语言与文化—翻译中的语境 书评

文化语境对语言翻译的影响随着全球互动和交流的日益增多，语言翻译的重要性不断提高。

语言翻译不仅涵盖了文字的转换，同时也涉及到文化的转换。

文化语境指的是一个言语所处的文化环境，包括言语中所使用到的词汇、语法结构、习语、俗语、先验知识和价值观等，这些都是影响语言翻译的关键因素。

因此，在语言翻译过程中，文化语境必须被考虑到，否则文化差异可能成为交际的障碍。

文化语境对翻译的影响主要表现在以下几个方面。

第一，语言的词汇和语法结构在不同的文化环境中意义可能有所不同。

例如，在中文中，有一些词汇和语言习惯很难用其他语言直接表达，如中文的“亲戚”、“人情味”等，这些词汇在英文中的表达与中文有所不同。

在汉语中，“亲戚”这个词表示的是家庭成员之间的关系，但在英语中，它更多地指的是血缘关系，而不是婚姻关系。

因此，在翻译时，必须考虑到语言之间的差异，找出最合适的表达方式。

第二，文化背景会影响翻译者的语言选择。

不同的文化背景有不同的词汇和语言习惯，这会直接影响翻译者的选择。

例如，西方国家的人们普遍喜欢使用具有象征意义的词汇和表达方式，而在中国，通常更重视句子的实用性。

这种文化背景的差异可能导致在翻译中出现语言的歧义。

第三，某些词汇、习惯或言辞在不同的文化语境中可能具有不同的含义。

例如，中文中的“是”和“不是”的含义在不同的情况下会有所不同。

在英文中，“Yes”和“No”的含义也因语境而异。

因此，在翻译时，必须将习惯和语言的含义考虑在内，以确保准确表达原文的含义。

第四，价值观的差异可能会影响翻译的准确性。

不同的文化背景和历史经验会造成不同的价值观。

例如，在西方社会中，个人主义是一种重要的价值观，而在中国，家庭和社区的价值观则更为重要。

这种差异可能使翻译者陷入难题，因为一些基于价值观的词汇和表达方式在语言之间可能无法转换。

在这种情况下，翻译者必须详细了解原始文本中使用的术语和表达方式的文化背景和内涵，以便在翻译中进行合适的调整。

文化语境对语言翻译的影响语言是文化的表达方式。

不同的文化意味着不同的语言和语言规则。

因此，文化语境对语言翻译有深远的影响。

首先，文化语境对词汇和短语的理解和使用有显著影响。

每个文化都有其独特的词汇和短语，这些词汇和短语通常只能在其特定文化环境中理解和使用。

例如，英语中的“break a leg”意思是祝某人好运，但这个短语在其他一些语言和文化中可能完全没有意义。

因此，文化语境是确保词汇和短语被正确理解和使用的关键。

其次，文化语境对语法和句子结构的理解和使用也有重要影响。

不同的语言有不同的语法规则和句子结构，这些规则和结构通常是由特定文化背景驱动的。

例如，在日语中，主语经常省略，而在英语中则必须明确指出。

因此，在进行语言翻译时，必须注意理解和使用正确的语法规则和句子结构，以确保翻译内容文法正确、易于理解。

第三，文化语境对译者理解和解释文字中隐含意思的能力也有很大影响。

文字中的隐含意思可能只有一部分人可以理解，这要求译者具备文化敏感性和懂得细微的文化差异。

例如，当一个法国人用“cher ami”来称呼某人时，这实际上比“朋友”更加亲密与真挚，因此如果直接翻译成英文“dear friend”，就不能准确地传达他所表达的情感。

在这种情况下，为了传达隐含的情感，翻译可能需要使用到不同的词汇，而要想做到这一点就必须对源语言和目标语言的文化背景做充分了解。

总之，文化语境对语言翻译的影响是多方面的。

它不仅影响词汇和短语的使用、语法规则和句子结构的解释，同时它还要求译者有足够的文化敏感性和判断力，使得翻译的内容符合原始文本的意思并且易于被读者理解。

因此，翻译者在进行语言翻译时必须将文化语境视为最重要因素之一，将其纳入翻译的整个流程之中。

文化语境对语言翻译的影响语言翻译是不同文化交流的桥梁，通过翻译，人们可以了解到其他国家和地区的文化差异，促进不同文化之间的交流与融合。

由于不同文化的存在，文化语境对语言翻译有着深远的影响，这不仅涉及语言的翻译技巧，还包括语言所蕴含的文化内涵。

本文将探讨文化语境对语言翻译的影响，并分析文化语境对语言翻译的挑战与应对之道。

1. 影响翻译的准确性和流畅性文化语境对语言翻译有着直接的影响，不同的文化背景会影响人们的思维方式、表达习惯和语言风格，导致不同文化之间在翻译过程中出现理解偏差和表达不准确的问题。

英语中的礼貌用语在中文中可能无法完全对应，翻译时容易丢失原文的礼貌语气；而中文中的一些成语和谚语，在英语中可能找不到对应的表达方式，翻译时会显得生硬和不流畅。

文化语境对语言翻译的准确性和流畅性有着直接的影响，翻译人员需要充分理解源语言和目标语言的文化背景，才能够做到准确地表达原文的意思。

3. 增强跨文化交流和理解文化语境对语言翻译的影响并不仅限于其困难和挑战，同时也为不同文化之间的交流和理解提供了契机。

通过语言翻译，人们可以更好地了解到其他文化的风俗习惯、历史传统和价值观念，增强跨文化交流和理解。

语言翻译也可以促进不同文化之间的互相借鉴和融合，使不同文化更加和谐共存。

文化语境对语言翻译的影响在于既有困难和挑战，也有机遇和益处，翻译人员需要在翻译过程中充分认识到这一点，以促进跨文化交流和理解。

二、文化语境对语言翻译的挑战与应对之道1. 挑战：促使翻译人员具备深厚的跨文化素养文化语境对语言翻译的挑战在于需要翻译人员具备深厚的跨文化素养，既需要精通源语言和目标语言，也需要了解两种语言背后的文化内涵，以避免出现文化偏差和表达不准确的问题。

由于不同文化的复杂性和多样性，要求翻译人员具备深厚的跨文化素养并非易事，这对翻译人员的能力和素养提出了更高的要求。

应对之道：加强跨文化培训和学习针对文化语境对语言翻译的挑战，翻译人员需要加强跨文化培训和学习，提高自身的跨文化素养。

英语翻译中的语言特点与文化体现翻译是使不同语言之间能够相互沟通和理解的重要工具，而英语作为世界上最广泛使用的语言之一，在翻译过程中具有其独特的语言特点和文化体现。

本文将就英语翻译中的语言特点与文化体现进行探讨。

一、语言特点1. 多义性英语作为一种高度多义的语言，同一词汇在不同的语境下常常具有不同的含义和层次。

这对于翻译者而言，意味着在进行英语翻译时需要根据具体语境来准确捕捉原文的意思，并在目标语言中选择适当的词汇进行表达。

2. 隐含性英语中的隐含性较为常见，即文本中的信息并不直接明确表达，而是通过上下文、语气、语法等手段暗示或间接反映。

在英语翻译中，翻译者需要进行细致的分析和推测，在合适的情境下对隐含信息进行恰当的表达，以保持原文的意义和风格。

3. 形象性英语翻译中常常涉及到具象、具体的表达，而形象性在英语语言文化中被广泛运用。

翻译者在进行英语翻译时应注意将原文中具体的描述、形象的比喻等准确传达到目标语言中，以使翻译结果更具有视觉和感官上的冲击力。

二、文化体现1.地域文化地域文化是指不同地域或国家特有的风土人情、历史背景、社会习惯等方面的文化特征。

在英语翻译中，翻译者需要了解并充分考虑原文所涉及的地域文化差异，以确保传递准确的信息和文化内涵。

2.历史文化历史文化是指不同历史时期所产生的文化现象和价值观。

在英语翻译中，往往会涉及到历史事件、文学作品等相关内容，翻译者需要对这些背景进行深入了解，以在翻译过程中恰当地传达原文所包含的历史文化内涵。

3.习俗文化不同国家和文化之间存在着各种各样的习俗和礼仪，这些习俗反映了当地人民的生活方式和价值观念。

在英语翻译中，翻译者需要注意将原文中涉及的习俗文化传达到目标语言中，以充分展现原文的文化背景和特点。

综上所述，英语翻译中的语言特点与文化体现对于翻译者而言十分重要。

准确把握英语翻译中的语言特点，善于运用文化传播技巧，将原文所包含的语言和文化内涵准确而生动地呈现到目标语言中，是翻译工作中不可忽视的关键要素。

收稿日期:2006209215作者简介:张国庆(19542),男,徐州工程学院外国语学院副教授,主要从事文化与翻译实践研究。

第21卷第11期徐州工程学院学报2006年11月V o l.21N o .11Jou rnal of Xuzhou In stitu te of T echno logyNOV 12006语境在语言文化翻译中的作用张国庆(徐州工程学院,　江苏　徐州　221008) 【摘　要】　翻译是传递信息的一种重要方式,是一种在特定语言环境中运用语言的方式。

由于语言具有多义性特点,所以在确定一个词语意义时语境的作用是重要的。

【关键词】　语言;语境;翻译【中图分类号】　H 030　【文献标识码】A 【文章编号】167320704(2006)1120001202 在语用学中语境是其基本理论的重要组成部分,对语用学的发展、探讨及研究起着相当重要的作用。

人类学家(B .M alinow sk i )曾说过:“语境是决定语义的重要因素之一,语义的存在永远脱离不了语境。

”由此可见,语境与语义之间的重要关系。

语句之间的特定含义在失去语境的情况下是很难理解的。

那么语境又是怎么一回事呢?所谓语境是指所用的语言系统内的词汇、语音、语句和语法规则等各种因素及其之间的相互关系。

这种关系就是语境的核心。

语言交际能力的培养与提高一旦离开了具体的语言环境便成了无源之水,外语教学必须重视语言环境的运用。

翻译是将不同种类的语言进行转换并由此吸取其中的信息的一种能力。

因此,在翻译过程中,不能只局限于字、词、句的单一翻译,重要的是如何培养翻译者的语境意识及其语用能力。

一、正确理解语境,减少译文错误语境是产生语言活动的环境,反映在文章中亦称上下文。

正确理解语境的意涵源于对语境的正确分析,因为“语言总是在一定的交际环境中使用的,因此,分析语言现象,必须把它和它所依赖的语境联系起来,离开一定的语境,把一个语言片断孤立起来分析,就难于确定这个语言片断的结构和意义。

文化语境及翻译的批评文化语境及翻译的批评翻译是文化之间的桥梁，是促进不同文化之间相互理解和交流的重要工具。

然而，由于语言和文化之间的差异，翻译往往会面临各种困难和挑战。

在面对这些问题时，翻译工作者需要从文化语境的角度去理解和批评翻译。

首先，文化语境对于翻译至关重要。

翻译是一种跨文化的传达，每一个语言的表达方式都有其独特的文化内涵。

因此，只有在正确理解文化语境的前提下，才能进行准确的翻译。

例如，英语中的“sorry” 有时可以翻译为“对不起”，有时又可以翻译为“抱歉”。

如果仅仅是按照字面进行翻译，就会丢失原文的真实含义，甚至产生误解。

因此，语言和文化之间的密切联系必须被充分考虑，才能实现翻译的准确性和可信度。

同时，我们也需要对翻译进行批评。

人们常常认为翻译只是将一个语言的文本转换成另一个语言的文本，然而这种想法是非常片面和简单的。

不同的语言和文化之间的对应关系是非常复杂和多样化的，因此，，翻译也需要考虑每一个语言的文化背景、接受对象和目标等方面的差异。

只有这样，才能避免翻译中的许多问题，例如直译式翻译、意译式翻译和模仿式翻译等。

直译式的翻译容易丢失原文的细节和含义，一些特别的表达和翻译目标地区的文化差异也可能被省略。

例如，日语中“さようなら”可以翻译为“再会”，但在某些上下文中，它可能更适合翻译为“永别了”。

意译式的翻译则通过将原文的意义转换成另一种语言来实现重新表达，但这种翻译方式也会出现无法准确翻译的情况，甚至有时会更改原文的含义。

模仿式的翻译容易导致原文的过多的复制和无意义的重复，此种翻译会使人感到毫无创造性，导致阅读时的失去兴趣。

此外，翻译的受众也是一个需要考虑的因素。

不同的受众群体有着不同的语言和文化背景，如同一种文化中不同的社会群体之间的差异。

因此，翻译需要根据读者文化背景和知识水平进行适当的调整，以便更好的传达信息。

例如，普通的人可能无法理解医学或法律等领域的專門术语，所以在对这些内容进行翻译时需要有独特的处理方式。

文化语境与语言翻译读书报告文化语境与语言翻译读书报告示例如下:文化语境对语言翻译的重要性文化语境是指不同文化背景下的语言使用方式和表达方式，包括语言、符号、价值观、社会习俗等方面。

在语言翻译中，文化语境的重要性不言而喻。

如果不了解目标文化语境，翻译可能无法准确传达原文的含义和表达方式，甚至会导致误解和冒犯。

举例来说，西方文化中常常使用“圣诞快乐”作为祝福语，而在中文文化中则很少使用。

如果翻译忽略了这种文化语境的差异，可能会导致翻译不准确或失礼的情况。

因此，了解目标文化语境对于语言翻译非常重要。

文化语境对语言翻译的影响文化语境对语言翻译的影响主要表现在以下几个方面:1. 词汇选择：不同文化背景下的词汇选择和使用方式可能存在差异。

在翻译时，译者需要了解目标文化语境，选择合适的词汇和表达方式，以避免翻译不准确或失礼的情况。

2. 表达方式：不同文化背景下的表达方式也存在差异。

在翻译时，译者需要了解目标文化语境，选择正确的表达方式，以更好地传达原文的含义。

3. 文化价值观：不同文化背景下的价值观也存在差异。

在语言翻译中，译者需要了解目标文化的价值观，以避免翻译不准确或冒犯的情况。

4. 社会习俗：不同文化背景下的社会习俗也存在差异。

在语言翻译中，译者需要了解目标文化的社会习俗，以避免翻译不准确或失礼的情况。

如何克服文化语境对语言翻译的影响要克服文化语境对语言翻译的影响，译者需要做到以下几点:1. 了解目标文化语境：译者需要了解目标文化的背景和特点，包括语言、符号、价值观、社会习俗等方面。

2. 选择正确的词汇和表达方式：译者需要根据目标文化语境选择正确的词汇和表达方式，以更好地传达原文的含义。

3. 谨慎处理文化差异：译者需要在翻译过程中谨慎处理文化差异，避免翻译不准确或失礼的情况。

4. 采用适当的翻译策略：译者需要根据目标文化语境采用适当的翻译策略，例如文化注释、翻译记忆库等，以确保翻译的准确性。

总结文化语境对语言翻译非常重要，译者需要了解目标文化语境，以更好地传达原文的含义和表达方式。

浅议“英语翻译中的语词翻译与文化语境”一、语词的翻译语言是文化的载体，同时又是文化的重要组成部分。

而语词又是语言中最活跃的因素，最敏感地反映了社会生活和社会思想的变化，是语言中最能反映文化特征的部分。

语词的翻译要求译者在广泛地、准确地了解他国文化中的观念、信仰、习俗、价值标准等方面的同时，忠实传达本国文化的价值与灵魂，才能真正做到不同文化间的交流。

二、文化语境——影响语词翻译的重要因素美国学者D．A．Swinnty的实验表明，语境是影响词汇提取的主要因素，忽略了语词词义提取时意义与语境的结合，不能达到对句子的充分理解，就不能对语词在语境中的意义正确翻译。

语言界研究语境最早始于伦敦功能学派创始人马林诺夫斯基对语境的定义，他认为语境可分为情景语境和文化语境。

情景语境是指语言行为发出时周围情况，事情的性质，参与者的关系、地点、方式等。

文化语境是指任何一个语言使用所属的某个特定的言语社团，以及每个言语社团长期形成的历史、文化、风俗、事情、习俗、价值标准和思维方式等。

由于不同民族所处的自然地理、人文历史和文化环境不同，各民族的人们对外部世界反映产生的印象和概念也会产生差异，所以不同民族文化背景使人们对事物会产生不同的认知概念，因而产生了包含不同文化意义的语词。

因此，语词的翻译依赖着它本身所存在的语言文化环境，文化语境包含的诸多因素，如地理环境、社会历史、政治经济、风俗民情、宗教信仰、审美取向、价值观念及思维方式等等直接影响着语词的翻译。

三、文化语境与语词翻译翻译学的目的论认为，翻译是人类行为研究的范畴，人类的交际受语言环境的制约，而语言环境又根植于文化习惯，因此翻译必然受到译出文化和译入文化的影响。

本文将探讨文化语境中诸多因素对语词翻译的影响，以及相应的翻译方法。

1．地理环境差异与语词翻译。

地理文化是指所处的地理环境而形成的文化。

由于各民族生活空间不同，因而自然环境各方面的差异影响不同民族对同一事物或现象的看法各有不同。

文化语境对语言翻译的影响文化语境对于语言的意义和表达方式具有重要影响。

每个文化都有其独特的价值观、观念、传统和习俗，这些因素会直接影响到人们对事物的理解和表达方式。

当进行语言翻译时，如果没有充分理解目标语言所属文化的背景和特点，可能会误解或遗漏掉原文的一些含义和隐喻，从而导致翻译的不准确或失真。

翻译人员必须具备丰富的跨文化知识和敏锐的文化意识，以便准确理解目标文本的意义，并将其转化为另一种语言。

文化语境对于语言的语法和词汇选择有所影响。

不同的文化对于语法结构和词汇的使用有不同的偏好和规范。

中文中非常重视情感表达，而英文则更注重逻辑和事实陈述。

在进行语言翻译时，翻译人员需要根据目标语言的文化习惯和惯用表达方式进行语法结构和词汇的选择，以使翻译更加贴近目标语言的文化习惯和语言习惯。

文化语境对于语言的口语表达和修辞手法具有影响。

口语表达和修辞手法是每个文化语境中独特的语言形式，它们与文化背景紧密相关。

在语言翻译中，要准确传达原文的口语表达和修辞手法，翻译人员需要深入了解目标语言文化的语言特点和习惯。

英文中使用隐喻和比喻较为常见，而中文则更注重直接表达。

如果在翻译过程中没有注意到这些差异，可能会导致翻译的不恰当或失效。

文化语境对于语言翻译中的文化特定术语和常识具有影响。

每个文化都有其特定的术语和常识，这些术语和常识在特定文化中是公认的，但在其他文化中可能并不常见。

在进行语言翻译时，翻译人员需要尽量保留原文中的文化特定术语和常识，并解释或翻译给目标语言的读者。

这样可以确保翻译结果更贴近原文的意义，并使目标语言的读者能够理解和领会原文所传递的文化信息。

文化语境对语言翻译的影响1. 引言1.1 文化语境对语言翻译的影响文化语境对语言翻译的影响是一个复杂而重要的话题。

在进行语言翻译时，文化背景往往起到至关重要的作用。

不同的文化传统、价值观念以及生活习惯会直接影响到语言的使用和理解。

翻译工作并不仅仅是简单的将一种语言翻译成另一种语言，更重要的是要将原文的意思准确地传达给另一个语言使用者。

文化语境不仅仅是翻译的背景，更是决定翻译质量的关键因素之一。

在跨文化交流中，翻译者需要对原文的文化元素有深刻的理解，才能有效地将其传达给目标语言的受众。

文化间的差异也会给翻译工作带来挑战，因为不同的文化有着不同的表达方式和习惯用语。

翻译者需要在语言翻译的过程中注重语境的重要性，并灵活运用不同的翻译策略来应对文化差异带来的影响。

在这样的背景下，文化对翻译者提出了更高的要求，需要他们具备丰富的跨文化交流经验和敏锐的文化观察力。

只有深入理解原文背后的文化内涵，翻译者才能准确地传达原文的意义，避免信息的失真。

文化语境对语言翻译的影响是不可忽视的。

只有充分认识到文化因素在翻译中的重要性，才能更好地应对跨文化交流中的挑战，提高翻译质量。

部分结束。

2. 正文2.1 语言中的文化元素语言中的文化元素在语言翻译中起着重要的作用。

每种语言都是其所在文化的产物，因此其中蕴含着丰富的文化元素。

这些文化元素包括历史、宗教、价值观念、习俗、传统、口头禅等，都会直接影响到翻译的准确性和质量。

在中文中，例如“红”色象征着喜庆和吉祥，而在西方文化中却常常被视为危险或者负面的颜色。

这种文化差异会导致在翻译过程中产生歧义或者误解。

在一些语言中存在特定的习惯用语或者成语，需要将其转译或者注释给目标语言的读者，以确保他们能够正确理解原文的含义。

不同语言之间在文化元素上的差异也会对翻译造成挑战。

某些语言具有特定的敬语或者社会地位等级称谓，而对应的目标语言可能没有完全相同的表达方式，这就需要翻译者根据上下文和文化背景进行适当的调整和转换。

文化语境对语言翻译的影响语言是文化的表达方式，而文化则是语言的载体。

因此，在翻译过程中，文化语境对翻译的影响是巨大的。

不同文化的背景、价值观、习惯、信仰等因素，都会在语言表达中呈现出来，这也就需要译者具备深入了解和熟悉不同文化的能力，才能够进行准确、流畅的翻译。

首先，文化背景会对语言的含义产生影响。

同一句话在不同文化背景下往往会有不同的含义。

例如，英语中“the early bird catches the worm”这句谚语在中文翻译中就不是直译，而是“捷足先登，机会留给有准备的人”，这就是中文文化背景对语言含义的影响。

因此，译者需要了解源文化以及目标文化的背景，避免产生翻译过程中的误解。

其次，价值观也会影响语言的表达。

每个文化都有其独特的价值观体系，这些价值观会影响人们对事物的看法和描述方式。

例如，中国人在乡村和美国人在城市的环境下看待群体行为，表现出截然不同的价值观。

这就说明，不同文化的语言表达方式会受到当地的价值观的影响。

翻译译员要了解不同文化的价值观，降低文化差异的影响，以便更好地完成翻译任务。

此外，习惯和信仰也会影响到翻译的准确性。

在不同文化中，人们对习惯和信仰都有不同的认知和看法，这些因素会在翻译过程中展现出来。

例如，西方人习惯用“thank you”表达感谢之意，而中国人则习惯说“谢谢”，这也体现了不同文化之间的差异。

此外，不同的信仰和文化也会产生词汇和语言的差异，需要翻译者具备跨文化的视野和能力，以便更好地进行翻译工作。

综上所述，文化语境对于语言翻译的影响是巨大的。

无论是翻译者还是读者，都需要了解和尊重不同文化的差异，以避免产生误解和歧义。

在跨境交流和文化交流中，翻译者更需要具备深刻的文化素养，才能够为不同文化之间的相互理解和交流作出贡献。

目的论指导下的英汉翻译实践报告—以《语言与文化—翻译中的语境》第7-9章翻译为例英语笔译硕士研究生：侯丽指导老师：胡蓉摘要随着全球化步伐的加快，各国间的文化交流也日益增多。

越来越多对语言文化感兴趣的人参与到了文化交流活动中。

与此同时，大量的英语语言类书籍也源源不断地被引入中国。

《语言与文化—翻译中的语境》一书是由美国语言学家、翻译家、翻译理论家尤金·奈达所写。

在这本书中，奈达从不同侧面分析了语言与文化之间的密切关系，从语境的角度阐释了如何处理翻译中的各种关系和问题。

因此，笔者选取了书中第一部分第七至九章（即：语言与文化、功能对等、翻译过程）进行翻译，以期为那些对奈达“功能对等”理论以及翻译过程感兴趣的人提供一些参考。

“翻译目的论”作为德国功能学派最重要的理论，对翻译实践有着较好的指导作用。

在翻译过程中，笔者发现书中有较多的语言学专业术语以及长句。

因此，在对以上三个章节的翻译中，笔者以目的论为指导原则，以目的语读者为中心，采用正说反译、增词以及拆分等翻译方法，根据读者的阅读习惯以及汉语的语法规则和逻辑进行了翻译。

本篇翻译报告从目的论出发，采用相对灵活的翻译方法对语言学方面的书籍进行翻译，为从事语言学类书籍翻译的译者提供较有价值的参考。

关键词：目的论翻译方法语言学《语言与文化─翻译中的语境》A Report on English-Chinese Translation Guided by SkoposTheory: A Case Study on the Translation of Chapter 7-9 of Language and Culture: the Context in TranslatingAbstractMTI Candidate: Hou Li Advisor: Hu RongWith the acceleration of globalization, the cultural exchanges between countries are increasing. More and more people, who have interests in language and culture, are involved in cultural exchange activities. Meanwhile, a large number of English language books have been introduced to China. Language and Culture: the Context in Translating is written by Eugene A. Nida who is an American linguist, translator and translation theorist. In this book, Nida analyzes the close relationship between language and culture from different aspects and explains how to deal with the various relationships and problems in translation from the perspective of context. Therefore, the author selected Chapter 7 through Chapter 9 (namely: Language and Culture, Functional Equivalence, Translation Procedures) of the first part in Language and Culture: the Context in Translating to translate, hoping to provide some references for those who are interested in Nida’s “Functional Equivalence”and translation procedures.As the most important theory of German Functionalism, Skopos theory plays a good guiding role in translation practice. In the process of translation, the author found that there are many linguistic terms and long sentences in the book. Therefore, in the四川师范大学硕士学位论文translation of the above three chapters, the author of the translation report took the Skopos theory as the guiding principle and some translation methods like negation, amplification as well as splitting, trying to be target language readers-oriented, and carried on the translation according to the reader’s reading habits and the Chinese grammar rules and logic. From the perspective of Skopos theory, this report provides valuable references for translators who are engaged in the translation of linguistic books by taking some flexible translation methods towards the translation of linguistic books.Keys words: Skopos theory, translation methods, linguistics, Language and Culture: the Context in TranslatingContents摘要 (I)Abstract (III)Introduction (1)Chapter One Project Description (3)1.1 Background of the Translation Project (3)1.2 Source Text Analysis (4)Chapter Two Translation Process (7)2.1 Preparation before Translation (7)2.2 Work Done during Translation (8)2.3 Quality Control after Translation (8)Chapter Three Theoretical Basis (11)3.1 An Overview of Skopos Theory (11)3.2 Skopos Theory as Theoretical Guidance (12)Chapter Four Case Study (15)4.1 Negation (16)4.2 Amplification (19)4.3 Splitting (22)4.4 Logic Reorganization (25)4.5 Word-selection (27)Conclusion (31)Bibliography (33)Appendix (35)Source Text & Target Text (35)Glossary (104)Acknowledgements (107)IntroductionWith the development of economic globalization, exchanges in trade and economy among different countries become more and more frequent. In recent years, our country pays more attention to the communication with other countries, for example, reviving the century-old traditions of the Great Silk Road used to unite and facilitate strengthening relations between peoples. Therefore, the need for translators becomes urgent. In recent years, more and more students choose to study translation; consequently, the books on translation theories are in great demand.Eugene A. Nida, as a pioneer in the fields of translation theory and linguistics, is well-known in China. People who are interested in translation or linguistics try to study his theories. As early as 1980s, Tan Zaixi had studied on his theories and said “his translation theory was the first contemporary foreign translation theory which was introduced to China since 1976.”(谭载喜30). From then on, scholars in Chinese translation field have shown a great interest in his theories, for “his theories is based on developments of contemporary linguistics, semiotics and so on”(刘宇松1), which helped Chinese translators shake off the experimentalism in the previous translation studies and made translation studies have the scientific significance for the first time. However, with the further understanding of the nature of translation, scholars began to question some of Nida’s theories. “Nida’s theory is only useful for Bible translation, and is unsuitable for translation of other types of texts, especial of literary works” (王东风313). Although some of Nida’s theories are not totally right, his ideas towards translation and linguistics still worth studying.So there are three purposes for the author to choose three chapters of the book Language and Culture: Contexts in Translating as the translation material. First, the author hopes to provide some information about Nida’s ideas towards translation for those who aspire to learn translation or who are interested in this field. Second, the author wants to offer some valuable references for translators who are engaged in the四川师范大学硕士学位论文translation of linguistic books by taking some flexible translation methods towards the translation of linguistic books. Third, the author wants to improve translation ability, trying to avoid mistranslation or missing translation or other mistakes so as to make sure of the quality of the translation. So the author took some translation methods under the guidance of Skopos theory to deal with the translation of professional terms and complex sentences.In addition to the general introduction and conclusion, the main contents of this report are divided into four parts: Part One is the introduction of the translation project, including project background and analysis of the original text. Part Two is about the translation processes, including translation preparation, proof-reading and modification. Part Three is the description of the guiding theory in translation - Skopos theory. Part Four is the methods used in translation, like negation, amplification, splitting, logic reorganization, and word-selection.Chapter One Project DescriptionChapter OneProject Description1.1 Background of the Translation ProjectThe source text of the translation project is from Professor Eugene A. Nida’s influential book Language and Culture: Contexts in Translating. It was introduced to China by Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press on November 20, 2001.As we know, with the development of economic globalization, our country continues to pay more attention to enhance the communication with other countries, for example, reviving the century-old traditions of the Great Silk Road used to unite and facilitate strengthening relations between peoples. Therefore, the need for translators becomes urgent, which also leads more students to study translation. Thus, books and articles concerned with the study of foreign language translation become more and more popular. And in the book of Language and Culture: Contexts in Translating, Nida analyzes the close relationship between language and culture from different angles, and then discusses how to deal with the relationship and problems in translation from the perspective of context, which could provide translators or students with some knowledge and guidance in translation. So it is practical for the author to translate this book.The translation project mainly translates Chapter seven to nine of Language and Culture: Contexts in Translating, aiming to achieve the following purposes: first, to provide Chinese version of Chapter seven to nine of this book, hoping to offer language translators and students some useful information in learning translation. Second, dealing with the difficulties in translation under the guidance of translation theory (Skopos theory) and skills as well as strategies so as to improve theoretical attainment in translation and sum up the translation experience, adding more valuable experience for future translation practice. Third, the translation project would help the author increase四川师范大学硕士学位论文the quantity of translation exercises and have a further study of Nida’s translation theory.1.2 Source Text AnalysisEugene A. Nida is an outstanding translator and translation theorist; he is famous for his translation theory- “Dynamic Equivalence”, and is regarded as the father of the contemporary translation theory. In the light of the innate character of translation, Nida has officially raised his well-known translation theory-“Dynamic E quivalence”. In 1969, he changed that idea into “Functional Equivalence”, because he realized that translation means communication, it depends on what the person who hears or reads the translated text can learn from that. Therefore, when we talk about “Functional Equivalence”, the most important thing to consider is to compare how the source-text readers and target-text readers understand the source text and target text. Nida stressed that “Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalence of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style .”(Nida 12) “Since the 1950s, Nida’s translation theory has roughly experienced three primary stages: descriptive linguistics stage; communicative theory stage as well as social semiotic stage.”(谭载喜56)Apart from the preface, Language and Culture: Contexts in Translating contains 286 pages, including bibliography, index and appendix. The main body is divided into three parts (a total of 17 chapters). It is Nida’s latest theory study achievement. It collects his latest views on translation studies. In this book, Nida not only modified the former terminology “dynamic equivalence”to “functional equivalence”, but also emphasized the importance of culture and context in translation. This book is formed by three parts; first, it is a revised version of Language, Culture and Translating which was published by Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press in 1993. Second, the notes, which Nida sorted out and perfected after doing lecture tours in more than ten famous colleges and universities in China in 1999, were compiled into a book named Context in Translation. Third, the information in this book also includes theChapter One Project Descriptioncommunication and correspondences that Nida made with Chinese reports, experts and friends.The features of this book are obvious. First, the book has many professional terms; its language is concise and coherent. Second, its logic is clear. It expounds how to deal with all kinds of relations and problems in the process of translation from the perspective of context. Third, it’s full of examples. Nida integrates his abundant translation experience into the book, accompanied by interviews and letters, carefully elaborating its ideas. This report is based on the translation of Chapter 7 through Chapter 9 of the first part in Language and Culture: the Context in Translation. The seventh chapter introduces the relationship between language and culture; besides, in this chapter, the concepts of bilingual competence and multicultural were put forward. The eighth chapter presents “f unctional equivalence” view of Nida, which is the improvement of “dynamic equivalence”. The ninth chapter shows the translation process, including some of the preliminary factors that should be taken into account before translation and some basic steps in the translation process, etc.四川师范大学硕士学位论文Chapter Two Translation ProcessChapter TwoTranslation Process2.1 Preparation before TranslationThe translation of the book Language and Culture: the Context in Translating was appointed by our teacher Mr. Zhu. He is in charge of Master of MTI in our school. So the author was assigned to translate Chapter seven through nine of the first part in the book. Because the material that the author received was in picture format, the author used ABBYY FineReader to convert image material into word document.Language and Culture: the Context in Translation is written by Eugene A. Nida. For the limited knowledge about the book and relevant information, the author referred many other relevant books like Cultural Context and Language Translation written by Bao Huinan and Intercultural Translation: A Globalization Perspective written by Zhang Quan for some information. And then, the author also learned more about Nida, the author of Language and Culture: the Context in Translation, by google, Wikipedia and Baidu Encyclopedia. After that, the author read the whole book roughly and carefully read the chapters that need to be translated.Once finishing reading the whole book, especially the three chapters which are needed to be translated, the author collected many translation theories, such as Skopos theory, Nida’s Functional Equivalence, Newmark’s Semantic Translation and Communicative Translation, trying to find a guiding theory for the translation. After comparing, the author found that Skopos theory should be taken as the guiding theory, because Skopos theory has three rules: Skopos rule, coherence rule and fidelity rule, which can help the translation be more readable. The three chapters show author’s idea on translation. Chapter seven focuses on the relationship between language and culture; Chapter eight emphasizes on explaining functional equivalence; Chapter nine pays attention to teach translators how to prepare and do the translation. So there is no need四川师范大学硕士学位论文to translate in the same ways as the original book. Let the target readers understand the content of the three chapters is the first priority. Conveying the contents of the three chapters is the main purpose of the translation. Besides, the requirements of another two rules (coherence rule and fidelity rule) could make the translation better absorbed and accepted by the target readers.2.2 Work Done during TranslationIn the process of translation, the author wrote a translation plan and followed it strictly. Meanwhile, the author referred to some books like A practical Course on Translation written by Feng Qinghua and Advanced Course in English-Chinese Translation (Third Edition) written by Ye Zinan, and downloaded many papers from CNKI for references.During the translation, the author noticed that there are plenty of professional terminologies, such as intralingual translating, interlingual translating, language universal, so a glossary is needed to unify professional vocabulary translation. Besides, there are a great number of long sentences with complicated structures, and many sentences were written in passive voices. So the author of this report wrote down the words or sentences that cannot be easily understood or appropriately translated, and made sure of them according to professional materials, and then divided them into different groups according to their types.Besides, the author also used Internet, dictionaries and professional books to translate and carried out the plan rigorously so as to ensure the efficiency and correctness of the translation.2.3 Quality Control after TranslationThe quality of translation should be put at the first place, because it is directly related to the success or failure of the translation. If the original meanings are distorted, then the translation would be meaningless and won’t be adopted by others. So theChapter Two Translation Processquality control is so important for translators and translation companies. How does the translation community control the quality of translation? The author of this report worked in a translation company as an intern for three months last year. During the internship, the author found that when the company received a translation task, six steps would be taken, that is: project analysis, setting up project team, translating by professional translators, reviewing by related field, language proofreading by senior translators, translation typesetting. Besides, translation software is also adopted, like SDL Trados Studio 2011, ABBYY Finereader, Adobe reader/acrobat, Subtitle Workshop, SDL MultiTerm Desktop,ErrorSpy. Dictionaries, including Collins Cobuild, American Heritage, Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate, Random House Webster, are useful.So during the translation of Nida’s book, the author of this report took the ABBYY Finereader to convert image material into word document, and then used some dictionaries like Lingoes as well as other web tools. The author didn’t take CAT software; because only in the case of a large number of repeated words or sentences can this kind of software improve efficiency. But after finishing translating, the author used CAT to correct some mistakes and collect terminologies. As for this translation project, the author of this report thought we should translate carefully by ourselves, and then we can actually improve our translation abilities.After completing the first draft of the translation, the author switched attention to the quality control of the translation. Three steps were taken. Besides, translation evaluation is needed.First, self-proofreading; the author read the first draft carefully, trying to correct wrong spellings and wrong punctuation by using ErrorSpy, and figuring out omission translation and word-for-word translation. Then, the author read the translated text straightly without referring to the original text. Some sentences which are not clear or coherent would be marked down by the author for further revising. At last, the author compared the translated text with the original one sentence by sentence to correct missing or incorrect translations.四川师范大学硕士学位论文Second, classmates revising; “Every translation has its points of strength and weakness and every translation is open to improvement.” (Mona Baker 7). Classmate A, Classmate B and the author of this report worked together to translate the whole book. It is very important for them to read each other’s translation. In this way, some mistakes that the author overlooked could be pointed out by classmates. Besides, the translation of the original terminologies appearing in the original text could be kept consistent.Third, advisor’s checking. After the above steps, the author finished the final draft and then invited supervisor to help with correction. Advisor’s opinions and suggestions can help the author with further revision.Finally, evaluation is needed. Although the translation task has been completed, there are still some unsatisfactory places in the translated text which also needs further improving. Some classmates read the author’s translation; they thought the original meaning of the three chapters has been clearly translated. And the author’s advisor thought some of Chinese words could be further refined; in general, the translation is good.Chapter Three Theoretical BasisChapter ThreeTheoretical Basis3.1 An Overview of Skopos TheorySkopos theory is one of the most important theories proposed by German functional school. “It was established by the German linguists Hans Vermeer and Katharina Reißand comprises the idea that translating and interpreting should primarily take into account the function of the target text”(Wikipedia). It has experienced three phrases: The first stage was the initial study of Katharina Reiss. “As early as 1971 Katharina Reiss introduced a functional category into her ‘objective approach to translation criticism’. Although still firmly with equivalence-based theory, her book may be regarded as the starting point for scholarly analysis of translation in German.”(Nord 9) In the second stage, “Hans J. Vermeer has gone much further in trying to bridge the gap between theory and practice.”(Nord 10), after learning some of her ideas and making a little change in the theory of translation equivalence centered at the source language, Reiss’s student Vermeer created Skopos theory based on act theory and the Skopos of text which was taken as the first criterion of translation process. In the third stage, Justa Holz-Mänttäri and Christiane Nord developed the Skopos. The former concentrated on the action in the process of translation, the part of the participants and the environment of translation process; the latter raised “fidelity rule”, which cares whether the translator is loyal to the author of the original text and its target readers.Three guiding principles are involved in Skopos theory: Skopos rule, coherence rule and fidelity rule. In the light of Skopos rule, translation should be carried out in a manner that is expected by the target language recipients and also in the context of the target language. A translational action is determined by its Skopos; just like Vermeer said “the end justifies the means”(Vermeer 25). This kind of Skopos has three四川师范大学硕士学位论文explanations: first, the elementary purpose of the translator; second, the communicative goal of the translation, third, the purpose that applying concrete translation strategies or methods to accomplish. But ordinaril y, the “Skopos” means the communicative goal of translation. With the exception of the Skopos rule, Vermeer’s theory also contains another two rules: coherence rule and fidelity rule. The former emphasizes that the translation should be comprehend by the target readers and makes sense in the target language culture and communicative environment. The latter means that translation needs to be faithful to the original text to a certain degree.3.2 Skopos Theory as Theoretical Guidance“Translation is the conversion of text from one language to another.”(Wikipedia) It is the process of converting a relatively unfamiliar expression into a relatively familiar expression and makes communication possible. When someone wants to choose something to translate, there must be a purpose behind it. So purposes could be the motivation of translation. From the book of Language and Culture: Contexts in Translating, Nida carefully analyzes the close relation between language and culture and tells readers how to deal with all kinds of relations and problems from the perspective of context. The author of this report hopes to provide some useful information for readers who have interest in translating or want to learn more about Nida’s theories. Deng Jun says “Translation must follow a set of rules, in which the Skopos rule should be in the first place. In other words, the translated text depends on the purpose of translation, different purposes lead to different translation strategies and methods.” (邓隽2)Through reading, the author found that there are a large number of long and complex sentences in the book (like “The meaning of the chapter on the “Grand Inquisitor” in Dostoevsky’s novel The Brothers Karamazov can only be understood by noting the isomorphic similarities and contrasts in the novel, in the history of the Inquisition, and in the biblical accounts of Jesus’life.” (Nida 90). Such long sentences are not common in Chinese. So the author of this report got rid of the structure of theChapter Three Theoretical Basisoriginal sentence and took the method of logical reorganization so as to make its meaning conform to Chinese logic and easy to be understood by Chinese readers. The kind of translation method just meets the requirement of Skopos rule of Skopos theory.What’s more, the author found the book actually emphases on conveying readers the concepts of translation and teaching readers how to be a good translator through the interviews and letters which highlight the issues of practice in translating and fundamental linguistic structures that make interlingual communication possible. So another two rules (coherence rule and fidelity rule) would help the translated text be more coherent, and let the target readers learn as much information as the original readers do. Furthermore, considering questions like whether the words or sentences conform to the language habits of target language or not; whether the reader of target language can maximally understand the information, the author finally decided to take Skopos theory as theoretical direction to make the translation faithful to the original text and let the readers of the target language get information in a familiar form. So some strategic methods were taken to do translation under the guidance of Skopos theory.Chapter FourCase StudyDue to the great differences between English and Chinese, the author of this report has encountered many difficulties while translating the text, here the author pointed out the following two parts: first, after reading the original text, the author found that the expounding of the original text is precise and careful; meanwhile, it has many long and complex sentences. So it would be hard for the author to analyze and understand those sentences’ structures and meanings. Second, the original text emphasizes on conveying information, so the author needs to attach great importance to accurate transmission of the original information, the translation shouldn’t be too conservative or mechanical or deviating from the meaning of the original text. Thus, flexible translation methods and techniques are needed to make the translated text natural and accord with the target language norms.After reading the original text and analyzing its grammatical structures as well as central idea, the author decided to take the Skopos theory as the guiding theory. Under its guidance, the author made an analysis of the above difficulties and found the corresponding translation methods, like negation, amplification, splitting, logic reorganization and word-selection. For example, when the author meets some sentences with relatively complex structure or incomplete expression, then amplification would be taken by the author to try to make the translation natural and conform to the rules of Chinese grammar, like:The original text: “It is always assumed that translators are at least bilingual, but this is really not enough. To be a fully competent translator, one also needs to be bicultural in order to ‘read between the lines.’” (Nida 99)The translated text:对译者的最低要求一般是其至少能懂两种语言，但这一要求真的还不够。

文化语境对语言翻译的影响1. 引言1.1 文化语境对语言翻译的重要性文化语境在语言翻译中扮演着至关重要的角色，它直接影响着翻译的准确性和效果。

在不同的文化环境下，人们拥有不同的价值观、信仰、习俗和语言习惯，这些因素都会直接影响他们对语言的理解和表达方式。

在进行语言翻译时，必须考虑目标文化的语境，以确保翻译的准确性和贴切性。

文化语境对语言翻译的重要性主要体现在以下几个方面：文化背景影响着人们对事物的认知和解释，同一句话在不同文化中可能会有不同的理解和表达方式。

语言是文化的载体，其中蕴含着丰富的文化内涵和情感色彩，只有深入了解目标文化，才能准确传达原文的意思。

文化差异导致了语言的多义性和歧义性，翻译工作需要考虑到这些差异才能避免误解和混淆。

在进行语言翻译时，必须注重文化语境的重要性，深入了解目标文化的特点和习惯，以更好地传达原文的意义和情感。

只有在考虑到文化因素的影响，才能实现有效的语言翻译，促进跨文化交流和理解。

【2000字】1.2 语言翻译在不同文化语境中的挑战语言翻译在不同文化语境中的挑战是一个复杂而严峻的问题。

不同文化背景下的人们拥有不同的价值观念、习惯和风俗，这些在语言中体现出来的差异给翻译工作带来了诸多困难。

语言的词汇和语法结构可能在不同文化中有不同的含义和用法，因此翻译人员需要准确理解源语言的意思并选择合适的目标语言表达方式。

文化背景下的隐含信息和象征意义也会造成翻译的困难，因为这些信息可能在目标语言中不存在或与源语言不同。

不同文化之间存在的历史、政治和宗教差异也会影响翻译的准确性和流畅性。

在进行语言翻译时，需要考虑到文化因素的影响，以避免出现误解和歧义。

在跨文化交流中，了解和尊重对方文化的差异至关重要，只有这样才能有效地进行语言翻译，促进跨文化理解和交流。

2. 正文2.1 文化因素对语言翻译的影响文化背景会影响语言中的一些词汇和表达方式。

不同文化对同一个概念可能有不同的词汇，甚至相同的词汇在不同文化语境中可能有不同的含义。