毕赤酵母表达从入门到提高
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毕赤酵母表达实验手册作者:Jnuxz 来源:丁香园时间:2007-9-5大肠杆菌表达系统最突出的优点是工艺简单、产量高、周期短、生产成本低。
然而,许多蛋白质在翻译后,需经过翻译后的修饰加工,如磷酸化、糖基化、酰胺化及蛋白酶水解等过程才能转化成活性形式。
大肠杆菌缺少上述加工机制,不适合用于表达结构复杂的蛋白质。
另外,蛋白质的活性还依赖于形成正确的二硫键并折叠成高级结构,在大肠杆菌中表达的蛋白质往往不能进行正确的折叠,是以包含体状态存在。
包含体的形成虽然简化了产物的纯化,但不利于产物的活性,为了得到有活性的蛋白,就需要进行变性溶解及复性等操作,这一过程比较繁琐,同时增加了成本。
大肠杆菌是用得最多、研究最成熟的基因工程表达系统,当前已商业化的基因工程产品大多是通过大肠杆菌表达的,其主要优点是成本低、产量高、易于操作。
但大肠杆菌是原核生物,不具有真核生物的基因表达调控机制和蛋白质的加工修饰能力,其产物往住形成没有活性的包涵体,需要经过变性、复性等处理,才能应用。
近年来,以酵母作为工程菌表达外源蛋白日益引起重视,原因是与大肠杆菌相比,酵母是低等真核生物,除了具有细胞生长快,易于培养,遗传操作简单等原核生物的特点外,又具有真核生物时表达的蛋白质进行正确加工,修饰,合理的空间折叠等功能,非常有利于真核基因的表达,能有效克服大肠杆菌系统缺乏蛋白翻译后加工、修饰的不足。
因此酵母表达系统受到越来越多的重视和利用。
[1]。
同时与大肠杆菌相比,作为单细胞真核生物的酵母菌具有比较完备的基因表达调控机制和对表达产物的加工修饰能力。
酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces.Cerevisiae)在分子遗传学方面被人们的认识最早,也是最先作为外源基因表达的酵母宿主。
1981年酿酒酵母表达了第一个外源基因----干扰素基因[2],随后又有一系列外源基因在该系统得到表达[3、4、5、6]。
干扰素和胰岛素虽然已经利用酿酒酵母大量生产并被广泛应用,当利用酿酒酵母制备时,实验室的结果很令人鼓舞,但由实验室扩展到工业规模时,其产量迅速下降。
毕赤酵母表达实验手册大肠杆菌表达系统最突出的优点是工艺简单、产量高、生产成本低。
然而,许多蛋白质在翻译的修饰加工,如磷酸化、糖基化、酰胺化及蛋白酶水解等过程才能转化成活性形式。
大肠杆菌缺少适合用于表达结构复杂的蛋白质。
另外,蛋白质的活性还依赖于形成正确的二硫键并折叠成高级结表达的蛋白质往往不能进行正确的折叠,是以包含体状态存在。
包含体的形成虽然简化了产物的纯的活性,为了得到有活性的蛋白,就需要进行变性溶解及复性等操作,这一过程比较繁琐,同时增与大肠杆菌相比,酵母是低等真核生物,具有细胞生长快,易于培养,遗传操作简单等原核生物的生物时表达的蛋白质进行正确加工,修饰,合理的空间折叠等功能,非常有利于真核基因的表达,菌系统缺乏蛋白翻泽后加工、修饰的不足。
因此酵母表达系统受到越来越多的重视和利用。
大肠杆菌是用得最多、研究最成熟的基因工程表达系统,当前已商业化的基因工程产品大多是通过其主要优点是成本低、产量高、易于操作。
但大肠杆菌是原核生物,不具有真核生物的基因表达调加工修饰能力,其产物往住形成没有活性的包涵体,需要经过变性、复性等处理,才能应用。
近年程菌表达外源蛋白日益引起重视,主更是因为酵母是单细胞真核生物,不但具有大肠杆菌易操作、化生产的特点,还具有真核生物表达系统基因表达调控和蛋白修饰功能,避免了产物活性低,包涵间题[1]。
与大肠杆菌相比,酵母是单细胞真核生物,具有比较完备的基因表达调控机制和对表达产物的们对酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces.Cerevisiae)分子遗传学方面的认识最早,酿酒酵母也最先作为外宿主.1981年酿酒酵母表达了第一个外源基因一干扰素基因,随后又有一系列外源基因在该系统得素和胰岛素已大量生产并在人群中广泛应用,但很大部分表达由实验室扩展到工业规模时,培养基数的选择压力消失,质粒变得不稳定,拷贝数下降,而大多数外源基因的高效表达需要高拷贝数的量下降。
同时,实验室用培养基复杂而昂贵,采用工业规模能够接受的培养基时,往往导致产量的酵母的局限,人们发展了以甲基营养型酵母(methylotrophic yeast)为代表的第二代酵母表达系甲基营养型酵母包括:Pichia、Candida等.以Pichia.pastoris(毕赤巴斯德酵母)为宿主的外源来发展最为迅速,应用也最为广泛,已利用此系统表达了一系列有重要生物学活性的蛋自质。
毕赤酵母表达系统之马矢奏春创作Mut+和Muts毕赤酵母中有两个基因编码醇氧化酶——AOX1及AOX2,细胞中年夜大都的醇氧化酶是AOX1基因产物,甲醇可紧密调节、诱导AOX1基因的高水平表达,较典范的是占可溶性卵白的30%以上.AOX1基因调控分两步:抑制/去抑制机制加诱导机制.简单来说,在含葡萄糖的培养基中,即使加入诱导物甲醇转录仍受抑制.为此,用甲醇进行优化诱导时,推荐在甘油培养基中培养.注意即使在甘油中生长(去抑制)时,仍缺乏以使AOX1基因到达最低水平的表达,诱导物甲醇是AOX1基因可辨表达水平所必需的.AOX1基因已被分离,含AOX1启动子的质粒可用来增进编码外源卵白的目的基因的表达.AOX2基因与AOX1基因有97%的同源性,但在甲醇中带AOX2基因的菌株比带AOX1基因菌株慢很多,通过这种甲醇利用缓慢表型可分离Muts菌株.在YPD(酵母膏、卵白胨、葡萄糖)培养基中,不论是Mut+还是Muts其在对数期增殖一倍的时间年夜约为2h.Mut+和Muts菌株在没有甲醇存在的情况下生长速率是一样的,存在甲醇的情况下,Mut+在对数期增殖一倍的时间年夜约为4至6个小时,Muts在对数期增殖一倍的时间年夜约为18个小时.菌株GS115、X-33、KM71和SMD1168的区别GS115、KM71和SMD1168等是用于表达外源卵白的毕赤酵母受体菌,与酿酒酵母相比,毕赤酵母不会使卵白过糖基化,糖基化后有利于卵白的溶解或形成正确的折叠结构.GS115、KM71、SMD1168在组氨酸脱氢酶位点(His4)有突变,是组氨酸缺陷型,如果表达载体上携带有组氨酸基因,可赔偿宿主菌的组氨酸缺陷,因此可以在不含组氨酸的培养基上筛选转化子.这些受体菌自发突酿成组氨酸野生型的概率一般低于10-8.GS115表型为Mut+,重组表达载体转化GS115后,长出的转化子可能是Mut+,也可能是Muts(载体取代AXO1基因),可以在MM和MD培养基上鉴定表型.SMD1168和GS115类似,但SMD1168基因组中的Pep4基因发生突变,是卵白酶缺陷型,可降低卵白酶对外源卵白的降解作用.其中X-33由于是野生型,因此耐受性比力好,如果担忧转化率的话可以考虑这种酵母菌,而X33与GS115一样都是属于MUT+暗示型,也就是说可以在含甲醇的培养基中快速生长,可是据说会对外源基因表达有影响,KM71的亲本菌在精氨酸琥珀酸裂解酶基因(arg4)有突变,在不含精氨酸的培养基中不能生长.用野生型 ARG4基因(约2kb)拔出到克隆的野生型AOX1基因的BamHI(AOX1基因15/16密码子)及SalI(AOX1基因227/228密码子)位点,取代了AOX1基因16-227密码子,此结构转化至KM71亲本菌(arg4his4)中,分离发生KM71 MutsArg+His-菌株,Arg+转化子遗传分析显示野生型AOX1被aox1::ARG4结构所取代,所以KM71所有转化子都是Muts表型.AOX1位点没有被完全缺失,理论上可用你的目的结构通过基因取代方法替换aox1::ARG4结构,这样重组菌株的表型是His+MutsArg-,这意味着重组菌株生长时需精氨酸.但仅添加精氨酸其实不能完全缓和arg4突变的影响,arg4菌株在含精氨酸的最小培养基中不能很好地生长.因此不推荐在KM71中通过取代aox1::ARG4结构来获得His +转化子.一般来说,如果是胞内表达,应尽量用Muts细胞,这样获得的卵白产物中醇氧化酶卵白量较少而目的卵白量相对较多,使下游纯化更易进行.而对分泌卵白的表达,无论是甲醇利用慢(Muts)还是甲醇利用快(Mut+)的细胞都可应用.基因重组Pichia.pastoris酵母菌体内无天然质粒,所以表达载体需与宿主染色体发生同源重组,将外源基因表达框架整合于染色体中以实现外源基因的表达,包括启动子、外源基因克隆位点、终止序列、筛选标识表记标帜等.细菌内同源重组被认为是重组质粒构建过程的难点,因为未线性化的环状质粒之间发生同源重组的几率非常低,所以重组转移载体必需用特定的限制性内切酶进行线性化处置.这种处置的目的是防止随机拔出重组时质粒在功能区断开,造成目的基因表达失活,让同源重组以指定的方式发生.表达载体主要分为以下几类:(1)胞内表达载体主要有pHIL-D2、pA0815、pPIC3K、pPICZ、pHWO10,pGAPZ、pGAPZa(Invitrogen)等.该类载体可以将目的基因表达在胞内,可以防止毕赤酵母的糖基化,主要适合于那些不能被糖基化相关基因的表达;(2)分泌型表达载体主要有pPIC9、pHIL-S1、pPICZα、pYAM75P等.由于毕赤酵母自己的泌内源卵白非常少,将外源卵白分泌到胞外,非常有利于目的卵白质的纯化及积累.经常使用的分泌的信号序列主要是由89个氨基酸组成的α交配因子(α-factor)的引导;(3)多拷贝拔出表达载体如pPIC9K,pPIC3.5K.在某些情况下,毕赤酵母中重组基因多拷贝整合可增加所需卵白的表达量.该载体均可用于在体内(pPIC3.5K, pPIC9K)或体外(pAO815)发生并分离多拷贝拔出,同时可检测增加重组基因的拷贝数是否增加卵白表达量.体内整合可通过高遗传霉素抗性筛选可能的多拷贝拔出,而体外整合可通过连接发生外源基因的串连拔出.在GS115中筛选His+Mut+转化子:用SalI或StuI线性化质粒转化GS115后,年夜多在His4位点上发生重组,年夜大都转化子是Mut+表型;然而由于质粒含有AOX1基因序列,有可能在AOX1位点发生重组,破坏野生型AOX1基因,发生His+Muts转化子,则需要在MD及MM平板上检测可证实His+ Mut+转化子.毕赤酵母表达经常使用培养基10×YNB(13.4%的无氨基酸酵母氮源),134gYNB固体溶于1L蒸馏水,过滤灭菌,4℃保管.YPD完全培养基:酵母提取物10 g/L,卵白胨20 g/L,葡萄糖20 g/L(固体培养基含 1.5%琼脂).转化培养基RDB:每100mL加入山梨醇18g(186 g/L),琼脂糖2g(20g/L)121℃灭菌20分钟,然后待温度降至60℃以后在超净台上加入10×YNB 10mL(13.4 g/L),10×葡萄糖10mL(20 g/L),500×生物素0.2mL(4×10-4g/L),100×AA 1mL.混匀,倒平板(灭菌时只加入 80ml水即可).选择培养基MD(最小葡萄糖):配100mL,向80mL水中加入琼脂糖2g(20 g/L)121℃灭菌20分钟,待温度降至60℃以后在超净台上加入10×YNB 10mL(13.4 g/L),10×葡萄糖10mL(20 g/L),500×生物素0.2mL(4×10-4g/L).选择培养基MM(最小甲醇):配100mL,向90mL水中加入琼脂糖2g(20 g/L) 121℃灭菌20分钟,待温度降至60℃以后在超净台上加入10×YNB 10mL(13.4 g/L),500×生物素0.2mL(4×10-4g/L),0.5mL甲醇(0.5%).诱导表达培养基BMGY:配1L,酵母提取物10 g/L,卵白胨20 g/L,3g/L K2HPO4,11.8g/L KH2PO4,加水至890mL,121℃灭菌20分钟,然后待温度降至60℃以后在超净台上加入10×YNB 100mL(13.4 g/L),500×生物素1mL(4×10-4g/L),甘油10mL.诱导表达培养基BMMY:酵母提取物10g/L,卵白胨20 g/L,3g/LK2HPO4,11.8g/L KH2PO4,加水至895mL,121℃灭菌20分钟,然后待温度降至60℃以后在超净台上加入100×YNB 100mL(13.4 g/L),500×生物素1mL(4×10-4g/L),甲醇5mL. BMGY/BMMY含酵母浸出物及卵白胨,可稳定分泌卵白,阻止或减少分泌卵白的分解.如果目的卵白对中性PH卵白酶敏感的话,可在无缓冲培养基(MGY、MM)中表达.如果没有证据证明你的分泌卵白对中性PH值卵白酶敏感,建议开始表达时用BMMY.如果表达卵白降解了,检验考试在无缓冲培养基中进行表达.如果以上条件仍不能有效防止卵白降解,可将基因转入SMD1168中,该菌株表型是his4pep4,缺失了卵白酶,转化与表达法式与GS115相同,也可用于年夜规模发酵.用考马斯亮蓝G-250测卵白含量。
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毕赤酵母多拷贝表达载体试剂盒用于在含多拷贝基因的毕赤酵母菌中表达并分离重组蛋白综述:基本特征:作为真核生物,毕赤酵母具有高等真核表达系统的许多优点:如蛋白加工、折叠、翻译后修饰等。
不仅如此,操作时与E.coli及酿酒酵母同样简单。
它比杆状病毒或哺乳动物组织培养等其它真核表达系统更快捷、简单、廉价,且表达水平更高。
同为酵母,毕赤酵母具有与酿酒酵母相似的分子及遗传操作优点,且它的外源蛋白表达水平是后者的十倍以至百倍。
这些使得毕赤酵母成为非常有用的蛋白表达系统。
与酿酒酵母相似技术:许多技术可以通用:互补转化基因置换基因破坏另外,在酿酒酵母中应用的术语也可用于毕赤酵母。
例如:HIS4基因都编码组氨酸脱氢酶;两者中基因产物有交叉互补;酿酒酵母中的一些野生型基因与毕赤酵母中的突变基因相互补,如HIS4、LEU2、ARG4、TR11、URA3等基因在毕赤酵母中都有各自相互补的突变基因。
毕赤酵母是甲醇营养型酵母:毕赤酵母是甲醇营养型酵母,可利用甲醇作为其唯一碳源。
甲醇代谢的第一步是:醇氧化酶利用氧分子将甲醇氧化为甲醛,还有过氧化氢。
为避免过氧化氢的毒性,甲醛代谢主要在一个特殊的细胞器-过氧化物酶体-里进行,使得有毒的副产物远离细胞其余组分。
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毕赤酵母多拷贝表达载体试剂盒用于在含多拷贝基因的毕赤酵母菌中表达并分离重组蛋白综述:基本特征:作为真核生物,毕赤酵母具有高等真核表达系统的许多优点:如蛋白加工、折叠、翻译后修饰等。
不仅如此,操作时与E.coli及酿酒酵母同样简单。
它比杆状病毒或哺乳动物组织培养等其它真核表达系统更快捷、简单、廉价,且表达水平更高。
同为酵母,毕赤酵母具有与酿酒酵母相似的分子及遗传操作优点,且它的外源蛋白表达水平是后者的十倍以至百倍。
这些使得毕赤酵母成为非常有用的蛋白表达系统。
与酿酒酵母相似技术:许多技术可以通用:互补转化基因置换基因破坏另外,在酿酒酵母中应用的术语也可用于毕赤酵母。
例如:HIS4基因都编码组氨酸脱氢酶;两者中基因产物有交叉互补;酿酒酵母中的一些野生型基因与毕赤酵母中的突变基因相互补,如HIS4、LEU2、ARG4、TR11、URA3等基因在毕赤酵母中都有各自相互补的突变基因。
毕赤酵母是甲醇营养型酵母:毕赤酵母是甲醇营养型酵母,可利用甲醇作为其唯一碳源。
甲醇代谢的第一步是:醇氧化酶利用氧分子将甲醇氧化为甲醛,还有过氧化氢。
为避免过氧化氢的毒性,甲醛代谢主要在一个特殊的细胞器-过氧化物酶体-里进行,使得有毒的副产物远离细胞其余组分。
毕赤酵母表黑系统之阳早格格创做Mut+战Muts毕赤酵母中有二个基果编码醇氧化酶——AOX1及AOX2,细胞中大普遍的醇氧化酶是AOX1基果产品,甲醇可稀切安排、诱导AOX1基果的下火仄表黑,较典型的是占可溶性蛋黑的30%以上.AOX1基果调控分二步:压制/去压制体制加诱导体制.简朴去道,正在含葡萄糖的培植基中,纵然加进诱导物甲醇转录仍受压制.为此,用甲醇举止劣化诱导时,推荐正在苦油培植基中培植.注意纵然正在苦油中死少(去压制)时,仍缺乏以使AOX1基果达到最矮火仄的表黑,诱导物甲醇是AOX1基果可辨表黑火仄所必须的.AOX1基果已被分散,含AOX1开用子的量粒可用去促进编码中源蛋黑的手段基果的表黑.AOX2基果与AOX1基果有97%的共源性,然而正在甲醇中戴AOX2基果的菌株比戴AOX1基果菌株缓得多,通过那种甲醇利用缓缓表型可分散Muts菌株.正在YPD(酵母膏、蛋黑胨、葡萄糖)培植基中,不管是Mut+仍旧Muts其正在对付数期删殖一倍的时间约莫为2h.Mut+战Muts菌株正在不甲醇存留的情况下死少速率是一般的,存留甲醇的情况下,Mut+正在对付数期删殖一倍的时间约莫为4至6个小时,Muts正在对付数期删殖一倍的时间约莫为18个小时.菌株GS115、X-33、KM71战SMD1168的辨别GS115、KM71战SMD1168等是用于表黑中源蛋黑的毕赤酵母受体菌,与酿酒酵母相比,毕赤酵母不会使蛋黑过糖基化,糖基化后有好处蛋黑的溶解或者产死粗确的合叠结构.GS115、KM71、SMD1168正在组氨酸脱氢酶位面(His4)有突变,是组氨酸缺陷型,如果表黑载体上携戴有组氨酸基果,可补偿宿主菌的组氨酸缺陷,果此不妨正在不含组氨酸的培植基上筛选变化子.那些受体菌自收突形成组氨酸家死型的概率普遍矮于10-8.GS115表型为Mut+,沉组表黑载体变化GS115后,少出的变化子大概是Mut+,也大概是Muts(载体与代AXO1基果),不妨正在MM战MD 培植基上审定表型.SMD1168战GS115类似,然而SMD1168基果组中的Pep4基果爆收突变,是蛋黑酶缺陷型,可落矮蛋黑酶对付中源蛋黑的落解效率.其中X-33由于是家死型,果此耐受性比较佳,如果担心变化率的话不妨思量那种酵母菌,而X33与GS115一般皆是属于MUT+表示型,也便是道不妨正在含甲醇的培植基中赶快死少,然而是传闻会对付中源基果表黑灵验率,KM71的亲原菌正在粗氨酸琥珀酸裂解酶基果(arg4)有突变,正在不含粗氨酸的培植基中不克不迭死少.用家死型ARG4基果(约2kb)拔出到克隆的家死型AOX1基果的BamHI(AOX1基果15/16暗号子)及SalI(AOX1基果227/228暗号子)位面,与代了AOX1基果16-227暗号子,此结构变化至KM71亲原菌(arg4his4)中,分散爆收KM71 MutsArg+His-菌株,Arg+变化子遗传领会隐现家死型AOX1被aox1::ARG4结构所与代,所以KM71所有变化子皆是Muts表型.AOX1位面不被真足缺得,表面上可用您的手段结构通过基果与代要领替换aox1::ARG4结构,那样沉组菌株的表型是His+MutsArg-,那表示着沉组菌株死万古需粗氨酸.然而仅增加粗氨酸本去不克不迭真足缓战arg4突变的效率,arg4菌株正在含粗氨酸的最小培植基中不克不迭很佳天死少.果此不推荐正在KM71中通过与代aox1::ARG4结构去赢得His+变化子.普遍去道,如果是胞内表黑,应尽管用Muts细胞,那样得到的蛋黑产品中醇氧化酶蛋黑量较少而手段蛋黑量相对付较多,使下游杂化更易举止.而对付于分泌蛋黑的表黑,无论是甲醇利用缓(Muts)仍旧甲醇利用快(Mut+)的细胞皆可应用.基果沉组Pichia.pastoris酵母菌体内无天然量粒,所以表黑载体需与宿主染色体爆收共源沉组,将中源基果表黑框架调整于染色体中以真止中源基果的表黑,包罗开用子、中源基果克隆位面、末止序列、筛选标记表记标帜等.细菌内共源沉组被认为是沉组量粒构修历程的易面,果为已线性化的环状量粒之间爆收共源沉组的几率非常矮,所以沉组变化载体必须用特定的节制性内切酶举止线性化处理.那种处理的手段是预防随机拔出沉组时量粒正在功能区断开,制成手段基果表黑得活,让共源沉组以指定的办法爆收.表黑载体主要分为以下几类:(1)胞内表黑载体主要有pHIL-D2、pA0815、pPIC3K、pPICZ、pHWO10,pGAPZ、pGAPZa(Invitrogen)等.该类载体不妨将手段基果表黑正在胞内,不妨预防毕赤酵母的糖基化,主要符合于那些不克不迭被糖基化相闭基果的表黑;(2)分泌型表黑载体主要有pPIC9、pHIL-S1、pPICZα、pYAM75P等.由于毕赤酵母自己的泌内源蛋黑非常少,将中源蛋黑分泌到胞中,非常有好处手段蛋黑量的杂化及聚集.时常使用的分泌的旗号序列主假如由89个氨基酸组成的α接配果子(α-factor)的带领;(3)多拷贝拔出表黑载体如pPIC9K,pPIC3.5K.正在某些情况下,毕赤酵母中沉组基果多拷贝调整可减少所需蛋黑的表黑量.该载体均可用于正在体内(pPIC3.5K, pPIC9K)或者体中(pAO815)爆收并分散多拷贝拔出,共时可检测减少沉组基果的拷贝数是可减少蛋黑表黑量.体内调整可通过下遗传霉素抗性筛选大概的多拷贝拔出,而体中调整可通过对接爆收中源基果的串联拔出.正在GS115中筛选His+Mut+变化子:用SalI或者StuI线性化量粒变化GS115后,大多正在His4位面上爆收沉组,大普遍变化子是Mut+表型;然而由于量粒含有AOX1基果序列,有大概正在AOX1位面爆收沉组,损害家死型AOX1基果,爆收His+Muts变化子,则需要正在MD及MM仄板上检测可证据His+ Mut+变化子.毕赤酵母表黑时常使用培植基10×YNB(13.4%的无氨基酸酵母氮源),134gYNB固体溶于1L蒸馏火,过滤灭菌,4℃保存.YPD真足培植基:酵母提与物10 g/L,蛋黑胨20 g/L,葡萄糖20 g/L(固体培植基含1.5%琼脂).变化培植基RDB:每100mL加进山梨醇18g(186 g/L),琼脂糖2g(20g/L)121℃灭菌20分钟,而后待温度落至60℃以去正在超洁台上加进10×YNB 10mL(13.4 g/L),10×葡萄糖10mL(20 g/L),500×死物素0.2mL(4×10-4g/L),100×AA 1mL.混匀,倒仄板(灭菌时只加进80ml火即可).采用培植基MD(最小葡萄糖):配100mL,背80mL火中加进琼脂糖2g(20 g/L)121℃灭菌20分钟,待温度落至60℃以去正在超洁台上加进10×YNB10mL(13.4 g/L),10×葡萄糖10mL(20 g/L),500×死物素0.2mL(4×10-4g/L).采用培植基MM(最小甲醇):配100mL,背90mL火中加进琼脂糖2g(20 g/L) 121℃灭菌20分钟,待温度落至60℃以去正在超洁台上加进10×YNB 10mL(13.4 g/L),500×死物素0.2mL(4×10-4g/L),0.5mL甲醇(0.5%).诱导表黑培植基BMGY:配1L,酵母提与物10 g/L,蛋黑胨20 g/L,3g/L K2HPO4,11.8g/L KH2PO4,加火至890mL,121℃灭菌20分钟,而后待温度落至60℃以去正在超洁台上加进10×YNB 100mL(13.4 g/L),500×死物素1mL(4×10-4g/L),苦油10mL.诱导表黑培植基BMMY:酵母提与物10g/L,蛋黑胨20 g/L,3g/LK2HPO4,11.8g/L KH2PO4,加火至895mL,121℃灭菌20分钟,而后待温度落至60℃以去正在超洁台上加进100×YNB 100mL(13.4 g/L),500×死物素1mL(4×10-4g/L),甲醇5mL.BMGY/BMMY含酵母浸出物及蛋黑胨,可宁静分泌蛋黑,遏止或者缩小分泌蛋黑的领会.如果手段蛋黑对付中性PH蛋黑酶敏感的话,可正在无缓冲培植基(MGY、MM)中表黑.如果不凭证道明您的分泌蛋黑对付中性PH 值蛋黑酶敏感,修议开初表黑时用BMMY.如果表黑蛋黑落解了,测验考查正在无缓冲培植基中举止表黑.如果以上条件仍不克不迭灵验预防蛋黑落解,可将基果转进SMD1168中,该菌株表型是his4pep4,缺得了蛋黑酶,变化与表黑步调与GS115相共,也可用于大规模收酵.用考马斯明蓝G-250测蛋黑含量。
螺旋讲堂2010年第1期 总第20期w w w .h e l i x n e t .c n 生物人的网上家园毕赤酵母表达从入门到提高爱因思念螺旋网HelixNet本文所涉及的技术要点主要来源于相关文献、网络和书籍,此外,一些操作中的技巧及经验等来自于本人及同学、朋友的总结,仅供大家参考,同时也请下载者不要传播尤其是以商业为目的的复制、传播等等;如有转载、传播请注明来源于“螺旋网”。
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写在前面,因为酵母里用到了很多遗传学的命名方法,所以建议大家首先看一下这个资料,可以让大家理解一些不常见的符号及意义。
下载地址如下: /bbs/thread-19215-1-1.htmL一、 甲醇营养型毕赤酵母表达系统介绍巴斯德毕赤酵母(Pichia pastoris)是近几年发展起来的较为完善的、被广泛用来表达外源蛋白的甲醇营养型酵母表达系统。
目前通过毕赤酵母表达了很多种性质不同的蛋白,越来越多的实验室及公司开始搭建毕赤酵母表达系统的平台,相信随着对毕赤酵母表达系统的研究越来越深入,会有更多成功表达并进行商业化应用的案例出现。
1.主要优点1)具有强有力的乙醇氧化酶(Alochol Oxidase ,AOX1)基因启动子,可严格调控外源蛋白的表达; 2)作为真核表达系统,可对表达的蛋白进行翻译后的加工与修饰,从而使表达出的蛋白具有生物活性; 3)营养要求低、生长快、培养基廉价,便于工业化生产; 4)可高密度发酵培养,在发酵罐中细胞干重甚至可达120g/L 以上; 5)表达量高,许多蛋白可达到g/L 以上水平; 6)在P . pastoris 中表达的蛋白既可存在于细胞内,又可分泌到胞外,自身分泌的蛋白非常少,十分有利于纯化; 7) 糖基化程度低,与S. cerevisiae 相比,P . pastoris 不产生过度的糖基化。
毕赤酵母表达系统前言:所用表达质粒有pPIC3.5K,pAO815用于胞内表达,而pPIC9K用于分泌表达,所有载体均利用AOX1启动子来诱导高水平表达。
抗性选择:最有效的筛选遗传霉素抗性及高抗性克隆的程序需要先对HIS+转化子进行选择,再进行不同水平遗传霉素抗性筛选。
毕赤菌株表型:毕赤酵母菌GS115 及KM71 在组氨酸脱氢酶位点(His4)有突变,因而不能合成组氨酸,所有表达质粒都有HIS4 基因可与宿主进行互补,通过不含组氨酸的培养基来选择转化子。
GS115 及KM71都可在复合培养基如YPD(YEPD)及含组氨酸的最小培养基中生长。
转化之前,GS115 及KM71 都不能在最小培养基中生长,因为它们是His-。
培养温度:毕赤酵母生长温度为28-30度(液体、平板、斜面)。
在32 度以上诱导生长时,对蛋白表达有害,甚至会导致细胞死亡。
贮存:贮存细胞几周或几月,用YPD培养基或YPD 琼脂斜面1 挑取所需菌株单克隆在YPD 平板上划线生长;2 挑取单克隆转移至YPD进行穿刺培养,30 度2 天;3 细胞在4 度可放几周几月或几年,存于-80度1 挑取所需菌株单克隆在YPD 中过夜培养;2 收集细胞,在含15%甘油的YPD 中悬浮至终OD600 为50-100(大约2.5-5.0×109细胞/ml);3 细胞先用液氮或干冰/酒精浴中冰冻再贮存于-80 度。
注意:在4 度或-80 度长期保存后,用之前建议在MM、MD 或MGY 平板上划线培养以检测His+转化子的表型是否正确及其活力。
以质粒pPIC9K,酵母Pichia pastoris GS115为例说明做法。
载体pPIC9K酶切为点线性化质粒DNA:建议使用下列方法线性化载体以获得Mut+及Muts重组子,可能其中一个会比另一个更利于表达多拷贝重组子。
如果只想得到Muts重组子,使用KM71 菌株。
单个十字交换事件可比双重十字交换更容易、更有效地获得Muts重组菌(例如:插入A OX1或his4 而不是取代AOX1)。
毕赤酵母表达经验总结甲醇酵母表达系统有不少优点,其中以Invitrogen公司的Pichia酵母表达系统最为人熟知,并广泛应用于外源蛋白的表达。
虽然说酵母表达操作简单表达量高,但是在实际操作中,并不是每个外源基因都能顺利得到高表达的。
不少人在操作中会遇到这样那样的问题,生物通编者特地收集了部分用户在使用EasySelect Pichia Expression System这个被誉为最简单的毕赤酵母表达的经典试剂盒过程中的心得体会。
其中Xiang Yang是来自美国乔治城大学(Georgetown University)Lombardi癌症中心(Lombardi Cancer Center),部分用户来自国内。
甲基酵母部分优点与其他真核表达系统比较与原核表达系统比较1.属于真核表达系统,具有一定的蛋白质翻译后加工,有利于真核蛋白的表达优点-+2.AOX强效启动子,外源基因产物表达量高,可以达到每升数克表达产物的水平++++3.酵母培养、转化、高密度发酵等操作接近原核生物,远较真核系统简单,非常适合大规模工业化生产。
+++=4.可以诱导表达,也可以分泌表达,便于产物纯化。
=+5.可以甲醇代替IPTG作为诱导物,部分甲醇酵母更可以甲醇等工业产物替代葡萄糖作为碳源,生产成本低+++++ 表示优胜于;- 表示不如;= 表示差不多EasySelect Pichia Expression System产品性能:优点——使用简单,表达量高,His-tag便于纯化缺点——酵母表达蛋白有时会出现蛋白切割问题全面产品报告及心得体会:巴斯德毕赤酵母(Pichia pastoris)是一种能高效表达重组蛋白的酵母品种,一方面由于其是属于真核生物,因此表达出来的蛋白可以进行糖基化修饰,另一方面毕赤酵母生长速度快,可以将表达的蛋白分泌到培养基中,方便蛋白纯化。
毕赤酵母表达载体pPICZ在多克隆位点(MCR)3'端带有his-tag和c-myc epitopes,这些tag有利于常规检测和纯化,而且在MCR5'端引入了alpha factor(α-factor)用以增加表达,并且在表达后α-factor 可以自动被切除。
毕赤酵母表达(pichia pastoris expression )实验手册2010-07-15 10:54:56| 分类:毕赤酵母| 标签:|字号大中小订阅一.毕赤酵母表达常用溶液及缓冲液的配制二.毕赤酵母表达的培养基配制三.主要试验环节的操作 3.1 酵母菌株的分离纯化 3.2 pPICZαA原核宿主菌TOP10F’的活化培养 3.3毕赤酵母表达的试验方法 3.4 毕赤酵母电转化方法 3.5 Pichia酵母表达直接PCR鉴定重组子的方法 3.6 毕赤酵母基因组提取方法 3.7 Mut+表型重组酵母的诱导表达实验关键词:酵母实验毕赤酵母表达 pichia pastoris expression 毕赤酵母酵母菌株大肠杆菌表达系统最突出的优点是工艺简单、产量高、周期短、生产成本低。
然而,许多蛋白质在翻译后,需经过翻译后的修饰加工,如磷酸化、糖基化、酰胺化及蛋白酶水解等过程才能转化成活性形式。
大肠杆菌缺少上述加工机制,不适合用于表达结构复杂的蛋白质。
另外,蛋白质的活性还依赖于形成正确的二硫键并折叠成高级结构,在大肠杆菌中表达的蛋白质往往不能进行正确的折叠,是以包含体状态存在。
包含体的形成虽然简化了产物的纯化,但不利于产物的活性,为了得到有活性的蛋白,就需要进行变性溶解及复性等操作,这一过程比较繁琐,同时增加了成本。
大肠杆菌是用得最多、研究最成熟的基因工程表达系统,当前已商业化的基因工程产品大多是通过大肠杆菌表达的,其主要优点是成本低、产量高、易于操作。
但大肠杆菌是原核生物,不具有真核生物的基因表达调控机制和蛋白质的加工修饰能力,其产物往住形成没有活性的包涵体,需要经过变性、复性等处理,才能应用。
近年来,以酵母作为工程菌表达外源蛋白日益引起重视,原因是与大肠杆菌相比,酵母是低等真核生物,除了具有细胞生长快,易于培养,遗传操作简单等原核生物的特点外,又具有真核生物时表达的蛋白质进行正确加工,修饰,合理的空间折叠等功能,非常有利于真核基因的表达,能有效克服大肠杆菌系统缺乏蛋白翻译后加工、修饰的不足。
很好,需要好好研究一下原文地址:毕赤酵母表达知识01转载于丁香作者:思时尔非a.配制500×BIOTIN stock solution(0.02%)有这么3种方案:1、懒人是将Biotin直接溶在去离子水中,放过夜,基本就能溶;2、急性子是将溶液配成0.02N的NaOH,就很容易溶解了;3、水浴加热,温度不能高于50度。
D-生物素是具有生物活性的生物素,也就是vitaminH。
在毕赤酵母代谢过程中,作为多种酶的辅基起作用。
天然培养基中一般可以不单独添加,因为YNB中、酵母粉、蛋白胨中均含有一定量的生物素,但是做高密度发酵还是必须要添加的。
b.有几个比较迷惑的问题请教大家:(很典型的小问题)1、制感受态细胞,OD多少比较好?pyrimidine 战友的方法:取1mlGS115过夜培养物(OD约6-10) 分装到1.5ml EP 管中。
说明书还有一些文献是说在1.3左右效率高,再高了效率会很低2、关于高效转化法,文献说用(LiAc),而invitrogen的说明书说转化毕赤酵母用(LiAc)没用,要用LiCl。
Lithium acetate does not work with Pichia pastoris. Use only lithium chloride.3、YNB到底能高温灭么?有的说能有的说不能。
过滤灭菌的怎么操作?我是把滤器装好膜绑到瓶口用纱布盖上,报纸包上,瓶盖放烧杯里单灭。
然后把配好的溶液用注射器一点点推进去。
4、葡萄糖为什么在YPD里一起灭颜色很深,单灭则不会。
该115度还是121度灭?网上搜了下,都有人用!5、电转化参数用400欧还是200欧?有的用400,有的还专门说不是用400。
都是从园里看到的!电击参数:1.5KV,25uF,200欧姆(不是400)6、电转后,在MD平板上长的应该就是整合了目的基因的重组子了吧?如果不想筛高拷贝的,是否PCR验证一下即可?网友的回答:ynb最好不灭菌,我是0.22um过滤处理的。
Pichia Expression KitVersion M01110225-0043Pichia Expression KitA Manual of Methods for Expression of Recombinant Proteins in Pichia pastorisCatalog no. K1710-01tech_service@iiINDIVIDUAL PICHIA EXPRESSION KIT LICENSE AGREEMENTThe Pichia Expression Kit is based on the yeast Pichia pastoris. Pichia pastoris was developed into an expression system by scientists at Salk Institute Biotechnology/Industry Associates (SIBIA) for high-level expression of recombinant proteins. All patents for Pichia pastoris and licenses for its use as an expression system are owned by Research Corporation Technologies, Inc. Tucson, Arizona. Invitrogen has an exclusive license to sell the Pichia Expression Kit to scientists for research purposes only, under the terms described below. Use of Pichia pastoris by commercial corporations requires the user to obtain a commercial license as detailed below. Before using the Pichia Expression Kit, please read the following license a greement. If you do not agree to be bound by its terms, contact Invitrogen within 10 days for authorization to return the unused Pichia Expression Kit and to receive a full credit. If you do agree to the terms of this Agreement, please complete the User Registration Card and return it to Invitrogen before using the kit.INDIVIDUAL PICHIA EXPRESSION KIT LICENSE AGREEMENTInvitrogen Corporation (INVITROGEN) grants you a non-exclusive license to use the enclosed Pichia Expression Kit (EXPRESSION KIT) for academic research or for evaluation purposes only. The EXPRESSION KIT is being transferred to you in furtherance of, and reliance on, such license. You may not use the EXPRESSION KIT, or the materials contained therein, for any commercial purpose without a license for such purpose from RESEARCH CORPORATION TECHNOLOGIES, INC., Tucson, Arizona. Commercial purposes include the use in or sale of expressed proteins as a commercial product, or use to facilitate or advance research or development of a commercial product. Commercial entities may conduct their evaluation for one year at which time this license automatically terminates. Commercial entities will be contacted by Research Corporation Technologies during the evaluation period regarding the purchase of a commercial license.Access to the EXPRESSION KIT must be limited solely to those officers, employees and students of your institution who need access thereto in order to perform the above-described research or evaluation. You must inform each of such officer, employee and student of the provisions of this Agreement and require them to agree, in writing, to be bound by the provisions of this Agreement. You may not distribute the EXPRESSION KIT to others, even those within your own institution. You may transfer modified, altered or original material from the EXPRESSION KIT to a third party following notification of INVITROGEN such that the recipient can be licensed. You may not assign, sub-license, rent lease or otherwise transfer this License or any of the rights or obligation hereunder, except as expressly permitted.This License is effective until terminated. You may terminate it at any time by destroying all Pichia expression products in your control. It will also terminate automatically if you fail to comply with the terms and conditions of the Agreement. You shall, upon termination of the License, destroy all Pichia Expression Kits in your control, and so notify INVITROGEN in writing.This License Shall be governed in its interpretation and enforcement by the laws of the State of California.Product User Registration CardPlease complete and return the enclosed Product User Registration Card for each Pichia Expression Kit that you purchase. This will serve as a record of your purchase and registration and will allow Invitrogen to provide you with technical support and manual updates. It will also allow Invitrogen to update you on future developments of and improvements to the Pichia Expression Kit. The agreement outlined above becomes effective upon our receipt of your User Registration Card or 10 days following the sale of the Pichia Expression Kit to you. Use of the kit at any time results in immediate obligation to the terms and conditions stated in this Agreement.Technical ServicesInvitrogen provides Technical Services to all of our registered Pichia Expression Kit users. Please contact us if you need assistance with the Pichia Expression Kit.United States Headquarters:Japanese Headquarters European Headquarters:Invitrogen Corporation1600 Faraday AvenueCarlsbad, CA 92008 USATel: 1 760 603 7200Tel (Toll Free): 1 800 955 6288 Fax: 1 760 602 6500E-mail:tech_service@ Invitrogen Japan K.K.Nihonbashi Hama-Cho Park Bldg. 4F2-35-4, Hama-Cho, NihonbashiTel: 81 3 3663 7972Fax: 81 3 3663 8242E-mail: jpinfo@Invitrogen Ltd3 Fountain DriveInchinnan Business ParkPaisley PA4 9RF, UKTel (Free Phone Orders): 0800 269 210Tel (General Enquiries): 0800 5345 5345Fax: +44 (0) 141 814 6287E-mail: eurotech@iiiivTable of ContentsMaterials (vii)Purchaser Notification (x)Product Qualification (xii)Introduction (1)Overview (1)Experimental Outline (3)Recombination and Integration in Pichia (7)Methods (11)Pichia Strains (11)E. coli Strains (13)Selecting a Pichia Expression Vector (14)pHIL-D2 (16)pPIC3.5 (17)pHIL-S1 (18)pPIC9 (19)Signal Sequence Processing (20)Cloning into the Pichia Expression Vectors (21)Transformation into E. coli (26)Preparation of Transforming DNA (27)Growth of Pichia for Spheroplasting (30)Preparation of Spheroplasts (32)Transformation of Pichia (34)Screening for Mut+ and Mut S Transformants (36)PCR Analysis of Pichia Integrants (40)Expression of Recombinant Pichia Strains (42)Analysis by SDS-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (45)Optimization of Pichia Protein Expression (47)Scale-up of Expression (49)Protein Purification and Glycosylation (51)Recipes (53)E. coli Media Recipes (53)Pichia Media Recipes (54)Appendix (59)Electroporation of Pichia (59)PEG 1000 Transformation Method for Pichia (60)Lithium Chloride Transformation Method (61)Total DNA Isolation from Pichia (62)Detection of Multiple Integration Events (63)Procedure for Total RNA Isolation from Pichia (64)β-Galactosidase Assay (65)Technical Service (67)References (69)vviMaterialsKit Contents Box 1: Spheroplast Module. Store at room temperature.Reagent Amount ComponentsSOS media 20 ml 1 M Sorbitol0.3X YPD10 mM CaCl2Sterile Water 2 x 125 ml Autoclaved, deionized waterSE 2 x 125 ml 1 M Sorbitol25 mM EDTA, pH 8.0SCE 2 x 125 ml 1 M Sorbitol10 mM Sodium citrate buffer, pH 5.81 mM EDTA1 M Sorbitol2 x 125 ml --CaS 2 x 60 ml 1 M Sorbitol10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5;10 mM CaCl240% PEG 25 ml 40% (w/v) PEG 3350 (Reagent grade) in waterCaT 25 ml 20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.520 mM CaCl2Stab Vials: Pichia and E. coli stabs. Store at +4°C.Phenotype(Pichia only)GenotypeStrain Amountstab his4Mut+GS115 1stab arg4 his4 aox1::ARG4 Mut S, Arg+KM71 1GS115 Albumin 1 stab HIS4Mut SGS115 β-Gal 1 stab HIS4Mut+stab F´ {pro AB, lac I q, lac Z∆M15, Tn10 (Tet R)} mcr A,TOP10F´ 1∆(mrr-hsd RMS-mcr BC), φ80lac Z∆M15, ∆lac X74,deo R, rec A1, ara D139, ∆(ara-leu)7697, gal U,gal K, rps L (Str R), end A1, nup G λ-.Box 2: Spheroplast Module. Store at -20°C.ComponentsReagent AmountZymolyase 10 x 20 µl 3 mg/ml Zymolyase in water(100,000 units/g lytic activity)1 M DTT 10 x 1 ml 1 M dithiothreitol in watercontinued on next pageviiKit Contents,continuedVector Box. Store at -20°C.Reagent DescriptionpHIL-D210 µg, lyophilized in TE, pH 8.0Vector for intracellular expression in PichiapPIC3.510 µg, lyophilized in TE, pH 8.0Vector for intracellular expression in PichiapHIL-S110 µg, lyophilized in TE, pH 8.0 Vector for secreted expression in Pichia. Uses the PHO1 signal sequencepPIC910 µg, lyophilized in TE, pH 8.0 Vector for secreted expression in Pichia. Uses the α-factor signal sequencePrimer Box. Store at -20°C.5´ AOX1 sequencing primer2 µg (312 pmoles), lyophilized5´-GACTGGTTCCAATTGACAAGC-3´3´ AOX1 sequencing primer2 µg (314 pmoles), lyophilized5´-GCAAATGGCATTCTGACATCC-3´α-Factor sequencing primer2 µg (315 pmoles), lyophilized5´-TACTATTGCCAGCATTGCTGC-3´Media The following prepackaged media is included for your convenience. Instructions for use are provided on the package.Media Amount Yield YP Base Medium 2 pouches 2 liters of YP mediumYP Base Agar Medium 2 pouches 2 liters of YP mediumYeast Nitrogen Base 1 pouch 500 ml of 10X YNBFor transformation of Pichia by spheroplasting, the Pichia Spheroplast Module isavailable separately from Invitrogen (see below for ordering information).Product Reactions or Amount Catalog no.Pichia Spheroplast Module 10 spheroplast preparations(50 transformations)K1720-01continued on next pageviiiRequired Equip-ment and Supplies (not provided) • 30°C rotary shaking incubator• Water baths capable of 37°C, 45°C, and 100°C• Centrifuge suitable for 50 ml conical tubes (floor or table-top)• Baffled culture flasks with metal covers (50 ml, 250 ml, 500 ml, 1000 ml, and 3 L)• 50 ml sterile, conical tubes• 6 ml and 15 ml sterile snap-top tubes (Falcon 2059 or similar)• UVSpectrophotometer• Mini agarose gel apparatus and buffers• Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis apparatus and buffers• Media for transformation, growth, screening, and expression (see Recipes, pages 53-58) • 5% SDS solution (10 ml per transformation)• Sterile cheesecloth or gauze• Breaking Buffer (see Recipes, page 58)• Acid-washed glass beads (available from Sigma)• Replica-plating equipment (optional)• BeadBreaker™ (optional)ixPurchaser NotificationIntroduction The Pichia Expression Kit is based on the yeast Pichia pastoris. Pichia pastoris wasdeveloped into an expression system by scientists at Salk Institute Biotechnology/ IndustryAssociates (SIBIA) and Phillips Petroleum for high-level expression of recombinantproteins. All patents for Pichia pastoris and licenses for its use as an expression system areowned by Research Corporation Technologies (RCT), Inc., Tucson, Arizona. Forinformation on commercial licenses, please see page x.The Nature of the Invitrogen License Invitrogen has an exclusive license to sell the Pichia Expression Kit to scientists for research purposes only, under the terms described below. Use of Pichia pastoris by commercial entities for any commercial purpose requires the user to obtain a commercial license as detailed below. Before using the Pichia Expression Kit, please read the following license agreement. If you do not agree to be bound by its terms, contact Invitrogen within 10 days for authorization to return the unused Pichia Expression Kit and to receive a full credit. If you do agree to the terms of this license agreement, please complete the User Registration Card and return it to Invitrogen before using the kit.Pichia pastoris Patents Pichia pastoris is covered by one or more of the following U.S. patents and corresponding foreign patents owned and licensed by Research Corporation Technologies:4,683,293 4,808,537 4,812,405 4,818,700 4,837,148 4,855,231 4,857,467 4,879,231 4,882,279 4,885,242 4,895,800 4,929,555 5,002,876 5,004,688 5,032,516 5,122,465 5,135,868 5,166,329Individual Pichia Expression Kit License Agreement Invitrogen Corporation ("Invitrogen") grants you a non-exclusive license to use the enclosed Pichia Expression Kit ("Expression Kit") for academic research or for evaluation purposes only. The Expression Kit is being transferred to you in furtherance of, and reliance on, such license. You may not use the Expression Kit, or the materials contained therein, for any commercial purpose without a license for such purpose from Research Corporation Technologies, Inc., Tucson, Arizona.Definition of Commercial Purpose Commercial purposes include:(a) any use of Expression Products in a Commercial Product(b) any use of Expression Products in the manufacture of a Commercial Product(c) any sale of Expression Products(d) any use of Expression Products or the Expression Kit to facilitate or advanceresearch or development of a Commercial Product(e) any use of Expression Products or the Expression Kit to facilitate or advance anyresearch or development program the results of which will be applied to thedevelopment of Commercial Products"Expression Products" means products expressed with the Expression Kit, or with the use of any vectors or host strains in the Expression Kit. "Commercial Product" means any product intended for sale or commercial use.Commercial entities may conduct their evaluation for one year at which time this license automatically terminates. Research Corporation Technologies will contact commercial entities during the evaluation period regarding their desire for a commercial license.continued on next pagexPurchaser Notification, continuedIndividual Responsibilities Access to the Expression Kit must be limited solely to those officers, employees and students of your institution who need access to perform the above-described research or evaluation. You must inform each such officer, employee and student of the provisions of this license agreement and require them to agree, in writing, to be bound by the provisions of this license agreement. You may not distribute neither the Expression Kit nor the vectors or host strains contained in it to others, even to those within your own institution. You may only transfer modified, altered, or original material from the Expression Kit to a third party following written notification of, and written approval from, Invitrogen so that the recipient can be licensed. You may not assign, sub-license, rent, lease or otherwise transfer this license agreement or any of the rights or obligation thereunder, except as expressly permitted by Invitrogen and RCT.Termination of License This license agreement is effective until terminated. You may terminate it at any time by destroying all Pichia expression products in your control. It will also terminate auto-matically if you fail to comply with the terms and conditions of the license agreement. You shall, upon termination of the license agreement, destroy all Pichia Expression Kits in your control, and so notify Invitrogen in writing.This License shall be governed in its interpretation and enforcement by the laws of the State of California.Contact for Commercial Licensing Bennett Cohen, Ph.D.Research Corporation Technologies 101 North Wilmot Road, Suite 600 Tucson, Arizona 85711-3335 Phone: (520) 748-4400Fax: (520)748-0025User Registration Card Please complete and return the enclosed User Registration Card for each PichiaExpression Kit that you purchase. This will serve as a record of your purchase and regis-tration and will allow Invitrogen to provide you with technical support and manualupdates. It will also allow Invitrogen to update you on future developments and improve-ments to the Pichia Expression Kit. The agreement outlined above becomes effectiveupon our receipt of your User Registration Card or 10 days following the sale of thePichia Expression Kit to you. Use of the kit at any time results in immediate obligation tothe terms and conditions stated in this license agreement.xiProduct QualificationIntroduction This section describes the criteria used to qualify the components in the PichiaExpression Kit.Vectors All expression vectors are qualified by restriction enzyme digestion. Restriction digests must demonstrate the correct banding pattern when electrophoresed on an agarose gel.Spheroplast Reagents The spheroplast reagents are qualified by spheroplast preparation of GS115 following the protocol provided in the Pichia Expression Kit manual. At least 70% of the Pichia pastoris cells must form spheroplasts in 30 minutes or less.Pichia Strains The Pichia strains are by demonstrating viability of the culture. Single colonies should arise within 48 hours after streaking on YPD medium from the stabPrimers Sequencing primers are lot tested by automated DNA sequencing experiments.Buffers andSolutionsAll buffers and solutions are extensively tested for sterility.Media All Pichia growth and expression media are qualified by growing the GS115 Pichiastrain.xiiIntroductionOverviewReview Articles The information presented here is designed to give you a concise overview of the Pichia pastoris expression system. It is by no means exhaustive. For further information, pleaseread the articles cited in the text along with recent review articles (Buckholz and Gleeson,1991; Cregg et al., 1993; Sreekrishna et al., 1988; Wegner, 1990). A general review offoreign gene expression in yeast is also available (Romanos et al., 1992).General Characteristics of Pichia pastoris As a eukaryote, Pichia pastoris has many of the advantages of higher eukaryotic expression systems such as protein processing, protein folding, and posttranslational modification, while being as easy to manipulate as E. coli or Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It is faster, easier, and less expensive to use than other eukaryotic expression systems such as baculovirus or mammalian tissue culture, and generally gives higher expression levels. As a yeast, it shares the advantages of molecular and genetic manipulations with Saccharomyces, and has the added advantage of 10- to 100-fold higher heterologous protein expression levels. These features make Pichia very useful as a protein expression system.Similarity to Saccharomyces Many of the techniques developed for Saccharomyces may be applied to Pichia including: • transformation by complementation• genedisruption• genereplacementIn addition, the genetic nomenclature used for Saccharomyces has been applied to Pichia. For example, the HIS4 gene in both Saccharomyces and Pichia encodes histidinol dehydrogenase. There is also cross-complementation between gene products in both Saccharomyces and Pichia. Several wild-type genes from Saccharomyces complement comparable mutant genes in Pichia. Genes such as HIS4, LEU2, ARG4, TRP1, and URA3 all complement their respective mutant genes in Pichia.Pichia pastoris as a Methylotrophic Yeast Pichia pastoris is a methylotrophic yeast, capable of metabolizing methanol as its sole carbon source. The first step in the metabolism of methanol is the oxidation of methanol to formaldehyde using molecular oxygen by the enzyme alcohol oxidase. This reaction generates both formaldehyde and hydrogen peroxide. To avoid hydrogen peroxide toxicity, methanol metabolism takes place within a specialized cell organelle called the peroxisome, which sequesters toxic by-products from the rest of the cell. Alcohol oxidase has a poor affinity for O2, and Pichia pastoris compensates by generating large amounts of the enzyme. The promoter regulating the production of alcohol oxidase drives heterologous protein expression in Pichia.Two Alcohol Oxidase Proteins The AOX1 and AOX2 genes code for alcohol oxidase in Pichia pastoris. The AOX1 gene product accounts for the majority of alcohol oxidase activity in the cell. Expression of the AOX1 gene is tightly regulated and induced by methanol to high levels, typically > 30% ofthe total soluble protein in cells grown with methanol as the carbon source. The AOX1 gene has been isolated and the AOX1 promoter is used to drive expression of the gene of interest (Ellis et al., 1985; Koutz et al., 1989; Tschopp et al., 1987a). While AOX2 is about 97% homologous to AOX1, growth on methanol is much slower than with AOX1. This slowgrowth allows isolation of Mut S strains (aox1) (Cregg et al., 1989; Koutz et al., 1989).continued on next page1Overview, continuedExpression Expression of the AOX1 gene is controlled at the level of transcription. In methanol-grown cells approximately 5% of the polyA+ RNA is from the AOX1 gene. The regulation of theAOX1 gene is a two step process: a repression/derepression mechanism plus an inductionmechanism (e.g. GAL1 gene in Saccharomyces (Johnston, 1987)). Briefly, growth onglucose represses transcription, even in the presence of the inducer methanol. For thisreason, growth on glycerol is recommended for optimal induction with methanol. Pleasenote that growth on glycerol (derepression) is not sufficient to generate even minute levelsof expression from the AOX1 gene. The inducer, methanol, is necessary for detectablelevels of AOX1 expression (Ellis et al., 1985; Koutz et al., 1989; Tschopp et al., 1987a).Phenotype of aox1 mutants Loss of the AOX1 gene, and thus a loss of most of the cell's alcohol oxidase activity, results in a strain that is phenotypically Mut S (Methanol utilization slow). This has in the past been referred to as Mut. The Mut S designation has been chosen to accurately describe the phenotype of these mutants. This results in a reduction in the cells' ability to metabolize methanol. The cells, therefore, exhibit poor growth on methanol medium. Mut+ (Methanol utilization plus) refers to the wild type ability of strains to metabolize methanol as the sole carbon source. These two phenotypes are used when evaluating Pichia transformants for integration of your gene (Experimental Outline, page 3).Intracellular and Secretory Protein Expression Heterologous expression in Pichia can be either intracellular or secreted. Secretion requires the presence of a signal sequence on the expressed protein to target it to the secretory pathway. While several different secretion signal sequences have been used successfully, including the native secretion signal present on some heterologous proteins, success has been variable. The secretion signal sequence from the Saccharomyces cerevisiaeα factor prepro peptide has been used most successfully (Cregg et al., 1993; Scorer et al., 1993).The major advantage of expressing heterologous proteins as secreted proteins is that Pichia pastoris secretes very low levels of native proteins. That, combined with the very low amount of protein in the minimal Pichia growth medium, means that the secreted heterologous protein comprises the vast majority of the total protein in the medium and serves as the first step in purification of the protein (Barr et al., 1992). Note: If there are recognized glycosylation sites (Asn-X-Ser/Thr) in your protein's primary sequence, glycosylation may occur at these sites.Posttranslational Modifications In comparison to Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pichia may have an advantage in the glyco-sylation of secreted proteins because it may not hyperglycosylate. Both Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pichia pastoris have a majority of N-linked glycosylation of the high-mannose type; however, the length of the oligosaccharide chains added posttranslationally to proteins in Pichia (average 8-14 mannose residues per side chain) is much shorter than those in S. cerevisiae (50-150 mannose residues) (Grinna and Tschopp, 1989; Tschopp et al., 1987b). Very little O-linked glycosylation has been observed in Pichia.In addition, Saccharomyces cerevisiae core oligosaccharides have terminal α1,3 glycan linkages whereas Pichia pastoris does not. It is believed that the α1,3 glycan linkages in glycosylated proteins produced from Saccharomyces cerevisiae are primarily responsible for the hyper-antigenic nature of these proteins making them particularly unsuitable for therapeutic use. Although not proven, this is predicted to be less of a problem for glycoproteins generated in Pichia pastoris, because it may resemble the glycoprotein structure of higher eukaryotes (Cregg et al., 1993).2Experimental OutlineSelection of Vector and Cloning To utilize the strong, highly inducible P AOX1 promoter for expression of your protein, four expression vectors are included in this kit. pHIL-D2 and pPIC3.5 are used for intracellular expression while pHIL-S1 and pPIC9 are used for secreted expression (see pages 14-19 for more information). Before cloning your insert, you must...• decide whether you want intracellular or secreted expression.• analyze your insert for the following restriction sites: Sac I, Stu I, Sal I, Not I, and Bgl II. These sites are recommended for linearizing your construct prior to Pichiatransformation. If your insert has all of these sites, see pages 28-29 for alternate sites.Transformation and IntegrationTwo different phenotypic classes of His+ recombinant strains can be generated: Mut+ and Mut S. Mut S refers to the "Methanol utilization slow" phenotype caused by the loss of alcohol oxidase activity encoded by the AOX1 gene. A strain with a Mut S phenotype has a mutant aox1 locus, but is wild type for AOX2. This results in a slow growth phenotype on methanol medium. Transformation of strain GS115 can yield both classes of transformants, His+ Mut+ and His+Mut S, while KM71 yields only His+ Mut S since the strain itself is Mut S. Both Mut+ and Mut S recombinants are useful to have as one phenotype may favor better expression of your protein than the other. Due to clonal variation, you should test 6-10 recombinants per phenotype. There is no way to predict beforehand which construct or isolate will better express your protein. We strongly recommend that you analyze Pichia recombinants by PCR to confirm integration of your construct (see page 40).Once you have successfully cloned your gene, you will then linearize your plasmid to stimulate recombination when the plasmid is transformed into Pichia. The table below describes the types of recombinants you will get by selective digestion of your plasmid. RestrictionEnzymeIntegration Event GS115 Phenotype KM71 PhenotypeSal I or Stu I Insertion at his4His+ Mut+ His+ Mut SSac I Insertion at 5´AOX1 regionHis+ Mut+ His+ Mut SNot I or Bgl II Replacement atAOX1 locusHis+ Mut SHis+ Mut+His+ Mut S (notrecommended, see page 11)Expression and Scale-up After confirming your Pichia recombinants by PCR, you will test expression of both His+Mut+ and His+ Mut S recombinants. This will involve growing a small culture of each recombinant, inducing with methanol, and taking time points. If looking for intracellular expression, analyze the cell pellet from each time point by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). If looking for secreted expression, analyze both the cellpellet and supernatant from each time point. We recommend that you analyze your SDS-PAGE gels by both Coomassie staining and Western blot, if you have an antibody to your protein. We also suggest checking for protein activity by assay, if one is available. Not all proteins express to the level of grams per liter, so it is advisable to check by Western blotor activity assay, and not just by Coomassie staining of SDS-PAGE gels for production of your protein.Choose the Pichia recombinant strain that best expresses your protein and optimizeinduction based on the suggestions on pages 47-48. Once expression is optimized, scale-up your expression protocol to produce more protein.continued on next page3。
裂解酶毕赤酵母表达裂解酶是一种重要的酶类,能够将高分子物质裂解为较小的分子,被广泛应用于制药、食品、化工等领域。
毕赤酵母是一种常见的酵母菌,因其生长速度快,易培养,被广泛应用于分子生物学研究领域。
本文将围绕着“裂解酶毕赤酵母表达”这一主题,进行详细阐述。
第一步,克隆裂解酶基因首先需要克隆裂解酶基因。
裂解酶基因可以从天然菌株或基因库中获得。
一般情况下,可采用PCR技术或构建文库的方法进行克隆。
PCR克隆是一种常见的将特定基因扩增的方法,需要设计引物。
而文库构建则需要将大量的DNA片段克隆到载体上,获取含有目标基因的克隆体。
第二步,构建表达载体获取裂解酶基因后,需要将其插入到表达载体中,以实现外源基因的表达。
表达载体一般包括启动子、编码区、终止序列等部分。
还需要添加适合裂解酶表达的表达基因启动子和信使RNA聚合酶结合位点。
可采用限制性内切酶、LiGA等方法,将裂解酶基因插入到表达载体中。
第三步,转化毕赤酵母将构建好的表达载体转化到毕赤酵母细胞中。
目前主要有两种转化方法,一种是化学转化,一种是电转化。
化学转化依赖于离子间的相互作用力,可将DNA引入到细胞中。
而电转化则是利用高电压作用于细胞,使其渗透性提高,DNA片段能够进入细胞。
第四步,筛选表达菌株进行转化后,将细胞涂布于含有蔗糖的SD-UF板上进行筛选。
含有蔗糖的培养基只能被表达裂解酶的菌株使用,其他菌株无法生长,通过这种方法可以筛选出表达裂解酶的毕赤酵母菌株。
第五步,表达和纯化裂解酶最后,使用相应的表达条件和纯化方法,纯化表达的裂解酶。
一般情况下,裂解酶是一种外分泌酶,可采用诱导性表达,通过添加诱导因子(如甘露醇)来促进裂解酶的分泌。
常见的纯化方法包括离子交换层析、凝胶过滤层析、亲和层析等。
总之,裂解酶毕赤酵母表达是一个复杂的过程,需要准确的基因克隆、合适的表达载体、科学的转化方法、合适的筛选条件和纯化方法等。
只有在这些步骤都正确执行的情况下,才能够得到表达裂解酶的毕赤酵母菌株,并最终纯化出高质量的裂解酶。
很好,需要好好研究一下原文地址:毕赤酵母表达知识01转载于丁香作者:思时尔非a.配制500×BIOTIN stock solution(0.02%)有这么3种方案:1、懒人是将Biotin直接溶在去离子水中,放过夜,基本就能溶;2、急性子是将溶液配成0.02N的NaOH,就很容易溶解了;3、水浴加热,温度不能高于50度。
D-生物素是具有生物活性的生物素,也就是vitaminH。
在毕赤酵母代谢过程中,作为多种酶的辅基起作用。
天然培养基中一般可以不单独添加,因为YNB中、酵母粉、蛋白胨中均含有一定量的生物素,但是做高密度发酵还是必须要添加的。
b.有几个比较迷惑的问题请教大家:(很典型的小问题)1、制感受态细胞,OD多少比较好?pyrimidine 战友的方法:取1mlGS115过夜培养物(OD约6-10) 分装到1.5ml EP 管中。
说明书还有一些文献是说在1.3左右效率高,再高了效率会很低2、关于高效转化法,文献说用(LiAc),而invitrogen的说明书说转化毕赤酵母用(LiAc)没用,要用LiCl。
Lithium acetate does not work with Pichia pastoris. Use only lithium chloride.3、YNB到底能高温灭么?有的说能有的说不能。
过滤灭菌的怎么操作?我是把滤器装好膜绑到瓶口用纱布盖上,报纸包上,瓶盖放烧杯里单灭。
然后把配好的溶液用注射器一点点推进去。
4、葡萄糖为什么在YPD里一起灭颜色很深,单灭则不会。
该115度还是121度灭?网上搜了下,都有人用!5、电转化参数用400欧还是200欧?有的用400,有的还专门说不是用400。
都是从园里看到的!电击参数:1.5KV,25uF,200欧姆(不是400)6、电转后,在MD平板上长的应该就是整合了目的基因的重组子了吧?如果不想筛高拷贝的,是否PCR验证一下即可?网友的回答:ynb最好不灭菌,我是0.22um过滤处理的。
毕赤酵母蛋白不表达的原因很多朋友问这样一个问题:为什么毕赤酵母不表达?他们自己也很纳闷,重组酵母PCR检测也证明目的基因重组了,但是诱导之后就是在表达上清中检测不到目的蛋白,仔细研究操作手册后仍然不知道原因。
本人,根据自己的经验,采用倒推的方法,按实验过程从后向前分析,供大家参考:1、诱导之后表达上清中检测不到目的蛋白:①:检测的方法是否有问题,要考虑是不是蛋白表达量低而没有检测到?如果是蛋白表达低,可以选择浓缩蛋白,具体的方法很多,有TCA、丙酮、浓缩柱等等方法,之前在本版已经发过帖,在此不赘述。
②:如果蛋白浓缩N倍之后仍然检测不到,那基本可以确证蛋白并不在上清中。
那么蛋白到哪里去了,考虑是否没有分泌出来,而是在胞内,那就需要通过裂解酵母来检测胞内蛋白,具体的方法很多,在此也不赘述,曾整理过相关破碎的帖子。
③:如果胞内也没有目的蛋白表达,那么基本可以确定蛋白并没有表达。
2、为什么没有表达呢?倒推回来就是诱导的过程了,诱导体系是什么?甲醇浓度是多少?培养问题是多少,转速是多少?这些都要注意。
甲醇一般是0.5%-1.0%,本人用的是0.5%,也有很多人也用1.0%,曾见过一个帖子,说超过1.5%反而会抑制表达,没有验证过,供大家参考。
培养问题28-30度比较合适,转速250rpm比较合适,诱导体系没有固定的体系,说明书上推荐的是BMGY到OD600 2~6,换到BMMY 中OD600 为1左右。
3、如果诱导的过程也没有问题,那问题就复杂了,特别是重组酵母PCR 检测证明目的基因确实已经发生了重组。
这个时候是最郁闷的了,但是郁闷怎么办,还是要找原因,在此我给的建议是先做RT-PCR证明mRNA水平的情况,也就是说有没有转录。
如果转录了,后续的操作也没有问题(本帖的1、2项),那么只有重新设计实验,比如换酵母株,有文章上说:用GS115表达不出蛋白,换KM71H后,大部分克隆能表达。
4、关于毕赤酵母不表达的。
-毕赤酵母高效表达策略概述1.基因的内在特性主要包括mRNA 5’端非翻译区(5’2 U TR)、基因的A +T 组成和密码子的使用频率3 个方面。
由于巴斯德毕赤酵母中乙醇氧化酶的表达量极高(占胞内可溶蛋白的30% 以上) 因此为了有高的蛋白表达量,维持外源基因mRNA 5’-U TR。
尽可能和AOXlmRNA 5’-U TR 相似是必需的, 最好是保持两者一致。
A + T 含量高的基因在巴斯德毕赤酵母中表达时偶尔会造成转录提前终止,这是因为A T 丰富区可能存在转录提前终止信号。
因此对A T 含量丰富的基因最好是重新设计序列, 使其A + T 含量在30%~55% 范围内。
巴斯德毕赤酵母也有特殊的密码子偏好趋向。
(赵翔,霍克克,李育阳. 毕赤酵母的密码子用法分析[J ] . 生物工程学报,2000 ,16(3) :308 - 311.)外源蛋白自身的理化特点也影响其表达和分泌。
外源蛋白的加工修饰都会影响蛋白的表达量。
2.选择强启动子启动子在转录水平上调控基因的表达最常用的启动子是AOXI 启动子。
PGAG(三磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶启动子) 是最近在巴斯德毕赤酵母中克隆到的一个组成型启动子,在它的控制下β- LabZ 基因表达率比甲醇诱导下的PAOX驱动的产量更高,由于该组成型启动子不需要甲醇诱导,发酵工艺应该更简单,同时其产量更高,所以成为代替PAOX1 最有潜力的启动子。
通过分离选择恢复利用甲醇能力的自发突变体, 从AOX1 基因缺陷菌株中分离M ut+ 的自发突变体,从中筛选提高表达量的突变体。
(戴秀玉, 王恂, 周坚1毕赤氏酵母PAOX2 突变化序列分析〔J 〕1微生物学报, 1999, 39 (6) :559~5611)3.增加外源基因整合拷贝数(1)Invitrogen 公司最新发展的质粒pPIC9K上带有G418 的抗性基因,可以通过转化子对G418抗性水平快速筛选高拷贝转化子(配合电激法转化的效果更好)。