DEVELOPMENT OF A MANDATORYPOLAR CODE –UPDATE ON PROGRESS

logic control,逻辑控制logical address,逻辑地址logical control,逻辑控制logical model,逻辑模型logical ring,逻辑环long distance water level recorder,遥测水位计long period seismograph,长周期地震仪long-radius nozzle,长径喷嘴long term running test,长期运转试验longitudinal magnetization,纵向磁化longitudinal magnetizing ampere turn,纵向磁化安匝数longitudinal resolution,纵向分辨力 longitudinal wave,纵波longitudinal wave probe,纵波探头longitudinal wave technique,纵波法look-at-me(LAM),请求注意look-at-me line,请求注意线；L线look-at-me request,LAM要求]look-at-me signal,请求注意信号；L信号loop galanometer,回线式振动子loopback checking,回送检验loudenss contours,等响曲线ludness,响度loudness level,响度极low altitude sonde,低空探空仪low cost autonation,低成本自动化low e.m.f.potentiometer,低电位电位差时low electron energy diffractometer(LEED),低能电子衍射仪low frequency fatigue testing machine,低频疲劳试验机low limiting control,下限控制low noise valve,低噪声阀low-recovery valve,低压力恢复阀low speed balancing,低速平衡low-speed magneto synchronous motor,永磁式低速同步电动机low temperature humidity chamber,低温恒温恒湿箱low temperature strain gauge,低温应变计low temperature test,低温试验low-temperature test chamber,低温试验箱low temperature testing machine,低温试验机low temperature thermistor,低温热敏电阻器low-temperature treatment,低温处理low tension loop,低压回路low voltage terminal,低压端low water,低潮lower actual measuring range value,实际测量范围下限值lubricator,注油器luminance transducer[sensor],亮度传感器luminous flux,光通量luminous intensity,发光强度lysimeter,渗水测定器MMA-scope,MA型显示Mach number,马赫数machine code,机器代码machine intelligence,机器智能machine language,机器语言machine type rock ore densimeter,机械式岩矿密度仪macro analysis,常量分析macro instruction,宏指令macro-economic model,宏观经济模型macro-economic system,宏观经济系统macroassembly language,宏汇编语言magnet,磁铁magnet assembly,磁体magnet dynamic instrument,磁式动态仪器magnetic analyzer,磁分析器magnetic balance,磁秤magnetic card,磁卡magnetic core,磁心magnetic damper,磁性阻尼器magnetic deflection,磁偏转magnetic detector for lightning currents,闪电电流磁检示器magnetic disc,磁盘magnetic domain attachment,磁畴附件magnetic drum,磁鼓magnetic field,磁场magnetic field meter,磁场计magnetic field strength transducer[sensor],磁场强度传感器magnetic flaw detection ink,磁悬液magnetic flow transducer,磁性流量传感器magnetic flux transducer[sensor],磁通传感器magnetic grating displacement transducer,磁栅式位移传感器magnetic induced polariaxtion instrument,磁激电仪magnetic locator,磁定位器magnetic logger,磁测井仪magnetic oxygen transducer[sensor],磁式氧传感器magnetic particle,磁粉magnetic particle inspection,磁粉探伤机 magnetic potentiometer,磁位计magnetic prospecting instrument,磁法勘探仪器 magnetic(quantity)transducer[sensor],磁（学量）传感器magnetic resistivity instrument,磁电阻率仪magnetic resistor,磁敏电阻器magnetic rotaion comparison,磁旋比magnetic scale width meter[gauge],磁栅式宽度计magnetic screen[shield],磁屏蔽magnetic sensor,磁传感器magnetic separator,磁性分选仪magnetic storage,磁存储器magnetic susceptibility logger,磁化率测井仪magnetic tape,磁带magnetic tape unit,磁带机magnetic widn,磁风magnetization method,磁化方法magnetizer,充磁机magnetizing,磁化magnetizing assembly,磁化装置magnetizing coil,磁化线圈magnetizing current,磁化电流magnetizing time,磁化时间magneto electric balance,电磁天平magneto sensor,磁敏元件magnetoelastic effect,压磁效应magnetoelastic force transducer,磁弹性式力传感器magnetoelastic rolling force measuring instrument,磁弹性式轧制力测量仪 magnetoelastic tensiometer,磁弹性式张力计magnetoelastic torque measuring instrument,磁弹性式转矩测量仪magnetoelastic torque transducer,磁弹性式转矩传感器magnetoelastic weighing cell,磁弹性式称重传感器magnetoelectric phase difference torque measuring instrument, 磁电相位差式转矩测量仪magnetoelectric phase difference torque transducer,磁电相位差林转矩传感器 magnetoelectric tachometer,磁电式转速表magnetoelectric tachometric transducer,磁电式转速传感器magnetoelectric velocity measuring instrument,磁电工速度测量仪magnetoelectric velocity transducer,磁电式速度传感器magnetometer,磁强计；磁力仪magneto-optical effect magnetometer,磁阻磁强计magnetoresistive magentomenter,磁致伸缩磁力仪magnetostriction testing meter,磁致伸缩测试仪magnetostrictive transducer,磁致伸缩振动器magnetreater,磁处理机magentrol,磁放大器magnification,放大倍率magnitude-frequency characteristics,幅频特性magnitude margin,幅值裕度；幅值裕量magnitude-phase characteristics,幅相特性main axle of penetrator,压头主轴main storage,主存储器main valve,主阀maintainalbility,可维修性；可维护性；维修性；维修度maintenance,维修；维护maintenance test,维护试验major loop,主回路management decision,管理决策management information system(MIS),管理信息系统management level,管理级management science,管理科学manager,管理站Manchester encoding,曼彻斯特编码mandatory standard,强制性标准manipulated variable,操纵变量man-machice communication,人机通信man-machine coordination,人机控制man-machine coordination,人机协调man-machine interaction,人机交互man-machine interface,人机界面man-machine system,人机系统manned submersible,载人潜水器manometer,压力计manual control,手动控制manual data input programming,手动数据输入编程；人工数据输入编程manual operating device,手动装置manual operating mode,手动运转方式manual scanning,手动扫查manual station,手动操作器manufacturing automation protocol(MAP),制造自动化协议；生产自动化协议manufacturing message service(MMS),加工制造报文服务mapping,页面寻址；面分布图marine barometer,船用气压表marine digital seismic apparatus,海洋数字地震仪marine flux-gate magnetometer,海洋地球物理勘探marine gravimeter,海洋重力仪marine gravimeteric survey,海洋重力测量marine instrument,船用仪器仪表marine optical pumping magnetometer,海洋光泵磁力仪marine proton gradiometer,海洋质子梯度仪marine proton magnetometer,海洋质子磁力仪marine proton precession magnetometer,海洋质子磁力仪marine seismic prospectiong,海洋地震勘探marine seismic streamer,海洋地夺电缆；拖缆；漂浮电缆marine vibrating-string gravimeter,海洋振弦重力仪 mark,标志mark of conformity,合格标志marking,标志marking of an instrument for explosive atmosphere,防爆仪表标志mass,质量mass absorption coefficient,质量吸收系数mass analyzed ion kinetic energy spectrometer(MIKES),质量分析离子动能谱仪mass analyzer,质量分析器mass centering,质量定心mass centering machine,质量定心机mass chromatography(MC),质量色谱法mass decade range,十倍质量程mass discrimination effect,质量歧视效应mass dispersion,质量色散mass flow computer,质量流量计算机mass flow-rate,质量流量mass flow rate senstive detector,质量流量敏感型检测器mass fragmentography(MF),质量碎片谱法mass indicator,质量指示器mass number,质量数mass peak,质量峰mass range,质量范围mass scanning,质量扫描mass spectrograph,质谱仪mass spectrometer,质谱计mass spectometric analysis,质谱法mass spectrometry(MS),质谱学；质谱法mass spectrometry-mass spectrometry(MS-MS),质谱-质谱法mass spectroscope,质谱仪器mass spectroscopy,质谱学mass spectrum,质谱mass-spring system,质量弹簧系统mass stability,质量稳定性mass storage,大容量存储器；海量存储器mass-to-charge ratio,质荷比master file,主文卷master/slave discrimination,主从鉴别；主副鉴别master station,主站master viscometer,标准粘度计material measure,实体量器material processibility,材料工艺性能material tesing machine,材料试验机mathematical model,数学模型mathematical similarity,数学相似mathematical simulation,数字仿真matrix correction,基本修正matrix effect,基体效应matrix printer,点阵印刷机；点阵打印机Mattauch-Herzog geometry(mass spectrograph),马-赫型双聚焦质谱法max allowable continuous working current,最大允许连续工作电流max deflection of linearity,最大线性偏转maximum acceleration,最大加速度maximum allowde deviation,最大允许扁差maximum ballistic scanning,最大冲击拂掠maximum capacity,最大称量maximum cyclic load,最大循环负荷maximum cyclic stress,最大循环应力maximum displacement,最大位移maximum excitation,最大激励maximum floating voltage,最大浮置电压maximum flow-rate,最大流量maximum load of the test,最大试验负荷maximum load of the testing machine,试验机最大负荷maximum operating pressure differential,最大工作压差maximum operationg water depth,最大工作（水）深度maximum output inductance,最大输出电感maximum output resistance,最大输出电阻maximum overshoot,最大超调量maximum peneration power,最大穿透力maximum power supply voltage,最高电源电压maximum principle,极大值原理；最大值原理maximum profit programming,最大利润规划maximum rated circumferential magnetizing current, 额定周向磁化电流；最大周向磁化电流maximum rated force under sinusoidal conditions,正弦态最大激振力maximum revolutions of output shaft,输出轴最大转数maximum scale value,标度终点值maximum sound pressure level of microphone,传声器最高声压级maximum strain,最大应变maximum temperature,最高温度maximum thermometer,最高温度计；最高温度表maximum transverse load,最大横向负荷maximum velocity,最大速度maximum wind speed,最大风速maximum working pressure(MWP),最大工作压力McLeod vacuum gauge,麦氏真空计mean availability,平均轴就流体速度mean dynamic pressure in a cross-section,横截面内的平均动压(mean) effective mavelength,（平均）有效波长mean flow-rate,平均流量mean life,平均寿命mean linear velocity of mobile phase,流动相平均线速mean load,平均负荷mean repair time(MRT),平均修理时间mean squared spectral density,均方谱密度mean strain,平均应变mean stress,平均应力mean time between failures(MTBF),平均失效间隔时间mean time to failure(MTTF),平均失效前时间mean time to restoration,平均体膨胀系数meantime auto-spectrometer,同时式自动光谱仪(measurable)quantity,(可测的）量measurand,被测量measured object,被测对象measured quantiry,被测量(measure)target,（被测）目标 measured value,被测值measured variable,被测变量measurement,测量measurement hardware,测量硬件measurement of directional response pattern,指向性响应图案测量measurement of exciting force,激振力的测量measurement of vibration quantity,振动量的测量measurement procedure,测量步骤measurement signal,测量信号measurement standand,测量标准（器）measurement time,测量时间measuring amplifier,测量放大器measuring bridge,测量电桥measuring current transformer,测量用电流互感器measuring distance,测量距离measuring element(of an electro-mechanical measuring instrument), （电-机械测量仪表的）测量机构measuring equipment,测量装置；测量设备measuring hole,测量孔measuring indication system,测量指示装置measuring instrument,测量（仪器）仪表；测量器具measuring instrument with circuit control device,带有电路控制器件的测量仪表 measuring junction,测量端区measuring microphone,测试传声器measuring plane,测量平面measuring point for the humidity,湿度测定点measuring point for the temperature,温度测定点(measuring)potentiometer,（测量）电位差计measuring range,测量范围measuring range higher limit,测量范围上限值measuring range lower limit,测量范围下限值measuring section,测量段measuring spark gap,测量球隙measuring system,测量系统measuring terminal,测量端measuring time,测量时间(measuring)transducer,（测量）传感器measuring transducer(with electrical output),（电量输出）测量变换器measuring voltage transformer,测量用电压互感器mechanical bathythermograph(MBT),机械式深温计mechanical hygrometer,机械湿度计mechanical impedance,机械阻抗mechanical properties,机械性能mechanical quantity,机械量mechanical quantity transducer[sensor],力学量传感器mechanical regulator,机械稳速器mechanical resonance,机械共振mechanical resonance frequency of the moving element,运动部件机械共振频率mechanical resonance frequency of the moving element suspension, 运动部件悬挂机械共振频率mechanical runout,机械脱出mechanical sensor,力敏元件mechanical shock,机械冲击mechanical strain,机械应变mechanical structure type transducer[sensor],结构型传感器mechanical test,机械性能试验mechanical testing machine,机械式试验机mechanical top-loading balance,机械式上皿天平mechanical vibration,(机械）振动mechanical vibrator,机械振动器mechanical vibraometer,机械测振仪mechanical zero,机械零位mechanical zero adjuxter,机械零位调节器mechanism model,机理模型medium temperature strain gauge,中温应变计（片）mel,美（音调的单位）melted quartz cqpacitor,熔融石英电容器melting heat,熔解热melting point,熔解点melting point type disposable fever thermeometer,熔点型消耗式温度计memory,存储器memory protection,存储保护Mendeleev weighing,门捷列夫称量法meniscus,弯月面menu selection mode,选单选择式；菜单选择式meroury barometer,水银气压表mercury drop amplitude,汞滴振幅mercury motor meter,水银电机式仪表mercury pool electrode,示池电极mercury thermoneter,水银温度表message,报文message mode,报文方式message switching,报文交换messenger,使锤metal base indicated electrode,金属基指示电极metal-ceramic X-ray tube,金属陶瓷X射线管metal-insoluble salt indicated electrode,金属-难溶盐指示电极metal-oxide gas transducer[sensor],金属氧化物气体传感器metal-oxide humidity transducer[sensor],金属氧化物湿度传感器metal-spring gravimeter,金属弹簧重力仪metallic material testing machine,金属材料试验机metallurgical automation,冶金自动化metastable dceomposition,亚稳分解metastable defocussing,亚稳去聚焦metastable ion,亚稳离子metastable scanning,亚稳扫描meteorograph,气象计meteorological instrument,气象仪器meteorological observation,气象观测meteorological radar,气象雷达meteorological rocket,气象火箭meteorological satellite,气象卫星meteorological tower,气象塔meter,计；表meter electrodes,测量电极meter flow-rate,仪表流量meter for testing constant current fluxreset curve,恒流磁通回归曲线测试仪meter tube(of an electromagnetic flowmeter),（电磁流量计的）测量管meter wheel,绳索记数器meter with maximum demand indicator,最大需量电度表meters(for the measurement of the volume of fluids),（测量流体体积的）仪表meters for measuring amplitude by a reading microscope,读数显微镜测振幅法method for measuring amplitude by a wedge gauge,量楔测振幅法method of coreection,校正方法method of electron diffraction,电子衍射法method of field emission microscope(FEM),场发射显微镜法method of field parameter measurement,场参数测量法meteod of instability,不稳定法method of least squqres,最小二乘方法method of measurement,测量方法method of modal balancing,振型平衡法method of spot parameter measurement,点参数测量法method standard,方法标准metrological performance,计量性能mica capacitor,云母电容器imcro adsorption detector,微量吸附检测器micro analysis,微量分析micro balance,微量天平micro coulometric detector,微库仑检测器microbarograph,微（气）压计microbarometer,微压表microcomputer,微（型）计算机microcomputer alternating current resistivity instrument,微机化交流电阻率仪器micro-computer field measuring system,微电脑野外检测系统microcomputer induced polarization instrument,微机激电仪micro-densitometer,微密度计micro-economic model,微观经济模型micro-economic system,微观经济系统micro-heat of adsorption detector,微量吸附热检测器micro-packed column,微填充柱microhardness number,显微硬度值micrometer,测微器micrometer checker,千分表检查仪microphone,传声器microphone calibration apparatus,传声器械校准仪microphone protection grid,传声器保护罩microphone response frequency,传声器共振频率microphone stand,传声器架microphone temperature coefficient,传声器温度系数microphotometer,测微光度计micropluviometer,微雨量器microtome,超薄切片机microwave,微波microwave detecton apparatus,微波检测仪microwave distance method,微波探伤法microwave distance meter,微波测距仪microwave hygroscope,微波测湿仪microwave plasma detector,微波等离子体检测器microwave radar,微波雷达microwave radiometer,微波辐射计microwave remote sensing,微波遥感micro-wave scatterometer,微波散射计microwave thickness meter,微波厚度计mid infrared range(MIR) remote sensing,中红外遥感minimum achievable residual unbalance,最小可达剩余不平衡量minimum cyclic load,最小循环应力minimum detectable leak,最小可检漏量minimum detectable partial pressure,最小可检分压强minimum flow-rate,最小流量minmum load of the testing machine,试验机最小负荷minimum operationg pressure differential,最小工作压差minimum phase system,最小相位系统minimum positioning time,最小定位时间minimum power supply voltage,最低电源电压minimum rate of benefit,最低收益率minimum reserve,最低储备iminmum risk estimation,最小风险估计minimum scale value,标度始点值minimum strain,最小应变minimum temperature,最低温度minimum thermometer,最低温度计；最低温度表minimum variance estimation,最小方差估计mining compass,矿山罗盘仪mirror dial,镜大幅度盘mirror telescope,反射望远镜mixing length,混合长度mixing ratio,混合比mobile phase,流动相mobile weather station,流动气象站mobile X-ray detection apparatus,移动式X射探伤机modal aggregation,模态集结modal control,模态控制modal matrix,模态矩阵modal transformation,模态变换mode of vibration,振型；振动模态mode shape,振形model,模型；型号model accuracy,模型精确度model analysis,模型分析model base(MB),模型库model base management system(MBMS),模型库管理系统model checking,模型置信度model coordination method,模型协调法model decomposition,模型分解model design,模型设计model evaluation,模型评价model experiment,模型实验model fidelity,模型逼真度model following control system,模型跟踪控制系统model following controller,模型跟踪控制器model loading,模型装载model modification,模型修改model of strain gauge,应变计[片]型式model reduction,模型降价model reduction method,模型降价法model reference adaptive control system,模型参考适应控制系统model reference control system,模型参考控制系统model simplification,模型简化model transformation,模型变换model validation,模型确认model variable,模型变量model verification,模型验证modeling,建模modern control theory,现代控制理论modern polarography,近代极谱法modifiability,可修改性modular programming,模块化程序设计modularity,组合性modularization,模块化modulation,调制modulation analysis,调制分析modulation sideband,调制边带modulator,调制器modulator-demodulator;modem,调制解调器module,模块modulus of elasticity,弹性模量moire fringe,莫尔条纹moire frenge grating,莫尔条纹光栅moisture content,含湿量；水汽含量moisture sensor,湿敏元件molecular absorption spectrometry,分子吸收光谱法molecular beam mass spectrometer,调制分子束质谱计molecular spectrum,分子光谱molecule ion,分子离子moment,分矩moment of pendulum,摆锤力矩monitoring,监视monitoring hardware,监视硬件monitoring program,监督程序monochromatic radiation,单色辐射monochromator,单色仪monocolour radiation,单色辐射monopole mass spectrometer,单极质谱计most economic control(MEC),最经济控制most economic observing(MEO),最经济观测mould growth test,长霉试验mould test chamber,霉菌试验箱mouldproof packaging,防霉包装mountain barometer,高山气压表mouse,鼠标器movable cross-beam,移动横梁movement,传动机构moving band interface,传送带接口moving coil,动圈moving ciol galvanometer,动圈式[磁电系]检流计moving-coil microphone,动圈传声器moving-conductor microphone,电动传声器moving element,运动部件；可动部分moiving-iron instrument,动铁式[电磁系）仪表moving-megnet galvanometer,动磁系振动子moving-magnet instrument,动磁式仪表moving point device,移点器moving-scale instrument,动标度尺式仪表moving table,滑台MS-MS scanning,质谱—质谱法扫描mud flow meter,泥浆流量计mud hydrometer,泥浆比重计mud logger,泥浆电阻仪mud lubrification meter,泥浆润滑性测定仪mud resistance meter,泥浆电阻仪mud sand content meter,泥浆含砂量测定仪mud wavter loss meter,泥浆失水量测定仪multi-axial strain gauge,多轴应变计multi band seismograph,多频带地震仪multichannel analyzer,多道分析器multichannel cross correlation,多通道互相关multi-channel logging truck,多线式自动测井仪；测井站multi-channel photo-recorder,多线照相记录仪multi-channel pulse height analyzer,多道脉冲高度分析仪multi-channel X-ray spectrometer,多道X射线光谱仪multi collectors mass spectrometer,多接收器质谱计multi-colour radiation thermometer,多色辐射温度计multi-colour thermometry,多色测温法multi-core type current transformer,多铁心型电流互感器multi crystal thermistor,多昌热敏电阻器multi-frequeny channel ground detector,多频道地电仪multi-runction(measuring)instrument,多功能（测量）仪表multi-function transducer[sensor],多功能传感器multi-idler belt conveyor scale,多托辊电子皮带秤multi-input multi-output control system;MIMO control system,多输入多输出控制系统multi-path diagonal-beam ultrasonic flowmeter,多声道斜束式超声流量计multi-plane balancing,多面平衡multi-objective decision,多目标决策multi-plate trim,多层叠板工节流组件multi-range(measuring)instrument,多范围（测量）仪表multi-rate meter,复费率电度表mulit-scale(measuring)instrument,多标度尺（测量）仪表mulit-stage accelerating electron gun,多极加速电子枪multistage flash distillation method for desalination,多级闪急蒸馏淡化法multi-step action,多位作用multi-step controller,多位控制器multi-turn electric actuator,多转电动执行机构multi-user simulation,多用户仿真multidimensional gas chromatograph,多维气相色谱仪multidimensional gas chromatography,多维气相色谱法multilayer control,多层控制multilayer system,多层系统multilevel computer control system,多级计算机控制系统multilevel control,多级控制multievel coordination,多级协调multilevel decision,多级决策multievel process,多级过程multilevel system,多级系统multilink,多链路multiloop control,多回路控制multiloop control system,多回路控制系统multiloop controller,多回路控制器multimeter,万用电表multiple channel recorder,多通道记录仪multiple echo method,多次反射法multiple-jet water meter,多注束水表multiple scattering event,多重散射过程multiple-sensor cross correlation,多传感器互相关multiple-speed floationg action,多速无定位作用multiple-speed floation controller,多速无定位控制器multiple step plug,多级阀芯multiple tide staff,群验潮杆；水尺组multiplex link,复用链路multiplexer,多路转换器；多路转接器multiplexing,多路复用multipoint connection,多点连接multipoint network,多点网络multipoint recorder,多点记录仪multiprocessing,多道处理；多处理机multiprogramming,多道程序设计multiprojecting plotter,多位投影测图仪multisegment model,多段模型multispectral camera,多光谱照相机multispectral scanner(MSS),多光谱扫描仪multistage decision process,多段决策过程multistate logic,多态逻辑multistratum control,多段控制multistratum system,多段系统multivariable control system,多变量控制系统电工词汇(N-R)Nn-exponent,n-指数N.T.C.thermistor,负温度系数热敏电阻器Nansen bottle,南森采水器Nansen opening-and-closing net,南森开团式网narrow-band filter,窄带滤波器narrow-band random vibration,窄带随机振动narrow band spectrum,窄波段national satellite,国土卫星national standard,国家标准natural convection,自然对流natural electric-field method instrument,自然电场法仪器natural environment,自然环境natural field electro-detector,天然场电测仪natural frequency,固有频率natural frequency measurement,固有频率的测量natural frequency of rotor/bearing system,转子支承系统固有频率natural gamma spectromenter of logger,自然伽玛能谱测井仪natural inherent frequency,自然固有频率natural mode of vibration,固有振型near field,近场near infrared range(NIR)remote sensing,近红外遥感near-optimality,近优性nearest-neighbor,最近邻nebulizer,雾化器negative feedback,负反馈negative knives linear,负刀联线negative pressure,负压；真空negative shock response spectrum,负冲击响应谱negative strain,负应变negative tempperature coefficient thermistor,负温度系数热敏电阻nephelometer,浑浊度表nephoscope,测云器Nernst equation,能斯特方程nest,嵌套net pyrgeometer,净地球辐射表net pyrradiometer,辐射平衡表net radiation,净辐射；辐射平衡；辐射差额net retention time,净保留时间net retention volume,净保留体积net sounder,网位仪net terrestrial radiation,净地球辐射network frame,网络帧network management,网络管理network model,网络模型network protocol,网络协议network technique,网络技术neutral absorption,中性吸收neutral filter,中性滤光片neutral zone,中间区neutrally buoyant float,中性浮标Newton's fluid,牛顿流体neutron dosimeter,牛顿流动定律neutron dosimeter,中子剂量计neutron logging instrument,中子测井仪neutron fraiograghy,中子射线照相术neutron spectromenter,中子能谱仪neutron-gamma radiometer,中子伽玛辐射仪Nickel-Chromium/CopperNickel thermocouple,镍铬-铜镍热电偶Nickel-Chromium/NickelAluminium[Silicom] thermocouple，镍铬-镍铝[硅]热电偶Nickel-Chromium-Silicom/Nickel-Silicom thermocouple,镍铬硅镍硅热电偶Nier-Johnson geometry mass spectrometer,尼尔-约翰逊型双聚焦质谱计NIM bin NIM,机箱Niskin sterile water sampler,尼斯金无菌采水器nitrile rubber(Buna N),丁晴橡胶nitrogen dioxide trnsfer furnace,二氧化氮转化炉nitrogen-oxide analyzer,氮氧化物分析仪NMR absorption band,核磁共振吸收带NMR absorption line,核磁共振吸收线NMR equipment,核磁共振仪NMR line width,核磁共振线宽no-load,空负荷no-load test,空载试验node,节点noetic science,思维科学noise,噪声noise dose,噪声剂量noise dose meter,噪声剂量计noise factor,噪声系数noise generator,噪声发生器noise level,噪声电平noise level analyzer,噪声级分析仪noise prediction,噪声预估noise room,噪声室noise suppressing varistor,消噪电压敏电阻器noise thermometer,噪声温度计noise transducer [sensor],噪声传感器nominal cartridge diameter of microphone,传声器极头公称直径nominal characteristic,名义特性nominal flow-rate,公称流量nominal heat value,标定热值nominal humidity,标称湿度nominal operating condition,正常工作条件nominal pressure rating,公称压力nominal range,标称使用范围；标称量限nominal range of use,标称使用范围nominal size,公称通径nominal temperature,标称温度nominal travel,标称行程nominal value,标称值nominal voltage ratio,标称电压比non-conformity,不合格non-contact thermometry,非接触测温法non-crystalline electrode,非晶体电极non-delimiter byte,非定界字节non-destructive inspection,无损探伤non-destructive inspection machine,无损探伤机non-dimensional [relative] velocity,无量纲[相对]速度non-dispersive infra-red gas analyzer;NDIR gas analyzer,非色散红外线气体分析器；NDIR气体分析器non-engineering system simulation,非工程系统仿真non-enveloped thermistor,非密封型热敏电阻器non-function type optic-fibre temperature transducer,非功能型光纤温度传感器non-interacting control,无相关控制non-interchangeable accessory,不可互换附件non-isolated analogue input,非隔离的模拟输入non-line conversion,非线性转换non-linear damping,非线性阻尼non-magnetic strain gauge,抗磁性应变计non-Newtonian fluid,非牛顿流体non-radioactive electron capture detector,无放射源电子捕获检测器non-reference line imaginary real amplitude receiver,无参考线虚分量仪non-relevant failure,非关联失效non return magnetometer,无定向磁力仪non rotational imaging,无旋转成象non-selective radiator,非选择辐射体non split stream injector,无分流进样器non-uniformity of chart [paper] speed,纸速不均匀性non-uniqueness,非唯一性noncapacitive a.c.arc,非电容性交流电弧nondeterminisitic control system,非确定性控制系统nondeterministic model,非确定性模型nondiffraction X-ray spectrometer,非衍射X射线光谱仪nonequilibrium state,非平衡态nonequilibrium system,非均衡系统nonlinear characteristics,非线性特性nonlinear control system,非线性控制系统nonlinear control system theory,非线性控制系统理论nonlinear estimation,非线性估计nonlinear model,非线性模型nonlinear prediction,非线性预报nonlinear programming,非线性规划nonlinear scale,非线性标度nonlinear system simulation,非线性系统仿真nonlinear vibration,非线性振动nonlinear viscous damping,非线性粘性阻尼nonlinearity,非线性nonmetallic material testing machine,非金属材料试验机nonreturn-to-zero (NRZ),不归零制normal barometer,标准气压表normal beam technique,垂直法normal beam testing,垂直法normal calomel electrode,当量甘汞电极normal distribution,正态分布normal flow rate,正常流量normal modes,正态振型normal operating conditions,正常工作条件normal-phase liquid chromatography,正相液相色谱法normal probe,直探头normal station,普通站normal stress,正应力normal temperature strain gauge,常温应变计normal thermometer,标准温度表normalization method,归一法normalization regulator,归一化调节器normalized impedance,归一化阻抗normalized mass spectrum,归一化质谱normalized reactance,归一化电抗normalized resistance,归一化电阻normally closed solenoid valve,常关式电磁阀normally open solenoid valve,常开式电磁阀notch filter,节点滤波器nozzle,喷嘴n-th nodal unbalance,第n阶振型不平衡谐量N-type oxide gas sensor,N型氧化物气敏元件nuclear electric quadrupole moment resonance spectroscopy,核四极共振波谱法Nuclear Instrument Module (NIM),核仪器模块nuclear magnetic double resonance,核磁双共振（法）nuclear magnetic resonance magnetometer,核磁共振磁强计nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy;NMR spectroscopy,核磁共振波谱法nuclear radiation thickness meter,核辐射厚度计(nuclear)radiation transducer [sensor],（核）辐射式传感器nuclei counter,计核器nude source,裸式离子源null measurement,指零测量null method,零位法null method of measurement,零位测量法；指零测量法；零差测量法null reading method,零读法number of degrees of freedom,自由度数number of effective plate,有效板数number of theoretical plate,理论板数numeric key,数字键numerical aperture (NA),数值孔径numerical control,数值控制numerical value (of a quantity),（量的）数值nutating disc flowmeter,（章动）圆盘流量计nutating flowmeter,章动流量计nutrients,营养盐nutrients analyzer for seawater,海水营养盐分析器Nyquist plot,奈奎斯特图Oobject language,目标语言object plane,物面object program,目标程序object wave,物体声束objective evidence,客观证据objective lens of the scanning electron microscope,扫描电子显微镜物镜objective lens of the transmission electron microscope,透射电子显微镜物镜oblique visibility,斜能见度observability,可观测性；能观测性observation and recording device,观察和记录装置ocean bottom seismograph,海底地震仪ocean date station,浮标站oceanographic geological instrument,海洋地质仪器oceanographic instrumentation,海洋仪器oceanographic measuring system,海洋测量系统oceanographic observation,海洋观测。

LFL英⽂说明书7451Burner Controls LFL1...Burner controlsFor gas, oil or dual-fuel forced draft burners of medium to high capacityFor multistage or modulating burners in intermittent operationWith checked air damper controlFlame supervision– with UV detectors QRA...– and ionization probeThe LFL1... and this Data Sheet are intended for use by OEMs which integrate theburner controls in their products!Use-Control and supervision of forced draft burners of expanding flame or interruptedpilot construction-For medium to high capacity-For intermittent operation (at least one controlled shutdown every 24 hours)-For universal use with multistage or modulating burners-For use with dual-fuel burners-For use with stationary air heatersThe difference between 01 series and 02 series is the duration of the safety time for thepilot burner of burners equipped with pilot gas valves.For atmospheric burners of high capacity, use the LFL1.638.For burner controls suited for continuous operation, refer to Data Sheet N7785(LGK16...).Building Technologies CC1N7451enWarning notesTo avoid injury to persons, damage to property or the environment, the following Array warning notes should be observed! Do not open, interfere with or modify the unit!All activities (mounting, installation and service work, etc.) must be performed byqualified staffBefore performing any wiring changes in the connection area of the LFL1…, com-pletely isolate the unit from the mains supply (all-polar disconnection)Ensure protection against electric shock hazard by providing adequate protection for the burner control’s connection terminalsEach time work has been carried out (mounting, installation, service work, etc.), check to ensure that wiring is in an orderly state and make the safety checks as described in ?Commissioning notes?Press the lockout reset button only manually (apply a force of no more than 10 N), without using any tools or pointed objectsDo not press the lockout reset button on the unit or the remote lockout resetbutton for more than 10 seconds since this damages the lockout relay in theunitFall or shock can adversely affect the safety functions. Such units must not be put into operation, even if they do not exhibit any damageIn the case of flame supervision with UV detectors QRA..., it should be noted that sources of radiation such as halogen lamps, welding equipment, special lamps, ig-nition sparks, as well as X-rays and gamma radiation, can produce erroneousflame signalsMounting notesEnsure that the relevant national safety regulations are complied withWhen using 2 UV detectors QRA..., make certain that the detectors cannot see one anotherInstallation notesAlways run the high-voltage ignition cables separately while observing the greatest possible distance to the unit and to other cablesDo not mix up live and neutral conductorsElectrical connection of flame detectorsIt is important to achieve practically disturbance- and loss-free signal transmission: Never run the detector cable together with other cables– Line capacitance reduces the magnitude of the flame signal– Use a separate cableObserve the maximum permissible detector cable lengths (refer to Technical data) 2 UV detectors QRA... can be connected in parallelIn connection with the QRA..., earthing of terminal 22 is mandatoryThe ionization probe is not protected against electric shock hazardLocate the ignition electrode and ionization probe such that the ignition spark can-not arc over to the ionization probe (risk of electrical overloads)Supervision with both ionization probe and UV detector QRA... is possible, but forsafety reasons – with the exception of the second safety time ?t9? – only 1 flamedetector may be active at a time. At the end of the second safety time, 1 of the de-tectors must be inactive, however, that is, the detected flame must have extin-guished, e.g. by switching off the ignition valve via terminal 172/18Commissioning notesWhen commissioning the plant or when doing maintenance work, make the follow-ing safety checks:Safety check to be carried out Anticipated responsea) Burner start with flame detector dark-enedLockout at the end of ?TSA?b) Burner start with flame detector ex-posed to extraneous light Lockout after no more than 40 secondsc) Burner operation with simulated loss offlame; for that purpose, darken theflame detector in operation and maintainthat state (not possible with ionization)LockoutEngineering notesInstall switches, fuses, earthing, etc., in compliance with local regulationsDecisive for the connection of the valves and other plant components is the plant34567 127451a14e/0604c Connect safety limit thermostat in the line (manual reset, e.g. ?SB?)d Remote resetWhen remote reset button ?EK2? is connected between terminal 21 and- terminal 3, only remote reset is possible- terminal 1, both remote emergency shutdown and remote reset are possiblee Required switching capacities- of the switching devices connected between terminals 12 and 4 (refer to ?Technical data?) - of the switching devices connected between terminals 4 and 14 (refer to ?Technical data?) - depending on the loads applied to terminals 16...19 (refer to ?Technical data?)f Air pressure supervisionIf the air pressure is not monitored with air pressure switch ?LP?, terminal 4 must be connected to terminal 12, and terminal 6 to terminal 14. Terminal 13 is not used.Control contacts of the other devices in the burner installation – if series-connected – are to be connected as follows:- To terminal 4 or 5 → contacts which must be closed from startup to controlled shutdown → otherwise no start or shutdown -To terminal 12 → contacts which must only be closed on startup → otherwise no start- To terminal 14 → contacts which must be closed at the beginning of the preignition time at the latest, and which must stay closed until controlled shutdown occurs → otherwise lockout; this applies to both long and short preignitiong? Connection of fuel valves with expanding flame burners. With 2-stage burners, ?BV2? is connected in place of ?BV3? ?? Connection of fuel valves with interrupted pilot burnersDirect connection of a fuel valve to terminal 20 is only permitted-in plants with a main shutoff valve on the mains side (safety shutoff valve), which is controlled by terminal 18 or 19, and -if 2-stage valves are used, provided they fully close when the first stage, controlled by terminal 18 or 19, is switched off h For additional examples of air damper control, refer to ?Connection examples?. In the case of actuators with no end switchz for the fully CLOSED position of the air damper, terminal 11 must be connected to terminal 10 → otherwise no burner start.i Simultaneous use of ionization and UV supervision is possible3/184/18Standards and certificatesConformity to EEC directives- Electromagnetic compatibility EMC (immunity) - Low-voltage directive- Directive for gas appliances89 / 336 / EEC 73 / 23 / EEC 90 / 396 / EECISO 9001: 2000 Cert. 00739 ISO 14001: 2004 Cert. 38233Certified complete with plug-in base and flame detector:Type referenceLFL1.122 x --- xx x x x x LFL1.133 x --- x x --- x x --- LFL1.322 x --- x x x x x x LFL1.333 x --- x x x x x --- LFL1.335 x x x x x x x x LFL1.622 x ---x x x x x x LFL1.635 x --- x x x x x x LFL1.638 x --- x--- x ---x---Identification code to EN 298– All types (except LFL1.148) F B L L X NDisposal notesThe unit contains electrical and electronic components and must not be disposed of together with domestic waste.Local and currently valid legislation must be observed.Mechanical design - Plug-in design- Exchangeable unit fuse (including spare fuse)- Made of impact-proof and heat-resistant black plastic - Lockout reset button with viewing window showing– the fault signal lamp – the lockout indicator- coupled to the program spindle- visible in the transparent lockout reset button- uses easy-to-remember symbols to indicate the type of fault and the time lockout occurredLFL1...Housing5/18Type summarySwitching times are given in seconds, in the burner startup sequence, valid for 50 Hz mains frequency. At 60 Hz, switching times are about 17 % shorter.Flash steam generators Flash steamgeneratorsD (incl. sta-tionary air heaters) FA D GB F I B NL 2) Large at-mosphericburners LFL1.122 1) 02 series LFL1.133 1) 02 series LFL1.322 1)02 series LFL1.333 1)02 series LFL1.335 1)01 series LFL1.622 1) 02 series LFL1.635 1)01 series LFL1.63801 seriest1 10 9 36 31 37 65 66 66 TSA 2 3 2 3 2.5 2 2.5 2.5 TSA′ 2 3 2 3 5 2 5 5 t3 4 3 4 6 5 4 5 5 t3′ 4 --- 4 6 2.5 4 2.5 2.5 t4 6 6 10 11.5 12.5 10 12.5 12.5 t4′ 6 --- 10 11.5 15 10 15 15 t5 4 3 10 11.5 12.5 10 12.5 12.5 t6 10 14.5 12 17 15 12 15 15 t7 2 3 2 3 2.5 2 2.5 2.5 t8 30 29 65 69 74 95 103 103 t9 2 3 2 3 5 2 5 7.5 t10 6 6 8 11.5 10 8 10 10 t11 Optional t12 Optionalt13 10 14.5 12 17 15 12 15 15 t16 4 3 4 6 5 4 5 5 t20 32 60 --- 26 22 --- --- ---1) Available as AC 100...110 V versions; add type suffix ?-110 V? when ordering 2) Reversed polarity protection conforming to Dutch installation standard: AGM30OrderingBurner control , without plug-in base see ?Type summary? Plug-in base not included in delivery, must be ordered as a separate item!Connection accessories for medium-capacity burner controls see Data Sheet N7230 - Plug-in base AGM410490550 with Pg11 thread for cable entry glands - Plug-in base AGM14.1 with M16 thread for cable entry glandsFlame detectors- Flame detectors QRA... refer to Data Sheet N7712 - Ionization probe to be supplied by thirdsTest unit KF8806 for burner control see Operating Instructions B7987 - For simulating faults- For checking the pull-in and drop-out values of the flame relay in the case of flame supervision with flame detector QRA... or ionization probeTest unit KF8804 for burner control- Tool to assist startup, with the possibility of program stop and measurement of the flame current6/18Technical data Mains voltageAC 230 V –15 / +10 % AC 115 V –15 / +10 %Mains frequency 50...60 Hz ±6 % Unit fuse (built-in) T6.3H250V to DIN EN 60 127 Primary fuse (external) max. 10 A (slow) Weight approx. 1,000 g Power consumption approx. AC 3.5 VA Mounting position optional Degree of protection IP 40, when built in, with the exception ofthe connection area (terminal base) Safety classII Perm. input current at terminal 1 max. 5 A continuously (peaks 20 A / 20 ms)Perm. load on control terminals 3, 6, 7, 9...11, 15 (20)max. 4 A continuously (peaks 20 A / 20 ms)Required switching capacity of switching devices- Between terminals 4 and 5- Between terminals 4 and 12- Between terminals 4 and 141 A, AC 250 V 1 A, AC 250 V min. 1 A, AC 250 V depending on the load on terminals 16 (19)Storage DIN EN 60721-3-1 Climatic conditions class 1K3 Mechanical conditions class 1M2 Temperature range -20...+60 °C Humidity < 95 % r.h. Transport DIN EN 60721-3-2 Climatic conditions class 2K3 Mechanical conditions class 2M2 Temperature range -20...+60 °C Humidity < 95 % r.h. Operation DIN EN 60 721-3-3 Climatic conditions class 3K3 Mechanical conditions class 3M3 Temperature range -20...+60 °C Humidity < 95 % r.h.Condensation, formation of ice and ingress of water are not permitted!Voltage at the ionization probe - Operation - Test AC 330 V ±10 % AC 380 V ±10 % Short-circuit current max. 0.5 mA Recommended range of measuring instrument0...50 µA Perm. length of detector cable - Normal cable, laid separately 2) - Shielded cable max. 80 m max. 140 m (e.g. high-frequency cable;shielding connected to terminal 22)Required detector current in operation min. 6 µA Possible detector current in operation max. 200 µAGeneral unit data LFL1...Environmental conditionsFlame supervision with ionization probe7/18Technical data (cont′d)Supply voltage - Operation - TestAC 330 V ±10 % AC 380 V ±10 % Required detector current min. 70 µA Possible detector current - Operation - Test max. 700 µA max. 1000 µA 1) Perm. length of detector cable - Normal cable, laid separately 2) - Shielded cablemax. 100 mmax. 200 m (e.g. high-frequency cable; shielding connected to terminal 22)1) During the prepurge time with higher test voltage: Self-ignition and extraneous light test 2) Multicore cable not permitted Ionization probe Flame detector QRA...LFL1...247451v01/0204MC++-ION7451v02/0204AM C2322LFL1...-+-+QRA...For detector currents, refer to ?Technical data?.C Electrolytic condenser 100...470 µF; DC 10...25 V ION Ionization probeMMicroammeter Ri max. 5,000 Ω Flame supervision with flame detector QRA...Measuring circuit for detector current measurementLegendFunction2-stage expanding flame burnerModulating expanding flame burner7451a07/06002-stage interrupted pilot burner7451a08/0202LegendBV... Fuel valveFS Flame signal amplifierLK AirdamperLR LoadcontrollerM... Fan or burner motorR Control thermostat or pressurestatRV ModulatingfuelvalveZ IgnitiontransformerZBV Pilot gas valveA Start command by ?R?B Operating position of burnerB-C BurneroperationC ControlledshutdownC-D Sequence switch travels to start position ?A?, postpurging D-A End of control sequencet1 Prepurge time with air damper fully open t3/t3′ Preignition time t4/t4′ Interval ?BV1-BV2? or ?BV1-LR?t5 Interval between voltage at terminal19 and terminal 20t6 Postpurgetimet7 Interval between start command and voltage at terminal 7t9 2nd safety time with burners equipped with a pilot burnert11 Air damper’s running time to the fully OPEN positiont12 Air damper’s running time to the low-fire positiont13 Permissible afterburn timeTSA/TSA′ Ignition safety time8/189/18Function (cont′d)The following features enable the LFL1... to offer a high level of additional safety:- Detector and extraneous light test are resumed immediately on completion of theafterburn time ?t13?. Fuel valves that are not closed, or not fully closed, immedi-ately initiate lockout on completion of the afterburn time ?t13?. The test will only be terminated when the prepurge time ?t1? of the next startup sequence has elapsed. - The proper functioning of the flame supervision circuit is automatically checkedduring each startup phase of the burner.- During the postpurge time ?t6?, the control contacts for the release of fuel arechecked to ensure they have not welded.- The built-in unit fuse protects the control contacts against overloads.- Burner operation with or without postpurging- Fan motors with a current draw of up to 4 A can be connected directly → startingcurrent max. 20 A (max. 20 ms)- Separate control outputs for one pilot valve, which will be shut on completion of thesecond safety time- Separate control outputs for the actuator’s positioning directions ?OPEN?,CLOSE and MIN- Checked air damper control to ensure prepurging with the nominal amount of air - Checked positions:- ?CLOSED? or ?MIN? on startup → low-fire position - ?OPEN? at the start of prepurging - ?MIN? on completion of prepurgingIf the actuator does not drive the air damper to the required position, the burner startup sequence will be stopped- 2 control outputs for the release of the second and third output stage, or load control - When load control is enabled, the control outputs for the actuator will galvanicallybe separated from the unit’s control section - Connection facilities for- remote lockout warning device - remote reset- remote emergency shutdown- With burner controls of the 01 series and expanding flame burners, the safety timecan be increased from 2.5 to 5 seconds by changing the circuitry (refer to ?Connec-tion examples?), provided the longer safety time conforms to local safety regulations- With the ionization probe, in networks with earthed or nonearthed neutral conduc-tor. For this kind of supervision, the flame supervision circuit is designed such that possible disturbances of the ionization current due to the ignition spark normally have no impact on the establishment of the flame signal. A short-circuit between ionization probe and burner ground causes loss of the flame signal - With UV detector QRA... (gas and oil burners)- Simultaneous use of ionization probe and UV detector QRA... (e.g. with interruptedpilot burners or gas-electrically ignited oil burners)- If, on startup, the required input signals are not present, the burner control inter-rupts the startup sequence at the points marked by symbols and initiates lockout where required by safety regulations. The symbols used in this Data Sheet corre-spond to those on the burner control’s lockout indicator.- Burner control must be reset- Sequence switch must be in its start position → voltage at terminals 4 and 11 present - Air damper closed- End switch ?z? for the ?CLOSED? position must feed voltage from terminal 11 toterminal 8- The contacts of control thermostat or pressurestat ?W? and other contacts ofswitching devices connected between terminal 12 and ?LP? must be closed → e.g. control contact for the oil preheater’s temperature - Terminal 4 must be live- The N.C. contact of the air pressure switch must be closed → ?LP? testGeneralControl of the burnerFlame supervisionPreconditions for startupPreconditions for burner startupStartup sequenceA Start command delivered by ?R?→ ?R? closes the start control loop between terminals 4 and 5-The sequence switch starts running- Only prepurging, power is immediately fed to the fan motor connected to terminal 6- Pre- and postpurging; on completion of ?t7?, power is fed to the fan motor or flue gas fan connectedto terminal 7-On completion of ?t16?, the control command to open the air damper is delivered via terminal 9-No power is fed to terminal 8 during the positioning time-The sequence switch continues its travel only after the air damper has fully openedt1 Prepurge time with air damper fully open-During ?t1?, the correct functioning of the flame supervision circuit is tested-If test is not successful, the burner control will initiate lockoutShortly after the start of ?t1?, the air pressure switch must change over from terminal 13 to terminal 14.→ Otherwise lockout→ Start of air pressure checkAt the same time, terminal 14 must be live since the ignition transformer will be powered and the fuel re-leased via this current path.On completion of the prepurge time, the burner control will drive the air damper to the low-fire position via terminal 10, which is determined by the changeover point of auxiliary switch ?m?. During the positioning time, the sequence switch stops again.A short time later, the motor of the sequence switch will be switched to the control section of the burner control. This means that, from now on, positioning signals delivered to terminal 8 have no impact on the burner’s further startup sequence (and on subsequent burner operation):t5 Interval-On completion of ?t5?, power is fed to terminal 20; at the same time, control outputs 9...11 and input 8 are galvanically separated from the unit’s control section→ The LFL1... is now protected against return voltages from the power control loop-The startup sequence of the LFL1… ends with the release of ?LR? at terminal 20-After a number of idle steps (steps with no change of the contact position), the sequence switch switches itself off Expanding flame burnerstimesafetyTSA IgnitionOn completion of ?TSA?, a flame signal must be present at terminal 22. It must not be interrupted until con-trolled shutdown takes place → otherwise lockouttimet3 PreignitionRelease of fuel via terminal 18t4 Interval ?BV1 – BV2? or ?BV1 - LR?-On completion of ?t4?, terminal 19 is live-That powers ?BV2? connected to the actuator’s auxiliary switch ?v?10/18Startup sequence (cont′d) Interrupted pilot burnerst3 t3′ Preignition timeRelease of fuel for pilot burner via terminal 17TSA TSA′ Ignition safety timeOn completion of ?TSA?, a flame signal must be present at terminal 22. It must not be interrupted until con-trolled shutdown takes place→ otherwise non-volatile lockoutt4 t4′ Interval ?ZBV-BV1?Up to the release of the fuel valve at terminal 19 for the main burner’s start loadt9 Second safety timeOn completion of the second safety time, the main burner must have been ignited by the pilot burner sinceterminal 17 becomes dead as soon as this time has elapsed, causing the pilot valve to closeB Operating position of the burnerB-C Burneroperation-During burner operation, ?LR? drives the air damper to the high-fire or low-fire position, depending on the demand for heat -Release of high-fire is enabled by auxiliary switch ?v? in the actuator-In the event of loss of flame during operation, the LFL1… will initiate lockoutC ControlledshutdownOn controlled shutdown, the ?BV...? will immediately be closed. At the same time, the sequence switchstarts and programs ?t6?C-D The sequence switch travels to start position ?A?, postpurgingWhen burner off time starts, control terminals 11 and 12 carry voltage to drive the air damper to the fullyCLOSED position. Flame signal supervision also remains active during burner off timest6 Postpurgetime-Fan ?M2? connected to terminal 7-Shortly after the start of ?t6?, power is fed to terminal 10→ air damper will be driven to the MIN position-Full closing of the air damper starts only shortly before ?t6? has elapsed→ triggered by the control signal at terminal 11-During the following burner off period, terminal 11 remains livet13 PermissibleafterburntimeDuring ?t13?, the flame signal input can still receive a flame signal→ no lockoutD-A End of control sequence→ start positionAs soon as the sequence switch has reached the start position – thereby switching itself off – the flame de-tector and extraneous light test will start again.During burner off periods, the flame supervision circuit is live. A faulty flame signal of a few seconds willinitiate lockout.Short ignition pulses of the UV tube, caused for instance by cosmic radiation, do not lead to lockout.Times ?TSA′?, ?t3′? and ?t4′? only exist with burner controls of the 01 series.11/1812/18Control sequence under fault conditions and lockout indicationIn the event of any kind of fault, the sequence switch will stop and, with it, the lockout indicator.The symbol above the indicator’s reading mark gives the type of fault:One of the contacts is not closed (also refer to Preconditions for burner startup)No startExtraneous lightLockout during or after completion of the control sequence. Examples:– Flames that have not extinguished – Leaking fuel valves– Defect in the flame supervision circuitTerminal 8 has not received the OPEN signal from end switch a =Interruption of startup sequence ? Terminals 6, 7 and 14 remain live until the fault has been correctedNo indication of air pressure at the beginning of the air pressure check P LockoutLoss of air pressure after the air pressure checkLockout ? Defect in the flame supervision circuitTerminal 8 has not received the positioning signal from auxiliary switch m for thelow-fire position>Interruption of startup sequence ? Terminals 6, 7 and 14 remain live until the fault has been corrected1 Lockout ? No flame signal on completion of safety time ?TSA?2 Lockout ? No flame signal on completion of the second safety time (flame signal of main flamewith interrupted pilot burners)ILockoutLoss of flame signal during operationIf lockout occurs any other moment in time between start and preignition not indicated by a symbol, the usual cause is a premature flame signal, that is, a faulty flame signal, caused for instance by a self-igniting UV tube.a-b Startup sequenceb-b′ Idle steps (with no contact confirmation)b (b′)-a Postpurge programLFL1... Serie 01 LFL1... Serie 02If lockout occurs, the burner control can immediately be reset: – Do not press the lockout reset button for more than 10The sequence switch always returns to its start position first – After resetting– After correction of a fault which resulted in plant shutdown – After each power failureDuring that period of time, power is only fed to terminals 7 and 9...11. ?Then, the LFL1... begins with a new burner startup sequenceLockout indicatorConnection diagrams (for circuit variants, refer to ?Connection examples?)34567 127451a02e/0604Connection diagram (for circuit variants, refer to ?Connection examples?)EK1Do not press lockout reset button ?EK...? for more than 10 seconds!For the connection of the safety shutoff valve, refer to the plant diagram provided bythe burner manufacturer.13/1814/18Program sequenceControl output I II III IV V VI VII VIII X XIXIIXIII XIVa b a b a ba ba b a b a b a ba b a ba b XVa bTSA′?, ?t3′? and ?t4′?:These times only apply to burner controls of the 01 series (LFL1.335, LFL1.635, and LFL1.638). They do not apply to burner controls of the 02 series since cams X and VIII of these types of LFL1… perform simultaneous switching actions.Legenda Changeover end switch for air damper’s m Changeover auxiliary switch for the airOPEN position damper’s MIN positionAL Remote lockout warning device (alarm) M... Fan or burner motorAR Load relay with contacts ?ar...? NTC NTC resistorfuse QRA... UVdetectorBR Lockout relay with contacts ?br...? R Control thermostat or pressurestatBV... Fuel valve RV Modulating fuel valvebv... Control contact for the CLOSED position Si External fuseof gas valves SA Air damper actuatord... Contactor or relay SB Safety limiterEK... Lockout reset button SM Synchronous motor of sequence switchFR Flame relay with contacts ?fr...? v In the actuator: Changeover auxiliary switch GP Gas pressure switch For the position-dependent release of fuelH Main isolator V Flame signal amplifierION Ionization probe W Limit thermostat or pressure switchL1 Fault signal lamp z In the actuator: End switch for the air damper’s L3 Operational readiness indication CLOSED position LK Air damper Z Ignition transformerLP Air pressure switch ZBV Pilot gas valveLR LoadcontrollerControl signals of the LFL1...Permissible input signalsRequired input signals:If these signals are not present during orinitiate lockoutTSA Ignition safety time t8 Duration of startup sequenceTSA′ Ignition safety time or first safety time (without ?t11? and ?t12?)(startup with burners using pilot burners) t9 Second safety time with burners using pilot burners t1 Prepurge time with air damper open t10 Interval from start to the beginning of thet3 Preignition time air pressure check, excluding running time of airt4 Interval between voltage at terminals 18 damperand 19 t11 Air damper running time to the OPEN positiont4′ Interval between start of TSA′ and t12 Air damper running time to the low-fire position release of valve at terminal 19 MIN t5 Interval between power at terminals 19 t13 Permissible afterburn timeand 20 t16 Interval until OPEN command for the air damper is t6 Postpurge time (with ?M2?) givent7 Interval between start command and power t20 Interval to the self-shutdown of the sequence at terminal 7 (start delay for ? M2?) switch after startupValid for expanding flame burners。

《2024年高考英语新课标卷真题深度解析与考后提升》专题05阅读理解D篇（新课标I卷）原卷版(专家评价+全文翻译+三年真题+词汇变式+满分策略+话题变式)目录一、原题呈现P2二、答案解析P3三、专家评价P3四、全文翻译P3五、词汇变式P4(一)考纲词汇词形转换P4(二)考纲词汇识词知意P4(三)高频短语积少成多P5(四)阅读理解单句填空变式P5(五)长难句分析P6六、三年真题P7(一)2023年新课标I卷阅读理解D篇P7(二)2022年新课标I卷阅读理解D篇P8(三)2021年新课标I卷阅读理解D篇P9七、满分策略（阅读理解说明文）P10八、阅读理解变式P12 变式一：生物多样性研究、发现、进展6篇P12变式二：阅读理解D篇35题变式（科普研究建议类）6篇P20一原题呈现阅读理解D篇关键词: 说明文;人与社会;社会科学研究方法研究;生物多样性; 科学探究精神;科学素养In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect.“With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observation s of different species with the aid of a mobile application,” said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. “These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens(标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable?”Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns.“We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru.Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage. Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species. This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-catching features.What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity?“Quite a lot,” Daru explained. “Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places – and even species – that are not w ell-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.”32. What do we know about the records of species collected now?A. They are becoming outdated.B. They are mostly in electronic form.C. They are limited in number.D. They are used for public exhibition.33. What does Daru’s study focus on?A. Threatened species.B. Physical specimens.C. Observational data.D. Mobile applications.34. What has led to the biases according to the study?A. Mistakes in data analysis.B. Poor quality of uploaded pictures.C. Improper way of sampling.D. Unreliable data collection devices.35. What is Daru’s suggestion for biodiversity apps?A. Review data from certain areas.B. Hire experts to check the records.C. Confirm the identity of the users.D. Give guidance to citizen scientists.二答案解析三专家评价考查关键能力，促进思维品质发展2024年高考英语全国卷继续加强内容和形式创新，优化试题设问角度和方式，增强试题的开放性和灵活性，引导学生进行独立思考和判断，培养逻辑思维能力、批判思维能力和创新思维能力。