不公平的turn to求助于;致力于△ quote n.引用语;语录△release vt.释放;发行lose heart丧失勇气或信心△Robben Island 罗本岛escape vi.逃脱;逃走;泄露blanket n.毛毯;毯子educate vt.教育;训练educated adj.受过教育的;有教养的come to power 当权;上台beg vi.请求;乞求relative n.亲戚;亲属terror n.恐怖;可怕的人;恐怖时期;恐怖活动cruelty n.残忍;残酷reward n.报酬;奖金vt.酬劳;奖赏△Transkei n.特兰斯凯〔南非东南部一地区〕set up设立;建立sentence vt.判决;宣判be sentenced to被判处……〔徒刑〕anti-[前缀] 反;抗;阻anti-black adj.反黑人的△Cape Town 开普敦〔南非立法首都〕president n.总统;会长;校长;行长△Nobel Peace Prize 诺贝尔和平奖opinion n.意见;看法;主张必修二Unit 1△cultural adj.文化的△relic n.遗物;遗迹;纪念物rare adj.稀罕的;稀有的;珍贵的valuable adj.贵重的;有价值的survive vi.幸免;幸存;生还vase n.花瓶;瓶dynasty n.朝代;王朝△Taj Mahal 泰姬陵△ivory n.象牙△dragon n.龙△amber n.琥珀;琥珀色in search of寻找△Frederick William I腓特烈·威廉一世〔普鲁士国王〕△Prussia n.〔史〕普鲁士〔位于北欧〕amaze vt.使吃惊;惊讶amazing adj.令人吃惊的select vt.挑选;选择honey n.蜜;蜂蜜design n.设计;图案;构思vt.设计;方案;构思fancy adj.奇特的;异样的vt.想象;设想;爱好style n.风格;风度;类型decorate v. 装饰;装修jewel n.珠宝;宝石artist n.艺术家belong vi.属于;为……的一员belong to属于△Peter the Great 彼得大帝〔俄国皇帝〕in return作为报答;回报△Czar n.沙皇troop n.群;组;军队△St Petersburg n.圣彼得堡〔俄罗斯城市〕reception n.接待;招待会;接收△Catherine Ⅱ叶卡捷琳娜二世〔俄国女皇〕at war处于交战状态remove vt.移动;搬开less than少于wooden adj.木制的doubt n.疑心;疑惑vt.疑心;不信△Konigsberg n.哥尼斯堡〔俄罗斯港市Kaliningrad的旧称〕△the Baltic Sea 波罗的海△mystery n.神秘;神秘的事物former adj.以前的;从前的worth prep.值得的;相当于……的价值n.价值;作用adj. [古]值钱的△rebuild vt.重建local adj.本地的;当地的apart adv.别离地;分别地take apart拆开△Leningrad n.列宁格勒〔苏联城市〕painting n.绘画;画castle n.城堡△Windsor Castle 温莎城堡〔英国著名城堡〕trial n.审判;审讯;试验△eyewitness n.目击者;证人evidence n.根据;证据△Jan Hasek 简·哈兹克〔男名〕△Czech Republic 捷克共和国〔东欧国家〕explode vi.爆炸entrance n.入口△Hans Braun 汉斯·布朗〔男名〕sailor n.水手;海员;船员sink vi. (sank, sunk; sunk, sunken)下沉;沉下△Anna Petrov 安娜·帕特罗夫〔女名〕maid n.少女;女仆△Berlin n.柏林〔德国首都〕think highly of 看重;器重△Johann Webber 约翰·韦伯〔男名〕informal adj.非正式的debate n.争论;辩论vi.争论;辨论Unit 2ancient adj.古代的;古老的compete vi.比赛;竞争competitor n.竞争者take part in参加;参与medal n.奖章;勋章;纪念章stand for代表;象征;表示△mascot n.桔祥物△Pausanias 帕萨尼亚斯〔男名;古希腊人名〕Greece n.希腊Greek adj.希腊〔人〕的;希腊语的n.希腊人;希腊语magical adj.巫术的;魔术的;有魔力的volunteer n.志愿者;志愿兵adj.志愿的;义务的vt. & vi.自愿homeland n.祖国;本国regular adj.规那么的;定期的;常规的basis n.根底;根据athlete n.运发动;运动选手admit vt. & vi.容许;成认;接纳slave n.奴隶nowadays adv.现今;现在gymnastics n.(pl) 体操;体能训练△athletics n.(pl) 体育运动;竞技Stadium n.〔露天大型〕体育场〔pl stadiums or stadia〕gymnasium (gym) n.体育馆;健身房as well也;又;还host vt.做东;主办;招待n.主人responsibility n.责任;职责△olive n.橄榄树;橄榄叶;橄榄枝;橄榄色△wreath n.花圈;花冠;圈状物replace vt.取代;替换;代替motto n.座右铭;格言;警句swift adj.快的;迅速的△similarity n.想像性;相似点△Athens n.雅典〔希腊首都〕charge vt. & vi.收费;控诉n.费用;主管in charge主管;看管physical adj.物理的;身体的fine vt.罚款poster n.海报;招贴advertise vt. & vi.做广告;登广告△Atlanta n.亚特兰大〔女名;城市名〕△princess n.公主glory n.荣耀;荣誉bargain vi.讨价还价;讲条件n.廉价货△prince n.王子hopeless adj.没有希望的;绝望的△Hippomenes n.希波墨涅斯〔男名;古希腊人名〕foolish adj.愚蠢的;傻的△goddess n.女神pain n.疼痛;痛苦one after another陆续地;一个接一个地deserve vi. & vt.应受〔报答或惩罚〕;值得△striker n.敲击者;〔足球的〕前锋Unit 3△abacus n.算盘△calculator n.计算器△PC〔=personal computer〕个人电脑;个人计算机△laptop n.手提电脑△PDA(personal digital assistant)掌上电脑;个人数码助理△analytical adj.分析的calculate vt.计算universal adj.普遍的;通用的;宇宙的simplify vt.简化sum n.总数;算术题;金额△Charles Babbage查尔斯·巴比奇〔英国数学教授〕operator n.〔电脑〕操作员;接线员logical adj.合逻辑的;合情理的logically adv. 逻辑上;合逻辑地;有条理地technology n.工艺;科技;技术technological adj.科技的revolution n.革命artificial adj.人造的;假的intelligence n.智力;聪明;智能intelligent adj.智能的;聪明的△Alan Turing 艾伦·图灵〔英国数学家〕solve vt.解决;解答△mathematical adj.数学的from…on从……时起reality n.真实;事实;现实△designer n.设计师personal adj.私人的;个人的;亲自的personally adv.就个人而言;亲自tube n.管;管子;电子管△transistor n.晶体管△chip n.碎片;芯片as a result结果total adj.总的;整个的n.总数;合计totally adv.完全地;整个地so…that…如此……以致于……network n.网络;网状物web n.网application n.应用;用途;申请finance n.金融;财经mobile adj.可移动的;机动的rocket n.火箭explore vt. & vi.探索;探测;探究△Mars n.火星anyhow adv. 〔也作anyway〕无论如何;即使如此goal n.目标;目的;球门;〔进球〕得分happiness n.幸福;快乐human race人类△supporting adj.支持的;支撑的download vt.下载△programmer n.程序员;程序师virus n.病毒△android n.机器人signal vi. & vt.发信号n.信号△teammate n.同伴;伙伴△Nagoya n.名古屋〔日本港市〕△Seattle n.西雅图〔美国城市〕type n.类型vt. & vi.打字in a way在某种程度上coach n.教练arise vi. (arose, arisen)出现;发生with the help of在……的帮助下electronic adj.电子的appearance n.外观;外貌;出现character n.性格;特点mop n.拖把vt.用拖把拖;擦deal with处理;安排;对付watch over看守;监视△naughty adj.顽皮的;淘气的niece n.侄女;甥女△spoil vt.损坏;宠坏Unit 4wildlife n.野生动植物protection n.保护wild adj.野生的;野的;未开发的;荒凉的△habitat n.栖息地〔动植物的〕自然环境;△threaten vt. & vi.恐吓;威胁decrease vi. & vt 减少;〔使〕变小;或变少△endanger vt.危害;使受到危险die out灭亡;逐渐消失loss n.损失;遗失;丧失reserve n.保护区hunt vt. & vi.打猎;猎取;搜寻zone n.地域;地带;地区in peace和平地;和睦地;安祥地in danger (of)在危险中;垂危△Daisy n.戴茜〔女名〕△species n.种类;物种carpet n.地毯respond vi.答复;响应;做出反响distant adj.远的;远处的fur n.毛皮;毛;软毛△antelope n.羚羊△Zimbabwe n.津巴布韦〔非洲东南部国家〕relief n.〔痛苦或忧虑的〕减轻或解除;减轻痛苦的事物in relief如释重负;松了口气laughter n.笑;笑声burst into laughter突然笑起来;大声笑了出来mercy n.仁慈;宽恕;怜悯certain adj.确定的;某一;一定importance n.重要〔性〕△WWF(Word Wildlife Fund)世界野生生物基金会rub vt.擦;摩擦protect…from保护……不受……〔危害〕mosquito n.蚊子△millipede n.(=millepede) 千足虫insect n.昆虫contain vt.包含;容纳;容忍powerful adj.强大的;有力的affect vt.影响;感动;侵袭attention n.注意;关注;注意力pay attention to注意appreciate vt.鉴赏;感谢;意识到succeed vi.成功vt.接替;继任△Indonesia n.印度尼西亚〔东南亚岛国〕△rhino n.犀牛secure adj.平安的;可靠的income n.收入employ vt.雇用;利用〔时间、精力等〕harm n. & vt.损害;危害△Milu deer 麋鹿bite vt. & vi. (bit, bitten)咬;叮;刺痛△extinction n.灭绝;消亡dinosaur n.恐龙come into being形成;产生△county n.县;郡inspect vt.检查;视察△unexpected adj.没料到的;意外的incident n.事件;事变dust n.灰尘;尘土;尘埃according to按照;根据……所说△Mauritius n.毛里求斯〔非洲东部岛国〕△disappearance n.消失fierce adj.凶猛的;猛烈的so that以致于;结果ending n.结局;结尾△faithfully adv.忠诚地;忠实地△Colobus monkey 〔非洲产〕疣猴,髯猴Unit 5△classical adj.古典的;古典文艺的roll vt. & vi.滚动;〔使〕摇摆n.摇晃;卷;卷形物;面包圈△rock’n’roll (rock-and-roll) 摇滚乐△orchestra n.管弦乐队△rap n.说唱乐folk adj.民间的jazz n.爵士音乐△choral adj.唱诗班的;合唱队的△the Monkees 门基乐队musician n.音乐家dream of 梦见;梦想;设想△karaoke n.卡拉OK录音;自动伴奏录音pretend vt.假装;假扮to be honest说实在地;实话说attach vt. & vi.系上;缚上;附加;连接attach…to认为有〔重要性、意义〕;附上;连接form vt.〔使〕组成;形成;构成△fame n.名声;名望passer-by n.过路人;行人earn vt.赚;挣得;获得extra adj.额外的;外加的instrument n.工具;器械;乐器perform vt. & vi.表演;履行;执行performance n.表演;演奏pub n.酒馆;酒吧cash n.现金in cash用现金;有现钱studio n.工作室;演播室millionaire n.百万富翁;富豪play jokes on戏弄actor n.男演员;行动者rely vi.依赖;依靠rely on依赖;依靠broadcast n.播送;播放vi. & vt.〔broadcast; broadcast〕播送;播放humorous adj.幽默的;诙谐的familiar adj.熟悉的;常见的;亲近的be/get familiar with熟悉;与……熟悉起来or so大约break up打碎;分裂;解体△reunite vt.再统一;再联合;重聚attractive adj.吸引人的;有吸引力的addition n.加;增加;加法in addition另外;也sort out分类△excitement n.兴奋;刺激△ballad n.歌谣;情歌;民谣△overnignt adv.在晚上;在夜里;〔口〕很快;一夜之间dip vt.浸;蘸△tadpole n.蝌蚪△lily n.百合;百合花confident adj.自信的;确信的△Freddy n.弗雷迪〔男名〕brief adj.简短的;简要的n.摘要;大纲briefly adv. 简要地;短暂地devotion n.投入;热爱afterwards adv.然后;后来invitation n.邀请;招待beard n.胡须sensitive adj.敏感的;易受伤害的;灵敏的painful adj.痛苦的;疼痛的above all最重要;首先。
与龙有关的英语单词并造句中英文
英语单词与“龙”有关的例子:
1.Dragon(龙):
The dragon in the ancient myth guarded a treasure deep within the mountains.古老神话中的龙守护着深埋在山脉深处的宝藏。
2.Fire-breathing(喷火):
The fire-breathing dragon terrified the villagers as it roared and unleashed flames.喷火的龙咆哮着,释放出火焰,使村民们感到恐惧。
3.Dragon Boat(龙舟):
The annual Dragon Boat Festival is celebrated with colorful dragon boat races on the river.每年的端午节通过在河上举行丰富多彩的龙舟比赛来庆祝。
4.Dragon Dance(舞龙):
During the Chinese New Year,the streets come alive with the energetic dragon dance performances.在中国新年期间,街头充满了充满活力的舞龙表演。
5.Dragon's Lair(龙穴):
The brave adventurer entered the dark cave in search of the dragon's lair and its hidden treasures.勇敢的冒险者进入黑暗的洞穴,寻找龙的巢穴和隐藏的宝藏。
必修一Learning to learnQuestionnaire 问卷,调查表Matter 要紧,有重大关系Partner 合作者,搭档Unit 1Warm upLifestyle 生活方式*shepherd 牧羊人Peaceful 平静的,和平的Relaxing 轻松的,放松的Stressful 充满压力的,紧张的Suppose 认为,猜想Lesson 1*series 系列节目;系列TV series 电视连续剧Cartoon 卡通片,动画片Talk show 谈话节目,现场访谈*complain 抱怨;投诉*couch 长沙发,睡椅Couch potato 终日懒散在家的人Switch 转换,转变Switch on 把开关打开,接通Switch over 转换频道,转变Switch off 把关掉,关上BBC= British Broadcasting Corporation 英语广播公司Portable 轻便的,手提(式)的Remote 遥远的Remote control 遥控*workaholic 工作狂Paperwork 日常文书工作Alarm 警报,警告器Alarm clock 闹钟Go off (铃,爆竹等)响Take up 占据Be filled with 充满着Urgent 急迫的,紧急的Document 公文,文件Midnight 午夜,半夜Bored 厌烦的,不感兴趣的Lesson 2Stress 压力Studio 演播室,工作室Expert 专家Suffer 遭受(痛苦),感到疼痛Suffer from 忍受,遭受Pressure 压力Social 社交的,社会的Reduce 减少,降低Organize 组织Diet 饮食,节食Prefer 更喜欢,宁愿Stand 忍耐,忍受Lesson 3Volunteer 志愿者Graduate 毕业Minus 零下,负Basin 脸盆Challenge 挑战Support 支持,支撑Dial 拨(电话号码)Design 设计Advertisement 广告Presentation 表演,展示*slove 解决,解答Lesson 4Accountant 会计,会计师Tube (英)地铁Crowded 拥挤的Nearby 附近的在附近Otherwise 否则,另外Forecast 预报,预测Crowed 人群,一伙人Lung 肺Sickness 疾病Distance 距离Distance learning 远程学习Cigar 雪茄烟Communication WorkshopAt the moment 此刻,目前Over the years 数年间*survey 调查Classical 古典的Mini-skirt迷你裙,超短裙Formal 正式的,合礼仪的Cycle 骑自行车Kung Fu 中国功夫Style 风格,作风Unit 2Warm-upCalm 镇静的,沉着的Generous 慷慨的,大方的Violent 暴力的Character 人物,性格Lesson 1Spaceship 太空船Manned spaceship载人宇宙飞船Province省Astronaut 宇航员Flight飞行,航班*launch发射Gravity 地心引力Rocket 火箭*soar升空,升腾The united nations 联合国Explore 探测,勘探Peacefully 和平地,平静地Reporter 记者,通讯员*glow 发光Atmosphere 大气,气氛*parachute 降落伞Helicopter 直升机Million百万Millions of 数百万Wave 挥手示意,致意Lesson 2Revolution 革命Found 建立,创立Republic 共和国Light bulb 电灯泡Opinion 意见,看法,主张In my opinion 在我看来Personally 就自己而言*racism 种族主义Equal 平等的Struggle斗争,拼搏*Protest 抗议March 游行示威,行军Lesson 3Brilliant 卓越的Skillful 灵巧的,熟练的Awful(口)糟糕的;极度的Useless 差劲的,无用的Unusual 不平常的Champion 冠军Violence 暴力,暴行*bullet 子弹Compete 比赛,竞争*keen 强烈的,渴望的*career 职业,一生的事业Amazing 令人惊异的Event 竞赛;事件Fortunately幸运地Athlete 运动员Lesson 4Superhero 超级英雄Afterwards 然后,后来Superman 超人Disaster 灾难On one’s own 独立地Promote 促进,提升Injury 伤害,损害Give up 放弃Come to do something 开始(认识,理解)Pull though 使从(受伤)中活下来;渡过难关Commit 犯(错误),干(坏事)Commit suicide 自杀Get on 融洽相处,进展Relation 关系React 反应Divorce 离婚*involve 涉及,参与*charity 慈善,施舍Quality 质量,品质Disabled 残疾的Confident 自信的Far too 太,极为Communication WorkshopCome off it 别胡扯Olympic 奥运会的Badminton羽毛球Admire 钦佩,羡慕Dead(right)完全地,绝对地Absolutely 当然,绝对地Medal 奖章,勋章You’ve got a point there.Dive 跳水,潜水Unit 3Warm-upGraduation 毕业Scholarship 奖学金The Mid-Autumn Festival 中秋节Wedding 婚礼*Halloween 万圣节前夕*dragon 龙The Dragon Boat Festival 端午节Turkey 火鸡Lesson 1*occasion 时刻,时机Traditional 传统的Bean paste 豆馅Nowadays 现今,现在Lantern 灯笼The Lantern Festival 元宵节*lunar 月球的,与月亮有关的Lunar month 太阴月,阴历一个月Celebration 庆祝,庆典Power 控制力,权力Darkness 黑暗,漆黑Destroy 破坏,毁坏Burn down 烧毁Decorate 装饰,布置Battery 电池Sweet dumpling 元宵Boil 煮沸,沸腾Serve 提供(食物),端上(饭菜)Tradition 传统,惯例Take part in 参与,参加*sticky 粘的,粘性的Lesson 2Alcohol 酒,酒精Hot pot 火锅*snack 小吃,快餐Reception 接待,招待会Retire 退休Salary 薪水Apply 申请应用Apply for 请求,申请*opportunity 机会Teenager (13-19岁之间的)青少年Depend on 依据,根据Smartly 潇洒地,漂亮地On time 准时Bunch 串,束Congratulation 祝贺Lesson 3Bride 新娘Bridegroom新郎Best man 男傧相Ceremony 典礼,仪式Entrance 入口Invitation 请柬,邀请Even if 即使Attend 出席,参加*Indonesian 印度尼西亚的Ought 应当,应该Contribute 捐献,贡献*Greek 希腊的,希腊人的*crown 花冠,王冠*ribbon 缎带,丝带Link 连接Lesson 4*carol (尤指)圣诞节颂歌Stocking 长筒女袜Seriously 认真地,真诚地Pole 极;棒,竿The north pole 北极Envelope 信封*calendar 日历Put up 竖起,建造Decoration 装饰,装饰品*pudding 布丁Breast (鸟的)胸脯肉;胸部Swallow 吞下,咽下Adult 成年人Carry on 继续,坚持Merry 高兴的,愉快的Communication workshop Production 生产,制造Needle 针Pillow 枕头As well 也Mat 垫子Litre 升,公升Fry 用油煎,用油炸Unfortunately 不幸地Mess 混乱,脏乱Vocabulary in the songSliver 银子Screen 银幕,屏幕Lowdown 卑鄙的,卑劣的Rebel 造反者,反叛者Even if 即使Hop 单脚跳Auto shop 自动售货店Stupid 愚蠢的Identify (with)同情,理解Admire 羡慕,钦佩必修二Vocabulary in Each Unit(注:带*号词为非课程标准词)Learning to learnlikely adj. 有可能的adv.(与most,very连用)可能concept n.概念chart n.表格,图表focus vi.集中注意skip vt.跳过fist n. 拳头waist n.腰nail n. 指甲;趾甲gallery n. 画廊Unit 4Warm-up*cyberspace n.网络空间come true (愿望、梦想)实现artificial adj.人造的climate n.气候global adj.全球的,全世界的global warming 全球变暖flood n.洪水,水灾vt.& vi.淹没*virtual adj. 虚拟的reality n.真实,现实virus n.病毒Lesson 1affect vt.影响rapidly adv.快,迅速地growth n.;生长*pessimistic adj.悲观的,厌世的crime n.犯罪;罪行*hacker n.电脑黑客terrorist n.恐怖分子attack n.& vt.攻击,进攻chaos n.,无秩序crash vt.(汽车、飞机等)撞毁;坠毁optimistic adj.乐观的entertainment n.娱乐;款待disappear vi.消失as if 好像,仿佛harm vt.& n.伤害,损害obvious adj.明显的,显而易见的destruction n.破坏,毁灭lesson 2*military adj.军事的,军用的scientific adj.科学的*the Pentagon 美国五角大楼nuclear adj.原子能的network n.网络project n.课题,方案,工程get in touch 取得联系hang on (用电话)别挂断be up to 做,从事于*fashion n.时髦,时尚fancy vt.(非正式)想要做,suggestion n.建议,提议reject vt.拒绝,不接受arrangement n.安排Lesson 3title n.标题,题目destination n.目的地flesh n.肉,肉体in the fresh 本人亲身exit vt.出,离开historical adj.历史的,有关历史的*site n.(事件或事物发生)场所,位置pack vt.收拾(行李),打包dip vt.浸*toe n.脚趾millionaire n.百万富翁smoker n.吸烟者non-smoker n.非吸烟者lesson 4tourism n.观光,旅游guide n.指南,导游,向导*locate vt.坐落于,位于seaside n.海滨,海边*Maori n.(新西兰)毛利人settle vi.定居settlement n.(新)定居地central adj.中央的,中心的*suburb n.市郊,郊区zone n.地域,地区volcano n.火山as well as 也,又harbour n.海港view n.景色,风景sunshine n.阳光average adj.平均的n.平均数*surfing n.冲浪regular adj定期的,规则的*location n.位置,场所steel n.钢,钢铁material n.材料,原料be known as n.被认为是Communication Workshop*Chinatown n.唐人街officially adv.正式地scenery n.风景,景色cuisine n.烹饪attractive adj.吸引人的,有魅力的spider n.蜘蛛web n.蜘蛛网,网状物Unit 5Warm-upfolk adj.民间的jazz n.爵士乐rock 'n' roll 摇滚乐*disco n.迪斯科舞ballet n.芭蕾舞Lesson 1effect n.效果,作用disappoint vt.使失望extraordinary adj.非凡的,特别的unclear adj.不清楚的ne used to 习惯于album n.唱片;相册;集邮册performance n.表演;演奏perform vi.& vt.表演;做award n.奖,奖品base n.基地,基础extremely adv.极端地,非常地creative adj.有创造力的,创造性的powerful adj.强大的,有力的anger n.气愤,愤怒system n.系统audience n.听众,观众through prep.贯穿,遍及impress vt.使(人)印象深刻performer n.表演者Lesson 2instrument n.乐器,工具male adj.男性的female adj.女性的*clown n.小丑carriage n.马车treasure n.财宝,财富combine vt.(使)结合,联合mask n.面具,面罩*acrobatics n.杂技*costume n.戏服,服装represent vt.代表general n.将军in other words 换句话说Lesson 3pianist n.钢琴家,钢琴演奏者musician n.音乐家at times 有时,不时quit vt.& vi.停止;辞职talent n.才干,天才worldwide adv.全世界的in some ways 在某些方面identity n.身份,特性root n.根rediscover n.重新发现beauty n.美,美貌,美人appearance n.外貌,外观shave vt.剃,刮hairstyle n.发型transform vt.转换,转化Lesson 4waltz n.华尔兹舞breakdance n.霹雳舞encyclopedia n.百科全书sword n.剑*peacock n.孔雀Swan Lake (芭蕾舞剧)天鹅湖ordinary adj.普通的,平常的generation n.代,一代type n.类型,种类skip vi.跳,蹦back and forth 往返,来回unique adj.独特的,唯一的noble adj.贵族的,高贵的,高尚的n.贵族ballroom n.舞厅,跳舞场immigrant adj.移民的,移居的tap dancing 踢踏舞*tango n.探戈舞Communication Workshopreaction n.反应responsible adj.有责任的,应负责任的permission n.允许,许可*realistic adj.现实(主义)的Unit6Warm-upabstract adj.抽象的,深奥的straight adj.直的adv.直,直接wavy adj.波状的imagination n.想象;想象力painter n.画家,油漆匠pain n.痛苦;疼,痛Lesson 1exhibition n.展览会poetry n.诗(总称)missile n.导弹mane n.鬓毛shade n.(色彩的)浓淡;阴影sweat n.汗youth n.青春,年轻人insect n.昆虫fix one's eyes on 注视,凝视creature n.动物,(有特性或特质的)人artist n.画家,艺术家valuable adj.贵重的,有价值的typical adv.典型的elegantly vt.优雅地*emphasise n.强调detail n.细节,详情cloth n.布,布料fold n.皱褶shallow adj.浅的shore n.岸边eyesight n.视力Lesson 2marble n.大理石concrete n.混凝土*feature n.特征,特色balcony n.阳台roof n.房顶statue n.雕像castle n.城堡skyscraper n.摩天大楼angel n.天使architect n.建筑师ruin vt.毁坏,毁灭*loch n.湖,海湾fairytale n.童话*granite n.花岗岩sort of 有几分地cafén.咖啡馆Lesson 3*phoenix n.凤凰rooster n.雄鸡,公鸡bat n.蝙蝠tomb n.坟墓date back (to) 追溯到dynasty n.朝代,王朝religious adj.宗教的,虔诚的purpose n.目的,意图pattern n.式样,模式character n.(书写或印刷的)字,字体hapiness n.幸福,快乐temple n.庙宇*offering n.供品,祭品relate (to) 把···与···联系起来jewellery n.(总称)珠宝try out 试验,试用Lesson 4cottage n.村舍,小屋rent n.租金*landlord n.房东worm n.虫,小虫pipe n.管子mercy n.怜悯,同情心washroom n.洗手间damp adj.潮湿的bathtub n.浴缸,澡盘basement n.地下室bathe vi.洗澡,沐浴fence n.栅栏,围墙narrow adj.狭窄的hold one's breath 屏住呼吸garage n.车库garbage n.垃圾,废物apartment n.(美)公寓住宅*subway n.(美)地铁downtown adv.在市区,往市区adj.市区的lorry n.卡车,载重curtain n.窗帘Communication Workshopair conditioner n.空调conclusion n.结论;结束PlacesManchester 曼切斯特Standford University 斯坦福大学Auckland 奥克兰New Zealand 新西兰Asia Pacific 太平洋Wellington 惠灵顿Mt Eden 伊甸山(奥克兰)Auckland Harbour Bridge 奥克兰港湾大桥the Parnell Village 帕内尔村Sydney 悉尼Sydney Opera House 悉尼歌剧院Sydney Harbour Bridge 悉尼港湾大桥Sydney Tower 悉尼塔Blue Mountains 蓝山Darling Harbour 达令港Bondi Beach 邦迪海滩Cambridge 剑桥Venice 威尼斯Budapest 布达佩斯Scotland 苏格兰Hyde Park 海德公园Vocabulary in the songs stare vi.凝视,注视cozy adj.舒适的,安逸的illuminate vt.照明,照亮fiery adj.燃烧的,如火的gem n.宝石,珠宝必修三participate 参加fill out 填写evaluate 评估、评价arrange 安排、准备chimpanzee 黑猩猩dolphin 海豚sign 符号、记号hunt 打猎、猎杀actor 演员actress 女演员writer 作者、作家collection 收集、收取boxing 拳击运动ski 滑雪water skiing 滑水windsurfing 风帆滑浪frightening 骇人的underwater 在水下、供水下用的spirit 精神explorer 探险家sailor 水手海员Viking 维京人、北欧海盗voyage 航海航空set sail 启航ancestor 祖先、祖宗AD 公元further 更远、较远according to 根据、依照get into trouble 陷入麻烦陷入困境persuade 说服、劝服make it to 到达in search of 寻找、寻求unknown 不知道的、未知的eventually 最终终于present-day 当今的现代的deed 行为、行动journey 旅行、旅程lecture 讲授、演讲brake 制动器、刹车apologise 道歉the Antarctic 南极洲pollute 使污染pollution 污染over-fishing 过度捕捞industrial 工业的agricultural 农业的chemical 化学物ban 禁止altogether 完全handle 对付department 部、系、局、部门make a living 谋生solution 答案、解决办法port 港口、海港presem 讲演、演示intelligence 智力、理解力intelligent 有才智的、理解力强的iceberg 冰山、浮冰seal 海豹energetic 有活力的penguin 企鹅coral 珊瑚discovery 发现crab 蟹educate 教育up-to-date 现代的、新式的attraction 吸引人的地方/事物attract 吸引watch out. 注意shark 鲨鱼discount 折扣、减价trick 戏法、把戏melt 融化、熔化measure 度量、测量length 长度、长schoolboy 男生centimetre 厘米barrel 圆桶whirlpool 漩涡horrible 可怕的令人厌恶的float 浮漂terrify 令人感到恐惧escape 逃脱、逃跑terror 恐怖、恐惧soul 灵魂survive 幸存、生存下来all at once 突然、忽然recover 痊愈、康复scream 尖声喊叫、惊呼sink 下沉、沉没pick up 取、接载unable 不能的、不会的recognise 辨认出Oceania 大洋洲opposite 对立的人(物)、反义词net 网leak 渗漏泄漏stadium 运动场、体育场debate 辩论、争论local当地的地方性的shopkeeper 店主店东bay 海湾湾wildlife 野生生物disagree 意见不合不同意adventure 奇遇、冒险的经历desert 沙漠、荒原canoe 乘独木舟、独木舟hike 徒步旅行、远足take off 起飞presenter 节目主持人major 较重要的、较严重的wild 野生的、狂热的tiring 令人疲劳的raft 木排、木筏white-water rafting 激流漂流horizon 地平线organisation 团体、组织、机构uncomfortable 不舒服的、不自在的route 路线、路程porter 行李搬运工luggage 行李accommodation 住所、住处hostel 旅社、招待所maximum 最大的、最多的altitude 高度、海拔extra 特别的、额外的optional 可选择的、非强制的right now 就在此刻differ 不同于、有区别footprint 脚印、足迹anxious 忧虑的担心的Extreme 极度的、极端的bungee jumping 蹦极snowboarding 单板滑雪snowrafting 动力雪橇滑降in order to 为了(某一目的) gymnastics 体操、体操训练similarity 相似性类似性upside down 颠倒地、倒置地exactly 确切地、精确地risk 冒……的危险excitement 兴奋激动various 不同的、各种各样的flow 流动涌出equipment 配备设备dull 暗淡的、迟钝的preference 较喜欢的东西、偏爱turn up 出现、到场back out 决定不履行(承诺) get across 使理解(某事)jog 慢跑traveller 旅行者、旅客emperor 皇帝in turn 轮流amaze 使惊愕(惊奇)goods 商品、物品confuse 使困惑fuel 燃料wealthy 富有的富裕的put into prison 关进监狱author 作者dictation 口述、听写stand by 坚持(某种)说法statement 陈述quantity 量、数量professor 教授hunter 猎人skin 皮皮肤on one's way 在途中Norwegian 挪威人、挪威的preparation 准备、预备sledge 雪车、雪橇break down 损坏、不能运转shock 震惊、惊骇goal 目的、目标ambition 志向、抱负exhausted 疲惫的ran out of 用完耗尽hopeless 没有希望的cheerful 愉快的、高兴的distant 远处的、久远的carry on 继续做某事within 在…里面sadness 悲哀、忧伤function 运转、起作用patience 耐心、忍耐力nationality 国籍aim 目标、目的transport 运输、运送observe 观察、观测disadvantage 不利、不利条件staff 员工、全体工作人员survival 幸存、残存、生存shelter 遮蔽、庇护所philosophy 哲学limit边界、限度ferry 渡船minibus 小巴cyclist 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马达、发动机figure 数字、数目go up 上升engine 发动机、引擎per 每每一centigrade 摄氏(度)addicted 沉溺于……的admit 承认、供认on average 通常occupy 居住、占有somehow 以某种方式whichever 无论哪个suit 适合damage 损害、损失nowhere 无处、任何地方都不crossing 交叉路口、人行横道tunnel 地道、隧道plus 加、加上frequent 时常发生的fare 票价、车费必修四motivate 使有动机,促使,激发motivation 动力诱因technique 技术技巧native 出生地的本土的fluently 流利地achievement 完成成就put off 推迟percentage 百分比百分率exist 存在生存at present 目前现在variety 种类品种alien 外国的异族的bow 鞠躬点头致意passer-by 经过的人过路人applause 鼓掌喝彩Latin 拉丁语拉丁系语言Roman 古罗马人罗马城defeat 战胜击败earn 挣得赚得wallet 皮夹子钱包out of work 失业beg 乞讨恳求determine 确定决定enjoyable 使人快乐的second-hand 旧的用过的二手的concern 关于关系到hardworking 勤奋的dormitory 寝室宿舍pleased 高兴的满意的give away 赠送给泄露(秘密) aware 力知道的意识到的drop out 退出退学businessman 商人实业家stove 炉子drunk (酒)醉的journalist 新闻工作者记者greedy 贪婪的贪心的popcorn 爆玉米花cigarette 香烟resolution 决心要做的事rude 粗鲁的无礼的armchair 扶手椅carpet 地毯vase 花瓶bargain 便宜货讨价还价cash 现金现款product 产品出品fax 传真scarf 围巾头巾披巾necklace 项链项圈enthusiastic 很感兴趣的热情的ashamed 羞耻的firm 坚定的稳固的aggressive 好斗的有进取心的groceries 食品杂货clothing 衣服annoy 打搅使烦恼salesgirl 女售货员salesman 男售货员男推销员blouse 女衬衫boot 长筒靴leather 皮革vest 内衣汗背心comment 评论评价amusement 乐趣娱乐活动diamond 金刚石钻石cookie 饼干小点心appeal 吸引引起兴趣;呼吁恳求approximately 近似地大约地soil 泥土土壤contain 包含含有balance 平衡remove 移开挪走*erosion 土壤侵蚀importance 重要(性)crop 农作物庄稼economy 经济puzzle 使困惑valley 谷山谷homeland 祖国家乡motherland 祖国家乡behave 举止表现advance 取得进展改进software 电脑软件practical 实际的实践的laptop 笔记本电脑mobile phone 移动电话useless 无用的无效的headphone 头戴式受话机耳机wire 金属丝金属线bath 浴缸洗澡signal 信号暗号freedom 自由photography 摄影术摄影credit card 信用卡automatic 自动的focus 焦点中心flash闪光闪烁闪光灯noisy 嘈杂的喧闹的customer 顾客cleaner 清洁工人清洁器refrigerator (电)冰箱translation 翻译electric 与电有关的用电的kettle 水壶contact 接触联系truly 准确地真正地textbook 课本教科书disk 磁盘replace 代替取代rhyme 韵律节奏media 大众传媒chat 闲谈聊天quiz 问答比赛(游戏)opera 歌剧current 当前的现在的affair 事情事件photographer 摄影师paparazzi 狗仔队bomb 炸弹explode 爆炸agenda 议程nation 国家民族political 政治的widespread 广泛的poverty 贫穷穷困electricity 电AIDS 艾滋病sex 性别性行为administration 管理行政reform 改革改良demand: 要求请求debt 债务欠款belief 信仰信心信任painful 令人痛苦的host 主人;主办(国城市机构) announce 宣布宣告committee 委员会distinction 特质特点;区别application 申请(书);应用delighted 高兴的愉快的stand for 代表支持publish 出版发行incident 事件事情evidence 证明证据explanation 解释说明analyze 分析arise 发生出现blame 责怪归咎于willing 愿意的乐意的self 自我自身employ 雇用self-employed 自己经营的legal 合法的attempt 尝试试图defend 保卫防御;辩解argument争论争吵process 过程进程profit 利润收益in favor of 支持赞同analysis 分析encouragement 鼓励onto 到(在)……上attitude 态度看法dislike 不喜爱厌恶pretend 假装hire 租用雇用bush 灌木矮树respect 尊敬尊重disagreement 意见不一分歧channel (电视或电台)频道advertise 登广告classic 一流的传统式样的某种某些sew 缝缝制beer 啤酒corporation 公司brand 商标牌子suitable 合适的consist of 由……组成advertiser 广告人budget 预算visually 视觉地boom 迅速增长visual 视觉的视力的stand out 突出显眼concept 概念原则approach 方法方式humor 幽默contemporary 当代的contribution 捐助贡献citizen 市民niece 侄女甥女nephew 侄子外甥consideration 必须考虑的事bravery 勇敢innocent 天真无邪的;无罪的conclude 结束作出结论astronomer 天文学家spokesman 发言人sightseeing 观光游览greengrocer 蔬菜水果商as long as 只要fiction 小说虚构的事scene 场面场景trolleybus 无轨电车southwest 西南西南方fog 雾tire 轮胎muddy 泥泞的沾满泥的ankle 脚踝ambulance 救护车strawberry 草莓load 负荷物工作量ex-husband 前夫district 区行政区editor 编辑剪辑者ahead 在前面harmful 有害的yours 忠实地真诚地faithfully 失业(状态) unemployment 打断(某人的interrupt 讲话或动作);打扰tobacco 烟草烟叶anyhow 无论如何;随便地false 错误的不正确的environmental 自然环境的protection 保护防卫kangaroo 袋鼠steak 肉排鱼排roast 烤烘Big Ben 大本钟The River Thames 泰晤士河The Statue of Liberty 自由女神像the Great Barrier Reef 大堡礁soccer (英式)足球tipping 给小费owe 欠(债)apology 道歉认错absorb 吸收brief 短暂的简短的expectation 期待的事物预期get used to 习惯于bacon 腌猪肉熏猪肉slice 薄片片toast 烤面包;祝酒干杯waiter (餐厅)服务员waitress (餐厅)女服务员exchange 兑换交换cheque 支票wander 漫游闲逛mushroom 蘑菇tasty 美味的foggy 多雾的laughter 笑笑声majority 大半大多数reasonable 合理的正当的mosquito 蚊子northeast 东北东北方physician 内科医生book 预约预订modest 谦虚的适度的indicate 指示表明eastern 东部的curiously 好奇地movement 移动活动manners 礼貌lemon 柠檬informal 非正式的bowling 保龄球戏滚木球戏flashlight 手电筒cave 洞穴洞窟cosy 温暖舒适的novel (长篇)小说circus 马戏团give...a lift 给……搭车搭便车schoolmate 同学headmaster 校长jeep 吉普车blanket 毛毡毯子sheet 床单被单request 请求parcel 邮包包裹handkerchief 手帕纸巾canteen 食堂餐厅mailbox 信箱邮筒twin 双胞胎之一两个紧密相联的事物之一courtyard 庭院院子arrival 到达抵达familiar 熟悉的常见的aspect 方面splendid 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哪吒决战三太子作文英文回答:Nezha Conquers the Dragon King is a famous Chinese mythological tale that has been adapted into various formsof media, including films, TV shows, and books. The story revolves around the heroic Nezha, a young deity who confronts and defeats the Dragon King's third son.The tale begins with the Dragon King's third soncausing havoc in the mortal world by flooding villages and terrorizing the people. Nezha, being a protector of humanity, takes it upon himself to stop the chaos andrestore peace. He confronts the third son in an epic battle, showcasing his incredible powers and skills.During the battle, Nezha faces numerous challenges and obstacles. The third son, being a formidable opponent, uses his own powers to attack Nezha. However, Nezha's braveryand determination never waver. He fights with all his might,using his weapon, the Universe Ring, to defend himself and counter-attack.Nezha's victory over the third son is not only a triumph of good over evil but also a testament to the power of selflessness and sacrifice. In the midst of the battle, Nezha realizes that the third son is not inherently evil but rather a victim of circumstance. He understands that the Dragon King's son is merely following his nature as a water deity. With this newfound empathy, Nezha decides to spare the third son's life and offers him a chance for redemption.This act of compassion and forgiveness is what sets Nezha apart as a hero. He recognizes the importance of understanding and forgiveness, even in the face of adversity. Nezha's actions teach us valuable lessons about empathy, compassion, and the power of redemption.中文回答:《哪吒决战三太子》是一个著名的中国神话故事,已经被改编成了各种形式的媒体,包括电影、电视剧和书籍。
Attack the DragonH˚akan Englund and Alexander MaximovDept.of Information Technology,Lund University,P.O.Box118,22100Lund,SwedenAbstract.1Dragon is a word oriented stream cipher submitted to the ECRYPT project,itoperates on key sizes of128and256bits.The original idea of the design is to use a nonlinearfeedback shift register(NLFSR)and a linear part(counter),combined by afilter functionto generate a new state of the NLFSR and produce the keystream.The internal state ofthe cipher is1088bits,i.e.,any kinds of TMD attacks are not applicable.In this paper wepresent two statistical distinguishers that distinguish Dragon from a random source bothrequiring around O(2155)words of the keystream.In thefirst scenario the time complexity isaround O(2155+32)with the memory complexity O(232),whereas the second scenario needsonly O(2155)of time,but O(296)of memory.The attack is based on a statistical weaknessintroduced into the keystream by thefilter function F.This is thefirst paper presenting anattack on Dragon,and it shows that the cipher does not provide full security when the keyof size256bits is used.1IntroductionA stream cipher is a cryptographic primitive used to ensure privacy over a communication channel.A common way to build a stream cipher is to use a keystream generator(KSG)and add the plaintext and the output from the keystream generator,resembling a one-time pad.A block cipher is another cryptographic primitive,which could be considered as a one-to-one function,mapping a block of the plaintext to a block of the ciphertext.Although block ciphers are well studied, stream ciphers can offer certain advantages compared to block ciphers.Stream ciphers can offer much higher speed,and can be constructed to be much smaller in hardware,and thus they are of great interest to the industry.To mention a few of the most recent proposals of such word-oriented KSGs are,e.g.,VMPC[1],RC4A[2],RC4[3],SEAL[4],SOBER[5],SNOW[6,7],PANAMA[8], Scream[9],MUGI[10],Helix[11],Rabbit[12],Turing[13],etc.The NESSIE project[14]was funded by the European Unions Fifth Framework Program and was launched in2000.The main objective was to collect a portfolio of strong cryptographic primitives from differentfields of cryptography,one of thosefields was stream ciphers.During those three years of NESSIE new techniques for cryptanalysis on stream ciphers were found,and many new proposals were broken.After a few rounds of the project evaluation,all of the stream cipher proposals were found to contain some weaknesses.At the end,no stream cipher was included in thefinal portfolio.The situation clearly requires the cryptographic community devote greater attention to design and analysis of stream ciphers.Due to this reason,the European project ECRYPT announced a call for stream cipher primitives.35proposals were submitted to the project by April2005,and most of them were presented at the workshop SKEW2005[15]in May.Cryptanalysis techniques discovered during the NESSIE project have allowed to strengthen new designs greatly,and to break new algorithms has become more difficult.However,there are many good submissions to ECRYPT,and the stream cipher Dragon[16]is one of them.Dragon,designed by a group of researches,Ed Dawson et.al.,is a word oriented stream cipher based on a linear block(counter)and a nonlinear feedback shift register(NLFSR)with a very large internal state of1088bits,which is updated by a nonlinear function denoted by F.This function is also used as afilter function producing the keystream.The idea to use a NLFSR is quite modern,and there are not many cryptanalysis techniques on NLFSRs yet found.1This work is going to be presented at Indocrypt2005.This is thefirst work which propose an attack on Dragon.In a distinguishing attack one has to decide whether a given sequence(keystream)is the product of a cipher,or a truly random generator.In this paper we show how statistical weaknesses in the F function can be used to create a distinguisher for Dragon.Our distinguishing attack requires around O(2155)words of keystream from Dragon,it has time complexity O(2155+32)and needs O(232)of memory,an alternative method is also presented that only requires time complexity O(2155)but needs O(296) of memory.This is an academic attack which shows that Dragon does not provide full security when a key of size256bits is used,i.e.,it can be broken faster than exhaustive search.This kind of analysis is,perhaps,the most powerful attack on stream ciphers,and,in some cases,it can be turned into a key recovery attack.The outline of the paper is the following.In Section2a short description of the stream cipher Dragon is given.Afterward,in Section3,we derive linear relations and build our distinguisher.In Section4we summarize different attack scenarios on Dragon,andfinally,in Section5we present our results,make conclusions and discuss possible ways to overcome the attack.1.1Notations and AssumptionsFor notation purposes we use⊕and to denote32bit parallel XOR and arithmetical addition modulo232,respectively.By x n we denote a binary shift of x by n bits to the right.We write x(t)to refer the value of a variable x at the time instance t.By P Expr we denote a distribution of a random variable or an expression“Expr”.To build the distinguisher,wefirst make two reasonable assumptions common for linear crypt-analysis:(a)Assume that at any time t the internal state of NLFSR is from the uniform distribution,i.e.,the words B i are considered independent and uniformly distributed;(b)Assume that the keystream words are independent.2A Short Description of DragonDragon is a stream cipher constructed using a large nonlinear feedback shift register,an update function denoted by F,and a memory denoted by M2.It is a word oriented cipher operating on 32bit words,the NLFSR is1024bits long,i.e.,32words long.The words in the internal state are denoted by B i,0≤i≤31.The memory M(counter)contains64bits,which is used as a linear part with the period of264.The cipher handles two key sizes,namely128bits keys and256bit keys,in our attack we disregard the initialization procedure and just assume that the initial state of the NLFSR is truly random.Each round the F function takes six words as input and produces six words of output,as shown in Figure1.These six words,denoted by a,b,c,d,e,f,are formed from words of the NLFSR and the memory register M,as explained in(1),where M=(M L||M R).a=B0b=B9c=B16(1)d=B19e=B30⊕M L f=B31⊕M RThe F function uses six Z232→Z232S-boxes G1,G2,G3,H1,H2and H3,the purpose of which is to provide high algebraic immunity and non-linearity.These S-boxes are constructed from 2This is rather a new way to design stream ciphers,when two independent linear and nonlinear parts are combined by afilter function.A similar idea is used in other proposals to ECRYPT,e.g.,stream cipher Grain and others.Fig.1.F-function.two otherfixed Z28→Z232S-boxes,S1and S2,as shown below.G1(x)=S1(x0)⊕S1(x1)⊕S1(x2)⊕S2(x3),G2(x)=S1(x0)⊕S1(x1)⊕S2(x2)⊕S1(x3),G3(x)=S1(x0)⊕S2(x1)⊕S1(x2)⊕S1(x3),H1(x)=S2(x0)⊕S2(x1)⊕S2(x2)⊕S1(x3),H2(x)=S2(x0)⊕S2(x1)⊕S1(x2)⊕S2(x3),H3(x)=S2(x0)⊕S1(x1)⊕S2(x2)⊕S2(x3),where32bits of input,x,is represented by its four bytes as x=x0||x1||x2||x3.The exact specification of the S-boxes can be found in[16].The output of the function F is denoted as(a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ),from which the two words a and e forms64bits of keystream as k=a ||e .Two other output words from thefilter function are used to update the NLFSR as follows B0=b ,B1=c ,the rest of the state is updated as B i=B i−2,2≤i≤31.A short description of the keystream generation function is summarized in Figure2.Input={B0||...||B31,M}1.(M L||M R)=M.2.a=B0,b=B9,c=B16,d=B19,e=B30⊕M L,f=B31⊕M R.3.(a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f )=F(a,b,c,d,e,f).4.B0=b ,B1=c5.B i=B i−2,2≤i≤31.6.M++7.k=a ||eOutput={k,B0,...,B31,M}Fig.2.Dragons’s Keystream Generation Function.3A Linear Distinguishing Attack on Dragon 3.1Linear Approximation of the Function FRecall,at time t the input to the function F is a vector of six words (a,b,c,d,e,f )=(B 0,B 9,B 16,B 19,B 30⊕M L ,B 31⊕M R ).The output from the function is (a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ).To simplify further expressions let us introduce new variables.⎧⎪⎪⎪⎨⎪⎪⎪⎩b =b ⊕a =B 9⊕B 0c =c (a ⊕b )=B 16 (B 9⊕B 0)d =d ⊕c =B 19⊕B 16f =f ⊕e =B 30⊕B 31⊕M L ⊕M R(2)If the words denoted by B s are independent,then these new variables will also be independent (since B 19is independent of B 16and random,then d is independent and random as well;similarly,independence of B 16lead to the independence of c ,etc.).The output from F can be expressed via (a,b ,c ,d ,e,f )as follows.⎧⎪⎪⎨⎪⎪⎩a=(a f )⊕H 1(b ⊕G 3(e d ))⊕ (f ⊕G 2(c )) c ⊕H 2(d ⊕G 1(a f )) e =(e d )⊕H 3(f ⊕G 2(c ))⊕ (d ⊕G 1(a f )) (a f )⊕H 1(b ⊕G 3(e d ))(3)Let us now analyze the expression for a .The variable b appears only once (in the input ofH 1),which means that this input is independent from other terms of the expression,i.e.,the term H 1(...)can be substituted by H 1(r 1),where r 1is some independent and uniformly distributed random variable.Then,the same will happen with the input for H 2.We would like to approximate the expression for a asa =a ⊕N a ,(4)where N a is some non uniformly distributed noise variable.If we XOR both sides with a and then substitute a with the expression from (3),we derive N a =a ⊕(a f )⊕H 1(r 1)⊕ (f ⊕G 2(c )) (c ⊕H 2(r 2)) .(5)Despite the fact that G and H are Z 232→Z 232functions,they are not likely to be one-to-one mappings,consider the way the S -boxes are used as Z 28→Z 232functions 3.It means that even if the input to a G or a H function is completely random,then the output will still be biased.Moreover,the output from the expressions (x ⊕G i (x )and similarly x ⊕H i (x ))is also biased,since x in these expressions plays a role of an approximation of the G i and the H i functions.These observations mean that the noise variable N a ,is also biased if the input variables are independent and uniformly distributed.By a similar observation,the expression for e can also be approximated as follows.e =e ⊕N e ,(6)where N e is the noise variable.The expression for N e can similarly be derived as N e =e ⊕(e d )⊕H 3(r 3)⊕ (d ⊕G 1(a )) (a ⊕H 1(r 4) ,(7)where a =a f is a new random variable,which is also independent since it has f as its component,and f does not appear anywhere else in the expression (7).The two new variables r 3and r 4are also independent and uniformly distributed random variables by a similar reason.3The cipher Turing uses similar Z 232→Z 232functions based on Z 28→Z 232S -boxes,which can be regarded as a source of weakness.However,no attack was found on Turing so far.3.2Building the DistinguisherThe key observation for our distinguisher,is that one of the input words to thefilter function F, at time t is partially repeated as input to F at time t+15,i.e.,e(t+15)=a(t)⊕M(t+15)L.(8) Let us consider the following sum of two words from the keystream.s(t)=a (t)⊕e (t+15)=(a(t)⊕N(t)a)⊕(a(t)⊕M(t+15)L ⊕N(t+15)e)=N(t)a⊕N(t+15)eN(t)tot⊕M(t+15)L(9)By this formula we show how to sample from a given keystream,so that the samples s(t)arefrom some nonuniform distribution P Dragon of the noise variable N(t)tot(later also referred as PN(t)tot ).Collected samples s(t)form a so-called type P Type,or an empirical distribution.Then,we have two hypothesis:H1:P Type is drawn according to P DragonH2:P Type is drawn according to P Random.(10)To distinguish between them with negligible probability of error(whether the samples are drawn from the noise distribution P Dragon or from the uniform distribution P Random),the type should be constructed from the following number of samplesN≈1/ 2,(11)where is the bias,calculated as=|P Dragon−P Random|=232−1x=0|P Dragon(x)−P Random(x)|.(12)When the type P Type is constructed,a common tool in statistical analysis is the log-likelihood test.The ratio I is calculated asI=D(P Type||P Random)−D(P Type||P Dragon)=232−1x=0P Type(x)log2P Dragon(x)P Random(x),(13)where D(·)is the relative entropy defined for any two distributions P1and P2asD(P1||P2)=x∈ΩP1(x)log2P1(x)P2(x),(14)whereΩis the probability space.Finally,the decision ruleδ(P Type)is the followingδ(P Type)=H1,if I≥0H2,if I<0.(15)For more on statistical analysis and hypothesis testing we refer to,e.g.,[17,18].The remaining question is how to deal with the counter value M L.Below we present a set of possible solutions that one could consider.(1)One possible solution would be to guess the initial state of the counter M(0)(in total264combinations),and then construct264types from the given keystream,assuming the value M(t)L in correspondence to the guessed initial value of M(0).However,it will increase the timecomplexity of the distinguisher by264times;(2)One more possibility is to guess the first 32bits M (0)R of the initial value of the counter M (0),i.e.,232values.If we do so,then we always know when the upper 32bits M L are increased,i.e.,at any time t we can express M (t )L as follows.M (t )L =M (0)L ∆(t ),(16)where ∆(t )is known at each time,since M (t )R is known.Recall from (9),the noise variableN (t )tot is expressed as s (t )⊕M (t +15)L .However,this expression can also be approximated ass (t )⊕(M (0)L ∆(t +15))→s (t )⊕(M (0)L ⊕∆(t +15))⊕N 2,(17)where N 2is a new noise variable due to the approximation of the kind “ ⇒⊕”.Since M (0)L can be regarded as a constant for every sample s (t ),it only “shifts”the distribution,but willnot change the bias.Consider that a shift of the uniform distribution is again the uniform distribution,so,the distance between the noise and the uniform distributions will remain the same.This solution requires O (232)guesses,and also introduce a new noise variable N 2;(3)Another possible solution could be to consider the sum of two consecutive samples s (t )⊕s (t +1).Since M L changes slowly,then with probability (1−2−32)we have M (t )L =M (t +1)L ,and this term will be eliminated from the expression for that new sample.Unfortunately,this methodwill decrease the bias significantly,and then the number of required samples N will be much larger than in the previous cases.In our attack we tried different solutions,and based on simulations we decided to choose solution (2)for our attack,as it has the lowest attack complexity.3.3Calculation of the Noise DistributionConsider the expression for the noise variable s (t )⊕M (t +15)L =N (t )a ⊕N (t +15)e .For simplicity in the formula,we omit time instances for variables.N (t )tot =N (t )a ⊕N (t +15)e =(a f )⊕(a d )⊕H 1(r 1)⊕H 3(r 3)⊕ f ⊕G 2(c ) c ⊕H 2(r 2) ⊕ d ⊕G 1(a ) a ⊕H 1(r 4)(18)We propose two ways to calculate the distribution of the total noise random variable N (t )tot .Lets truncate the word size by n bits (when we consider the expression modulo 2n ),then in the first case the computational complexity is O (24n ).This complexity is too high and,therefore,requires the noise variable to be truncated by some number of bits n 32,much less than 32bits.The second solution has a better complexity O (n 2n ),but introduces two additional approximations into the expression,which makes the calculated bias smaller than the real value,i.e.,by this solution we can verify the lower bound for the bias of the noise variable.Below we describe two methods andgive our simulation results on the bias of the noise variable N (t )tot .(I)Consider the expression (18)taken by modulo 2n ,for some n =1...32.Then the distribu-tion of the noise variable can be calculated by the following steps.a)Construct three distributions,two of them are conditionedP (G 2(c )mod 2n |c ),P (G 1(a )mod 2n |a ),P (H 1(x )mod 2n )4.The algorithm requires one loop for c (a and x )of size 232.The time required is O (3·232);4If the inputs to the H i functions is random,their distributions are the same,i.e.,P H 1=P H 2=P H 3.b)Afterwards,construct two moore conditioned distributionsP(d ⊕G1(a )) (a ⊕H1(r4))mod2n|d )and P(f ⊕G1(c )) (c ⊕H2(r2))mod2n|f ).This requires four loops for d ,a ,x(=G1(a )mod2n),and y(=H1(r4)mod2n), which takes time O(24n)(and similar for the second distribution);c)Then,calculate another two conditioned distributionsP(Expr1|a)=P((a f )⊕(f ⊕G1(c )) (c ⊕H2(r2))mod2n|a),P(Expr2|a)=P((a d )⊕(d ⊕G1(a )) (a ⊕H1(r4))mod2n|a).Each takes time O(23n);d)Finally,combine the results,partially using FHT,and then calculate the bias of thenoise:P Ntot =P(Expr1|a)⊕P(Expr2|a)⊕P H1⊕P H3.This will take time O(23n+3n·2n).This algorithm calculates the exact distribution of the noise variable taken modulo2n,and has the complexity O(24n).Due to such a high computational complexity we could only manage to calculate the bias of the noise when n=8and n=10:I|n=8=2−80.59I|n=10=2−80.57.(19)(II)Consider two additional approximations of the second to⊕in(18).Then,the total noise can be expressed asN(t)tot=H1(r1)⊕H2(r2)⊕H3(r3)⊕H1(r4)⊕G2(c )⊕c⊕G1(a )⊕a⊕N3⊕N2,a⊕N2,e,whereN3=(a f )⊕(a d )⊕f ⊕d ,and N2,a and N2,e are two new noise variables due to the approximation ⇒⊕,i.e., N2,a=(x y)⊕(x⊕y),for some random inputs x and y,and similar for N2,e.Introduction of two new noise variables will statistically make the bias of the total noise variable smaller, but it can give us a lower bound of the bias,and also allow us to operate with distributions of size232.First,calculate the distributions P(Hi),P(G1(a )⊕a )and P(G1(c )⊕c ),each taking timeO(232).Afterward,note that the expressions for N2,a,N2,e and N3belong to the class of pseudo-linear functions modulo2n(PLFM),which were introduced in[19].In the same paper,algorithms for construction of their distributions were also provided,which take time around O(δ·2n),for some smallδ.The last step is to perform the convolution of precomputed distribution tables via FHT in time O(n2n).Algorithms(PLFM distribution construction and computation of convolutions)and data structures for operating on large distributions are given in[19].If we consider n=32,then the total time complexity to calculate the distribution table for N tot will be around O(238)operations,which is feasible for a common PC.It took us a few days to accomplish such calculations on a usual PC with memory2Gb and2×200Gb of HDD,and the received bias of N tot wasII|n=32=2−74.515.(20)If we also approximate(M(0)L ∆(t))→(M(0)L⊕∆(t))⊕N2,and add the noise N2to N tot,we receive the bias∆II|n=32=2−77.5,(21) which is the lower bound meaning that our distinguisher requires approximately O(2155) words of the keystream,according to(12).4Attack ScenariosIn the previous section we have shown how to sample from the given keystream,where32bit sam-ples are drawn from the noise distribution with the bias ∆II|n=32=2−77.5.I.e.,our distinguisher needs around O(2155)words of the keystream to successfully distinguish the cipher from random. Unfortunately,to construct the type correctly we have to guess the initial value of the linear partof the cipher,the lower32bits M(0)R of the counter M.This guess increases the time complexity ofour attack to O(2187),and requires memory O(232).The algorithm of our distinguisher for Dragon is given in Table1.for0≤M(0)R<232P Type(x)=0,∀x∈Z232∆=0(or=−1,if M(0)R=0)for t=0,1,...,2155if(M(0)Rt)=0then∆=∆ 1s(t)=a (t)⊕e (t+15)⊕∆P Type(s(t))=P Type(s(t))+1I=x∈Z232P Type(x)·log2(P Dragon(x)/2−32)If I≥0break and output:Dragonoutput:Random sourceTable1.The distinguisher for Dragon(Scenario I).We,however,can also show that time complexity can easily be reduced downto O(2155),if memory of size O(296)is available.Assume wefirst construct a special table T[∆][s]=#{t≡∆mod264,s(t)=s},where the samples are taken as s(t)=a (t)⊕e (t+15).Afterwards,for each guessof M(0)L the type P Type(·)is then constructed from the table T in time O(296).Hence,the totaltime complexity will be O(2155+232·296)≈O(2155).This scenario is given in Table2.for0≤t<2155T[t mod264][a (t)⊕e (t+15)]++for M(0)R=0,...,232−1for∆=0,...,264−1for x=0,...,232−1P Type x⊕(∆ M(0)R) 32+=T[∆][x]I=x∈Z232P Type(x)·log2(P Dragon(x)/2−32)If I≥0break and output:Dragonoutput:Random sourceTable2.Distinguisher for Dragon with lower time complexity(Scenario II).5Results and ConclusionsTwo versions of a distinguishing attack on Dragon were found.Thefirst scenarios requires a computational complexity of O(2187)and needs memory only O(232).However,the second scenario has a lower time complexity around O(2155),but requires a larger amount of memory O(296).These attacks show that Dragon does not provide full security and can successfully be broken much faster than the exhaustive search,when a key of256bits is used.From the specification of Dragon we also note that the amount of keystream for an unique pair initialization vector(IV)and key is limited to264.However,since our attack is based on statistical weaknesses in the F function,it is independent of the key,i.e.,our attack can be performed by observing several frames with different pairs of the key and IVs.I.e.,our distinguisher has to collect data from2155−64=291pairs of key and IV in order to be successful.Actually,our distinguisher consists of232subdistinguishers.If one of them says“this is Dragon”,then it is taken as the result of thefinal distinguisher.If all subdistinguishers output “Random source”,then the overall result is“Random”as well5.Below we give a few suggestions how to prevent Dragon from this kind of attack:1)The linear part M changes predictably,when the initial state is known.It might be moredifficult to mount the attack if the update of M would depend on some state of the NLFSR;2)Another leakage is that two words a ||e are accessible to the attacker.If we would have anaccess only to a ,or,may be,some other combination of the output from F(like,the outputa ||d ,instead),then it might also protect the cipher from this attack.However,both thesesuggestions have weaknesses for different reasons;3)One more weakness are poor G i and H i S-boxes.May be they can be constructed in a differentway,closer to some one-to-one mapping function.Several new stream cipher proposals are based on NLFSRs and this topic has been poorly investigate so far.We believe that it is important to study such primitives,since it could be an interesting replacement for the widely used LFSR based stream ciphers.References1. 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