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Online Interface to a 3D MRI Simulated Brain Database

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BrainWeb:Online Interface to a3D MRI Simulated Brain DatabaseC HRIS A.C OCOSCO,V ASKEN K OLLOKIAN,R EMI K.-S.K WAN,G.B RUCE P IKE,A LAN C.E VANSMcConnell Brain Imaging Centre,Montr´e al Neurological Institute,McGill University,Montr´e al,CanadaIntroduction:The increased importance of automated computer techniques for anatomicalbrain mapping from MR images and quantitative brain image analysis meth-ods leads to an increased need for validation and evaluation of the effect of im-age acquisition parameters on performance of these procedures.Validation ofanalysis techniques of in-vivo acquired images is complicated due to the lackof reference data(“ground truth”).Also,optimal selection of the MR imagingparameters is difficult due to the large parameter space.BrainWeb makes avail-able to the neuroimaging community,online on WWW,a set of realistic sim-ulated brain MR image volumes(Simulated Brain Database,SBD)that allowsthe above issues to be examined in a controlled,systematic way.Methods:The3D simulated MR images are generated by varying specific imaging param-eters and artifacts in an MRI simulator,which:starts from a fuzzy digital phantom containing the spatial probabilistic distri-bution of different tissue types[1];as an example of the generality of this ap-proach,other brain phantoms were obtained by adding MS lesions(extractedfrom real MRI-s)to the normal phantom(Fig.1).computes signal intensities based on Bloch equations or signal equations,ac-counting for partial volume according to the scan parameters[2](Fig.2)Image noise was specified as a percent standard deviation relative to the meansignal intensity for a reference brain tissue.Multiplicative receive intensity non-uniformity(INU)was simulated usingfields recovered from real scans,andscaled for different percent sensitivityranges.Figure1:example of fuzzy tissue classes from the phantom:(L to R)white matter,gray matter,CSF,MSlesionsFigure2:real(top)and simulated(bottom)MRI-s(both INU corrected)Features:Figure3:BrainWeb features overviewA pre-computed SBD was generated by varying specific imaging sequence andartifact parameters.The set of these of parameters was chosen according to thevalues typically encountered in modern MRI systems[3].For two anatomicalmodels(normal,and with moderate MS lesions),simulated volumes for threeimaging sequences are available online(T1,T2,PD),each with several valuesof slice thickness,noise and intensity INU levels(Fig.4).Figure4:WWW page:SBD selection for the pre-computed volumesIn addition,BrainWeb allows a remote user to run their own custom MRI sim-ulation(on our server)with any of several pulse sequences and source digitalphantoms,and arbitrary values of the acquisition artifacts(Figs.5,6).After thesimulation isfinished,the user can preview the result online or download it,ev-erything being done through the WWWinterface.Figure5:generating custom MRI simulationsacquisition parameter selectable valuesphantom normal;MS lesion mild,moderate,severeslice thickness1–10mmscan technique SE,IR,SFLASH,CEFAST,FISP,FLASH,DSE EARLY,DSE LATEMR pulse sequencerepetition time(any)msinversion time(any)msflip angle1–150degecho times(any)mspartial volume(slice thickness)1–10mmimaging artifacts noise0–10%INU0–60%Figure6:parameters that can be controlled for custom MRI simulationsAll3D image volumes are in stereotaxic space,and can be interactively ex-plored with practically any WWW browser in three simultaneous orthogonalviews at any cursor position in the volume(Fig.7).Each simulated brain im-age,as well as the sourcedigitalphantoms,canbe downloaded in a variety offile and data compression formats.Figure7:WWWpage:BrainWebonline viewerApplications:SBD can be used to:study the performanceofanatomicalbrain mapping techniques(as a func-tion of different MR acquisition parameters),suchas:non-linear co-registration[4],cortical surface extraction[5],or tissue classification algo-rithms[3].validate quantitative analyses of neuropathology(e.g.MS lesion quantifica-tion[6]),or other medical pattern recognition and image processing tech-niques.The main advantages of using these simulations are:the answer is known a priori in the experiment.parameters can be independently controlled(Figs.8,9,10,11).Since the source for all simulations is the same digital phantom,one has a sys-tematic means of establishing the sensitivity of any particular procedure withrespect to any imaging parameter or artifact.Figure8:T1,T2,PD weighted(typical noise and INU levels)Figure9:Noise(but no INU):zero,typical(3%),extreme(9%)Figure10:INU(but no noise):zero,typical(20%),extreme(40%)Figure11:slice thickness and partial volume effect:(L to R)1mm,5mm,9mm slices(no noise,no INU)Conclusion:BrainWeb provides to the international research community a convenientaccess to this resource through the Internet.The full SBD,the on-line interface for controlling the MR simulator,as well as the anatom-ical models(phantoms)used as input to it,are available on WWW at“http://www.bic.mni.mcgill.ca/brainweb/”.We are currentlyworking on extending BrainWeb to include fMRI and PET simulated data.Acknowledgments:This work supported by the U.S.Human Brain Map Project and the Interna-tional Consortium for Brain Mapping(ICBM).Contributions to this projectwere made by Peter Neelin,Alex Zijdenbos,John Sled,and Louis Collins fromthe McConnell Brain Imaging Centre.References[1]Collins,D.L.,Holmes,C.J.,Evans,A.C.Human Brain Mapping.1997[2]Kwan,R.K.-S.,Evans,A.C.,Pike,G.B.In Lecture Notes in Computer Science,vol.1131,pages135-140,1996.[3]Kollokian,V.Master’s thesis,Concordia University,Montreal,QC,Canada,Nov.1996.[4]Collins,D.L.,Holmes,C.J.,Peters,T.M.,Evans,A.C.Human Brain Mapping.3(3):190–208,1996.[5]MacDonald,D.,Avis,D.,Evans,A.C.In VBC,Proceedings of the SPIE,vol.2359,pages160–169,1994.[6]Zijdenbos,A.P.,Evans,A.C.,Riahi,F.,Sled,J.G.,Chui,H.-C.,Kollokian,V.In Lecture Notes inComputer Science,vol.1131,pages439-448,1996.。

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simulation products [1] Interactive Physics (IP), Working Model 2D (WM2D), and MSC.visual

simulation products [1] Interactive Physics (IP), Working Model 2D (WM2D), and MSC.visual

S O F T W A R E R E V I E WMotion Simulation with Working Model 2D and MSC.visualNastran 4DShih-Liang (Sid) WangDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringNorth Carolina A&T State Universitywang@1. OverviewMSC.Software Corporation (MSC), offers three motion simulation products [1]: Interactive Physics® (IP), Working Model® 2D (WM2D), and MSC.visualNastran 4D (vN4D). IP and WM2D simulate 2D motion on Mac and Windows® platforms. vN4D simulates 3D motion with dynamic finite element analysis (FEA) on Windows. IP is intended for physics and physical sciences in grades 7-12 and college. WM2D and vN4D are intended for higher education and engineering professionals.IP and WM2D have the same user interface and simulation engine, but WM2D can import DXF files and has WMBasic, a scripting language for creating specialized macros. Since IP is a subset of WM2D, it is not discussed further.2. Product EvolutionThe evolution of these three simulation products is interesting, as their names have changed several times. Knowledge Revolution (acquired by MSC) first released Interactive Physics as Fun Physics in 1988. Renamed Interactive Physics in 1989, IP is distributed worldwide in seven different languages and is the standard in motion simulation for Newtonian physics. The latest version of IP was released in 2000.Working Model was first released in 1993 for the engineering community. It was created by adding engineering functionality to IP and importing DXF drawings from CAD packages such as AutoCAD. Working Model was renamed Working Model 2D when R4 was released in 1996. The latest version of WM2D is R5, released in 1999.Working Model 3D was first introduced in 1996. When MSC acquired Knowledge Revolution in 1999, dynamic FEA capability was added and Working Model 4D was born. The product was later renamed MSC.visualNastran 4D when R6 was released in 2000. The latest version of vN4D is R2001R2 released in June 2001. 3. Working Model 2D (WM2D)WM2D employs Newton’s law along with physical constraints, applied forces, and numerical integration to calculate constraint forces and motions of rigid bodies. Complex simulations can be controlled by Excel®, MATLAB®, or other programs that support Windows Dynamic Data Exchange (DDE) to carry out calculations. Engineers can create rigid bodies by importing DXF objects or by using the WM2D sketching tools to draw a primitive or NURB (smooth) body. Using tools on the tool palette, engineers can quickly and easily connect the bodies with joints, gears, actuators, ropes, rods, separators, curved slots, and motors. Once connected, engineers can rotate and translate the bodies while maintaining connectivity with its "Smart Editor." The mechanical system is set in motion by clicking the Run button. WM2D has automatic collision detection and simulates contact, collision, and friction.Geometric modeling in WM2D can incorporate data points calculated by other programs. A pair of meshed involute spur gears shown in Fig. 1 contains over 500 data points calculated from a MATLAB file[2]. The WM2D file shows that the contact point of the gears always lies on the pressure line. The Geneva mechanism in Figure 2 demonstrates the product’s ability to import complex DXF parts.WMBasic, a scripting language similar to Visual Basic, extends Working Model’s functionality. For example, the snap joint (fastener) shown in Fig. 3 was modeled with the Flexbeam script, which simulates flexible beams using rigid bodies connected by spring-dampers. By matching the stiffness (EI) of a cantilever beam, a five-body discrete model simulated the flexible snap joint. As shown in Figures 3(a)-3(c), the mating part snaps to the left in a closed position.Fig. 1 Involute Spur GearsFig. 2 Geneva Wheel(a)(b)(c)Fig. 3 Snap JointWM2D can analyze a mechanical system by measuring the forces and motions of any part in the system. The measured data can be shown in graphs, digital displays, and bar charts, and can be customized with the versatile WM2D formula language. For example, the mechanical advantage of a compound shear shown in Figure 4 is calculated from the ratio of output force vs. input force.Fig. 4 Mechanical Advantage of a Compound ShearWith its user-friendly interface, WM2D is a conceptual design tool. A design can be optimized with the fast build-run-analyze-refine cycle before a physical prototype is built.4. MSC.visualNastran 4D (vN4D)vN4D is named for four parts of the design cycle, namely Draw It, Move It, Break It, Control It.The Draw It tools consist of CAD integration with Autodesk ® Inventor, SolidWorks ®, Solid Edge ®, and Pro/ENGINEER ®, as well as native 3D solid modeling tools. vN4D imports complex geometries in a variety of formats, e.g., ACIS (sat ), Parasolid (x_t ), and STEP (AP203)., IGES, and STL. Additionally, vN4D has photo-realistic rendering, shadowing, and .avi movie creation.The Move It tools consist of sophisticated motion analysis combined with key-framed animation. As in WM2D, vN4D measures forces, torques, positions, velocities, acceleration, kinetic energy, etc. Bodies are joined with constraints in vN4D through coordinate frames (Coords), much like in WM2D. vN4D is more difficult to use than WM2D because vN4D requires Coords to be attached to bodies before constraints can be defined. Unlike the snapping feature in many CAD software packages and in WM2D, snapping is restricted to cylindrical shapes, and is difficult when multiple objects overlap. vN4D has a smart editor that allows rotation and translation of joined parts. Occasionally, there are difficulties joining or moving bodies in a multi-closed-loop mechanism such as the Stewart platform shown in Fig. 5.Fig. 5 Stewart PlatformBreak It tackles the challenging task of combining motion simulation with FEA. vN4D has H-adaptivity that automatically clusters mesh elements around areas of greatest stress -- providing a more accurate answer in less time and with a smaller mesh. A pair of gear segments was modeled in Figure 6 to assess stress distribution. As expected high stresses are shown in the engaged tooth. However, the disengaged tooth still shows relatively high stresses. This could mean that the link between motionsimulation and FEA is not without errors.Fig. 6 Gear StressesControl ItMATLAB/Simulink ®Excel and Excel macros. Visualizing a MATLAB/Simulink ® control system with real CAD geometry is an important part of vN4D.vN4D is the only Windows native 3D motion simulation software. While other UNIX based motion simulation programs can run on Windows, a native Windows program provides an engineer with a familiar, consistent user interface, and provides integration and association with other Windows-based CAD packages.Although 3D motion simulation is more appropriate for engineering professionals because most mechanical assemblies can be modeled in 3D CAD programs, 2D motion simulation is much faster and less confusing. For example, modeling the fourteen-bar flap actuator shown in Fig. 7 with vN4D is a daunting task, but is easy with WM2D. Figure 8 shows the 3D motion simulation of the Mars Rover with its rocker-bogie suspension. The front and middle wheels of the rover are connected with links to form a bogie that pivots (rocks), for climbing an obstacle. An individual motor drives each wheel. Thesimulation effectively demonstrate the unique suspension and its excellent maneuverability in rough terrain, as in the sequence from Figure 8(a) to 8(d). As shown in Figure 9, the reviewer attempted to use the same geometry, constraints, and actuators in vN4D as were used in WM2D to demonstrate the rover’s step climbing capability. The task proved to be very challenging. A much more complex vehicle, the South-Pointing Chariot, shown in Fig. 10, was successful. The chariot is a two-wheel, 12-gear mechanism vehicular navigation system containing a bevel-gear differential. The simulation file demonstrates that the man's extended arm would continue to point in its initial direction regardless of the chariot’s motion.Fig. 7 Flap ActuatorIn some cases, 3D simulation is much clearer than its 2D counterpart. In Figure 11(b), a 2D (top view) simulation of a door closer is not an effective presentation as compared to that in Figure 11(a).Fig. 8 Mars Rover’s Rock ClimbingFig. 9 Mars Rover’s Step ClimbingFig. 10 South-Pointing Chariot(a) (b)Fig. 11 Door Closer5. DiscussionIf WM2D and vN4D are integrated into a single product it may encourage more adoptions in the engineering curriculum. Many best-selling engineering textbooks are now packaged with WM2D [3,4,5] or vN4D [6,7].WM2D R5 (released in 1999) is almost identical to R4 (released in 1996), as R5 files may be run in R4. Five years without a major update leaves users wondering if MSC is overly focused on a new Japanese translation, online delivery, web seminars, training, and new documentation. For example, the WM2D file extension (.wm) is now in conflict with Microsoft Media Video/Audio files, and there is no easy fix. The new file extension .wm2 is scheduled for the next release in early 2002. Many features available in the more frequently updated vN4D should trickle down to WM2D. For example, vN4D has vastly superior zoom and pan features. Additionally, vN4D has a Parts Window, Connections Window, and a Property Window, as shown in Figure 12. The Connections Window displays related joints and bodies, and is extremely useful for debugging. Lastly, the vN4D Formula Window shown in Figure 13 has built-in functions and pull-down menus, and its ease-of-use would help simplify formula creation in WM2D. Many error and warning messages in running WM2D and vN4D, especially when simulating a closed-loop mechanism like a non-Grashof linkage, are confusing to users who lack the understanding of its simulation engine, which is not adequately explained in the user’s manual or addressed in undergraduate-level textbooks.Fig. 12 Parts and Connection WindowsFig. 13 Formula WindowThere is room for improvement in vN4D too. The avi video files generated by vN4D are large and are not smooth. The reviewer generated video files exceeding 50 Meg in size (which are 100 times larger than their parent vN4D files) for about 100 frames with a jagged motion. Video format in MPEG or Flash should be considered for the next release.Last, vN4D’s graphics rendering manipulation (rotation, translation and zooming) is good with an OpenGL graphics card. Since most laptops do not have OpenGL cards, you may experience difficulty.References1. MSC.Software URL: /2. Wang, S-L., “Integrating MATLAB and Working Model for Design of Cams and Gears,” in ASEE Computers in Education Journal, Vol. X, No. 4, 2000, pp. 12-15.3. Norton, R., Design of Machinery, 2nd ed., New Media Version, McGraw-Hill, 2001.4. Hibbeler, R.C., Engineering Mechanics- Dynamics, 8th ed., MacMillan Publishing Company, 2000.5. Bedford, A., and Fowler, W.L., Engineering Mechanics-Statics and Dynamics, 2nd ed., Addison-Wesley, 1999.6. Beer F. and Johnston E. R., Vector Mechanics for Engineers, Sixth Edition, New Media Version, McGraw-Hill, 1997.7. Holtzapple M. and Reece D., F oundations of Engineering, First Edition, McGraw-Hill, 2000.。

SINUMERIK 828D 多触屏操作手册说明书

SINUMERIK 828D 多触屏操作手册说明书

SINUMERIK SINUMERIK 828D MillingOperating ManualValid for:SINUMERIK 828DSoftware versionCNC system software for 828D V4.95 SINUMERIK Operate for PCU/PC V4.9507/20216FC5398-7CP41-0BA1Legal information Warning notice systemThis manual contains notices you have to observe in order to ensure your personal safety, as well as to prevent damage to property. The notices referring to your personal safety are highlighted in the manual by a safety alert symbol, notices referring only to property damage have no safety alert symbol. These notices shown below are graded according tothe degree of danger.DANGERindicates that death or severe personal injury will result if proper precautions are not taken.WARNINGindicates that death or severe personal injury may result if proper precautions are not taken.CAUTIONindicates that minor personal injury can result if proper precautions are not taken.NOTICEindicates that property damage can result if proper precautions are not taken.If more than one degree of danger is present, the warning notice representing the highest degree of danger will be used. A notice warning of injury to persons with a safety alert symbol may also include a warning relating to property damage.Qualified PersonnelThe product/system described in this documentation may be operated only bypersonnel qualified for the specific task in accordance with the relevant documentation, in particular its warning notices and safety instructions. Qualified personnel are those who, based on their training and experience, are capable of identifying risks and avoiding potential hazards when working with these products/systems.Proper use of Siemens productsNote the following:WARNINGSiemens products may only be used for the applications described in the catalog and in the relevant technical documentation. If products and components from other manufacturers are used, these must be recommended or approved by Siemens. Proper transport, storage, installation, assembly, commissioning, operation and maintenance are required to ensure that the products operate safely and without any problems. The permissible ambient conditions must be complied with. The information in the relevant documentation must be observed.TrademarksAll names identified by ® are registered trademarks of Siemens AG. The remaining trademarks in this publication may be trademarks whose use by third parties for their own purposes could violate the rights of the owner.Disclaimer of LiabilityWe have reviewed the contents of this publication to ensure consistency with the hardware and software described. Since variance cannot be precluded entirely, we cannot guarantee full consistency. However, the information in this publication is reviewed regularly and any necessary corrections are included in subsequent editions.Siemens AGDigital Industries Postfach 48 4890026 NÜRNBERG GERMANYDocument order number: 6FC5398-7CP41-0BA1Ⓟ 06/2021 Subject to change Copyright © Siemens AG 2008 - 2021.All rights reservedTable of contents1Introduction (19)1.1About SINUMERIK (19)1.2About this documentation (20)1.3Documentation on the internet (22)1.3.1Documentation overview SINUMERIK 828D (22)1.3.2Documentation overview SINUMERIK operator components (22)1.4Feedback on the technical documentation (24)1.5mySupport documentation (25)1.6Service and Support (26)1.7Important product information (28)2Fundamental safety instructions (29)2.1General safety instructions (29)2.2Warranty and liability for application examples (30)2.3Security information (31)3Fundamentals (33)3.1Product overview (33)3.2Operator panel fronts (34)3.2.1Overview (34)3.2.2Keys of the operator panel (36)3.3Machine control panels (44)3.3.1Overview (44)3.3.2Controls on the machine control panel (44)3.4User interface (48)3.4.1Screen layout (48)3.4.2Status display (49)3.4.3Actual value window (51)3.4.4T,F,S window (53)3.4.5Operation via softkeys and buttons (55)3.4.6Entering or selecting parameters (56)3.4.7Pocket calculator (58)3.4.8Pocket calculator functions (59)3.4.9Context menu (61)3.4.10Changing the user interface language (61)3.4.11Entering Chinese characters (62)3.4.11.1Function - input editor (62)3.4.11.2Entering Asian characters (64)3.4.11.3Editing the dictionary (65)3.4.12Entering Korean characters (66)MillingOperating Manual, 07/2021, 6FC5398-7CP41-0BA13Table of contents3.4.13Protection levels (69)3.4.14Work station safety (71)3.4.15Cleaning mode (71)3.4.16Online help in SINUMERIK Operate (71)4Multitouch operation with SINUMERIK Operate (75)4.1Multitouch panels (75)4.2Touch-sensitive user interface (76)4.3Finger gestures (77)4.4Multitouch user interface (80)4.4.1Screen layout (80)4.4.2Function key block (81)4.4.3Further operator touch controls (81)4.4.4Virtual keyboard (82)4.4.5Special "tilde" character (83)4.5Expansion with side screen (84)4.5.1Overview (84)4.5.2Sidescreen with standard windows (84)4.5.3Standard widgets (86)4.5.4"Actual value" widget (86)4.5.5"Zero point" widget (87)4.5.6"Alarms" widget (87)4.5.7"NC/PLC variables" widget (87)4.5.8"Axle load" widget (88)4.5.9"Tool" widget (88)4.5.10"Service life" widget (89)4.5.11"Program runtime" widget (89)4.5.12Widget "Camera 1" and "Camera 2" (89)4.5.13Sidescreen with pages for the ABC keyboard and/or machine control panel (90)4.5.14Example 1: ABC keyboard in the sidescreen (91)4.5.15Example 2: Machine control panel in the sidescreen (92)5Setting up the machine (93)5.1Switching on and switching off (93)5.2Approaching a reference point (94)5.2.1Referencing axes (94)5.2.2User agreement (95)5.3Operating modes (97)5.3.1General (97)5.3.2Modes groups and channels (99)5.3.3Channel switchover (99)5.4Settings for the machine (101)5.4.1Switching over the coordinate system (MCS/WCS) (101)5.4.2Switching the unit of measurement (101)5.4.3Setting the zero offset (103)5.5Measure tool (105)5.5.1Overview (105)5.5.2Manually measuring drilling and milling tools (105)Milling 4Operating Manual, 07/2021, 6FC5398-7CP41-0BA1Table of contents5.5.3Measuring drilling and milling tools with the workpiece reference point (106)5.5.4Measuring drilling and milling tools with fixed reference point (107)5.5.5Measuring radius or diameter (108)5.5.6Fixed point calibration (109)5.5.7Measuring the drilling and milling tool length with electrical tool probe (109)5.5.8Calibrating the electrical tool probe (112)5.5.9Manually measuring a turning tool (for milling/turning machine) (113)5.5.10Manually measuring a turning tool using a tool probe (for milling/turning machine) (114)5.5.11Logging tool measurement results (116)5.6Measuring the workpiece zero (117)5.6.1Overview (117)5.6.2Sequence of operations (121)5.6.3Examples with manual swiveling (swiveling in JOG mode) (122)5.6.4Setting the edge (123)5.6.5Edge measurement (124)5.6.6Measuring a corner (129)5.6.7Measuring a pocket and hole (132)5.6.8Measuring a spigot (135)5.6.9Aligning the plane (140)5.6.10Defining the measurement function selection (142)5.6.11Logging measurement results for the workpiece zero (143)5.6.12Calibrating the electronic workpiece probe (144)5.6.12.1Calibration of length and radius or diameter (144)5.6.12.2Calibrate on sphere (146)5.7Settings for the measurement result log (148)5.8Zero offsets (150)5.8.1Overview - work offsets (150)5.8.2Display active zero offset (151)5.8.3Displaying the zero offset "overview" (151)5.8.4Displaying and editing base zero offset (153)5.8.5Displaying and editing settable zero offset (154)5.8.6Displaying and editing details of the zero offsets (154)5.8.7Deleting a zero offset (156)5.8.8Measuring the workpiece zero (157)5.9Monitoring axis and spindle data (158)5.9.1Specify working area limitations (158)5.9.2Editing spindle data (158)5.10Displaying setting data lists (160)5.11Handwheel assignment (161)5.12MDA (163)5.12.1Working in MDA (163)5.12.2Saving an MDA program (163)5.12.3Editing/executing a MDI program (164)5.12.4Deleting an MDA program (165)6Execution in manual mode (167)6.1General (167)6.2Selecting a tool and spindle (168)MillingOperating Manual, 07/2021, 6FC5398-7CP41-0BA15Table of contents6.2.1T, S, M windows (168)6.2.2Selecting a tool (170)6.2.3Starting and stopping a spindle manually (170)6.2.4Position spindle (171)6.3Traversing axes (173)6.3.1Traverse axes by a defined increment (173)6.3.2Traversing axes by a variable increment (174)6.4Positioning axes (175)6.5Swiveling (176)6.6Manual retraction (181)6.7Simple face milling of the workpiece (183)6.8Simple workpiece machining operations with milling/turning machines (186)6.8.1Simple workpiece face milling (milling/turning machine) (186)6.8.2Simple stock removal of workpiece (for milling/turning machine) (188)6.9Default settings for manual mode (192)7Machining the workpiece (193)7.1Starting and stopping machining (193)7.2Selecting a program (195)7.3Testing a program (196)7.4Displaying the current program block (197)7.4.1Displaying a basic block (197)7.4.2Display program level (197)7.5Correcting a program (199)7.6Repositioning axes (200)7.7Starting machining at a specific point (201)7.7.1Use block search (201)7.7.2Continuing program from search target (203)7.7.3Simple search target definition (203)7.7.4Defining an interruption point as search target (204)7.7.5Entering the search target via search pointer (205)7.7.6Parameters for block search in the search pointer (206)7.7.7Block search mode (206)7.7.8Block search for position pattern (208)7.8Controlling the program run (210)7.8.1Program control (210)7.8.2Skip blocks (211)7.9Overstore (213)7.10Editing a program (215)7.10.1Searching in programs (215)7.10.2Replacing program text (217)7.10.3Copying/pasting/deleting a program block (218)7.10.4Renumbering a program (220)7.10.5Creating a program block (220)Milling 6Operating Manual, 07/2021, 6FC5398-7CP41-0BA1Table of contents7.10.6Opening additional programs (222)7.10.7Editor settings (223)7.11Working with DXF files (227)7.11.1Overview (227)7.11.2Displaying CAD drawings (228)7.11.2.1Open a DXF file (228)7.11.2.2Cleaning a DXF file (228)7.11.2.3Enlarging or reducing the CAD drawing (229)7.11.2.4Changing the section (230)7.11.2.5Rotating the view (230)7.11.2.6Displaying/editing information for the geometric data (231)7.11.3Importing and editing a DXF file in the editor (232)7.11.3.1General procedure (232)7.11.3.2Specifying a reference point (232)7.11.3.3Assigning the machining plane (233)7.11.3.4Setting the tolerance (233)7.11.3.5Selecting the machining range / deleting the range and element (233)7.11.3.6Saving the DXF file (235)7.11.3.7Transferring the drilling positions (235)7.11.3.8Accepting contours (238)7.12Importing shapes from CAD programs (241)7.12.1Reading in CAD data into an editor and processing (243)7.12.1.1General procedure (243)7.12.1.2Import from CAD (243)7.12.1.3Defining reference points (244)7.12.1.4Accepting the machining steps (246)7.13Display and edit user variables (248)7.13.1Overview (248)7.13.2Global R parameters (249)7.13.3R parameters (250)7.13.4Displaying global user data (GUD) (252)7.13.5Displaying channel GUDs (253)7.13.6Displaying local user data (LUD) (254)7.13.7Displaying program user data (PUD) (255)7.13.8Searching for user variables (255)7.14Displaying G Functions and Auxiliary Functions (258)7.14.1Selected G functions (258)7.14.2All G functions (260)7.14.3G functions for mold making (260)7.14.4Auxiliary functions (261)7.15Displaying superimpositions (263)7.16Mold making view (266)7.16.1Overview (266)7.16.2Starting the mold making view (268)7.16.3Adapting the mold making view (268)7.16.4Specifically jump to the program block (269)7.16.5Searching for program blocks (270)7.16.6Changing the view (271)7.16.6.1Enlarging or reducing the graphical representation (271)MillingOperating Manual, 07/2021, 6FC5398-7CP41-0BA17Table of contents7.16.6.2Moving and rotating the graphic (272)7.16.6.3Modifying the viewport (272)7.17Displaying the program runtime and counting workpieces (274)7.18Setting for automatic mode (276)8Simulating machining (279)8.1Overview (279)8.2Simulation before machining of the workpiece (287)8.3Simultaneous recording before machining of the workpiece (288)8.4Simultaneous recording during machining of the workpiece (289)8.5Different views of the workpiece (290)8.5.1Plan view (290)8.5.23D view (291)8.5.3Side view (291)8.5.4Turning view (292)8.5.5Half section (292)8.6Editing the simulation display (294)8.6.1Blank display (294)8.6.2Showing and hiding the tool path (294)8.7Program control during the simulation (295)8.7.1Changing the feedrate (295)8.7.2Simulating the program block by block (296)8.8Changing and adapting a simulation graphic (297)8.8.1Enlarging or reducing the graphical representation (297)8.8.2Panning a graphical representation (298)8.8.3Rotating the graphical representation (298)8.8.4Modifying the viewport (299)8.8.5Defining cutting planes (299)8.9Displaying simulation alarms (301)9Generating a G code program (303)9.1Graphical programming (303)9.2Program views (304)9.3Program structure (308)9.4Fundamentals (309)9.4.1Machining planes (309)9.4.2Current planes in cycles and input screens (309)9.4.3Programming a tool (T) (310)9.5Generating a G code program (311)9.6Blank input (312)9.7Machining plane, milling direction, retraction plane, safe clearance and feedrate (PL, RP,SC, F) (314)9.8Selection of the cycles via softkey (315)Milling 8Operating Manual, 07/2021, 6FC5398-7CP41-0BA1Table of contents9.9Calling technology functions (319)9.9.1Hiding cycle parameters (319)9.9.2Setting data for cycles (319)9.9.3Checking cycle parameters (319)9.9.4Programming variables (320)9.9.5Changing a cycle call (320)9.9.6 Compatibility for cycle support (321)9.9.7Additional functions in the input screens (321)9.10Measuring cycle support (322)10Creating a ShopMill program (323)10.1Program views (324)10.2Program structure (329)10.3Fundamentals (330)10.3.1Machining planes (330)10.3.2Polar coordinates (330)10.3.3Absolute and incremental dimensions (331)10.4Creating a ShopMill program (334)10.5Program header (335)10.6Program header (for milling/turning machine) (337)10.7Generating program blocks (340)10.8Tool, offset value, feed and spindle speed (T, D, F, S, V) (341)10.9Defining machine functions (343)10.10Call work offsets (345)10.11Repeating program blocks (346)10.12Specifying the number of workpieces (348)10.13Changing program blocks (349)10.14Changing program settings (350)10.15Selection of the cycles via softkey (352)10.16Calling technology functions (357)10.16.1Additional functions in the input screens (357)10.16.2Checking input parameters (357)10.16.3Setting data for technological functions (357)10.16.4Changing a cycle call (358)10.16.5Programming variables (358)10.16.6 Compatibility for cycle support (359)10.17Measuring cycle support (360)10.18Example, standard machining (361)10.18.1Workpiece drawing (362)10.18.2Programming (362)10.18.3Results/simulation test (373)10.18.4G code machining program (375)MillingOperating Manual, 07/2021, 6FC5398-7CP41-0BA19Table of contents11Programming technological functions (cycles) (379)11.1Know-how protection (379)11.2Drilling (380)11.2.1General (380)11.2.2Centering (CYCLE81) (381)11.2.3Drilling (CYCLE82) (382)11.2.4Reaming (CYCLE85) (386)11.2.5Deep-hole drilling 1 (CYCLE83) (387)11.2.6Deep-hole drilling 2 (CYCLE830) (393)11.2.7Boring (CYCLE86) (403)11.2.8Tapping (CYCLE84, 840) (405)11.2.9Drill and thread milling (CYCLE78) (412)11.2.10Positioning and position patterns (416)11.2.11Arbitrary positions (CYCLE802) (418)11.2.12Row position pattern (HOLES1) (421)11.2.13Grid or frame position pattern (CYCLE801) (422)11.2.14Circle or pitch circle position pattern (HOLES2) (424)11.2.15Displaying and hiding positions (426)11.2.16Repeating positions (428)11.3Milling (429)11.3.1Face milling (CYCLE61) (429)11.3.2Rectangular pocket (POCKET3) (431)11.3.3Circular pocket (POCKET4) (438)11.3.4Rectangular spigot (CYCLE76) (445)11.3.5Circular spigot (CYCLE77) (450)11.3.6Multi-edge (CYCLE79) (454)11.3.7Longitudinal groove (SLOT1) (458)11.3.8Circumferential groove (SLOT2) (464)11.3.9Open groove (CYCLE899) (470)11.3.10Long hole (LONGHOLE) - only for G code programs (479)11.3.11Thread milling (CYCLE70) (481)11.3.12Engraving (CYCLE60) (485)11.4Contour milling (492)11.4.1General (492)11.4.2Representation of the contour (492)11.4.3Creating a new contour (494)11.4.4Creating contour elements (495)11.4.5Changing the contour (500)11.4.6Contour call (CYCLE62) - only for G code program (501)11.4.7Path milling (CYCLE72) (502)11.4.8Contour pocket/contour spigot (CYCLE63/64) (507)11.4.9Predrilling contour pocket (CYCLE64) (509)11.4.10Milling contour pocket (CYCLE63) (512)11.4.11Residual material contour pocket (CYCLE63) (517)11.4.12Milling contour spigot (CYCLE63) (518)11.4.13Residual material contour spigot (CYCLE63) (522)11.5Turning - milling/turning machine (525)11.5.1General (525)11.5.2Stock removal (CYCLE951) (525)Milling 10Operating Manual, 07/2021, 6FC5398-7CP41-0BA1Table of contents 11.5.3Groove (CYCLE930) (529)11.5.4Undercut form E and F (CYCLE940) (533)11.5.5Thread undercut (CYCLE940) (539)11.5.6Thread turning (CYCLE99), only for G code (545)11.5.6.1Special aspects of the selection alternatives for infeed depths (572)11.5.7Thread chain (CYCLE98) (573)11.5.7.1Special aspects of the selection alternatives for infeed depths (582)11.5.8Cut-off (CYCLE92) (583)11.6Contour turning - Milling/turning machine (587)11.6.1General information (587)11.6.2Representation of the contour (588)11.6.3Creating a new contour (589)11.6.4Creating contour elements (591)11.6.5Changing the contour (597)11.6.6Contour call (CYCLE62) (598)11.6.7Stock removal (CYCLE952) (599)11.6.8Stock removal residual (CYCLE952) (614)11.6.9Grooving (CYCLE952) (617)11.6.10Grooving residual material (CYCLE952) (628)11.6.11Plunge turning (CYCLE952) (632)11.6.12Plunge turning residual material (CYCLE952) (642)11.7Further cycles and functions (647)11.7.1Swivel plane (CYCLE800) (647)11.7.1.1Cylinder surface transformation with swivel plane (654)11.7.2Swiveling tool (CYCLE800) (658)11.7.2.1Swiveling tool/preloading milling tools - only for G code program (CYCLE800) (658)11.7.2.2Aligning turning tools (CYCLE800) - millling/turning machine (659)11.7.3High-speed settings (CYCLE832) (664)11.7.4Subroutines (668)11.7.5Surface turning (CYCLE953) (670)11.7.6Adapt to load (CYCLE782) (672)11.7.7Interpolation turning (CYCLE806) (674)11.7.7.1Function (674)11.7.7.2Selecting/deselecting interpolation turning - CYCLE806 (675)11.7.7.3Calling the cycle (676)11.7.7.4Parameter (676)11.8Additional cycles and functions in ShopMill (677)11.8.1Transformations (677)11.8.2Translation (678)11.8.3Rotation (678)11.8.4Scaling (679)11.8.5Mirroring (680)11.8.6Cylinder surface transformation (680)11.8.7Straight or circular machining (683)11.8.8Programming a straight line (685)11.8.9Programming a circle with known center point (686)11.8.10Programming a circle with known radius (687)11.8.11Helix (688)11.8.12Polar coordinates (689)11.8.13Straight polar (690)11.8.14Circle polar (691)Table of contents11.8.15Obstacle (692)12Multi-channel view (695)12.1Multi-channel view (695)12.2Multi-channel view in the "Machine" operating area (696)12.3Multi-channel view for large operator panels (699)12.4Setting the multi-channel view (701)13Collision avoidance (703)13.1Collision avoidance (703)13.2Activate collision avoidance (705)13.3Set collision avoidance (706)14Tool management (709)14.1Lists for the tool management (709)14.2Magazine management (711)14.3Tool types (712)14.4Tool dimensioning (715)14.5Tool list (722)14.5.1Additional data (725)14.5.2Creating a new tool (726)14.5.3Measuring the tool (728)14.5.4Managing several cutting edges (728)14.5.5Delete tool (729)14.5.6Loading and unloading tools (729)14.5.7Selecting a magazine (731)14.5.8Managing a tool in a file (732)14.6Tool wear (735)14.6.1Reactivating a tool (737)14.7Tool data OEM (739)14.8Magazine (740)14.8.1Positioning a magazine (742)14.8.2Relocating a tool (742)14.8.3Deleting / unloading / loading / relocating all tools (743)14.9Tool details (745)14.9.1Displaying tool details (745)14.9.2Tool data (745)14.9.3Cutting edge data (746)14.9.4Monitoring data (748)14.10Changing a tool type (749)14.11Graphic display (750)14.12Sorting tool management lists (752)14.13Filtering the tool management lists (753)Table of contents14.14Specific search in the tool management lists (755)14.15Multiple selection in the tool management lists (757)14.16Settings for tool lists (758)14.17Working with Multitool (759)14.17.1Tool list for multitool (759)14.17.2Create multitool (760)14.17.3Equipping multitool with tools (762)14.17.4Removing a tool from multitool (763)14.17.5Deleting multitool (764)14.17.6Loading and unloading multitool (764)14.17.7Reactivating the multitool (765)14.17.8Relocating a multitool (766)14.17.9Positioning a multitool (767)15Managing programs (769)15.1Overview (769)15.1.1NC memory (772)15.1.2Local drive (772)15.1.3USB drives (774)15.1.4FTP drive (774)15.2Opening and closing the program (776)15.3Executing a program (778)15.4Creating a directory / program / job list / program list (780)15.4.1File and directory names (780)15.4.2Creating a new directory (780)15.4.3Creating a new workpiece (781)15.4.4Creating a new G code program (782)15.4.5Creating a new ShopMill program (782)15.4.6Storing any new file (783)15.4.7Creating a job list (784)15.4.8Creating a program list (786)15.5Creating templates (787)15.6Searching directories and files (788)15.7Displaying the program in the Preview (790)15.8Selecting several directories/programs (791)15.9Copying and pasting a directory/program (793)15.10Deleting a program/directory (795)15.10.1Deleting a program/directory (795)15.11Changing file and directory properties (796)15.12Set up drives (797)15.12.1Overview (797)15.12.2Setting up drives (797)15.13Viewing PDF documents (803)15.14EXTCALL (805)Table of contents15.15Execution from external memory (EES) (807)15.16Backing up data (808)15.16.1Generating an archive in the Program Manager (808)15.16.2Generating an archive via the system data (809)15.16.3Reading in an archive in the Program Manager (811)15.16.4Read in archive from system data (812)15.17Setup data (813)15.17.1Backing up setup data (813)15.17.2Reading-in set-up data (815)15.18Recording tools and determining the demand (817)15.18.1Overview (817)15.18.2Opening tool data (818)15.18.3Checking the loading (818)15.19Backing up parameters (820)15.20RS-232-C (823)15.20.1Reading-in and reading-out archives via a serial interface (823)15.20.2Setting V24 in the program manager (825)15.21Multiple clamping (827)15.21.1Multiple clamping (827)15.21.2Program header setting, "Clamping" (828)15.21.3Creating a multiple clamping program (829)16Alarm, error, and system messages (831)16.1Displaying alarms (831)16.2Displaying an alarm log (834)16.3Displaying messages (835)16.4Sorting, alarms, faults and messages (836)16.5Creating screenshots (837)16.6PLC and NC variables (838)16.6.1Displaying and editing PLC and NC variables (838)16.6.2Saving and loading screen forms (842)16.7Version (843)16.7.1Displaying version data (843)16.7.2Save information (844)16.8Logbook (845)16.8.1Displaying and editing the logbook (845)16.8.2Making a logbook entry (846)16.9Remote diagnostics (848)16.9.1Setting remote access (848)16.9.2Permit modem (849)16.9.3Request remote diagnostics (850)16.9.4Exit remote diagnostics (851)17Working with Manual Machine (853)17.1Manual Machine (853)Table of contents17.2Measuring the tool (855)17.3Measuring the workpiece zero (856)17.4Setting the zero offset (857)17.5Set limit stop (858)17.6Simple workpiece machining (859)17.6.1Traversing axes (859)17.6.2Angular milling (860)17.6.3Straight and circular machining (861)17.6.3.1Straight milling (861)17.6.3.2Circular milling (862)17.7More complex machining (864)17.7.1Drilling with Manual Machine (865)17.7.2Milling with Manual Machine (866)17.7.3Contour milling with manual machine (867)17.7.4Turning with manual machine - milling/turning machine (867)17.8Simulation and simultaneous recording (869)18Teaching in a program (871)18.1Overview (871)18.2Select teach in mode (873)18.3Processing a program (874)18.3.1Inserting a block (874)18.3.2Editing a block (874)18.3.3Selecting a block (875)18.3.4Deleting a block (875)18.4Teach sets (877)18.4.1Input parameters for teach-in blocks (878)18.5Settings for teach-in (880)19Ctrl-Energy (881)19.1Functions (881)19.2Ctrl-E analysis (882)19.2.1Displaying energy consumption (882)19.2.2Displaying the energy analyses (883)19.2.3Measuring and saving the energy consumption (884)19.2.4Tracking measurements (885)19.2.5Tracking usage values (885)19.2.6Comparing usage values (886)19.2.7Long-term measurement of the energy consumption (887)19.3Ctrl-E profiles (888)19.3.1Using the energy-saving profile (888)20Easy Message (891)20.1Overview (891)20.2Activating Easy Message (892)Table of contents20.3Creating/editing a user profile (893)20.4Setting-up events (895)20.5Logging an active user on and off (897)20.6Displaying SMS logs (898)20.7Making settings for Easy Message (899)21Easy Extend (901)21.1Overview (901)21.2Enabling a device (902)21.3Activating and deactivating a device (903)21.4Initial commissioning of additional devices (904)22Service Planner (905)22.1Performing and monitoring maintenance tasks (905)23Editing the PLC user program (907)23.1Introduction (907)23.2Displaying and editing PLC properties (908)23.2.1Displaying PLC properties (908)23.2.2Resetting the processing time (908)23.2.3Loading modified PLC user program (908)23.3Displaying and editing PLC and NC variables (910)23.4Displaying and editing PLC signals in the status list (915)23.5View of the program blocks (916)23.5.1Displaying information on the program blocks (916)23.5.2Structure of the user interface (917)23.5.3Control options (918)23.5.4Displaying the program status (919)23.5.5Changing the address display (920)23.5.6Enlarging/reducing the ladder diagram (920)23.5.7Program block (921)23.5.7.1Displaying and editing the program block (921)23.5.7.2Displaying local variable table (922)23.5.7.3Creating a program block (922)23.5.7.4Opening a program block in the window (924)23.5.7.5Displaying/canceling the access protection (924)23.5.7.6Editing block properties subsequently (925)23.5.8Editing a program block (925)23.5.8.1Editing the PLC user program (925)23.5.8.2Editing a program block (926)23.5.8.3Deleting a program block (928)23.5.8.4Inserting and editing networks (928)23.5.8.5Editing network properties (929)23.5.9Displaying the network symbol information table (930)23.6Displaying symbol tables (931)。

KMZ10A----非接触式磁电法轴功率测试系统的开发

KMZ10A----非接触式磁电法轴功率测试系统的开发


研究生签名：
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本人完全了解武汉理工大学有关保留、使用学位论文的规定，即：学校有权保留送交 论文的复印件，允许论文被查阅和借阅；学校可以公布论文的全部内容，可以采用影印、 缩印或其他复制手段保存论文。 （保密的论文在解密后遵守此规定）
万方数据
武汉理工大学硕士学位论文
摘
要
在线监测的船用柴油机轴功率，可以作为柴油机状态监测和故障诊断的辅 助参数，以提高监测诊断的精度；也可以用于判断船-机-桨三者之间的匹配状 态；结合油耗、转速等参数，可为船舶的经济航行提供技术支持。因此，开展 船舶柴油机轴功率在线测试技术研究，对于提高船舶动力系统的安全性、可靠 性和经济性具有十分重要的意义。 本文以模拟船舶动力系统的试验台架为研究对象，开发了基于非接触式磁 电法的轴功率在线测试系统。首先对磁阻传感器的结构及其工作原理进行了研 究，分析了基于磁阻传感器测量扭矩和转速的原理，并设计了基于 LabVIEW FPGA 模块的数据采集系统，包括数据采集卡的安装使用、下位机和上位机程 序的编写，充分利用了 FPGA 的灵活性和可定制化的能力，结合 LabVIEW 图 形化人机交互界面，使测试系统操作简单灵活。为了研究测试系统中的数字滤 波和相位差提取方法，在 LabVIEW 软件开发平台上仿真模拟了一组轴功率磁 电信号，研究了包括零均值化、滤波及提取相位差的信号分析处理方法，获得 了适合本测试系统的滤波方法和相位差提取的计算方法，即零相位滤波和过零 点插值法提取相位差；最后在模拟试验台架上进行不同采样频率、不同测点间 距以及不同扭矩大小下的对比试验，对信号处理方法进行了验证，并对影响轴 功率测试精度的各因素进行了分析。 论文开发的测试系统具有以下特点：1）非接触式的测量。测试系统不仅保 证了信号传输的质量，而且磁阻传感器（固定部分）与敏感元件（旋转部分） 保持了一定的距离， 便于测试系统在实船中的布置； 2） 磁阻传感器由外部供电。 通过可调恒压源给传感器供电，而敏感元件不需要供电，使得测试系统能实现 长期不间断在线测量；3）外部干扰少。利用虚拟仪器技术灵活的软件功能代替 固化的硬件设备，减少了外部硬件电路的引入，提高了测试系统受外围电磁场 干扰的能力。 关键词：非接触式，轴功率，LabVIEW，FPGA，测量
以3D_影像融合技术引导腔内治疗主动脉疾病研究进展

以3D_影像融合技术引导腔内治疗主动脉疾病研究进展

Research progresses of 3D image fusion technology for guiding endovascular treatments of aortic lesionsXU　Taifu1， HOU　Peiyong2*（1.Interventional Room，2.Department of Vascular Surgery， the Fourth AffiliatedHospital of Guangxi Medical University， Liuzhou 545005， China）［Abstract］3D image fusion technology can fuse image data before and during interventional treatments with mediator of cone-beam CT and guide interventional operations，which might significantly improve the success rate of interventional treatment of aortic lesions and reduce radiation exposure，iodine contrast agent dosage and operation time，etc.The research progresses of 3D image fusion technology for guiding endovascular treatment of aortic lesions were reviewed in this article.［Keywords］aortic diseases； image fusion； imaging， three-dimensional； endovascular aneurysm repairDOI：10.13929/j.issn.1672-8475.2024.01.012以3D影像融合技术引导腔内治疗主动脉疾病研究进展许太福1，侯培勇2*（1.广西医科大学第四附属医院介入治疗室，2.血管外科，广西柳州 545005）［摘要］3D影像融合技术是以锥形束CT为介导将介入治疗前和治疗中的影像数据融合并以之引导介入操作，可显著提高腔内介入治疗主动脉疾病成功率，减少辐射暴露和碘对比剂用量并缩短治疗时间等。