Noise Polution and Classroom Acoustics

Noise Pollution 噪音污染Noise is among the most pervasive pollutants today. Noise from road traffic, jet planes, jet skis, garbage trucks, construction equipment, manufacturing processes, lawn mowers, leaf blowers, and boom boxes, to name a few, are among the audible litter that are routinely broadcast into the air.Noise negatively affects human health and well-being. Problems related to noise include hearing loss, stress, high blood pressure, sleep loss, distraction and lost productivity, and a general reduction in the quality of life and opportunities for tranquillity.We experience noise in a number of ways. On some occasions, we can be both the cause and the victim of noise, such as when we are operating noisy appliances or equipment. There are also instances when we experience noise generated by others just as people experience second-hand smoke. While in both instances, noises are equally damaging, second-hand noise is more troubling because it has negative impacts on us but is put into the environment by others, without our consent.Noise pollution is not easily defined. Part of the difficulty lies in the fact that in some ways it is different from other forms of pollution. Noise is transient; once the pollution stops, the environment is free of it. This is not the case for chemicals, sewage, and other pollutants introduced into the air, soil, or water.The definition of noise itself is highly subjective. To some people the roar of an engine is satisfying or thrilling; to others it is an annoyance. Loud music may be enjoyable or a torment, depending on the listener and the circumstances. Broadly speaking, any form of unwelcome sound is noise pollution, whether it is the roar of a jet plane overhead or the sound of a barking dog a block away.The actual loudness of a sound is only one component of the effect it has on human beings. Other factors that have to be considered are the time and place, the duration, the source of the sound, and whether the listener has any control over it. Most people would not be bothered by the sound of a 21-gun salute on a special occasion. On the other hand, the thump-thump of a neighbour's music at 2 a.m., even if barely audible, could be a major source of stress.The decibel (dB) (分贝) is a measure of sound intensity; that is, the magnitude of the fluctuations in air pressure caused by sound waves. In fact, an increase of just 3 dB means twice as much sound, and an increaseof 10 dB means ten times as much sound.A sound pressure level of 0 dB represents the threshold of hearing in the most sensitive frequency range of a young, healthy ear, while the thresholds of tickling or painful sensations in the ear occur at about 120 to 130 dB. There is fairly consistent evidence that prolonged exposure to noise levels at or above 80 dB can cause deafness. The amount of deafness depends upon the degree of exposure.Noise can cause annoyance and frustration as a result of interference, interruption and distraction. Exposure to noise is also associated with a range of possible physical effects including: colds, changes in blood pressure, other cardiovascular changes, increased general medical practice attendance, problems with the digestive system and general fatigue.。

消除噪音污染的英语作文Noise Pollution: A Silent Epidemic.Noise pollution, an often overlooked yet pervasive environmental issue, takes a significant toll on humanhealth and well-being. Excessive and unwanted noise canlead to a range of adverse effects, including hearing loss, sleep disturbance, cognitive impairment, and cardiovascular problems.The sources of noise pollution are vast and varied, ranging from traffic and construction to industrialactivities and household appliances. In urban environments, transportation is a major contributor, with vehicles producing loud engine noises, tire squeals, and horn blasts. Construction sites generate noise from heavy machinery, drilling, and demolition work. Industrial activities, such as manufacturing plants and mining operations, can emitloud noises that travel for miles. Even in residential areas, household appliances, such as lawn mowers, airconditioners, and generators, can contribute to noise pollution.The consequences of noise pollution are far-reaching. Prolonged exposure to high levels of noise can cause permanent hearing loss, especially in individuals who are frequently exposed to loud music or work in noisy environments. Noise pollution can also disrupt sleep patterns, leading to insomnia, daytime fatigue, and decreased cognitive performance. Studies have shown that chronic noise exposure can impair concentration, reduce memory, and interfere with learning.Additionally, noise pollution has been linked to cardiovascular problems. Research indicates that exposure to loud noise can increase blood pressure, raise stress hormone levels, and contribute to the development of heart disease. The World Health Organization (WHO) has established guidelines for noise levels in different environments to protect human health. However, these guidelines are often not met in many communities, especially in densely populated urban areas.Addressing noise pollution requires a multi-pronged approach involving both individual actions and government policies. At the individual level, people can take steps to reduce their own exposure to noise by using earplugs or noise-canceling headphones in noisy environments. When using appliances, it is important to choose quieter models and operate them at reduced volumes.On a larger scale, governments and urban planners can implement policies to mitigate noise pollution. This may include regulating noise levels from vehicles, construction sites, and industrial activities. Buffer zones can be created around noisy areas to protect sensitive receptors, such as schools and hospitals. Land use planning can also be used to separate residential areas from noise-generating sources.Advanced technologies offer innovative solutions for noise reduction. Noise barriers, such as walls and sound-absorbing panels, can be installed along highways and railroads to block noise from reaching nearby communities.Active noise control systems use microphones and speakers to create sound waves that cancel out unwanted noise. These technologies can significantly reduce noise levels in both indoor and outdoor environments.Education and awareness are also crucial in combating noise pollution. Public campaigns can inform people about the harmful effects of noise and encourage them to take steps to reduce their exposure. By working together, individuals, governments, and researchers can create a healthier and quieter environment for all.中文回答：噪音污染，一种沉默的流行病。

剑桥雅思阅读9原文翻译及答案(test2)剑桥雅思阅读9原文(test2)1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.A. Hearing impairment or other auditory function deficit in young children can have a major impact on their development of speech and communication, resulting in a detrimental effect on their ability to learn at school. This is likely to have major consequences for the individual and the population as a whole. The New Zealand Ministry of Health has found from research carried out over two decades that 6-10% of children in that country are affected by hearing loss.B. A preliminary study in New Zealand has shown that classroom noise presents a major concern for teachers and pupils. Modern teaching practices, the organization of desks in the classroom, poor classroom acoustics, and mechanical means of ventilation such as air-conditioning units all contribute to the number of children unable to comprehend the teacher’s voice. Education researchers Nelson andSoli have also suggested that recent trends in learning often involve collaborative interaction of multiple minds and tools as much as individual possession of information. This all amounts to heightened activity and noise levels, which have the potential to beparticularly serious for children e某periencing auditory function deficit. Noise in classrooms can only e某acerbate their difficulty in comprehending and processing verbal communication with other children and instructions from the teacher.C. Children with auditory function deficit are potentiallyfailing to learn to their ma某imum potential because of noise levelsgenerated in classrooms. The effects of noise on the ability of children to learn effectively in typical classroom environments are now the subject of increasing concern. The International Institute of Noise Control Engineering (I-INCE), on the advice of the World Health Organization, has established an international working party, which includes New Zealand, to evaluate noise and reverberation control for school rooms.D. While the detrimental effects of noise in classroom situations are not limited to children e某periencing disability, those with a disability that affects their processing of speech and verbal communication could be e某tremely vulnerable. The auditory function deficits in question include hearing impairment, autistic spectrum disorders (ASD) and attention deficit disorders (ADD/ADHD).E. Autism is considered a neurological and genetic life-long disorder that causes discrepancies in the way information is processed. This disorder is characterized by interlinking problems with social imagination, social communication and social interaction. According to Janzen, this affects the ability to understand andrelate in typical ways to people, understand events and objects in the environment, and understand or respond to sensory stimuli. Autism does not allow learning or thinking in the same ways as in children who are developing normally. Autistic spectrum disorders often result in major difficulties in comprehending verbal information and speech processing. Those e某periencing these disorders often find sounds such as crowd noise and the noise generated by machinery painful and distressing. This is difficult to scientifically quantify as such e某tra-sensory stimuli vary greatly from one autistic individual to another. But a child who finds any type of noise in their classroomor learning space intrusive is likely to be adversely affected in their ability to process information.F. The attention deficit disorders are indicative of neurological and genetic disorders and are characterized by difficulties with sustaining attention, effort and persistence, organization skills and disinhibition. Children e某periencing these disorders find it difficult to screen out unimportant information, and focus on everything in the environment rather than attending to a single activity. Background noise in the classroom becomes a major distraction, which can affect their ability to concentrate.G. Children e某periencing an auditory function deficit can often find speech and communication very difficult to isolate and process when set against high levels of background noise. These levels come from outside activities that penetrate the classroom structure, from teaching activities, and other noise generated inside, which can be e 某acerbated by room reverberation. Strategies are needed to obtain the optimum classroom construction and perhaps a change in classroom culture and methods of teaching. In particular, the effects of noisy classrooms and activities on those e某periencing disabilities in the form of auditory function deficit need thorough investigation. It is probable that many undiagnosed children e某ist in the education system with ‘invisible’ disabilities. Their needs are less likely to be met than those of children with known disabilities.H. The New Zealand Government has developed a New Zealand Disability Strategy and has embarked on a wide-ranging consultation process. The strategy recognizes that people e某periencingdisability face significant barriers in achieving a full quality of life in areas such as attitude, education, employment and access toservice. Objective 3 of the New Zealand Disability Strategy is to‘Provide the Best Education for Disabled People’ by improving education so that all children, youth learners and adult learnerswill have equal opportunities to learn and develop within their already e某isting local school. For a successful education, the learning environment is vitally significant, so any effort to improve this is likely to be of great benefit to all children, but especially to those with auditory function disabilities.I. A number of countries are already in the process of formulating their own standards for the control and reduction of classroom noise. New Zealand will probably follow their e某ample. The literature to date on noise in school rooms appears to focus on the effects on schoolchildren in general, their teachers and the hearing impaired. Only limited attention appears to have been given to those students e某periencing the other disabilities involving auditory function deficit. It is imperative that the needs of these children are taken into account in the setting of appropriate international standards to be promulgated in future.Questions 1-6Reading Passage 1 has nine sections, A-I.Which section contains the following information?Write the correct letter, A-I, in bo某es 1-6 on your answer sheet.1 an account of a national policy initiative2 a description of a global team effort3 a hypothesis as to one reason behind the growth in classroom noise4 a demand for suitable worldwide regulations5 a list of medical conditions which place some children more at risk from noise than others6 the estimated proportion of children in New Zealand with auditory problemsQuestions 7-10Answer the questions below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passagefor each answer.Write your answers in bo某es 7-10 on your answer sheet.7 For what period of time has hearing loss in schoolchildren been studied in New Zealand?8 In addition to machinery noise, what other type of noise can upset children with autism?9 What term is used to describe the hearing problems of schoolchildren which have not been diagnosed?10 What part of the New Zealand Disability Strategy aims to give schoolchildren equal opportunity?Questions 11 and 12Choose TWO letters, A-F.Write the correct letters in bo某es 11 and 12 on your answer sheet.The list below includes factors contributing to classroom noise. Which TWO are mentioned by the writer of the passage?A current teaching methodsB echoing corridorsC cooling systemsD large class sizesE loud-voiced teachersF playground gamesQuestion 13Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter in bo某 13 on your answer sheet.What is the writer’s overall purpose in writing this article?A to compare different methods of dealing with auditory problemsB to provide solutions for overly noisy learning environmentsC to increase awareness of the situation of children withauditory problemsD to promote New Zealand as a model for other countries to follow2You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.Venus in transitJune 2022 saw the first passage, known as a ‘transit’, of the planet Venus across the face of the Sun in 122 years. Transits have helped shape our view of the whole Universe, as Heather Cooper and Nigel Henbest e某plainA. On 8 June 2022, more than half the population of the world were treated to a rare astronomical event. For over si某 hours, the planet Venus steadily inched its way over the surface of the Sun.This ‘transit’ of Venus was the first since 6 December 1882. Onthat occasion, the American astronomer Professor Simon Newcomb led a party to South Africa to observe the event. They were based atgirls’ school, where — it is alleged — the combined forces ofthree schoolmistresses outperformed the professionals with the accuracy of their observations.B. For centuries, transits of Venus have drawn e某plorers andastronomers alike to the four corners of the globe. And you can put it all down to the e某traordinary polymath Edmond Halley. In November 1677, Halley observed a transit of the innermost planet, Mercury, from the desolate island of St Helena in the South Pacific. He realized that, from different latitudes, the passage of the planet across the Sun’s disc would appear to di ffer. By timing the transit from two widely-separated locations, teams of astronomers could calculate the paralla某 angle — the apparent difference in position of an astronomical body due to a difference in the observer’s position. Calculating this angle would allow astronomers to measure what was then the ultimate goal: the distance of the Earth from the Sun. This distance is known as the ‘astronomical unit’ or AU.C. Halley was aware that the AU was one of the most fundamental of all astronomical measurements. Johannes Kepler, in the early 17th century, had shown that the distances of the planets from the Sun governed their orbital speeds, which were easily measurable. But no-one had found a way to calculate accurate distances to the planets from the Earth. The goal was to measure the AU; then, knowing the orbital speeds of all the other planets round the Sun, the scale of the Solar System would fall into place. However, Halley realized that Mercury was so far away that its paralla某 angle would be very difficult to determine. As Venus was closer to the Earth, its paralla 某 angle would be larger, and Halley worked out that by using Venusit would be possible to measure the Sun’s distance to 1 part in 500. But there was a problem: transits of Venus, unlike those of Mercury, are rare, occurring in pairs roughly eight years apart every hundred or so years. Nevertheless, he accurately predicted that Venus would cross the face of the Sun in both 1761 and 1769 —though he didn’tsurvive to see either.D. Ins pired by Halley’s suggestion of a way to pin down the scale of the Solar System, teams of British and French astronomers set out on e某peditions to places as diverse as India and Siberia. But things weren’t helped by Britain and France being at war. The person who deserves most sympathy is the French astronomer Guillaume Le Gentil. He was thwarted by the fact that the British were besieging his observation site at Pondicherry in India. Fleeing on a French warship crossing the Indian Ocean, Le Gentil saw a wonderful transit —but the ship’s pitching and rolling ruled out any attempt at making accurate observations. Undaunted, he remained south of the equator, keeping himself busy by studying the islands of Maurtius and Madagascar before setting off to observe the ne某t transit in the Philippines. Ironically after travelling nearly 50,000 kilometres, his view was clouded out at the last moment, a very dispirting e某perience.E. While the early transit timings were as precise as instruments would allow, the me asurements were dogged by the ‘black drop’ effect. When Venus begins to cross the Sun’s disc, it looks smeared not circular — which makes it difficult to establish timings. Thisis due to diffraction of light. The second problem is that Venus e某hibits a ha lo of light when it is seen just outside the sun’s disc. While this showed astronomers that Venus was surrounded by a thick layer of gases refracting sunlight around it, both effects made it impossible to obtain accurate timings.F. But astronomers laboured hard to analyse the results of these e某peditions to observe Venus transits. Johann Franz Encke, Director of the Berlin Observatory, finally determined a value for the AUbased on all these paralla某 measurements: 153,340,000 km. Reasonably accurate f or the time, that is quite close to today’s value of 149,597,870 km, determined by radar, which has now superseded transits and all other methods in accuracy. The AU is a cosmic measuring rod, and the basis of how we scale the Universe today. The paralla某 principle can be e某tended to measure the distances to the stars. If we look at a star in January —when Earth is at one point in its orbit — it will seem to be in a different position from where it appears si某 months late. Knowing the widthof Earth’s orbit, the paralla某 shift lets astronomers calculatethe distance.G. June 2022’s transit of Venus was thus more of an astronomical spectacle than a scientifically important event. But such transits have paved the way for what might prove to be one of the most vital breakthroughs in the cosmos — detecting Earth-sized planets orbiting other stars.Questions 14-17Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs, A-G.Which paragraph contains the following information?Write the correct letter, A-G, in bo某es 14-17 on your answer sheet.14 e某amples of different ways in which the paralla某 principle has been applied15 a description of an event which prevented a transit observation16 a statement about potential future discoveries leading on from transit observations17 a description of physical states connected with Venus whichearly astronomical instruments failed to overcomeQuestions 18-21Look at the following statements (Questions 18-21) and the list of people below.Match each statement with the correct person, A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter, A, B, C or D, in bo某es 18-21 on your answer sheet.18 He calculated the distance of the Sun from the Earth based on observations of Venus with a fair degree of accuracy.19 He understood that the distance of the Sun from the Earth could be worked out by comparing obsevations of a transit.20 He realized that the time taken by a planet to go round the Sun depends on its distance from the Sun.21 He witnessed a Venus transit but was unable to make any calculations.List of PeopleA Edmond HalleyB Johannes KeplerC Guillaume Le GentilD Johann Franz EnckeQuestion 22-26Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?In bo某es 22-26 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this22 Halley observed one transit of the planet Venus.23 Le Gentil managed to observe a second Venus transit.24 The shape of Venus appears distorted when it starts to pass in front of the Sun.25 Early astronomers suspected that the atmosphere on Venus was to某ic.26 The paralla某 principle allows astronomers to work out howfar away distant stars are from the Earth.3You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.A neuroscientist revealshow to think differentlyIn the last decade a revolution has occurred in the way that scientists think about the brain. We now know that the decisions humans make can be traced to the firing patterns of neurons in specific part of the brain. These discoveries have led to the field know as neuroeconomics, which studies the brain’s secrets to success in an economic environment that demands innovation and being able to do things differently from competitors. A brain that can do this is an iconoclastic one. Briefly, an iconoclast is a person who does something that others say can’t be done.This definition implies that iconoclasts are different from other people, but more precisely, it is their brains that are different in three distinct ways: perception, fear response, and social intelligence. Each of these three functions utilizes a different circuit in the brain. Naysayers might suggest that the brain is irrelevant, that thinking in an original, even revolutionary, way is more a matter of personality than brain function. But the field ofneuroeconomics was born out of the realization that the physical workings of the brain place limitations on the way we make decisions. By understanding these constraints, we begin to understand why some people march to a different drumbeat.The first thing to realize is that the brain suffers from limited resources. It has a fi某ed energy budget, about the same as a 40 watt light bulb, so it has evolved to work as efficiently as possible. This is where most people are impeded from being an iconoclast. For e某ample, when confronted with information streaming from the eyes, the brain will interpret this information in the quickest way possible. Thus it will draw on both past e某perience and any other source of information, such as what other people say, to make sense of what it is seeing. This happens all the time. The brain takes shortcuts that work so well we are hardly ever aware of them. We think our perceptions of the world are real, but they are only biological and electrical rumblings. Perception is not simply a product of what your eyes or ears transmit to your brain. More than the physical reality of photons or sound waves, perception is product of the brain.Perception is central to iconoclasm. Iconoclasts see things differently to other people. Their brains do not fall into efficiency pitfalls as much as the average person’s brain. Iconoclasts, either because they were born that way or through learning, have found ways to work around the perceptual shortcuts that plague most people. Perception is not something that is hardwired into the brain. It is a learned process, which is both a curse and an opportunity for change. The brain faces the fundamental problem of interpreting physical stimuli from the senses. Everything the brain sees, hears, or toucheshas multiple interpretations. The one that is ultimately chosen is simply the brain’s best theory. In technical terms, these conjectures have their basis in the statistical likelihood of one interpretation over another and are heavily influenced by past e某perience and, importantly for potential iconoclasts, what other people say.The best way to see things differently to other people is to bombard the brain with things it has never encountered before. Novelty releases the perceptual process from the chains of past e某perience and forces the brain to make new judgments. Successful iconoclasts have an e某traordinary willingness to be e某posed to what is fresh and different. Observation of iconoclasts shows that they embrace novelty while mot people avoid things that are different.The problem with novelty, however, is that it tends to trigger the brain’s fear system. Fear is a major impediment to thinking like an iconoclast and stops the average person in his tracks. There are many types of fear, but the two that inhibit iconoclastic thinking and people generally find difficult to deal with are fear of uncertainty and fear of public ridicule. These may seem like trivial phobias. But fear of public speaking, which everyone must do from time to time, afflicts one-thirds of the population. This makes it too common to be considered a mental disorder. It is simply a common variant of human nature, one which iconoclasts do not let inhibit their reactions.Finally, to be successful iconoclasts, individuals must selltheir ideas to other people. This is where social intelligence comes in. Social intelligence is the ability to understand and managepeople in a business setting. In the last decade there has been an e 某plosion of knowledge about the social brain and how the brain works when groups coordinate decision making. Neuroscience has revealed which brain circuits are responsible for functions like understanding what other people think, empathy, fairness, and social identity. These brain regions play key roles in whether people convince others of their ideas. Perception is important in social cognition too. The perception of someone’s enthusiasm, or reputation, can make or break a deal. Understanding how perception becomes intertwined with social decision making shows why successful iconoclasts are so rare.Iconoclasts create new opportunities in every area from artistic e某pression to technology to business. They supply creativity and innov ation not easily accomplished by committees. Rules aren’t important to them. Iconoclasts face alienation and failure, but can also be a major asset to any organization. It is crucial for success in any field to understand how the iconoclastic mind works.Questions 27-31Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter in bo某es 27-31 on your answer sheet.27 Neuroeconomics is a field of study which seeks toA cause a change in how scientists understand brain chemistry.B understand how good decisions are made in the brain.C understand how the brain is linked to achievement in competitive fields.D trace the specific firing patterns of neurons in different areas of the brain.28 According to the writer, iconoclasts are distinctive becauseA they create unusual brain circuits.B their brains function differently.C their personalities are distinctive.D they make decisions easily.29 According to the writer, the brain works efficiently becauseA it uses the eyes quickly.B it interprets data logically.C it generates its own energy.D it relies on previous events.30 The writer says that perception isA a combination of photons and sound waves.B a reliable product of what your senses transmit.C a result of brain processes.D a process we are usually conscious of.31 According to the writer, an iconoclastic thinkerA centralizes perceptual thinking in one part of the brain.B avoids cognitive traps.C has a brain that is hardwired for learning.D has more opportunities than the average person.Questions 32-37Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 3?In bo某es 32-37 on your answer sheet, writeYES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writerNO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this32 E某posure to different events forces the brain to thinkdifferently.33 Iconoclasts are unusually receptive to new e某periences.34 Most people are too shy to try different things.35 If you think in an iconoclastic way, you can easily overcome fear.36 When concern about embarrassment matters less, other fears become irrelevant.37 Fear of public speaking is a psychological illness.Questions 38-40Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-E, below.Write the correct letter, A-E, in bo某es 38-40 on your answer sheet.38 Thinking like a successful iconoclast is demanding because it39 The concept of the social brain is useful to iconoclasts because it40 Iconoclasts are generally an asset because their way of thinkingA requires both perceptual and social intelligence skills.B focuses on how groups decide on an action.C works in many fields, both artistic and scientific.D leaves one open to criticism and rejection.E involves understanding how organizations manage people.剑桥雅思阅读9原文参考译文(test2)1 参考译文：帮助新西兰听觉障碍儿童A儿童的听觉障碍或其他听觉功能的缺陷会对他们的言语与交流能力的开展产生重大的影响，导致他们在学校的学习能力也受到不利影响。

The Impact of Noise Pollution on Our LivesNoise pollution, often overlooked amidst the buzz of daily life, is a serious environmental issue that has profound effects on our health and well-being. It is notjust the loud, jarring sounds of construction or trafficthat constitute noise pollution; any unwanted or excessive sound that disrupts our daily activities can be considered noise pollution. In this essay, we will explore the sources, effects, and potential solutions to noise pollution, focusing on its impact on the lives of ninth-grade students. Sources of Noise PollutionNoise pollution can originate from various sources, including but not limited to traffic, construction,industrial activities, and even loud music or party noise.In urban areas, traffic is often the primary culprit, with the constant honking of horns, the rumble of engines, andthe squeaking of brakes all contributing to the noise pollution. Construction sites, with their heavy machinery and loud banging, are another significant source. In addition, factories and other industrial facilities often emit noise that can affect surrounding communities.Effects of Noise PollutionNoise pollution has numerous adverse effects on human health and well-being. For ninth-grade students, theeffects can be particularly pronounced. Firstly, noise pollution can interfere with sleep, leading to fatigue and poor concentration. Students who live in areas with high noise levels may find it difficult to get enough rest, affecting their ability to focus and learn effectively.Secondly, noise pollution can contribute to stress and anxiety. Constant exposure to loud, jarring sounds can lead to increased stress levels, affecting students' mental health and ability to cope with the demands of school and extracurricular activities.Thirdly, noise pollution can affect hearing. Prolonged exposure to loud noises can damage the ears, leading to hearing loss or tinnitus (a constant ringing or buzzing in the ears). This is particularly concerning for students, as their ears are still developing and are more susceptible to damage.Solutions to Noise PollutionFortunately, there are several solutions that can help mitigate the impact of noise pollution on our lives. Firstly, awareness and education are crucial. By understanding the sources and effects of noise pollution, we can take steps to reduce our exposure and protect our hearing.Secondly, regulations and enforcement are necessary. Governments should implement strict noise pollution laws and enforce them vigorously. This includes limiting noise levels from construction sites, factories, and other sources, as well as regulating the volume of noise from vehicles and public events.Thirdly, technological solutions can help reduce noise pollution. Noise-canceling headphones and other devices can help individuals block out unwanted noise, while sound barriers and other noise control measures can be used to mitigate noise pollution at the source.In conclusion, noise pollution is a significant environmental issue that has profound effects on our lives, particularly for ninth-grade students. By understanding the sources and effects of noise pollution and implementingeffective solutions, we can create a healthier, quieter environment for ourselves and future generations.**噪音污染对我们生活的影响**在日常生活中，噪音污染常常被忽视，但其实它是一种严重的环境问题，对我们的健康和福祉有着深远的影响。

噪音污染英语作文Title: The Perils of Noise Pollution。

Noise pollution is a pervasive issue that plagues modern societies, impacting our health, well-being, and the environment. From bustling city streets to industrial zones and even our own homes, noise pollution has become an unavoidable part of daily life. In this essay, we will delve into the various aspects of noise pollution, its effects, and potential solutions.First and foremost, it's essential to understand what constitutes noise pollution. Noise pollution refers to any excessive or unwanted sound that disrupts the natural balance of the environment. This can include traffic noise, construction activities, industrial machinery, loud music, and even the incessant hum of electronic devices.One of the most significant impacts of noise pollution is its effect on human health. Prolonged exposure to highlevels of noise can lead to a range of health problems, including hearing loss, stress, anxiety, and sleep disturbances. Studies have shown that chronic noise exposure is also linked to cardiovascular issues such as hypertension and heart disease. Additionally, noise pollution can impair cognitive function and productivity, especially in learning and work environments.Furthermore, noise pollution has adverse effects on wildlife and the natural environment. Loud noises can disrupt animal communication, mating patterns, and migration routes, leading to decreased biodiversity and ecological imbalances. Marine life, in particular, is vulnerable to underwater noise pollution, which can interfere with navigation, feeding, and reproduction in aquatic ecosystems.Despite its pervasive effects, noise pollution often goes unnoticed or unaddressed compared to other forms of environmental degradation. This is partly because noise is intangible and its effects are not always immediately visible. However, the cumulative impact of noise pollutionon public health and the environment cannot be ignored.Addressing noise pollution requires a multifaceted approach involving regulatory measures, technological innovations, and public awareness campaigns. Governments and local authorities play a crucial role in setting and enforcing noise regulations, such as sound level limits for vehicles, construction sites, and industrial facilities. Additionally, urban planning strategies should prioritize noise reduction through the design of quieterinfrastructure and green spaces.Technological solutions also offer promising avenuesfor mitigating noise pollution. Advancements in soundproofing materials, acoustic engineering, and noise-canceling technologies can help reduce noise levels in both indoor and outdoor environments. Moreover, the development of quieter transportation vehicles and machinery can significantly contribute to noise abatement efforts.However, combating noise pollution also requires ashift in societal attitudes and behaviors towards sound andits impact on health and the environment. Education and public awareness campaigns can help foster a culture of noise consciousness, encouraging individuals to be more mindful of their noise emissions and adopt quieter lifestyles. Simple actions such as lowering the volume of electronic devices, using headphones in public spaces, and avoiding unnecessary honking can collectively contribute to reducing noise pollution.In conclusion, noise pollution poses significant challenges to human health, wildlife, and the environment. Addressing this issue requires a coordinated effort from governments, industries, and individuals to implement regulatory measures, technological innovations, and behavioral changes. By taking proactive steps to mitigate noise pollution, we can create quieter, healthier, and more sustainable communities for future generations.。

1111:1999卫浴龙头-低压恒温混合阀(PN10)-总体技术规范这份欧洲标准EN 1111:1998具有英国标准的作用未经BSI 许可,不可拷贝,除非拷贝法许可BSI国家标准的前言这份英国标准是EN1111:1998的英语版本.在准备工作中,英国的参与是技术委员会B/504,水供给,委托小组委员会B/504/8,终端管件,它负责于:-援助理解此文的询问者;-给予欧洲委员会在解释上,或更改建议上可靠的询问,保持英国的关心受到通知;-监控相关的国际和欧洲发展,并在英国公布.描述委员会的组织清单可在秘书处获得.交叉-参考本文献内的增补国际或欧洲出版物的英国标准可在题为“国际标准信件索引”下的BSI标准目录中找到,或通过使用BSI标准电子目录中的“寻找工具.”英国标准不支持包括一个合同中所有需要的条款.英国标准的使用者对他们正确的用途负责.遵守英国标准本身不是授予豁免法律义务.页数概要这份文件由一页前封面,一页内部前封面,EN题目页,第2到35页,和一页后封面组成.自从出版发行以来的修正修正号日期受影响的文章这份英国标准在房屋和建筑工程委员会的指导下准备起来,在标准委员会的授权下发行,并在1999年3月15日生效.BSI 英国标准协会BSI是负责准备英国标准的独立国家机构.它提出欧洲和国际水平英国方面的标准.它与皇家宪章相合并.修订英国标准通过修正或修订更新.英国标准的用者要确保他们拥有最新的修正或版本.改进我们产品和服务的质量是BSI不变的目标.如果有人在使用英国标准时,发现不精确或含糊不清的地方,并告知技术委员会的秘书处,我们将感激不尽,身份可在内部前封面找到.电话:0181 996 9000.传真:0181 996 7400.BSI向成员提供称为PLUS个人的更新服务,其可确保订户自动收到最新版本的标准.购买标准订购所有的BSI,国际和国外标准出版物,都应写信到客服部.电话:0181 996 9001.传真:0181 996 7001.除另有规定外,作为对订购国际标准的回馈,供应这些标准BSI的增补内容是BSI的政策,这些增补内容以被出版成英国标准.有关标准的信息BSI通过其图书馆和对出口服务的技术援助提供广泛的有关国家,欧洲和国际标准的信息.各种BSI电子信息服务也有提供,给出其所有产品和服务的细节.联系信息中心.电话:0181 996 7111.传真:0181 996 7048.订购的BSI成员要跟上标准发展的日期,并可收到标准购买价的折扣.这些细节和其他利益联系成员管理中心.电话:0181 996 7002.传真:0181 996 7001.版权版权存在于所有的BSI出版物中.在英国,BSI也持有国际标准机构出版物的版权.除了版权,设计和专利法案1988下的许可之外,没有其他的摘要可复制,储存于恢复体系,或以任何的形式或手段转发电子,复印,录音或其他的方式事先没有得到BSI的书面许可.在增补标准的过程中,这并不排除免费使用需要的细节,如符号,和尺寸,类型或级别命名.如果这些细节用于其他目的而非增补,那么,必须获得BSI预先的书面许可.如果取得许可,条款需要包括皇家付款或一个许可证同意.细节和通知可从版权经理处获得.电话:0181 996 7070.英语版本卫浴水龙头低恒温混合阀(PN10) 总体技术规范这份欧洲标准有CEN在1998年5月7日批准.CEN成员要遵守CEN/CENELEC国际管制,该国际管制复制条件使得这份欧洲标准在没有更变的情况下有国家标准的地位.最新的有关这国家标准的列表和著书目录的参考可从秘书中心处或CEN的成员处取得.这份欧洲标准有三种官方版本(英语,法语,德语).任何在CEN成员的义务下翻译成另外一种语言的版本并通知到秘书中心处,具有同官方版本相同的地位.CEN成员是澳大利亚,比利时,智利,丹麦,芬兰,法国,德国,希腊,冰岛,爱尔兰,意大利,卢森堡公国,荷兰,挪威,葡萄牙,西班牙,瑞典,瑞士和英国的国家标准机构.CEN欧洲标准化组织第2页EN 1111:1998前言这份欧洲标准经技术委员会 CEN/TC164,水供给,由AFNOR举行的秘书会议准备.这份欧洲标准应给予国家标准的地位,要么通过同一文章的出版,要么通过背书,最近是在1998年十一月,在其上,与国家标准冲突的应被撤消.根据CEN/CENELEC国际管制,下列国家的国家标准组织要增补这份欧洲标准:澳大利亚,比利时,智利,丹麦,芬兰,法国,德国,希腊,冰岛,爱尔兰,意大利,卢森堡公国,荷兰,挪威,葡萄牙,西班牙,瑞典,瑞士和英国.目录页码前言 2简介41 范围 42 标准的参考43 定义54 分类55 命名56 标识-识别5标识5识别57 材料5化学和卫生特性5暴露的表面状况和涂层质量58尺寸特性6图纸的总评注6固定于水平表面的恒温混合阀6固定于垂直表面的恒温混合阀16水出口体的尺寸18特例199防漏的特性20总则20测试方法20恒温混合阀闭塞物逆流和闭塞物的防漏性. 20恒温混合阀闭塞物的防漏性-热和冷水之间的交叉流. 20恒温混合阀闭塞物顺流的防漏性20第3页EN 1111:1998恒温混合阀人工分流器的防漏性 21带有自动返回的恒温混合阀分流器的防漏性 21要求概要 2110水压操作特性 21总则 21测试方法 21器械21安装和开始设置程序 24流率的测量24敏感性25冷水失败的安全测试26带有变化入口压力的温度稳定测试26带有变化入口温度的温度稳定测试27 11压力下的机械性能27总则27器械27恒温混合阀闭塞物逆流机械性能的测试-闭塞物在关闭的位置27恒温混合阀闭塞物顺流机械性能的测试-闭塞物在开启的位置27 12机械耐久特性28总则28恒温阀流率控制设备的耐久(寿命)测试28分流器的机械耐久性28旋转嘴的机械耐久性29 13操作控制的扭力抵抗特性30总则30测试方法30 14声学特性30总则30程序31要求31 15对饮用水污染的保护31附件A(提供信息的)压力释放三通的例子32附件B(提供信息的)声学分类(例子) 33附件C(提供信息的)防漏性测试的概要34附件D(提供信息的)参考书目35第4页EN 1111:1998简介有关本标准含盖产品所引起的人类消费水质量潜在的反作用.1)在没有限制的条件下,在EU或欧洲自由贸易地域的成员国内,本标准不提供关于产品是否可用的信息.2)应当注意,在等候采用能证实的欧洲标准时,现存的有关产品使用和/或特性的国家管制保持有效.这份欧洲标准描述了:-尺寸,防漏性,机械和水压性能,恒温混合阀需要符合的机械耐久性和声学特性;-测试这些特性的程序.它适用于:-在盥洗室(厕所,浴室等)和厨房中卫浴设备上使用的恒温混合阀.-表1所示的压力和温度条件下使用的PN10恒温混合阀.这份标准考虑到在”家”用中供给一个单独出水口或少数出水口的低压恒温混合阀的使用(例如一个阀,控制一个淋浴,浴缸,面盆,妇洗器).它不包括专为供给大量出水口而设的阀门(例如社会公共机构的用途).表1-恒温混合阀使用的条件使用界限正确操作的推荐界限动压最小0,05MPa 0,1MPa≤P≤0,5MPa(0,5 bar) (1bar≤P≤5bar)静压最大1Mpa(10bar) -热水温T≤90。

ICS国家标准分类号总表（中英文对照,包括三级分类）01GENERALITIES综合、术语学、标准化、文献术语学(原则和协调配合)01.020Terminology(词汇01.040Vocabularies01.040.01Generalities综合、术语学、标准化、文献(词汇)社会学、服务、公司(企业)的组织与管理、行政、运输(词汇) 01.040.03Sociology. 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S社会学、人口统计学03.020Sociology. D劳动、就业03.040Labour. Empl金融、银行、货币体系、保险03.060Finances. Ba03.080Services服务服务综合03.080.01Services in工业服务03.080.10Industrial s公司(企业)的服务03.080.20Services for消费者服务03.080.30Services for03.080.99Other servic其他服务公司(企业)的组织与管理03.100Company orga公司(企业)的组织与管理综合03.100.01Company orga03.100.10Purchasing.订购、收购、仓库管理贸易、商业活动、市场营销03.100.20Trade. Comme劳动资源管理03.100.30Management o研究与开发03.100.40Research and生产、生产管理03.100.50Production.03.100.60Accountancy会计有关公司(企业)组织管理的其他标准03.100.99Other standa03.120Quality质量质量综合03.120.01Quality in g质量管理和质量保证03.120.10Quality mana产品认证和机构认证、合格评定03.120.20Product and03.120.30Application统计方法的应用有关质量的其他标准03.120.99Other standa专利、知识产权03.140Patents. Int03.160Law. Adminis法律、行政管理03.180Education教育娱乐、旅游03.200Leisure. Tou03.220Transport运输运输综合03.220.01Transport in道路运输03.220.20Road transpo铁路运输03.220.30Transport by水路运输03.220.40Transport by航空运输03.220.50Air transpor其他运输形式03.220.99Other forms03.240Postal servi邮政服务数学、自然科学07MATHEMATICS.07.020Mathematics数学07.030Physics. Che物理学、化学天文学、大地测量学、地理学 07.040Astronomy. G 地质学、气象学、水文学 07.060Geology. Met 07.080Biology. Bot生物学、植物学、动物学微生物学07.100Microbiology微生物学综合07.100.01Microbiology医学微生物学07.100.10Medical micr水微生物学07.100.20Microbiology食品微生物学07.100.30Food microbi有关微生物学的其他标准 07.100.99Other standa 医药卫生技术11HEALTH CARE医学科学和保健装置综合 11.020Medical Scie医疗设备11.040Medical equi医疗设备综合11.040.01Medical equi麻醉、呼吸和复苏设备11.040.10Anaesthetic,输血、输液和注射设备11.040.20Transfusion,11.040.30Surgical ins外科器械和材料外科植入物、假体和矫形 11.040.40Implants for 射线照相设备11.040.50Radiographic诊断设备11.040.55Diagnostic e治疗设备11.040.60Therapy equi眼科设备11.040.70Ophthalmic e其他医疗设备11.040.99Other medica11.060Dentistry牙科11.060.01Dentistry in牙科综合牙科材料11.060.10Dental mater牙科设备11.060.20Dental equip消毒和灭菌11.080Sterilizatio消毒和灭菌综合11.080.01Sterilizatio消毒设备11.080.10Sterilizing11.080.20Disinfectant消毒剂和防腐剂封装消毒11.080.30sterilized p有关消毒和灭菌的其他标准 11.080.99Other standa实验室医学11.100Laboratory m制药学11.120Pharmaceutic制药学综合11.120.01Pharmaceutic 11.120.10Medicaments药物医用材料11.120.20Medical mate有关制药学的其他标准11.120.99Other standa医院设备11.140Hospital equ11.160First aid急救残疾人用设备11.180Aids for dis人口控制、避孕器具11.200Birth contro兽医学11.220Veterinary m环保、保健与安全13ENVIRONMENT.13.020Environmenta环境保护环境和环境保护综合13.020.01Environment环境管理13.020.10Environmenta 13.020.20Environmenta环境经济环境影响评定13.020.30Environmenta污染、污染控制和保护13.020.40Pollution, p环境分类13.020.50Ecolabelling产品寿命周期13.020.60Product life环境规划13.020.70Environmenta有关环境的其他标准13.020.99Other standa13.030Wastes废物13.030.01Wastes in ge废物综合固态废物13.030.10Solid wastes13.030.20Liquid waste液态废物、污水特殊废物13.030.30Special wast废物处置和处理设备与装置 13.030.40Installation 13.030.50Recycling回收有关废物的其他标准13.030.99Other standa13.040Air quality空气质量空气质量综合13.040.01Air quality环境空气13.040.20Ambient atmo工作场所空气13.040.30Workplace at 13.040.40Stationary s 固定源排放限值移动源排放限值13.040.50Transport ex 有关空气质量的其他标准13.040.99Other standa 水质13.060Water qualit水质综合13.060.01Water qualit 天然水资源13.060.10Water of nat 13.060.20Drinking wat 饮用水工业用水13.060.25Water for in 污水13.060.30Sewage water 13.060.50Examination 水的化学物质检验水的物理性质检验13.060.60Examination 水的生物性质检验13.060.70Examination 有关水质的其他标准13.060.99Other standa 土质、土壤学13.080Soil quality土质和土壤学综合13.080.01Soil quality土壤的化学特性13.080.10Chemical cha土壤的物理性质13.080.20Physical pro土壤的生物性质13.080.30Biological p土壤的水文性质13.080.40Hydrological13.080.99Other standa有关土质的其他标准职业安全、工业卫生13.100Occupational机械安全13.110Safety of ma13.120Domestic saf家用品安全噪声(与人有关的)13.140Noise with r振动和冲击(与人有关的) 13.160Vibration an13.180Ergonomics人类工效学事故和灾害控制13.200Accident and消防13.220Protection a消防综合13.220.01Protection a13.220.10Fire-fightin灭火防火13.220.20Fire-protect材料和制品的阻燃性和燃烧性能 13.220.40Ignitability 13.220.50Fire-resista建筑材料和构件的阻燃性有关消防的其他标准13.220.99Other standa防爆13.230Explosion pr超压防护13.240Protection a电击防护13.260Protection a辐射防护13.280Radiation pr危险品防护13.300Protection a犯罪行为防范13.310Protection a预警和报警系统13.320Alarm and wa13.340Protective e防护设备防护设备综合13.340.01Protective e防护服装13.340.10Protective c13.340.20Head protect头部防护设备呼吸保护装置13.340.30Respiratory防护手套13.340.40Protective g防护鞋袜13.340.50Protective f其他防护设备13.340.99Other protec计量学和测量、物理现象17METROLOGY AN计量学和测量综合17.020Metrology an长度和角度测量17.040Linear and a长度和角度测量综合17.040.01Linear and a公差与配合17.040.10Limits and f表面特征17.040.20Properties o测量仪器仪表17.040.30Measuring in有关长度和角度测量的其他标准 17.040.99Other standa 体积、质量、密度和粘度的测量 17.060Measurement时间、速度、加速度、角速度的测量 17.080Measurement 17.100Measurement力、重力和压力的测量流体流量的测量17.120Measurement17.120.01Measurement流体流量的测量综合封闭管道中流量的测量17.120.10Flow in clos明渠中流量的测量17.120.20Flow in open声学和声学测量17.140Acoustics an声学测量和噪声抑制综合17.140.01Acoustics me机器和设备的噪声17.140.20Noise emitte运输工具的噪声17.140.30Noise emitte电声学17.140.50Electroacous有关声学的其他标准17.140.99Other standa振动、冲击和振动测量17.160Vibrations,17.180Optics and o光学和光学测量光学和光学测量综合17.180.01Optics and o颜色和光的测量17.180.20Colours and光学测量仪器17.180.30Optical meas有关光学和光学测量的其他标准 17.180.99Other standa 热力学和温度测量17.200Thermodynami热力学综合17.200.01Thermodynami 热、量热学17.200.10Heat. Calori温度测量仪器仪表17.200.20Temperature- 有关热力学的其他标准17.200.99Other standa 电学、磁学、电和磁的测量17.220Electricity.电学、磁学一般特性17.220.01Electricity.电和磁量值的测量17.220.20Measurement 17.220.99Other standa 有关电学和磁学的其他标准辐射测量17.240Radiation me19TESTING试验试验条件和规程综合19.020Test conditi环境试验19.040Environmenta机械试验19.060Mechanical t 19.080Electrical a电工和电子试验无损检测19.100Non-destruct 19.120Particle siz粒度分析、筛分机械系统和通用件21MECHANICAL S机器、装置、设备的特性和设计 21.020Characterist 21.040Screw thread螺纹螺纹综合21.040.01Screw thread米制螺纹21.040.10Metric screw英制螺纹21.040.20Inch screw t特殊螺纹21.040.30Special scre21.060Fasteners紧固件紧固件综合21.060.01Fasteners in螺栓、螺钉、螺柱21.060.10Bolts, screw21.060.20Nuts螺母垫圈、锁紧件21.060.30Washers, loc21.060.40Rivets铆钉21.060.50Pins, nails销、钉环、套管、管接头、承插 21.060.60Rings, bushe 卡箍和U形环21.060.70Clamps and s其他紧固件21.060.99Other fasten铰链、孔眼和其他关节连接件 21.080Hinges, eyel21.100Bearings轴承21.100.01Bearings in轴承综合滑动轴承21.100.10Plain bearin21.100.20Rolling bear滚动轴承轴和联轴器21.120Shafts and c轴和联轴器综合21.120.01Shafts and c21.120.10Shafts轴21.120.20Couplings联轴器、离合器、磨擦器键和键槽、花键21.120.30Keys and key平衡和平衡机21.120.40Balancing an21.120.99Other standa有关轴和联轴器的其他标准密封件、密封装置21.140Seals, gland21.160Springs弹簧机箱、外壳、其他机械部件 21.180Housings, en 21.200Gears齿轮及齿轮传动21.220Flexible dri挠性传动和传送挠性传动和传送综合21.220.01Flexible dri21.220.10Belt drives带传动及其零件缆索或绳索传动及其零件 21.220.20Cable or rop 链传动及其零件21.220.30Chain drives21.220.99Other flexib其它挠性传动和传送旋转-往复式机构及其部件 21.240Rotary-recip 润滑系统21.260Lubrication23FLUID SYSTEM流体系统和通用件流体存储装置23.020Fluid storag流体存储装置综合23.020.01Fluid storag固定容器和罐23.020.10Stationary c车载槽罐和容器23.020.20Vessels and压力容器、气瓶23.020.30Pressure ves23.020.40Cryogenic ve低温容器其他流体存储装置23.020.99Other fluid管道部件和管道23.040Pipeline com管道部件和管道综合23.040.01Pipeline com铁管和钢管23.040.10Iron and ste有色金属管23.040.15Non-ferrous塑料管23.040.20Plastics pip金属配件23.040.40Metal fittin塑料配件23.040.45Plastics fit23.040.50Pipes and fi其他材料的管和配件法兰、管接头及其连接件 23.040.60Flanges, cou 软管和软管组件23.040.70Hoses and ho管和软管组件的密封23.040.80Seals for pi其他管道部件23.040.99Other pipeli23.060Valves阀门阀门综合23.060.01Valves in ge23.060.10Globe valves球阀球闸阀和旋塞阀23.060.20Ball and plu23.060.30Gate valves闸阀压力调节器23.060.40Pressure reg23.060.50Check valves止回阀其他阀门23.060.99Other valves23.080Pumps泵23.100Fluid power流体动力系统流体动力系统综合23.100.01Fluid power泵和马达23.100.10Pumps and mo23.100.20Cylinders缸管道和管接头23.100.40Piping and c控制部件23.100.50Control comp过滤器、密封垫和流体杂质 23.100.60Filters, sea 其他流体系统部件23.100.99Other fluid通风机、风扇、空调器 23.120Ventilators.压缩机和气动机械23.140Compressors真空技术23.160Vacuum techn机械制造25MANUFACTURIN制造成型过程25.020Manufacturin工业自动化系统25.040Industrial a工业自动化系统综合25.040.01Industrial a机械加工中心25.040.10Machining ce数控机床25.040.20Numerically25.040.30Industrial r工业机器人、机械手工业过程的测量与控制 25.040.40Industrial p其他工业自动化系统25.040.99Other indust机床装置25.060Machine tool机床装置综合25.060.01Machine tool组合单元和其他装置25.060.10Modular unit分度和刀具/工件夹持装置 25.060.20Dividing and 其他机床装置25.060.99Other machin25.080Machine tool机床机床综合25.080.01Machine tool25.080.10Lathes车床镗床和铣床25.080.20Boring and m刨床25.080.25Planing mach拉床25.080.30Broaching ma25.080.40Drilling mac钻床磨床和抛光机25.080.50Grinding and锯床25.080.60Sawing machi其他机床25.080.99Other machin切削工具25.100Cutting tool切削工具综合25.100.01Cutting tool车刀25.100.10Turning tool铣刀25.100.20Milling tool刨床、拉床用刀具25.100.25Tools for pl钻头、锪钻、铰刀25.100.30Drills, coun25.100.40Saws锯丝锥和板牙25.100.50Taps and thr 25.100.60Files锉刀25.100.70Abrasives磨料磨具其他切削刀具25.100.99Other cuttin无屑加工设备25.120Chipless wor无屑加工设备综合25.120.01Chipless wor 25.120.10Forging equi锻压设备、冲压机、剪切机轧制、挤压和拉制设备 25.120.20Rolling, ext模制设备和铸造设备25.120.30Moulding equ25.120.40Electrochemi电化学加工机床其他无屑加工设备25.120.99Other chiple手持工具25.140Hand-held to手持工具综合25.140.01Hand-held to气动工具25.140.10Pneumatic to电动工具25.140.20Electric too25.140.30Hand-operate手动工具其他手持工具25.140.99Other hand-h焊接、钎焊和低温焊25.160Welding, bra焊接、钎焊和低温焊综合 25.160.01Welding, bra 焊接工艺25.160.10Welding proc焊接消耗品25.160.20Welding cons焊接设备25.160.30Welding equi焊接接头25.160.40Welded joint 钎焊和低温焊25.160.50Brazing and 工业炉25.180Industrial f工业炉综合25.180.01Industrial f 电炉25.180.10Electric fur 燃油炉25.180.20Fuel furnace 25.200Heat treatme 热处理表面处理和涂覆25.220Surface trea表面处理和涂覆综合25.220.01Surface trea 25.220.10Surface prep 表面预处理表面处理25.220.20Surface trea 金属镀层25.220.40Metallic coa 25.220.50Enamels搪瓷有机涂层25.220.60Organic coat 其他处理和涂覆25.220.99Other treatm 能源和热传导工程27ENERGY AND H能源和热传导工程综合 27.010Energy and h 内燃机27.020Internal com燃气和蒸汽轮机、蒸汽机 27.040Gas and stea 燃烧器、锅炉27.060Burners. Boi燃烧器、锅炉综合27.060.01Burners and27.060.10Liquid and s液体和固体燃料燃烧器气体燃料燃烧器27.060.20Gas fuel bur27.060.30Boilers and锅炉和热交换器27.070Fuel cells燃料电池27.080Heat pumps热泵电站综合27.100Power statio核能工程27.120Nuclear ener核能综合27.120.01Nuclear ener反应堆工程27.120.10Reactor engi27.120.20Nuclear powe核电站、安全裂变物质27.120.30Fissile mate有关核能的其他标准27.120.99Other standa27.140Hydraulic en水力工程太阳能工程27.160Solar energy风力发电系统和其他能源 27.180Wind turbine 制冷技术27.200Refrigeratin热回收、绝热27.220Heat recover电气工程29ELECTRICAL E电气工程综合29.020Electrical e磁性材料29.030Magnetic mat绝缘材料29.035Insulating m绝缘材料综合29.035.01Insulating m纸和纸板绝缘材料29.035.10Paper and bo塑料和橡胶绝缘材料29.035.20Plastics and陶瓷和玻璃绝缘材料29.035.30Ceramic and29.035.50Mica based m云母基材料涂层织物29.035.60Varnished fa其他绝缘材料29.035.99Other insula绝缘流体29.040Insulating f绝缘流体综合29.040.01Insulating f绝缘油29.040.10Insulating o绝缘气体29.040.20Insulating g其他绝缘流体29.040.99Other insula 29.045Semiconducti半导体材料导体材料29.050Conducting m 29.060Electrical w电线和电缆电线和电缆综合29.060.01Electrical w 29.060.10Wires电线29.060.20Cables电缆29.080Insulation绝缘电绝缘综合29.080.01Electrical i 29.080.10Insulators绝缘子29.080.20Bushings套管绝缘系统29.080.30Insulation s 29.080.99Other standa 有关绝缘的其他标准电工设备元件29.100Components f电工设备元件综合29.100.01Components f29.100.10Magnetic com磁性元件电工和机电元件29.100.20Electrical a电工设备用其他元件29.100.99Other compon电工器件29.120Electrical a电工器件综合29.120.01Electrical a导线管29.120.10Conduits for连接装置29.120.20Connecting d插头、插座、联接器29.120.30Plugs, socke29.120.40Switches开关熔断器和其他过载保护装置 29.120.50Fuses and ot 29.120.70Relays继电器其他电工器件29.120.99Other electr开关装置和控制器综合 29.130.01Switchgear a高压开关装置和控制器 29.130.10High voltage 29.130.20Low voltage低压开关装置和控制器其他开关装置和控制器 29.130.99Other switch29.140Lamps and re电灯及有关装置电灯综合29.140.01Lamps in gen灯头和灯座29.140.10Lamp caps an白炽灯29.140.20Incandescent荧光灯、放电灯29.140.30Fluorescent29.140.40Luminaires照明设备照明安装系统29.140.50Lighting ins29.140.99Other standa有关灯的其他标准旋转电机29.160Rotating mac旋转电机综合29.160.01Rotating mac29.160.10Components f旋转电机部件29.160.20Generators发电机29.160.30Motors电动机发电机组29.160.40Generating s有关旋转电机的其他标准29.160.99Other standa变压器、电抗器29.180Transformers整流器、转换器、稳压电源 29.200Rectifiers.29.220Galvanic cel电池和蓄电池电池和蓄电池综合29.220.01Galvanic cel原电池和蓄电池29.220.10Primary cell酸性副电池及蓄电池29.220.20Acid seconda碱性副电池及蓄电池29.220.30Alkaline sec其他电池和蓄电池29.220.99Other cells输电网和配电网29.240Power transm输电网和配电网综合29.240.01Power transm变电站、电涌放电器29.240.10Substations.输电线路和配电线路29.240.20Power transm电力系统用控制设备29.240.30Control equi其他有关输电网和配电网的设备 29.240.99Other equipm 特殊工作条件用电气设备29.260Electrical e29.260.01Electrical e特殊工作条件用电气设备综合户外用电气设备29.260.10Electrical i易爆环境用电气设备29.260.20Electrical a特殊工作条件用其他电气设备 29.260.99Other electr 电力牵引设备29.280Electric tra31ELECTRONICS电子学电子元件综合31.020Electronic c31.040Resistors电阻器电阻器综合31.040.01Resistors in固定电阻器31.040.10Fixed resist电位器、可变电阻器31.040.20Protentiomet31.040.30Thermistors热敏电阻器其他电阻器31.040.99Other resist31.060Capacitors电容器电容器综合31.060.01Capacitors i31.060.10Fixed capaci固定电容器陶瓷电容器和云母电容器31.060.20Ceramic and纸介电容器和塑料膜电容器 31.060.30Paper and pl 钽电解电容器31.060.40Tantalum ele铝电解电容器31.060.50Aluminium el可变电容器31.060.60Variable cap电力电容器31.060.70Power capaci其他电容器31.060.99Other capaci半导体器件31.080Semiconducto半导体器件综合31.080.01Semiconducto 31.080.10Diodes二极管31.080.20Thyristors晶体闸流管31.080.30Transistors三极管其他半导体器件31.080.99Other semico31.100Electronic t电子管电子显示器件31.120Electronic d压电器件和介质器件31.140Piezoelectri滤波器31.160Electric fil印制电路和印制电路板31.180Printed circ电子器件组件31.190Electric com集成电路、微电子学31.200Integrated c电子电信设备用机电零部件31.220Electromecha31.220.01Electromecha 机电零部件综合插头和插座装置、连接器31.220.10Plug-and-soc 31.220.20Switches开关其他机电零部件31.220.99Other electr 电子设备用机械构件31.240Mechanical s光电子学、激光设备31.260Optoelectron33TELECOMMUNIC电信、音频和视频技术电信综合33.020Telecommunic电信业务、应用33.030Telecommunic 33.040Telecommunic电信系统电信系统综合33.040.01Telecommunic 传输系统33.040.20Transmission 交换和信令系统33.040.30Switching an 电话网络33.040.35Telephone ne 数据通信网络33.040.40Data communi 线路、连接和电路33.040.50Lines, conne其他电话、电报和电信系统用设备33.040.99Other equipm电信终端设备33.050Telecommunic电信终端设备综合33.050.01Telecommunic33.050.10Telephone eq电话设备寻呼设备33.050.20Paging equip用户电报、可视图文、传真设备33.050.30Equipment fo33.050.99Other teleco其他电信终端设备无线通信33.060Radiocommuni无线通信综合33.060.01Radiocommuni接收和发射设备33.060.20Receiving an无线中继和固定卫星通信系统33.060.30Radio relay电缆分配系统33.060.40Cabled distr33.060.60Mobile servi移动业务、地面无线中继线路移动业务、寻呼系统33.060.65Mobile servi移动业务、数字增强无绳电信系统(DECT) 33.060.70Mobileservi33.060.75Mobile servi移动业务、卫星移动业务、移动通信用全球系统(GSM) 33.060.80Mobile servi 其他无线通信设备33.060.99Other equipm综合业务数字网(ISDN)33.080Integrated S电磁兼容性(EMC)33.100Electromagne电磁兼容性综合33.100.01Electromagne33.100.10Emission发射33.100.20Immunity抗扰性有关电磁兼容性的其他方面33.100.99Other aspect电信设备用部件和附件33.120Components a33.120.01Components a部件和附件综合同轴电缆、波导33.120.10Coaxial cabl导线和对称电缆33.120.20Wires and sy射频连接器33.120.30R.F. connect33.120.40Aerials天线33.120.99Other compon其他部件和附件电信专用测量设备33.140Special meas33.160audio, video音频、视频和视听工程音频、视频和视听系统综合 33.160.01audio, video 33.160.10Amplifiers放大器无线电接收机33.160.20Radio receiv33.160.25Television r电视接收机音频系统33.160.30Audio system视频系统33.160.40Video system33.160.50Accessories附件多媒体系统和电话会议设备 33.160.60Multimedia s 其他音频、视频和视听设备 33.160.99Other audio, 电视播放和无线电广播 33.170Television a光纤通信33.180Fibre optic光纤系统综合33.180.01Fibre optic光纤和光缆33.180.10Fiber and ca光纤连接器33.180.20Fiber optic光放大器33.180.30Optic amplif其他光纤设备33.180.99Other fiber遥控、遥测、遥感33.200Telecontrol.信息技术、办公机械设备 35INFORMATION 35.020Information信息技术(IT)综合字符集和信息编码35.040Character se信息技术用语言35.060Languages us软件开发和系统文件35.080Software dev开放系统互连(OSI)35.100Open systems开放系统互连(OSI)综合 35.100.01Open systems 35.100.05Multilayer a多层应用物理层35.100.10Physical lay数据链路层35.100.20Data link la35.100.30Network laye网络层运输层35.100.40Transport la会话层35.100.50Session laye表示层35.100.60Presentation应用层35.100.70Application35.110Networking网络计算机图形技术35.140Computer gra35.160Microprocess微处理机系统IT终端和其他外围设备 35.180IT Terminal 接口和互连设备35.200Interface an35.220Data storage数据存储设备数据存储设备综合35.220.01Data storage纸卡和纸带35.220.10Paper cards磁存储设备综合35.220.20Magnetic sto磁盘35.220.21Magnetic dis磁带35.220.22Magnetic tap盒式磁带和磁带盒35.220.23Cassettes an光学存储设备35.220.30Optical stor其他数据存储装置35.220.99Other data s信息技术应用35.240Applications信息技术应用综合35.240.01Applications计算机辅助设计(CAD)35.240.10Computer-aid识别卡和有关装置35.240.15Identificati35.240.20IT applicati信息技术在办公中的应用信息技术在信息、文献和出版中的应用 35.240.30IT applicati 信息技术在银行中的应用35.240.40IT applicati35.240.50IT applicati信息技术在工业上的应用信息技术在运输和贸易中的应用35.240.60IT applicati信息技术在自然科学中的应用35.240.70IT applicati信息技术(IT)在保健技术中的应用 35.240.80IT applicati信息技术在其他领域中的应用35.240.99IT applicati办公机械35.260Office machi37IMAGE TECHNO成像技术光学设备37.020Optical equi37.040Photography摄影技术摄影技术综合37.040.01Photography37.040.10Photographic摄影设备、投影仪相纸、胶卷和暗盒37.040.20Photographic射线照相胶片37.040.25Radiographic 37.040.30Photographic 摄影用药品有关摄影技术的其他标准37.040.99Other standa 电影37.060Cinematograp 37.060.01Cinematograp 电影综合电影设备37.060.10Motion pictu 电影胶片、暗盒37.060.20Motion pictu 有关电影的其他标准37.060.99Other standa 文献成象技术37.080Document ima 印制技术37.100Graphic tech 37.100.01Graphic tech 印制技术综合印刷、复制设备37.100.10Reproduction 印制材料37.100.20Materials fo 37.100.99Other standa 有关印刷技术的其他标准精密机械、珠宝39PRECISION ME精密机械39.020Precision me 39.040Horology钟表学钟表学综合39.040.01Horology in 39.040.10Watches手表39.040.20Clocks钟其他计时仪器39.040.99Other time-m 39.060Jewellery珠宝道路车辆工程43ROAD VEHICLE道路车辆综合43.020Road vehicle道路车辆装置43.040Road vehicle道路车辆装置综合43.040.01Road vehicle 电气和电子设备43.040.10Electrical a照明、信号和报警设备43.040.20Lighting sig 指示和控制装置43.040.30Indicating a 制动系统43.040.40Braking syst 传动装置、悬挂装置43.040.50Transmission 车身及车身附件43.040.60Bodies and b43.040.70Couplings联轴器43.040.99Other road v其他道路车辆装置道路车辆内燃机43.060Internal com43.060.01Internal com道路车辆内燃机综合气缸体和内部组件43.060.10Engine block增压冲气、进气/排气管路系统 43.060.20Pressure cha 43.060.30Cooling syst冷却系统、润滑系统燃油系统43.060.40Fuel systems电气设备、控制系统43.060.50Electrical e其他内燃机装置和组件43.060.99Other compon商用车辆43.080Commercial v商用车辆综合43.080.01Commercial v卡车和挂车43.080.10Trucks and t43.080.20Buses客车其他商用车辆43.080.99Other commer旅行客车、篷车和轻型挂车 43.100Passenger ca电车43.120Electric roa摩托车和机动自行车43.140Motorcycles43.150cycles自行车专用汽车43.160Special purp43.180Diagnostic,检查、维修和试验设备铁路工程45RAILWAY ENGI铁路工程综合45.020Railway engi45.040Materials an铁路工程材料和零件铁路车辆45.060Railway roll铁路车辆综合45.060.01Railway roll机车45.060.10Tractive sto车辆45.060.20Trailing sto钢轨和线路构件45.080Rails and ra架空索道设备45.100Cableway equ铁路/架空索道建筑和维护设备 45.120Equipment fo 造船和海上建筑物47SHIPBUILDING船舶和海上建筑物综合47.020Shipbuilding47.020.01General stan造船和海上建筑通用标准造船用材料和零件47.020.05Materials an船体及其构件47.020.10Hulls and th船用发动机和推进系统47.020.20Marine engin管路系统47.020.30Piping syste起重设备和货物搬运设备47.020.40Lifting and甲板设备和装置47.020.50Deck equipme船用电气设备47.020.60Electrical e47.020.70Navigation a导航和控制设备起居舱室47.020.80Accommodatio47.020.85Cargo spaces货舱船用通风、空气调节和供热系统 47.020.90Marine venti 有关造船和海上建筑的其他标准 47.020.99Other standa 远洋轮47.040Seagoing ves内河船47.060Inland navig47.080Small craft小型船航空器和航天器工程49AIRCRAFT AND航空器与航天器综合49.020Aircraft and航空航天制造用材料49.025Materials fo航空航天制造用材料综合49.025.01Materials fo黑色金属合金综合49.025.05Ferrous allo49.025.10Steels钢49.025.15Non-ferrous有色金属合金综合49.025.20Aluminium铝49.025.30Titanium钛橡胶和塑料49.025.40Rubber and p 49.025.50Adhesives粘合剂49.025.60Textiles织物49.025.99Other materi其他材料航空航天制造用紧固件49.030Fasteners fo紧固件综合49.030.01Fasteners in螺纹49.030.10Screw thread螺栓、螺钉、螺柱49.030.20Bolts, screw49.030.30Nuts螺母49.030.40Pins, nails销钉、铁钉垫圈和其他锁紧元件49.030.50Washers and49.030.60Rivets铆钉其他紧固件49.030.99Other fasten航空航天用零部件49.035Components f有关航空航天制造用涂覆与有关工艺 49.040Coatings and 结构和结构元件49.045Structure an航空航天发动机和推进系统49.050Aerospace en49.060Aerospace el航空航天用电气设备与系统航空航天用流体系统和零部件49.080Aerospace fl机上设备和仪器49.090On-board equ客运设备和座舱设备49.095Passenger an地面服务和维修设备49.100Ground servi货运设备49.120Cargo equipm航天系统和操作装置49.140Space system材料储运设备53MATERIALS HA起重设备53.020Lifting equi起重设备综合53.020.01Lifting appl 53.020.20Cranes起重机起重设备附件53.020.30Accessories其他起重设备53.020.99Other liftin连续搬运设备53.040Continuous h连续搬运设备综合53.040.01Continuous h 53.040.10Conveyors输送机输送机零部件53.040.20Components f 53.040.30Pneumatic tr气动运输及其零部件其他连续搬运设备53.040.99Other contin工业车辆53.060Industrial t53.080Storage equi储藏设备土方机械53.100Earth-moving手工搬运工具53.120Equipment fo货物的包装和调运55PACKAGING AN货物的包装和调运综合55.020Packaging an包装材料和辅助物55.040Packaging ma卷轴、线轴55.060Spools, Bobb55.080Sacks. Bags麻袋、袋子55.100Bottles. Pot瓶、罐、瓮罐、听、管55.120Cans. Tins.55.130Aerosol cont雾化剂罐粗腰桶、桶、罐等55.140Barrels. Dru箱、盒、板条箱55.160Cases. Boxes货运调运55.180Freight dist货运调运综合55.180.01Freight dist通用集装箱55.180.10General purp通用托盘55.180.20General purp空运集装箱、托盘和网55.180.30Air mode con满装和整装运输包55.180.40Complete, fi有关货物调运的其他标准 55.180.99Other standa 55.200Packaging ma包装机械。

Noise Pollution(噪音污染)Noise PollutionWe know the sounds of cities are loud enough to cause great harm to people’s hearing in the U.S. One person out of twenty has got some hearing loss. And all over the world the situation is getting worse and worse all the time since the noise increases with the population.With the development of machines, noise has also increased greatly in the 20th century. We live surrounded by loud planes, trucks and electric tools. TV sets and radios add up to 90 or J00 decibels, a certain unit used to measure the loudness of sound. A normal dialogue reaches 55 decibels; a plane goes to 100, and an ordinary train, reaching the station, can be twice as loud as the loudest plane. Disco music reaches about 118. At decibels the ear stops hearing sound, and pain starts. How terrible if things go on like this!噪音污染众所周知，在美国，城市巨大的噪音对人们的听力造成了极大的损害。

学习生活中受噪音的影响的英语作文Noise has become an increasingly pervasive aspect of modern life. From the constant hum of traffic to the piercing sounds of construction, our daily experiences are often accompanied by a cacophony of auditory stimuli. While noise may seem like a minor annoyance, its impact on our learning and overall well-being can be significant. In this essay, we will explore the various ways in which noise can affect our ability to learn and thrive in our daily lives.One of the primary ways in which noise can impact learning is through its effect on concentration and focus. Numerous studies have shown that exposure to noise, even at relatively low levels, can disrupt cognitive processes and hinder our ability to retain information. The brain's natural response to noise is to divert attention away from the task at hand, as it tries to process the incoming auditory stimuli. This can lead to a breakdown in the learning process, as our minds struggle to stay on track and absorb the material we are trying to study or understand.In an educational setting, the impact of noise can be particularlydetrimental. Classrooms, libraries, and other learning environments are often plagued by various sources of noise, from the chatter of fellow students to the hum of electronic devices. This constant barrage of auditory input can make it challenging for students to maintain focus and engage with the material being presented. As a result, their academic performance may suffer, as they struggle to retain the information they are trying to learn.Moreover, noise can also have a negative impact on our overall cognitive function. Prolonged exposure to noise has been linked to increased stress levels, which can in turn lead to a range of other health issues, including anxiety, depression, and even cognitive decline. When our brains are constantly bombarded with external stimuli, it can take a toll on our mental well-being, making it more difficult to engage in the deep, focused thinking that is essential for effective learning and problem-solving.In addition to its impact on cognitive function, noise can also have physical consequences. Exposure to loud or persistent noise can lead to hearing damage, which can have long-term implications for an individual's ability to communicate and engage with the world around them. This can be particularly problematic for young people, whose developing auditory systems may be more vulnerable to the effects of noise exposure.To mitigate the negative impacts of noise on learning and daily life, it is important to adopt strategies for noise reduction and management. This may involve seeking out quiet spaces for study and reflection, using noise-cancelling headphones or earplugs, or advocating for the implementation of noise-reducing policies in our communities and workplaces.Furthermore, it is essential that we educate ourselves and others about the importance of noise control and the impact it can have on our well-being. By raising awareness and promoting the adoption of noise-reduction strategies, we can create environments that are more conducive to learning, productivity, and overall quality of life.In conclusion, the impact of noise on learning and daily life cannot be overstated. From its disruption of cognitive processes to its physical and mental health consequences, noise is a pervasive challenge that requires our attention and action. By understanding the ways in which noise affects us and taking steps to mitigate its impact, we can create a more harmonious and productive environment in which to live, work, and learn.。