1、to be process v1

Unit oneActive reading 1Teaching objectives●Different types of degrees ( bachelors, masters, doctors)●Characteristics of Generation X and Generation Y/Grunt●Highlighting different aspects of a problem●ResumeWarming-up activity1.Read the passage in activity 1 and work in groups to discuss the topic.2.Based on your experience and knowledge, discuss the differences of a good job and a job. Useful expressions & language pointsgalvanize vt.Shock or affect someone enough to produce a strong and immediate reaction使振奋；刺激；使（某人）震惊或激动（并采取行动）e.g. His speech yesterday galvanized many workers into action.他昨天的演讲激励不少工人行动起来了。

fraught adj.very worried and with a lot of problems 忧虑的；焦虑不安的e.g. 1. After his speech, there was a fraught silence.他发言后，出现了一阵令人焦虑不安的沉默。

2. She sounded a bit fraught. 她听上去有点儿忧心忡忡。

clutch vt.hold sb. or sth. firmly 紧抓；紧握e.g. 1. The mother clutched her baby in her arms.母亲紧紧地把婴儿抱在怀里。

新视野⼤学英语4Unit1SectionA单词新视野⼤学英语4 Unit1 SectionA 单词 《新视野⼤学英语教材》是国务院批准的教育部“⾯向21世纪振兴⾏动计划”的重点⼯程“新世纪⽹络课程建设⼯程”项⽬之⼀，由郑树棠教授为项⽬总责任⼈和教材总主编。

下⾯⼩编为⼤家带来新视野⼤学英语4 Unit1 SectionA 单词，希望⼤家喜欢！ 新视野⼤学英语4 Unit1 SectionA 单词篇1 Unit1 SectionA单词 来⾃东油英语 00:00 03:02 New Words fallacy [flsi] n.an idea or belief that is false but that many people think is true 谬论;谬见 pact [pkt] n. an agreement between two or more people or organizations in which they promise to do sth. 协定;契约;盟约;条约 shrewd [rud] a. 1 able to judge people and situations very well and make good decisions (⼈)精明的，机敏的 2 well judged and likely to be right (决定和判断)准确的，英明的 well-off [wlf] a. rich, or having enough money to live well 富裕的;有钱的 dye [da] vt. change the color of sth. such as clothing or your hair using a particular substance 给…染⾊ makeup [mekp] n. 1 substances that people put on their faces, including their eyes and lips, in order to look attractive or change their appearance 化妆品 2 the people or things that combine to form a single group or whole 组成;构造;结构 elite [lit, elit] a. of or relating to the best or most skillful people in a group 精英的;精锐的 n. a group of people who have a lot of power and influence because they have money, knowledge, or special skills (社会)精英;上层⼈⼠ a. 1 full of happiness and love, in a way that shows in your face and makes you look attractive 容光焕发的;喜悦的 2 very bright 灿烂的;明亮的 counterpart [kantrpɑ:rt] sb. or sth. that has the same job or purpose as another person or thing, but in a different place, time, situation, or organization 职务相当的⼈;职能相当的物 pearl [p:rl] n. 1 wise remarks - used esp. when you really think that sb.’s remarks are slightly stupid 有见识的.评说，智慧的结晶(尤为反话) 2 a small round jewel that is typically white and shiny and that grows inside the shell of an oyster 珍珠 banner [bn] a. excellent, extremely successful 极好的;⾮常成功的 n. a wide piece of cloth with a message on it, often stretched between two poles 横幅;横幅标语 situated [stuetd] a. be in a particular place; located 位于…;坐落于… expressway [ksprswe] n. a wide road with several lanes of traffic going in each direction, built for fast travel over long distances ⾼速公路 venue [vnju] n. a place where an activity or event happens (事件的)发⽣地点;(活动的)场所 luminous [lumns] a. 1 very bright 很明亮的;灿烂的 2 shining in the dark 发光的;夜明的 stereo [sterio] n. a machine for playing records, CDs, etc. that produces sound from two speakers ⽴体声响(设备) pedal [pdl] n. a part that you push with your foot in order to operate a bicycle, vehicle, or machine (⾃⾏车、车辆或机器的)脚踏板 gum [ɡm] n. 1 ⼝⾹糖 2 the firm pink flesh in your mouth that your teeth are fixed into ⽛龈;齿龈 staple [stepl] n. 1 a regular and important part or feature of sth. 主要内容;基本特点 2 订书钉 a. forming the greatest or most important part of sth. 主要的;最重要的 distort [dst:rt] vt. 1 change sth. such as information so that it is no longer true or accurate 歪曲;曲解 2 change the way sth. looks, sounds, or behaves so that it becomes strange or difficult to recognize 使变形;使失真;使反常 v. be unable to find an answer or think of a reply to a question or problem 使困惑;难倒 n. the part of a tree left above the ground after it has been cut through near the base 树桩;树墩 obesity [obisti] n. a condition in which sb. is too fat in a way that is dangerous for their health 过度肥胖;肥胖症 explanatory [ksplnt:ri] a. intend to help you understand sth. 说明的;解释的 underway [ndrwe] a. already started or happening 在进⾏中的 inference [nfrns] n. an opinion you form about sth. that based on information you already have 推理;推断;断定 analytical [nltkl] a. thinking about things in a detailed and intelligent way, so that you can examine and understand them 头脑周密的;善于分析的;分析的 conversion [knv:rn] n. the process of changing sth. from one form, purpose, or system to another 转变;改造;转换 premature [pri:mtr] a. 1 done too soon or too early (做事)过早的，过快的，草率的，仓促的，不成熟的 2 happening too soon or before the usual time 过早的;提早的 3 born before it should be (婴⼉)早产的 surpass [srps] vt. be even better or greater than sb. or sth. else 超过;胜过 premise [prms] n. 1 a principle or statement that you consider to be true, that you base other ideas and actions on 前提 2 the building and land that a business or organization uses (企业或组织使⽤的)房屋及⼟地，经营场所 tactic [tktk] n. a particular method or plan for achieving sth. ⽅法;策略;⼿法 flatter [flt] vt. praise sb. in order to get sth. you want, esp. in a way that is not sincere 奉承;阿谀;向…谄媚 flattery [fltri] n. praise that is not sincere but is intended to get you sth. that you want 恭维;奉承;阿谀;谄媚 discern [ds:rn] vt. 1 notice sth., esp. after thinking about it carefully or studying it (尤指仔细思考或研究之后)看出，察觉出，辨明 2 see or hear sth., esp. sth. that far away or not very clear 看到;听到;辨认出 crumble [krmbl] vi. stop existing or being effective 崩溃;⽡解;消失 v. break sth. into very small pieces, or be broken into very small pieces 弄碎;(使)成碎屑 flare [fler] vi. 1 suddenly become angry or violent 突然发怒;突然爆发 2 suddenly burn or shine brightly 突然烧旺;闪耀 3 become worse 恶化;加剧 proposition [prɑ:pzn] n. 1 an offer or suggestion, esp. involving business or politics (尤指涉及商业或政治的)提议，建议 2 a statement that people can examine in order to decide whether it is true 主张;观点;见解 petitioner [ ptn] n. 1 sb. who writes or signs a written request that asks sb. in authority to do sth. 请愿⼈;请求者 2 sb. who gives a court an offical document in which they ask it to take legal action 起诉⼈;(向法院)提出申请者 axe [ks] n. 1 a situation in which a government, a company, or an organization decides totend sth. or to get rid of a worker or their job 撤销;取消;解雇 2 a tool used for cutting down trees and cutting up large pieces of wood, consisting of a long wooden handle and a heavy metal blade 斧;斧头;长柄斧 ingenious [ndinjs] a. 1 good at inventing things and solving problems in new ways (⼈)有独创性的 2 cleverly made and well suited to its purpose (设备或计划等)别出⼼裁的，构思巧妙的 muscular [mskjl] a. 1 having large, strong muscles 肌⾁发达的;强壮的 2 relating to muscles 肌⾁的 retort [rt:rt] vt. reply immediately in angry or humorous way to sth. that sb. has said 反驳;回嘴 drip [drp] v. fall in drops 滴(⽔);漏(⽔) n. 1 the sound or action of a liquid falling in drops 滴答声;滴⽔声;滴下 2 one of the amall drops of liquid that fall from sth. 液滴 sarcasm [sɑ:rkzm] n. the activity of saying or writing the opposite of what you mean, or speaking in a way intended to make sb. else feel stupid or show them that you are angry 讽刺;嘲笑;挖苦 disclosure [dsklo(r)] n. a secret that sb. tells people, or the act of telling this secret 被公开的秘密;公开;透露;披露 Phrases and expressions make a pact reach an agreement 约好;达成协议 in exchange for giving one thing and receiving another in return 作为(对…的)交换(或替代) set a date for choose a particular day for sth. 为…定⽇期 appeal to 1 try to get sb. to do or accept sth. by making them think it is a sensible or fair thing to do 诉诸;唤起 2 have a character that makes a particular person interested; attract 吸引;感染 make/draw an analogy between make a comparison between 在…之间做类⽐ make sth. out of sb./sth. change a person or thing into sth. else 使…变成… give sb. the axe 1 end a relationship abruptly 抛弃(恋⼈等);和某⼈⼀⼑两断 2 dismiss sb. from their job 解雇某⼈;开除某⼈ be dripping with sth. contain or be covered in a lot of sth. 满是…;充满/充溢… 新视野⼤学英语4 Unit1 SectionA 单词篇2 new words orthodox [':θdks] a. accepted by most people as the correct or usual idea or prctice 传统的;公认的;通常的 realm [relm] n. [C] 1 a particcular area of knowledge , experience, interest, etc. 领域;范围 2 a country ruled by a king or quean 王国 formulate ['f:mjuleit] vt. develop a plan, system, or proposal,etc.carefully, thinking about all of its details 构想，制定(计划，制度，建议等) layman ['leimn] n. [C] sb.who is not trained to a high or professional standard in a particular subject 门外汉;外⾏ stainless ['steinlis] a. 1 not spoiled by amything immoral or dishonest ⽆污点的;⽆瑕疵的;清⽩的 2 made of a type steel that does not trust 不锈钢的 incompetenc [in'kmpitns] n. [U] lack of skill or ability to do sth. correctly or well ⽆能⼒;不胜任;不胜职 accountability [,kaunt'bilti] n. [U] responsibility to sb. or for some activity 负有责任的;问责性 petty ['peti] a. 1 unkind and caring too much about small unimportant details ⼩⼼眼的;⼼胸狭窄的;只关注琐事的 2 small and unimportant ⼩的;琐碎的;不重要的 veto ['vi:tu] vt. 1 refuse to accept a particular plan or suggestion 不同意，反对 2 refuse to give offical permission to sth.,esp.sth .that other people or otganizations have aggred 否决 refute [ri'fju:t] vt. 1 prove that a statement or idea is not correct 驳倒;反驳 2 say that s statement or idea is not true or accurate without giving proof; deny 驳斥;否认 hypothesis [hai'pθisis] n. an idea that attempts to explain sth. but has not yet been tested or proved to be correct 假设;假说 hack [hk] v. 1 use a computer to connect to sb.else’s computer secretely and offen illegally ,so that you can find or change information on it ⾮法侵⼊ 2 cut sth. in a rough way, with a;ot of energy, or many times 劈;砍 stall [st:l] v. suddenly stop working because there is not enough power or speed to keep it doing 停⽌运动，熄⽕ vi. deliberately delay because you are not ready to do sth .,answer questions,etc. 故意拖延 vt. make sub. wait or stop sth. from happening until you are ready 拖住;拖延 trigger ['triɡ] vt. make sth .happen very quickly 使发⽣;引发;激发 n. [C] the part of a gun that you pull with you pull with your finger to fire it 扳机 hacker ['hk] n. [C] sb.who uses a computer to connect to other people’s computers secretly and often illegally, so that they can find or change information ⾮法侵⼊他⼈计算机者;⿊客 rivalry ['raivlri] n. [C,U] a situation in which people, teams, businesses, etc. compete with one another 竞争;对抗 partition [pɑ:'tin] vt. divide a room or vehicle with a partition ⽤阻隔物隔开 n. [C] a wall,screen,or piece of glass used to separate one area from another in a room or vehicle 阻隔物;隔板;隔墙 loop [lu:p] n. [C] a round shape or curve made by a line curling back toward itself 环形;圈 v. make a round shape or make sth.into a round shape 成圈;把...打成环 plaza ['plɑ:z] n. [C] 1 an area in a city where there are several shops and business 购物中⼼;商务街 2 a large open area with a hard surface in a city or town ⼴场 overstate [,uv'steit] v. talk about sth.in away that makes it seem more important,impressive, or severe than it really is 把...讲的过分;过分强调;夸⼤ prophet ['prfit] n. [C] 1 sb. who claims that they know what will happen in the future 预⾔者 2 a man who people in the Christian , Jewish,or Muslim religion believe has been sent by god to lead them and teach them their religious beliefs 先知;神使 testify ['testifai] v. 1 make a ststement about sth, you saw,know, or experienced, usu. given in a court of law 作证，证明 2 provide evidence that sth. exists or is true 证明，证实 testimony ['testimni] n. 1 [C,U] a formal ststement about sth. you saw,know, or experienced, usu. given in a court of law 证词 2[sing.,U] evidence that sth. exists or is true 证据;证明 recount [ri'kaunt] vt. say what happened 叙述 n. [C] an occasion when sth .is counted again, esp. the votes in an election 重新计算;重点选票 retention [ri'tenn] n. [U] 1 the act of keeping or storing sth. 保存 ;存放 2.the ability to keep workers or customers from living a company,or students from leaving a school保留，留住 retrieval [rtrivl] n.[U]1.the process of getting sth.back that was lost or not in its usual place 收回 2.(computing)the process of getting back information stored inside a computer in order to use in again检索 assault [slt] n.[C,U]1.a physical attack om sb.,or the crime of physically attacking sb.⼈⾝攻击 2.a strong spoken or written criticism of sb.else”s ideas,plans,ect.抨击 Vt.attack sb. Violently袭击 rape [rep] n.1[C,U]the crime of forcing sb. To have sex by using violence 2.[sing.]destruction of sth.,esp.the environment破坏 Vt.force sb. To have sex by using violence repel [ri'p e l ] / p >。

Generation and Exploitation of Procedural Animations« SimFonIA Animation Tools »V1.0Animation ExportBring life to your lessonsMove forward with industrial designCombine illustrations with your presentationsConvey your ideas to your customersTest your ideas in virtual realityEnergize your meetingsConvince your investors13, Avenue de Strasbourg67100 Illkirch-GraffenstadenWeb : www.simfonia.frE-mail : info.sat@simfonia.frTABLE OF CONTENTS1Exportation of videos (Xvid format) (3)2Export of animations in WebGL (5)2.1Generation (5)2.2Loading models and animations (8)2.3Overview of the interface (10)2.4Animation handling (11)2.5Handling of the 3D model (11)2.6Full screen (12)2.7Options of curves display (12)2.8Other functions (13)1 Exportation of videos (Xvid format)To produce a video from a SketchUp animation, click the button (If an animation is running, stop it before). The following window opens:Figure 1 : Video productionThe following parameters can be set:∙Time parameters of the video:o « Delta before begin »: sets the animation time at which the video will begin.o « Duration »: sets the length of the video in terms of animation time.∙Format de la vidéoo « FPS »: sets the number of frames per second.o « Width »: sets the horizontal resolution.o « Height »: sets the vertical resolution.Once your parameters are set, click the "OK" button. With the trial version a message warns you that the size of the video is limited.Figure 2 : Limited video size with the trial versionYou should then specify the path to the directory where the video and intermediate images (of type .Png) will be stored. During video generation, a DOS window informs the user of the progress of the process.Figure 3 : Progress of the video generation processWhen the video is recorded, a message asks if you want to keep or not the intermediate images. If you click No it will be irretrievably deleted (warning, they will not appear in your Recycle Bin). Note that with the trial version images are automatically deleted.Figure 4 : Handling of intermediate imagesYou can preview the video, which depends on the chosen options, by clicking the button .(A red frame then appears). This tool is used to validate elements positioning and camera point of views. Click the button again to clear the frame.Figure 5 : Video preview2 Export of animations in WebGL2.1 GenerationTo generate a WebGL animation of your SketchUp animation, click the button. Animationmust have been stopped before or a warning message appears. If the scene contains unnamed entities, or if the scene contains several entities of the same level with the same name, a message warns you that these entities were automatically renamed.Figure 6 : Automatic naming of entitiesWhen all entities are named, the following window opens.Figure 7 : Export WebGL Window∙If you want to create a file containing your 3D model, check the "Export Model" box.Indeed, as you can export multiple animations for a single 3D model, it may be that you have already created the file that corresponds to your 3D model from a previous export and in this case there is no point in re-export.∙Then give a name to the model, this is the name that will be given to the generated file ". Dae.gz".∙Then give a name to the animation, this is the name that will be given to the generated file “.anim.gz ".∙You can then write a text description of your animation that will appear in the WebGL page.∙Fill the field "Viewing time of animation" with the desired WebGL animation time.∙Fill in the "Simulation length" field the duration of the simulation you want to export (this is the simulation time shown in the top left when the movie is Playing).∙Check "Export Data" if you want to export data of the “PhysicControl” file. This will allow visualization of variables curves in the WebGL page.Do not put any accents, spaces or special characters in the names of the models and animations.The next window tells you that the export was successful and provides information about the path that contains the generated files.Figure 8 : Successful exportGenerated files:A WebGL export creates:∙The file that contains the model, with “.dae.gz”extension, in the directory “…\SATTemp\skp2wgl” only (if “ExportModel” was enabled in the export window).∙The file that contains the animation of the model, with “.anim.gz”extension, in the directory « …\SATTemp\skp2wgl\animations».∙The file that contains data from the PhysciControl file, with “.csv.gz“ extension, in the directory “…SATTemp\skp2wgl\animations” (only if “Export Data” was enabled).2.2 Loading models and animationsTo use the WebGL visualization tool (called Repository), one must first visit the site http://www.simfonia.fr/sawRepos/ with a browser to be either Google Chrome (for best results curves) or Mozilla Firefox. Then fill the fields with your identification parameters (email and license number).Figure 9 : Access to SAWThen click on "Add a New Model”, the following window opensFigure 10 : New model importationYou must enter a model name and a description. Choose them carefully because they will help you to navigate through the model import page. Click "Model file" to select a model of extension ".Dae.gz" on your hard drive. Then click on the button "Upload" to confirm the import.The model that has just been imported appears with the right name in the window of Figure 11.Figure 11 : Information on the imported modelClick "Add Animation" on the right of the model of interest to add a new animation.Figure 12 : Animation importA window opens and prompts you to enter a name and a description of the animation. Again, choose them carefully. Click on "Animation file" to select a model extension ".Anim.gz" on your hard drive. Click the "Data file" to select a data file extension ". Csv" (optional depending on whether or not you have a control file associated with the animation). Then click on the button "Upload" to confirm import.Figure 13 : Information on the imported animationYou can click on the button "Delete Model" to destroy a model (and therefore all the associated animations) or "Delete Animation" to destroy an animation.Click on "View models online" to access the WebGL page that allows you to see the animations of your model. Click "Logout" to logout of the web page.2.3 Overview of the interfaceThe 3D model must be loaded from the menu 1. The animation is then loaded with the menu 2.Figure 14 : WebGL interface1 3D Model loading2 Animation loading3 display of the WebGL animation4 Display area for curves5 Names and visibility of curves6 Short documentation7 Resetting the camera position 8 Choice of the background color 9 Model architecture and choice of display 10 Description of the current animation 11 Display of variables values A Animation control area B Animation speed choiceC Configuration (loop / realtime / step by step)D Current time2.4 Animation handlingTo launch the animation, click Play / Pause in the area A. At any time you can press the spacebar to pause (or resume) the animation. After a pause, you can rewind the animation from the beginning.The time course of the animation is displayed in the area D. The animation speed is set with the scrolling bar in Zone B.The configuration menu in Area C allows the user to enable modes: "Loop," "Step by step on curve" and "Real-Time" (these three modes can be activated together):∙If the mode "Loop" is enabled, the animation loops indefinitely∙If the "Real Time" mode is enabled, the animation will be dependent on the time of the simulation file. Warning, a physical phenomenon too fast or too long may not be noticed if this mode is enabled.∙When the animation is paused, it is possible to go step by step (forward or backward).The step is calculated from the previous step taking into account the current speed of the animation. If the mode "Step by step on curve" is enabled, then the step is that of the previous or next point of the simulation file.The current values of signals are displayed in area 11.You can click in the area 4 in order to move the animation to the desired location when it is paused (which is not mandatory but easier to handle). The red cursor will be placed on the mouse and all fields of the window WebGL (time, signal values) will be updated. You can also click the red slider and drag it from left to right to scroll through the animation.2.5 Handling of the 3D model3D model can be manipulated by moving the camera in the 3D scene:∙Zoom in / outUse the mouse wheel to zoom in or out. If your mouse has no wheel, hold down the Ctrl button on your keyboard and the left button of your mouse and then move it up to zoom forward or down to zoom out. This method is also effective to quickly perform important zooms.∙PanoramicPress and hold both Shift key and the left button of the mouse. Then move the cursor up or down to pan vertically and to the left or right to pan horizontally.∙RotationPress and hold the left mouse button and move the cursor up or down to rotate the camera around the horizontal axis and to the left or right to rotate around the vertical axis.∙Reset button (area 7)The reset button resets the camera position to obtain a complete view of the 3D model.NoteIf you zoom in your web page with your browser, the layout can be degraded. To restore the standard zoom on your web page in Google Chrome just do Ctrl +0.2.6 Full screenTo watch the movie in full screen, simply press the "F" key. Press again the "F" key to return to normal mode. At any time in full screen mode you can press the spacebar to pause or resume the animation. The model can be handled in full screen mode.2.7 Options of curves displaySimulation results are shown in real time and are synchronized with the advancement of animation. You can show or hide any curve. A curve will be displayed if the checkbox is checked.The two buttons above the list of curves allow you to change the visibility and scale of your graph:∙FitAdjusts the display to fully see selected curves (from the smallest to the largest value) ∙AllSelect / deselect all signalsYou can zoom and translate the current view of the graph:∙ZoomIn the area 4, hold the left mouse button and the Ctrl key to select a zoom box.∙TranslationIn area 4, hold the left mouse button and the Shift key to translate the graph.You can view the results with respect to time or in relation to any signal. The radio button to the left of each signal allows you to select the reference signal for the display (this is the signal that will be the x-axis). If you select the radio button "TIME", the curves are displayed as functions of time (mode x (t)). If you select the radio button of another signal all the curves are shown as functions of y (mode x(y)). In mode x (y), the red circle is displayed is the current point.Figure 15 : Display of the current point (mode x(y))2.8 Other functionsYou will find the hierarchical tree of your model in zone 9. You can hide any object by clearing the checkbox. The text description of the animation you created when you export your SketchUp model WebGL.You can change the color of the wallpaper from the menu 8.。

选择性必修二单词详解Unit 11．critical adj.批评的，批判性的；关键的；危急的(2)1)批判的;吹毛求疵的Students are encouraged to develop critical thinking instead of accepting everything they are told without questioning鼓励学生们养成批判性思维而不是毫无置疑地接受被告诉的一切。

2)重大的;严重的;关键的The first 24 hours after the operation are the most critical.术后24小时是最关键的。

These talks are critical to the future of the peace process.这些谈判对和平进程的前景至关要。

短语：be critical about 对...挑剔be critical to 对...关键be critical of 对...批判拓展：n. criticism批评;批判;指责(反praise);评论literary criticism文学评论n. critic 评论家，批评家v. criticize1) 批评;批判;指责(反praise )She does nothing but criticize and complain all the time.她什么也不做，只是一味指责和抱怨criticize sb forShe is always criticizing her friends for being selfish.她总是批评朋友自私。

2）评价，评论He criticized the American film favorably. 他对那部美国电影给予了好评。

2．trap vt.使落入险境；卡住，绊住n.陷阱，罗网；圈套；困境，牢笼(2)vt. 1)把...困住，使陷入困境Having been trapped in traffic, he was late for work因为交通堵塞，他上班迟到了。

pop upto appear in a place or situation unexpectedly 突然出现e.g.She was startled when Lisa popped up at the door all smiles.莉萨满面笑容地突然出现在门口时她吃了一惊。

You solved one problem and another would immediately popped up.你解决完一个问题，另一个问题又会马上冒出来。

tough adj.1.having or causing problems or difficulties 困难的；艰难的；棘手的e.g.Conditions are quite tough here.这里的条件很艰苦。

2.able to endure hardship; not easily defeated or injured 能耐劳苦的；不易击败的；不易受伤害的e.g.You need to be tough to survive in the jungle.你需吃苦耐劳才能在丛林中生存。

3.not easily cut, broken or worn out 强韧的；不易切开，打破或磨损的e.g.Tough glass is needed for windscreen.制造风挡需要钢化玻璃。

4.severe and unyielding 严厉的；强硬的e.g.He is an advocate of tough manners to deal with terrorism.他主张采取强硬措施应对恐怖主义。

More examples:a tough game 激烈的比赛a tough journey 艰辛的旅程a tough assignment 棘手的任务a tough criminal 凶恶的罪犯a tough guy 一个硬汉a tough character 坚韧的性格a tough steak 咬不动的牛排be set on doing sth.to be determined to do sth. 决心做某事e.g.She was set on going to Paris to spend her vacation.她决意要去巴黎度假。

unit1deviate | BrE ˈdiːvɪeɪt, AmE ˈdiviˌeɪt |intransitive verb偏离piānlí▸to deviate from one's beliefs/principles背离信仰/原则▸to deviate from a path/the truth/the topic of a conversation偏离路线/事实/话题preclude | BrE prɪˈkluːd, AmE priˈklud |transitive verb杜绝dùjué‹error›; 排除páichú‹suspicion›; 防止fángzhǐ‹identification›▸to preclude sb/sth from doing sth;阻止某人/某物做某事premier | BrE ˈprɛmɪə, AmE priˈmɪr |A.noun(head of government) 总理zǒnglǐ; (in UK) 首相shǒuxiàng; Australian (head of state) 州总理zhōu zǒnglǐ; Canadian (head of province) 省总理shěng zǒnglǐB.adjective最重要的zuì zhòngyào de ‹city, producer›▸ of premier importance头等重要的whereby | BrE wɛːˈbʌɪ, AmE (h)wɛrˈbaɪ | formalA.adverb凭此píng cǐ▸ a system whereby people could vote by telephone可供人们电话投票的系统B.conjunction因此civic | BrE ˈsɪvɪk, AmE ˈsɪvɪk |adjective① (municipal) 市政的shìzhèng de ‹officials, administration›; (of a city) 城市的chéngshì de ‹function, ceremony, occasion›② (of a community) 市民的shìmín de ‹pride, duties›patriotic | BrE ˌpatrɪˈɒtɪk,ˌpeɪtrɪˈɒtɪk, AmE ˌpeɪtriˈɑdɪk |adjective爱国的àiguó de▸ a patriotic song爱国歌曲clear-cut | BrE klɪəˈkʌt, AmE ˌklɪrˈkət |adjective① 明确的míngquè de ‹plan, idea›; 明显的míngxiǎn de ‹difference, problem›▸ the matter is not so clear-cut这件事不是很清楚② (sharp) 清晰的qīngxī de ‹outline, shape›▸ clear-cut features轮廓分明的容貌inhibit | BrE ɪnˈhɪbɪt, AmE ɪnˈhɪbət |transitive verb① (restrain, hinder) 抑制yìzhì ‹impulse›; 妨碍fáng'ài ‹person, behaviour›; 阻碍zǔ'ài ‹process, activity›▸ to inhibit sb from doing sth;妨碍某人做某事② Physiology, Biology 抑制yìzhìscholarly | BrE ˈskɒləli, AmE ˈskɑlərli |adjective① (erudite) 有学问的yǒu xuéwen de ‹person›▸ scholarly approach高深的方法▸ to lead a scholarly life过学者的生活② (academic) 学术的xuéshù de ‹publication, thesis, achievements›▸ to move in scholarly circles进入学术圈idiot | BrE ˈɪdɪət, AmE ˈɪdiət |noun傻瓜shǎguā▸ to act/talk like an idiot做事/说话像个傻瓜▸ to feel like an idiot感觉像个傻瓜▸ that idiot Martin马丁那个傻瓜bypass | BrE ˈbʌɪpɑːs, AmE ˈbaɪˌpæs |A.noun① (road) 旁路pánglù② Medicine 心脏搭桥手术xīnzàng dāqiáo shǒushùB.transitive verb① (avoid) 为…加设旁路wèi… jiā shè pánglù② (not consult) 越过yuèguo▸ he bypassed his supervisor and gave the report to the manager他越过主管直接把报告给了经理③ (circumvent) 避开bìkāi▸ the security measures could be easily bypassed安全措施很容易被钻空子④ (travel round) 绕过ràoguo▸ they bypassed the hotel and headed for the nearby bar他们绕过旅馆去了附近的酒吧⑤ Medicine 用旁通管取代yòng pángtōngguǎn qǔdài▸ surgery to bypass an artery用旁通管取代动脉的手术persecution | BrE ˌpəːsɪˈkjuːʃn, AmE ˌpərsəˈkjuʃ(ə)n |noun uncountable迫害pòhài▸ to be subjected to persecution遭受迫害misfortune | BrE ˌmɪsˈfɔːtʃuːn,ˌmɪsˈfɔːtʃ(ə)n, AmE ˌmɪsˈfɔrtʃ(ə)n |noun① uncountable (bad luck) 厄运èyùn▸ we had the misfortune to break down halfway我们真倒霉，半路车抛锚了▸ that's your misfortune你自认倒霉吧② countable (unfortunate event) 不幸的事bùxìng de shì▸ she had the misfortune to lose the sight of one eye她不幸一只眼失明了glamornoun魅力，吸引力glamorous | BrE ˈɡlam(ə)rəs, AmE ˈɡlæm(ə)rəs |adjective富有魅力的fùyǒu mèilì de ‹woman›; 令人向往的lìng rén xiàngwǎng de ‹occasion›▸ a glamorous job/evening dress令人向往的工作/迷人的晚礼服tragic | BrE ˈtradʒɪk, AmE ˈtrædʒɪk |adjective① (characterized by tragedy) 悲惨的bēicǎn de ‹effect, accident, death›▸ it is tragic that ……很可悲② (very sad) 悲伤的bēishāng de ‹face, look›; 令人悲痛的lìng rén bēitòng de ‹story, sight›③ Theatre, Literature 悲剧性的bēijùxìng de▸ a tragic hero/scene/ending/irony/flaw悲剧性的主人公/场景/结局/讽刺/缺点▸ tragic actor/actress男/女悲剧演员spur | BrE spəː, AmE spər |A.noun① usually plural Riding 踢马刺tīmǎcì▸ to dig or drive in one's spurs用踢马刺策马▸ to win one's spursfigurative 获得声誉② usually singular figurative (incentive) 激励jīlì▸ a spur to greater achievements争取更大成就的动力▸ on the spur of the moment一时冲动之下▸ a spur-of-the-moment decision一时冲动的决定③ Zoology (on bird's wing, cock's leg) 距jù④ = spur road⑤ = spur track⑥ Geology 支脉zhīmàiB.transitive verb present participle spurring past tense, past participle spurred① Riding 用踢马刺策…前进yòng tīmǎcì cè… qiánjìn ‹horse›▸ to spur one's horse into a trot用踢马刺策马小跑② figurative (urge) 激励jīlì ‹person, group›; 促进cùjìn ‹growth›▸ to cut interest rates to spur demand降低利率以刺激需求▸ to spur sb into action激励某人采取行动▸ spurred by the response, she …在这种反应的激励下，她…C.intransitive verbpresent participle spurring past tense, past participle spurred literary 策马飞奔cèmǎ fēibēn▸ to spur onward策马向前飞奔PHRASAL VERBspur ontransitive verb [spur sth/sb on, spur on sth/sb]① literal 用踢马刺策…前进yòng tīmǎcì cè… qiánjìn ‹horse›② figurative (urge) 激励jīlì▸ to spur sb on to try again/to greater efforts鞭策某人再次尝试/作出更大的努力▸ spurred on by ambition受野心的驱策optimism | BrE ˈɒptɪmɪz(ə)m, AmE ˈɑptəˌmɪz(ə)m | noun uncountable乐观lèguān▸ cautious/false optimism (about sth)（对某事）谨慎/错误的乐观dedication | BrE ˌdɛdɪˈkeɪʃn, AmE ˌdɛdəˈkeɪʃ(ə)n | noun① uncountable (devoted attitude) 奉献精神fèngxiàn jīngshen ▸ dedication to sb/sth;对某人/某事物的奉献精神② countable (in a book, work) 献词xiàncí▸ a dedication to sb给某人的献词③ uncountable Religion 奉献典礼fèngxiàn diǎnlǐ▸ the dedication of the church/temple/mosque奉献教堂/寺院/清真寺的典礼commend | BrE kəˈmɛnd, AmE kəˈmɛnd |A.transitive verb① (praise) 称赞chēngzàn▸ she was commended for bravery她因勇敢而受到表扬② formal (recommend) 推荐tuījiàn▸ to have much to commend it优点很多▸ to have little or almost nothing to commend it乏善可陈③ formal (entrust) 委托wěituō▸ to commend one's soul to God将灵魂托付给上帝B.reflexive verb① to commend oneself to commend oneself to sb;受到某人的欣赏shòudào mǒu rén de xīnshǎng② to commend itself to commend itself to sb;受到某人的欣赏shòudào mǒu rén de xīnshǎng▸ his work had commended itself to his superiors他的工作受到上级的赏识uphold | BrE ʌpˈhəʊld, AmE ˌəpˈhoʊld |transitive verb past tense, past participle upheld① Law 维持wéichí ‹verdict, sentence›② (maintain) 保持bǎochí ‹custom›③ (support) 支持zhīchí ‹person›▸ he fought the duel to uphold his family's honour他为了维护家族荣誉而决斗endeavour British, endeavor US | BrE ɪnˈdɛvə,ɛnˈdɛvə, AmE ənˈdɛvər |A.intransitive verb(try) 努力nǔlì▸ to endeavour to do sth;努力做某事B.noun① countable (attempt) 尝试chángshì▸ to make every endeavour to do sth想方设法做某事② uncountable (striving) 努力③ countable (undertaking) 事业shìyè▸ a political/military endeavour政治事业/军事活动statesman | BrE ˈsteɪtsmən, AmE ˈsteɪtsmən | noun plural statesmen政治家zhèngzhìjiādiligent | BrE ˈdɪlɪdʒ(ə)nt, AmE ˈdɪlədʒ(ə)nt | adjective① (hard-working) 勤奋的qínfèn de▸ to be diligent in sth/doing sth;在某事/做某事方面孜孜不倦② (committed, conscientious) 坚持不懈的diligently | BrE ˈdɪlɪdʒ(ə)ntli, AmE ˈdɪlədʒən(t)li | adverb勤勉地qínmiǎn de▸ to work or go about one's work diligently勤奋工作pursuit | BrE pəˈsjuːt, AmE pərˈsut |noun① uncountable (chasing, seeking) 追逐zhuīzhú▸ in pursuit of an escaped prisoner正在追捕逃犯▸ in hot pursuit紧追不舍▸ the pursuit of happinessfigurative 对幸福的追求② countable (interest, hobby) 爱好àihào▸ literary pursuits文学爱好ranch | BrE rɑːn(t)ʃ, AmE ræn(t)ʃ |noun牧场mùchǎng▸ a cattle ranch牧牛场▸ a mink ranch水貂养殖场prestige | BrE prɛˈstiː(d)ʒ, AmE prɛˈsti(d)ʒ | A.noun uncountable威望wēiwàngB.adjective attributive有声望的circuit | BrE ˈsəːkɪt, AmE ˈsərkət |noun① Electricity 电路diànlù▸ to complete/break the circuit接通/断开电路② (lap) 环行huánxíng▸ to do 15 circuits of the track绕跑道15圈③ (for motor racing, horse racing) [田径场的] 跑道pǎodào; (for athletics) 环道huándào④ (round trip) 巡游xúnyóu⑤ (regular round) 巡回活动xúnhuí huódòng; (of shows) 巡回表演xúnhuí biǎoyǎn; (of sports events) 巡回比赛xúnhuí bǐsài▸ to earn one's living on the lecture circuit靠巡回讲学谋生▸ the cabaret/tennis circuit卡巴莱歌舞巡回演出/网球巡回赛⑥ Law (journey) 巡回审判▸ to be on the circuit在进行巡回审判⑦ Law (district) 巡回审判区unprecedented | BrE ʌnˈprɛsɪdɛntɪd, AmE ˌənˈprɛsədən(t)əd | adjective空前的kōngqián de ‹cruelty, situation›▸ unprecedented economic growth前所未有的经济增长nominate | BrE ˈnɒmɪneɪt, AmE ˈnɑməˌneɪt |transitive verb① (propose) 提名tímíng ‹candidate›▸ to nominate sb for a position/for president提名某人就任某职位/为总统候选人▸ to nominate sb/sth for an award提名某人/某事获奖② (appoint) 任命rènmìng ‹person›▸ to nominate sb as sth;任命某人就任某职位▸ to nominate sb (as) chairman/to a position任命某人为主席/就任某职位▸ to nominate sb to do sth;指派某人做某事③ (specify) 指定zhǐdìng▸ to nominate sth as指定…为‹place, time›appoint | BrE əˈpɔɪnt, AmE əˈpɔɪnt |transitive verb① (name) 任命rènmìng▸ he has been appointed director他被任命为主任▸ to appoint sb as sth;任命某人担任某职务▸ to appoint sb to do sth;委派某人做某事② (specify) 确定quèdìng ‹time, place›③ (equip) 装设zhuāng shè▸ well appointed陈设齐全的abortion | BrE əˈbɔːʃn, AmE əˈbɔrʃ(ə)n |noun流产liúchǎn▸ to perform or carry out an abortion on sb给某人做人工流产手术▸ a spontaneous/an induced abortion自然/人工流产▸ a backstreet abortion非法堕胎expend | BrE ɪkˈspɛnd,ɛkˈspɛnd, AmE ɪkˈspɛnd |transitive verb① (devote, spend) 付出fùchū ‹effort, time, energy›; 耗费hàofèi ‹money, resources›▸ to expend sth on sth/doing sth;(devote) 在某事/做某事上付出某事物(spend) 在某事/做某事上花费某物zài mǒu shì/zuò mǒu shì shang huāfèi mǒu wù② (use) 耗费hàofèi ‹resources, fuel, ammunition›threat | BrE θrɛt, AmE θrɛt |noun① (verbal abuse) 恐吓kǒnghè▸ to make threats against sb对某人发出恐吓▸ to give in to threats屈服于恐吓▸ an empty or idle threat虚张声势的恐吓▸ it was no idle threat那可不是吓唬吓唬而已② (danger) 威胁wēixié▸ to pose a threat to sb/sth对某人/某物构成威胁▸ to be under threat (from …)受到（来自…的）威胁▸ under threat of在…的威胁下‹death, injury, punishment›③ (risk, possibility) 凶兆xiōngzhào▸ a security threat安全风险inward | BrE ˈɪnwəd, AmE ˈɪnwərd |A.adjective attributive① (towards the inside) 向内的xiàng nèi de▸ an inward curve内弯② (inner) 内心的nèixīn de▸ man's inward nature人的心性B.adverb= inwardsrobust | BrE rə(ʊ)ˈbʌst, AmE roʊˈbəst,ˈroʊˌbəst |adjective① (healthy, strong) 强壮的qiángzhuàng de ‹person›; 结实的jiēshi de ‹furniture›; 强劲的qiángjìng de ‹economy›; 旺盛的wàngshèng de ‹appetite›; 茁壮的zhuózhuàng de ‹plant›② (uncompromising) 坚定的jiāndìng de ‹defence, tactics›; 斩钉截铁的zhǎn dīng jié tiě de ‹reply›③ (strong) 醇厚的chúnhòu de ‹wine›; 浓郁的nóngyù de ‹aroma›; 浓烈的nóngliè de ‹smell›maintain | BrE meɪnˈteɪn,mənˈteɪn, AmE meɪnˈteɪn |transitive verb① (keep steady) 维持wéichí▸ to maintain good relations保持友好关系▸ to maintain world peace维护世界和平▸ we must maintain our position in the market我们必须保持我们的市场地位② (support) 供养gōngyǎng▸ to maintain a family of 6养活一个六口之家▸ a children's home maintained by the local authority由地方当局资助的儿童收养所③ (assert) 坚称jiān chēng▸ to maintain that …;坚持说…④ (look after) 保养bǎoyǎng ‹vehicle, machine, building›▸ to maintain a road养护道路slack | BrE slak, AmE slæk |A.adjective① (loose, limp) 松垂的sōngchuí de ‹rope›; 松弛的sōngchí de ‹muscles, skin›▸ to go slack松开sōngkāi▸ his mouth went slack他的嘴巴微张开来▸ to have a slack grip on sth对某物抓得不紧② derogatory (negligent) 懒散的lǎnsǎn de ‹worker, student›▸ to get or grow slack变得懒散▸ to be slack (in) doing sth/at or about sth;做某事/在某事物上马虎③ derogatory (lax) 松懈的sōngxiè de ‹organization, discipline›▸ to get or grow slack变得松懈④ (not busy) 萧条的xiāotiáo de ‹market, conditions›; 疲软的píruǎn de ‹sales›; 生意清淡的shēngyi qīngdàn de ‹week›▸ business/trading is slack生意/贸易不景气▸ the slack period/season (of the year)萧条期/（一年中的）淡季⑤ (sluggish) 缓慢的huǎnmàn de ‹current, pace›; 柔和的róuhé de ‹winds›; 缓慢流动的huǎnmàn liúdòng de ‹area of water›B.noun uncountable① (sag, looseness) 松弛sōngchí▸ there's too much slack (in the rope)（绳子）太松了▸ there's very little slack in the budget预算很紧▸ to take or pick up the slack收紧松弛处figurative 提高使用效率tígāo shǐyòng xiàolǜ▸ take up the slack!(in sail) 把帆收紧！▸ to cut (sb) some slackUS slang （对某人）宽容一些② figurative (lull, reduced activity) 松懈sōngxiè▸ there is no slack in my day我在工作日里根本没有空闲▸ to have little slack in the day整日不得空闲▸ economic slack, slack in the economy经济萧条▸ to pick up the slackEconomics 提振不景气的状况③ (coal) 煤屑méixièC.slacks plural noun便裤biànkù▸ a pair of slacks一条便裤D.intransitive verb▸ British informal to be slacking(be idle) 懒散lǎnsǎn(work slowly) 工作懈怠gōngzuò xièdài▸ stop slacking!别松松垮垮的！bié sōngsongkuǎkuǎ de ！E.transitive verb① (loosen) 松开sōngkāi ‹rope›② (reduce) 放缓fànghuǎn ‹pace›; 减少jiǎnshǎo ‹activity›PHRASAL VERBSslack offintransitive verb= slacken off B1slack upintransitive verb= slacken uptranscend | BrE trɑːnˈsɛnd, AmE træn(t)ˈsɛnd |transitive verb① (go beyond) 超越chāoyuè ‹limits, expectations, knowledge›▸ it's an issue that transcends petty party differences这个问题超越了无足轻重的党派分歧② (surpass, excel in) 胜过shèngguo ‹person, work, performance›▸ his latest novel transcends anything he has ever written before他的最近一部小说超越了他从前所写的任何作品▸ to transcend sb/sth in sth;在某方面优于某人/某事物③ Religion, Philosophy 超越于…而存在chāoyuè yú… ér cúnzài ‹material world, human experience›handicap | BrE ˈhandɪkap, AmE ˈhændiˌkæp |A.noun① (dated or offensive) (physical disability) 残障cánzhàng; (mental disability) 智障zhìzhàng② (disadvantage) 障碍zhàng'ài▸ (to be) a handicap to sb/sth（是）对某人/某事物的障碍③ Sport (race) 让步赛ràngbùsài④ Sport (penalty) [比赛中给较强选手设置的] 不利条件bùlì tiáojiàn▸ a time/weight handicap让时间/让磅⑤ (in golf) 差点chàdiǎn [指球手打球的平均杆数和标准杆数的差距]▸ to have a handicap of three差点为3B.transitive verb present participle handicapping past tense, past participle handicapped① literal 使残废shǐ cánfèi▸ to be handicapped by injury因伤致残② figurative 妨碍fáng'ài▸ to be handicapped by not being able to read吃了不识字的亏feat | BrE fiːt, AmE fit |noun功绩gōngjì▸ a feat of engineering非凡的工程。

单词：20分，10个二。

句子翻译：40分，8题1:P2A common method of analyzing an electrical network is mesh or loop analysis.The fundamental law that is applied in this method is Kirchhoff's first law,which states that the algebraic sun of thevoltages around a closed loop is0,or,in any closed loop,the sum of the voltage rises must equal the sum of the voltage drops.Mesh analysis consists of assuming that currents~termed loop currents~flow in each loop of a network,algebraically summing the voltage drops around each loop,and setting each sum equal to0.分析电网络的一般方法是网孔分析法或回路分析法。

应用于此方法的基本定律是基尔霍夫第一定律，基尔霍夫第一定律指出：一个闭合回路中的电压代数和为0，换句话说，任一闭合回路中的电压升等于电压降。

网孔分析指的是：假设有一个电流——即所谓的回路电流——流过电路中的每一个回路，求每一个回路电压降的代数和，并令其为零。

2: P17Alternatively,suppose that there had been attached to each pilot’s seat an electronic device that pr ovided an output voltage which is V1when the seat is occupied and V2when the seat is not occup ied.Let us attach the designation“true”to the voltage level V2so that the level V1is“false”.Let us further construct an electric circuit with two sets of input terminals and one set of output termi nals.The circuit is to have the property that the output voltage will be V2if and only if both inputs ,i.e.,one input AND simultaneously the other,are at the level V2.Otherwise the output is V1 Finally let us connect the inputs to the devices on the chairs of pilots A and B and arrange that an alarm bell,connected to the output Z,respond when the output is V2(“true”)and not otherwise. We have then constructed a circuit which performs the AND operation and is capable of making th e logical deduction that the plane is unpiloted when,indeed,both pilots leave the cockpit换句话说，假设每一位飞行员座位下面有一个电子装置，当座位上有人时，其输出电压为V1，当座位上无人时，其输出电压为V2。

必修IUnit 1重点单词和短语１、add up合计add up to…共计, 总计达add…to把…加在里面２、upset sb. 某人不安upset oneself about sth. 为某事而烦恼be upset at/about 因…而烦恼３、ignore sb./sth. 忽视，不理会be ignorant of 对…无知，不了解ignorant adj 无知的，愚昧的ignorance n 无知.愚昧４、calm vt.&vi. （使）平静；（使）镇定calm down 镇静, 平静calm sb. down 使某人镇静adj. 平静的；镇定的keep calm 保持镇静５、concern vt. 使担忧；涉及；关系到n. 担心；关注with concern 关切地show (no) concern for/about sb. 对某人(不)关心, concern oneself with/ in 参与，干涉be concerned with 与…有关系be concerned about/ for sth. /that-clause 为…担心，挂念As far as… be concerned 就某某而言concerning prep. 关于，有关６、walk the dog 遛狗７、go through 经历, 经受go through a hard time 经历了一段困难时期go through the baggage 检查行李go through the newspaper 浏览报纸go through lots of money 花了很多钱８、set down. 记下，放下set down the ideas on paper 把想法写在纸上set me down at the bus-stop 在车站让我下车９、a series of 一系列的, 一连串的a series of books 丛书 a series of stamps 一套邮票 a series of pictures 连环画10、on purpose 故意地= by design= deliberately by chance/accident= accidentallylie to sb. on purpose 故意向某人撒谎on purpose to do sth. 为了…而特地go there on purpose to see sb. 特意到那里去看某人for/with the purpose of 为了…地目的11、in order to/ so as to (do sth.) 为了, 以……为目的so as to “为了”, 只能用在句中。