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Contrastive Analysis对比分析Step 1 DefinitionContrastive Analysis is the study and comparison of two languages. It helps us to distinct what needs to be learned and what does not need to be learned in a second language acquisition.Step 2 The goal of Contrastive AnalysisThe goal of Contrastive Analysis is to predict what areas will be easy to learn and what areas will be difficult to learn.Step 3 Analyze the native language and the second language As we all know, Chinese are our native language and English as our second language. So here, I will mainly analyze the learning of Chinese and English from several aspects.A.The universality between the learning of Chinese and EnglishThe foreign linguistics once pointed that listening and speaking occupy the 70 percent of the studying of any kinds of language, while reading and writing are only 30 percent. In a word, the language learning should listen and speak firstly, and then start to read and write. Therefore, we should associate the listening and speaking with reading and writing in language learning.The general characters between Chinese and English learning state that Chinese plays important roles in the course of English languageacquisition, though we don’t have enough about what roles it actually plays. The study of the roles that Chinese plays is known as the search of LANGUAGE TRANSFER.However, Chinese may have positive or negative effects on the learning of English. Therefore, there are both positive transfer and negative transfer. For example,➢Chinese: 我喜欢英语。
第三章翻译中的语言对比分析Contrastive Analysis in Translation1．The distinctionS between the two languages:1.1语义的差异：英汉词语意义并不是总是一致的，它们的对应程度有三：1.1.1完全对应：1.1.1.1科技术语和专有名词：aluminum铝；physics物理学；pneumonia肺炎；ew York纽约; the Himalayas喜马拉雅山European Union 欧盟negotiating table 谈判桌trading partners 贸易伙伴1..1.1.2产生活常见事物的名称1.1.2部分或大部分对应cat：She is a cat.=she is callous and cruel;1.1.3完全或大部分不对应commuter (people who live in the suburb but go to work downtown )pandemonium=“地狱”（造词）1.1.4英语词汇的一词多义touch :to touch sb to the heart触动心旋hair touched with grey有点花白头发to touch glass碰杯to touch one’s lips to the child’s forehead轻吻小孩的前额to touch the highest point in one’s career达到事业的顶峰1）It’s too noisy; turn that things off and do your homework.关掉那玩意（收音机），做作业！2）I’ll pack my things for the trip tomorrow.我明天打点行装。
3）What a fine thing for our girls!真是女儿们的好福气啊！4）The large mammalian brain is the most complicated thing, for its size, known to us.大型哺乳动物的大脑，就其体积而言，是我们所知晓的最复杂的机体。
1.1.5 Collocation: the collocation of the English words is very active.as proud as a peacock非常骄傲的/Hitler was once as proud as a peacock曾是个不可一世的家伙/ as cheerful as a lark非常高兴的，兴高采烈的/ as clear as day一清二楚/ as quiet as a mouse非常安静的，一声不响的/ heart and soul全心全意地/ in a breeze轻松地/ with flying colors 出色地；成功地/ behind the scenes在幕后/ at a gallop飞快地；急速地；用最快速度1.21.2.1动词时态的体现：1)Mrs. Long has just been here, and she told me all about it. 刚刚来过，她把这事一五一十地全告诉我了。
2) A good book may be among the best of friends. It is the same today that it always was, and it will never change3)”What was I talking of?” said he, beginning again when they were all in the street. 我刚才说什么来着？等大伙来到街上，她又说了起来了。
4) Britain ‘s railway system is being improved.正日益完善。
5）English prose is elaborate rather than simple. It was not always so.如今的英国散文华美而欠简朴，以往的情况却并非如此。
1.2.2量词的增补表达法:1) To the east a faint pink is spreading.一抹浅红正向东方扩展。
2)Before I arrived in sight of it, all that remained of day was a beamless, amber light along the west; but I could see every pebble on the path, andevery blade of grass, by that splendid moon.在我还没有望见那座住宅，天早已暗下来了，只有西边天际还剩下一模一抹朦胧的琥珀色的余辉，但是我仍可借助皎洁的月光，看清小路上的每一颗石子，每一片草叶。
3）Please go there and give it to him.到那里去一趟，然后把这个交给他。
4)I was extremely worried about her, but this was neither the place nor the time for a lecture or an argument.我真替她万分担忧，但此时次地既不不宜教训她一番，也不宜与她争论一通。
1.2.3增补语气词1) Is more growth really better?经济发展得越快越好吗？2)Tess is queer.苔丝的脾气可古怪呢。
3)“My dear Mr. Bennet,” replied his wife, “how can you be so tiresome! You must know that I am thinking of his marrying one of them/my daughters”(J. Austen: Pride and Prejudice)你怎么这么令人讨厌告诉你吧！，我在琢磨他娶她们当中的一个做太太呢！4)John blinked a few times and looked at me as if I might, indeed, be loony. “ Mom, it’s just the moon. Is this the surprise?”眨了几下眼,盯着我看,仿佛我真的疯了似的. “妈妈,不就是个月亮而已嘛! 有什么好希奇的?”1.2.4代词使用上的差异:1）Caroline has known me all my life. It was my privilege to see her out of hers. 了解我的一生, 能为她送终是我莫大的荣幸.2）Money is a wonderful thing, but it is possible to pay too high a price for it.金钱是个很好东西,但是人可能为之付出过高的代价.3)The first point about chores is that they are repetitive. They come every day or thereabouts, and once done they require after a certain time to be done again.( A.Heckscher: “Doing Chores”)家务事的第一个特点,是反复做.几乎天天都有,而且做完之后,过一段时间又要重做一番.4)He hated failure ; he had conquered it all his life, risen above it, despised it in others.它讨厌失败，它一生中曾战败失败，超越失败，并且藐视别人的失败。
5)Happy families also had their own troubles幸福的家庭也有幸福家庭的苦恼。
1．3.句法差异1.3.1形合与意合的差异英语的形合句翻译成汉语的意合句1)As I resumed walking I blurted out, “It’s a lucky thing it happened that way. You wouldn’t have met Mother. ”我们继续往前走，我又冒出一句话：“这样倒是一件幸事。
不然，你就遇不上你妈妈了。
”2)Over time, Kelley has learned to move her fingers enough to use a computer and to get around daily with the help of a wheelchair.随着时间的推移，凯里学会了灵活地移动手指并可以使用计算机，借助电动轮椅，能够处理自己的日常生活。
英语的形合句汉语也可以用汉语的形合句来翻译1)You and the girls may go, or you may send them by themselves, which perhaps will be still better, for as you are as handsome as any of them,Mr. Bingley might like you the best of the party.你带着女儿们去就行了，要不你索性打发她们自己去，这样或许更好些，因为你的姿色并不亚于她们中的任何一个，你一去，宾利先生到看中你呢！2)It will be no use to us, if twenty such should come since you will not visit them.既然你不肯去拜访，即使搬来二十个，那对我们又有什么用呢？1.3.２语序的差异：1.3.3.1定语的语序的差异1.3.3.1.1单词做定语◆形容词作定语：1）That altered, frightened, fat face told his secret well enough.他的胖脸蛋吓得走了样，他心里的想法全写在脸上。
2）She had such a kindly, smiling, tender, gentle, generous heart of her own.她心地善良，性格乐观，温柔和气，待人慷慨。
3）I saw a little, yellow, ragged, lame, unshaven beggar.我看见一个要饭的，他身材矮小，脸色发黄，衣衫褴缕，瘸着腿，满脸胡子1.3.3.1.2英语的短语做定语1)A hotel with a few Chinese touches一家有几分中国特色的旅馆2)A base for underground activities地下活动基地1.3.3.2状语语序的差异：1.3.3.2.1单词做状语1)Predictably the winter will be snowy, sleety, and slushy.可以预言，今年冬天将多雪，多冻雨，多泥泞。
