1.The University of Oxford (informally Oxford University or simply Oxford) isa collegiate research university located in Oxford, England. While having no known date of foundation, there is evidence of teaching as far back as 1096,[1]making it the oldest university in the English-speaking world, and the world's second-oldest surviving university.[1][6]It grew rapidly from 1167 when Henry II banned English students from attending the University of Paris.[1] After disputes between students and Oxford townsfolk in 1209, some academics fled northeast to Cambridge, where they established what became the University of Cambridge.[7] The two "ancient universities" are frequently jointly referred to as "Oxbridge".The University is made up from a variety of institutions, including 38 constituent colleges and a full range of academic departments which are organised into four Divisions.[8] All the colleges are self-governing institutions as part of the University, each controlling its own membership and with its own internal structure and activities.[9] Being a city university, it does not have a main campus; instead, all the buildings and facilities are scattered throughout the metropolitan centre.Most undergraduate teaching at Oxford is organised around weekly tutorials at the self-governing colleges and halls, supported by classes, lectures and laboratory work provided by university faculties and departments. Oxford is the home of several notable scholarships, including the Clarendon Scholarship which was launched in 2001[10] and the Rhodes Scholarship which has brought graduate students to read at the university for more than a century.[11] Oxford operates the largest university press in the world[12] and the largest academic library system in the United Kingdom.[13]Oxford has educated many notable alumni, including 27 Nobel laureates (58 total affiliations), 26 British Prime Ministers (most recently David Cameron) and many foreign heads of state.[14]2.The University of Cambridge[note 1] (informally known as "Cambridge University" or simply "Cambridge"; abbreviated as"Cantab" in post-nominals[note 2]) isa collegiate public research university in Cambridge, England. Founded in 1209, Cambridge is the second-oldest university in the English-speaking world and the world's third-oldest surviving university.[5] It grew out of an association formed by scholars leaving the University of Oxford after a dispute with townsfolk;[6] the two "ancient universities" have many common features and are often jointly referred to as "Oxbridge".Cambridge is formed from a variety of institutions which include 31 constituent colleges and over 100 academic departments organised into six Schools.[7] The university occupies buildings throughout the town, many of which are of historical importance. The colleges are self-governing institutions founded as integral parts of the university. In the year ended 31 July 2013, the university had a total income of£1.44 billion, of which £332 million was from research grants and contracts. The central university and colleges have a combined endowment of around £4.9 billion, the largest of any university outside the United States.[8] Cambridge is a member of many associations, and forms part of the "golden triangle" of English universities and Cambridge University Health Partners, an academic health science centre. The university is closely linked with the development of the high-tech businesscluster known as "Silicon Fen".Students' learning involves lectures and laboratory sessions organised by departments, and supervisions provided by the colleges. The university operates eight arts, cultural, and scientific museums, including the Fitzwilliam Museum and a botanic garden. Cambridge's libraries hold a total of around 15 million books, 8 million of which are in Cambridge University Library which is a legal deposit library. Cambridge University Press, a department of the university, is the world's oldest publishing house and the second-largest university press in the world.[9][10] Cambridge is regularly placed among the world's best universities in different universityrankings.[11][12][13] Beside academic studies, student life is centred on the colleges and numerous pan-university artistic activities, sports clubs and societies.Cambridge has many notable alumni, including several eminent mathematicians, scientists, politicians, and 90 Nobel laureates have been affiliated withit.[14] Throughout its history the university has featured in literature and artistic works by numerous authors including Geoffrey Chaucer, E. M. Forster and C. P. Snow.3.The London School of Economics and Political Science (informally the London School of Economics or LSE) is a publicresearch university specialised in social sciences located in London, United Kingdom, and a constituent college of the federal University of London. Founded in 1895 by Fabian Society members Sidney Webb, Beatrice Webb, Graham Wallas and George Bernard Shaw, LSE joined the University of London in 1900 and first issued degrees to its students in1902.[4]Despite its name, LSE conducts teaching and research across a range of social sciences, as well as in mathematics, statistics, media, philosophy and history.[5]LSE is located in Westminster, central London, near the boundary between Covent Garden and Holborn in an area historically known as Clare Market. It has around9,500 full-time students and just over 3,000 staff [6] and had a total income of £263.2 million in 2012/13, of which £23.7 million was from research grants.[7] The School is organised into 24 academic departments and 19 research centres.[8][9] LSE's library, the British Library of Political and Economic Science, contains over 4 million print volumes, 60,000 online journals and 29,000 electronic books.[10] The Digital Library contains digitised material from LSE Library collections andalso born-digital material that has been collected and preserved in digital formats.[11]LSE is a global leading social sciences dedicated institution and is considered one of the most prestigious universities in the world.[12][13][14] The 2014 and the 2013 versions of the QS World University Rankings ranked LSE 2nd in the world within the macro discipline of social sciences and management, only behind Harvard University and above Oxford and Cambridge.[15] Among 12 specific subjects evaluated, QS World University Rankings puts LSE as a top ten in the world in eight, and a top three in five of them.[16]In the UK, the School is usually ranked 3rd in all domestic ranking tables.[17][18][19][20][21][22][23]The School has produced many notable alumni in the fields of law, economics, philosophy, history, business, literature and politics. To date, there have been16 Nobel Prize winners amongst its alumni and current and former staff,[24] at least 37 world leaders,[25] 6 Pulitzer Prize winners[citation needed] and fellows ofthe British Academy[citation needed]. The school has produced a quarter of all Nobel prize winners in Economics.[26] Out of British universities, LSE has educated the most billionaires according to a 2014 global census of dollar billionaires. [27]LSE is a member of the Association of Commonwealth Universities, the Association of Professional Schools of International Affairs,[28] the European University Association,[29] the G5, the Global Alliance in Management Education, the Russell Group and Universities UK.[30] It is sometimes described as forming part ofthe 'golden triangle' of British universities.[31]4Imperial College London (legally The Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine)[1] is a publicresearch university located in London, United Kingdom, which specialises in science, engineering, medicine and business.[5] Aformer constituent college of the federal University of London, it became fully independent on 9 July 2007 during the commemoration of itscentenary.[6][7] Imperial has grown through mergers, including with St Mary's Hospital Medical School (in 1988), the National Heart and Lung Institute (in 1995) and the Charing Cross and Westminster Medical School (in 1997). Imperial College Business School was established in 2003.Imperial's main campus is located in the South Kensington (Albertopolis) areaof Central London, with additional campusesin Chelsea, Hammersmith, Paddington, Silwood Park and Wye College. Imperial also operates the Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine in Singapore in partnershipwith Nanyang Technological University. Imperial has one of the largest estates of any higher education institution in the UK.[8] Imperial is organised into four main faculties within which there are over 40 departments, institutes and research centres.[9]Imperial has around 13,500 students and 3,330 academic and research staff and had a total income of £822 million in 2012/13, of which £329.5 million was from research grants and contracts.[2][10]Imperial is consistently ranked among the top universities in the world, ranking 2nd in the 2014/15 QS World University Rankings, 9th in the 2014/15 Times Higher Education World University Rankings, and 22nd in the 2014Academic Ranking of World Universities.[11][12][13] In a corporate study carried out by The New York Times, its graduates were one of the most valued in the world.[14] There are currently 15 Nobel laureates and two Fields Medalists amongst Imperial's alumni and current and former faculty.[15][16]Imperial is a major centre for biomedical research and is a founding member ofthe Francis Crick Institute and Imperial College Healthcare, an academic health science centre.[17] Imperial is a member of the Association of Commonwealth Universities, the Association of MBAs, the European University Association, the G5, the League of European Research Universities, Oak Ridge AssociatedUniversities and the Russell Group. Along with Cambridge and Oxford, Imperial, (with KCL, the LSE and UCL) forms a corner of the "golden triangle" of British universities.[18]5.The University of St Andrews (informally known as St Andrews University or simply St Andrews; abbreviated as St And, from the Latin Sancti Andreae,in post-nominals) is a public research university in St Andrews, Fife,Scotland. It is the oldest of the four ancient universities of Scotland, and the third oldest university in the English-speaking world (following Oxford and Cambridge). It was founded between 1410 and 1413 when the Avignon Antipope Benedict XIII issued a Papal Bull to a small founding group of Augustinian clergy.St Andrews is made up from a variety of institutions, including three constituent colleges (United College, St Mary's College, and St Leonard's College) and 18 academic Schools organized into four Faculties.[6] The university occupies historic and modern buildings located throughout the town. The academic year is divided into two terms, Martinmas and Candlemas. In term time, over a third of the town's population is either a staff member or student of the university.[7] The student body is notably diverse: over 30% of its intake come from well over 100 countries, 15% from North America.[8] The University's sport teams competein BUCS competitions,[9] and the student body is known for preserving ancient traditions such as Raisin Weekend, May Dip, and the wear of distinctive academic dress.[10]National league tables currently rank St Andrews as the third[11][12] best university in the United Kingdom. The Schools of Physics and Astronomy, International Relations, Computer Science and Mathematics are ranked first in the United Kingdom by The Guardian.[11] International league tables rank St Andrews less highly, due in part to its small size, though The Times Higher Education World Universities Ranking names St Andrews among the world’s Top 20 Arts and Humanitiesuniversities.[13] St Andrews has the highest student satisfaction (joint first) amongst all multi-faculty universities in the United Kingdom.[14]St Andrews has many notable alumni and affiliated faculty, including eminent mathematicians, scientists, theologians, philosophers, and politicians. Recent alumni include the current First Minister of Scotland Alex Salmond; Secretary of State for Defence Michael Fallon; United States Ambassador to Hungary Colleen Bell; Olympic gold medalist Chris Hoy; actor Crispin Bonham-Carter; and royals Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, and Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge. It boastsfive Nobel Laureates: two in Chemistry and one eachin Peace, Literature and Physiology or Medicine.。
Chapter 1Loch Lomond罗蒙湖freight [freɪt] 货运；运费；船货prevail [prɪ'veɪl] 盛行，流行westerlies ['wɛstɚliz]西风带mammal ['mæm(ə)l] 哺乳动物roe [rəʊ] 獐predominantly [prɪ'dɒmɪnəntlɪ] 主要地；显著地Chapter 2iberian [ai'biəriən] 伊比利亚人；伊比利亚语teutonic [tju:'tɔnik] 日耳曼人的Iona爱奥那岛（苏格兰一小岛）columba [kə'lʌmbə] 天鸽座；鸽属monastery ['mɒnəst(ə)rɪ] 修道院；僧侣witan ['wɪtən] 国会成员manorial [mə'nɔrɪəl] 庄园的；采邑的christianize ['krɪstʃən,aɪz] 使成基督徒Chapter 3oath [əʊθ]. 誓言，誓约；诅咒，咒骂allegiance [ə'liːdʒ(ə)ns] 效忠，忠诚；忠贞immediate [ɪ'miːdɪət] 立即的；直接的；最接近的Domesday Book ['duːmzdeɪ] 最后审判日compiled [kəm'paɪl] 编译的sponsorship ['spɒnsəʃɪp] 赞助；发起；保证人的地位；教父母身份extent [ɪk'stɛnt] n. 程度；范围；长度Plantagenet [plæn'tædʒənit]金雀花王1154-1485年significance [sɪg'nɪfɪk(ə)ns] 意义；重要性；意思clause [klɔːz] 条款magna carta大宪章territorial [,terɪ'tɔːrɪəl] 领土的；土地的；地方的brutally ['brʊtli] 残忍地；野蛮地；兽性地Chapter 4Lancaster兰卡斯特Walter Scott 沃尔特·司各特compromise ['kɒmprəmaɪz] 妥协，和解；折衷cavaliers [,kævə'liəs] 骑士Oliver Cromwell奥利弗·克伦威尔Chapter5nonconformist [nɒnkən'fɔːmɪst] 不属于圣公会的英国基督教徒enclosure [ɪn'kləʊʒə; en-] 附件；围墙；围场Jeremy Bentham杰里米·边沁（英国哲学家）utilitarianism [jʊ,tɪlɪ'teərɪənɪz(ə)m] 功利主义modify ['mɒdɪfaɪ] 修改refer [rɪ'fɜː]参考；涉及；提到；查阅mechanization [,mekənaɪ'zeɪʃən] 机械化；机动化consequent ['kɒnsɪkw(ə)nt] 结果industrialize [ɪnˈdʌstrɪəlʌɪz] 使工业化allies [ˈæ,laɪz] 同盟国league [liːg] 联盟；社团；范畴tension ['tenʃ(ə)n] 紧张，不安Neville Chamberlain内维尔·张伯伦appeasement [ə'piːzm(ə)nt] 缓和，平息；姑息hasten ['heɪs(ə)n] 加速；使赶紧；催促Margaret Thatcher玛格丽特·撒切尔emphasis ['emfəsɪs] 重点；强调；加强语气manifesto [mænɪ'festəʊ] 宣言；声明；告示Chapter6conventional [kən'venʃ(ə)n(ə)l] 传统的barley ['bɑːlɪ] 大麦oat [əʊt] 燕麦sugar beet [biːt]甜菜rapeseed ['reɪpsiːd]油菜籽infrastructure ['ɪnfrəstrʌktʃə] 基础设施；公共建设financial [faɪ'nænʃ(ə)l] 金融的；财政的，财务的tourism ['tʊərɪz(ə)m] 旅游业；游览Chapter7sovereign ['sɒvrɪn] 君主；独立国；最高统治者coronation [kɒrə'neɪʃ(ə)n] 加冕礼nobility [nə(ʊ)'bɪlɪtɪ] 贵族；高贵；高尚Lords temporal世俗贵族,上议院世俗议员peeress ['pɪərɪs] 有爵位的妇女；贵族夫人hereditary [hɪ'redɪt(ə)rɪ] 世袭的；世代相传的suffrage ['sʌfrɪdʒ] 选举权；投票；参政权；cabinet ['kæbɪnɪt] 内阁的；私下的，秘密的magistrate ['mædʒɪstrət; -streɪt] 地方法官bail [beɪl] 保释custody ['kʌstədɪ] 拘留bobby ['bɒbɪ] 警察Chapter8voluntary ['vɒlənt(ə)rɪ] 自愿的；志愿的；自发的；故意的compulsory [kəmˈpʌlsərɪ] 义务的；必修的；被强制的secretary [ˈsekrətrɪ] 秘书；书记；部长；大臣curriculum [kə'rɪkjʊləm] 课程,总课程applicable [ə'plɪkəb(ə)l]可适用的；可应用的；合适的Beatles ['bi:tlz] 披头士合唱（摇滚乐队）Guardian ['gɑːdɪən] 监护人，保护人；守护者digital ['dɪdʒɪt(ə)l] 数字的；手指的Chapter 9Michigan ['miʃigən] 美国密歇根州；密歇根Superior [suːˈpɪərɪə] 苏必利尔Huron ['hjuərən] 休伦湖Ontario安大略湖Rio Grande River里奥格兰德河Detroit [di'trɔit] 底特律（美国一座城市）volcano [vɒl'keɪnəʊ] 火山Mauna Loa莫纳罗亚山（夏威夷岛的活火山）sugar cane甘蔗pineapple ['paɪnæp(ə)l] 菠萝Honolulu [,hɔnə'lu:lu:] 火奴鲁鲁Eskimos爱斯基摩人Chapter 10California [,kælɪ'fɔ:njə] 加利福尼亚Texas ['teksəs] 德克萨斯州amnesty ['æmnɪstɪ] 大赦，特赦resident [ˈrɛzɪdənt] 居住的；定居的partial ['pɑːʃ(ə)l]局部的；偏爱的；不公平的ancestry ['ænsestrɪ] 祖先；血统Chicano [tʃi:'kɑ:nəu] 奇卡诺人Hispanic [hi'spænik] 西班牙的assimilation [ə,sɪmɪ'leɪʃən] 同化；吸收diabetes [,daɪə'biːtiːz]糖尿病；多尿症alcoholism ['ælkəhɒlɪz(ə)m] 酗酒tuberculosis [tjʊ,bɜːkjʊ'ləʊsɪs] 肺结核；结核病suicide ['s(j)uːɪsaɪd] 自杀disproportionate [,dɪsprə'pɔːʃ(ə)nət] 不成比例的incidence ['ɪnsɪd(ə)ns] 发生率；影响Chapter11Virginia弗吉尼亚州Pilgrims ['pɪlgrɪmz] 清教徒Philadelphia [,filə'delfjə; -fiə] 费城declaration [deklə'reɪʃ(ə)n] （纳税品等的）申报theory ['θɪərɪ] 理论；原理；学说；推测philosopher [fɪ'lɒsəfə] 哲学家；哲人Saratoga [,særə'təugə] 萨拉托加Alexander [,ælɪg'zændɚ] 亚历山大Hamilton ['hæmiltən] 汉密尔顿-名；哈密尔顿-城市James Madison詹姆斯·麦迪逊（美国前总统）ratification [,rætəfə'keʃən] 批准；承认，认可Napoleonic [nə,pəuli'ɔnik] 拿破仑一世的forcibly ['fɔːsɪblɪ] 用力地；强制地；有说服力地Louisiana [lu:,i:zi'ænə] 美国路易斯安那州frontiersmen ['frʌntjəzmən] 拓荒者manifest destiny天定命运O’Sullivan奥沙利文confederate [kən'fed(ə)rət] 同盟国Chapter12Muckraker ['mʌk,rekɚ] 探听丑闻的人prosperous ['prɒsp(ə)rəs] 繁荣的；兴旺的corruption [kə'rʌpʃ(ə)n] 贪污，腐败；堕落regulate ['regjʊleɪt] 调节，规定laissez faire [lei'sei'fεər] 放任；自由主义Woodrow Wilson伍德罗·威尔逊，总统（1913-1921）reduction [rɪ'dʌkʃ(ə)n] 减少；下降；缩小；还原反应decentralized [di'sɛntrəl,aɪz] 使分散；使分权neglect [nɪ'glekt] 疏忽，忽视；忽略commission [kə'mɪʃ(ə)n] 委员会investigate [ɪn'vestɪgeɪt] 调查；研究conference ['kɒnf(ə)r(ə)ns] 会议；协商；联盟frustration [frʌ'streɪʃn] 挫折creditor ['kredɪtə] 债权人，贷方Ku klux klan三K党foreclosure [fɔː'kləʊʒə] 丧失抵押品赎回权Franklin D. Roosevelt富兰克林罗斯福（美国总统）pragmatist ['prægmətɪst] 实用主义者；爱管闲事人Tennessee Valley Authority田纳西州流域管理局stimulation [ˌstɪmjʊ'leʃn] 刺激；激励，鼓舞formulation [fɔːmjʊ'leɪʃn] 构想，规划；公式化implementation [ɪmplɪmen'teɪʃ(ə)n] 实现；履行incident ['ɪnsɪd(ə)nt] 事件，事变；插曲Chapter13violation [vaɪə'leɪʃn] 违反；妨碍，侵害；违背；senator ['senətə] 参议员McCarthy [mə'ka:θi]麦卡锡（姓氏）Vietnam [ˌvjet'næm]越南（南亚国家）vietminh [,vjet'min] 越南独立同盟；越盟领导人Geneva [dʒi'ni:və] 日内瓦（瑞士西南部城市）Hochiminh（越南）胡志明市communique [kə'mju:nɪkeɪ] 公报，官报diplomatic [dɪplə'mætɪk] 外交的；外交上的；老练的Barack Obama巴拉克·奥巴马Chapter14-16bloc [blɒk] 集团optimism ['ɒptɪmɪz(ə)m] 乐观；乐观主义circulation [sɜːkjʊ'leɪʃ(ə)n] 流通，循环；发行量petroleum [pə'trəʊlɪəm] 石油extreme poverty极端贫穷petition [pɪ'tɪʃ(ə)n] 请愿；请愿书vice president [,vais'prezidənt] 副总统；副主席mandatory ['mændət(ə)rɪ] 强制的；托管的；命令的option ['ɒpʃ(ə)n] 选项；选择权；买卖的特权patriotic [ˌpætrɪˈɒtɪk] 爱国的parade [pə'reɪd] 游行；阅兵；炫耀concert ['kɒnsət] 音乐会Nathaniel纳撒尼尔Hawthorne霍桑Edgar埃德加Allan Poe爱伦·坡Chapter 17-18semicircular[,sɛmaɪ'sɝkjʊlɚ] 半圆的Hudson Bay哈得逊湾（位于加拿大中东部）uninviting[ʌnɪn'vaɪtɪŋ] 讨厌的，无吸引力的；无魅力的cordillera [,kɔːdɪ'ljeərə] 山脉Mackenzie [mə'kenzi] 麦肯齐河bison ['baɪs(ə)n] 北美野牛；欧洲野牛multiculturalism[,mʌltɪ'kʌltʃərəlɪzm] 多元文化论Montreal[,mɔntri'ɔ:l] 蒙特利尔（加拿大东南部港市）hockey ['hɒkɪ] 曲棍球；冰球Ontario安大略省（加拿大省份）Governor General（大英帝国国协内独立国家或殖民地等的）总督prairie ['preərɪ] 大草原；牧场adequate ['ædɪkwət] 充足的；适当的；胜任的canola [kə'nəʊlə] 一种菜籽油timber ['tɪmbə] 木材；木料Halifax ['hælifæks] 哈里法克斯Chapter 19-20platypus ['plætɪpəs] 鸭嘴兽wattle ['wɒt(ə)l] 金合欢树floral ['flɔrəl] 花的；植物的，植物群的；花似的marsupial [mɑː'suːpɪəl]有袋的；袋状的kangaroo [,kæŋgə'ruː]袋鼠continuously [kən'tɪnjʊəsli] 连续不断地influx ['ɪnflʌks] 流入；汇集；河流的汇集处vegemite咸味酱yeast [jiːst]酵母；泡沫；酵母片；引起骚动因素peanut ['piːnʌt] 花生prestigious [pre'stɪdʒəs] 有名望的；享有声望的Sydney Cove悉尼湾homosexuality ['hɒməʊ,seksjʊ'ælətɪ] 同性恋Brisbane ['brizbən] 布里斯班（澳大利亚东部城市）Perth [pɜrθ]珀斯，佩斯（澳大利亚城市）Chapter 21-22Matthew Flinders马修·福林达斯alongside [əlɒŋ'saɪd] 在旁边informal [ɪn'fɔːm(ə)l] 非正式的；不拘礼节的matrimonial [mætrɪ'məʊnɪəl] 婚姻的；与婚姻有关的bicameral [,baɪ'kæmərəl] 两院制的；有两个议院的poultry ['pəʊltrɪ] 家禽inroad ['ɪnrəʊd] 侵袭，袭击；减少Newcastle ['nu,kæsəl] 纽卡斯尔（英国港市）vehicles [ˈviːɪk(ə)lz] 交通工具beverage ['bev(ə)rɪdʒ] 饮料quota ['kwəʊtə] 配额；定额；限额Hay Point海波因特（地名）Telstra Corporation澳洲电信volcanic [vɒl'kænɪk] 火山的；猛烈的；易突然发作的pohutukawa [pəu,hu:tə'kɑ:wə] 桃金娘科常绿树secluded [sɪ'kluːdɪd] 隐蔽的；隐退的，隐居的missionary ['mɪʃ(ə)n(ə)rɪ] 传教的；传教士的Waitangi怀唐伊（新西兰地名）entitled [ɪn'taɪtl] 有资格的；给与名称的mutton ['mʌt(ə)n] 羊肉integrating ['ɪntɪgreɪtɪŋ]整合；积分；集成化trilogy ['trɪlədʒɪ] 三部曲；三部剧scenic ['siːnɪk] 风景优美的；舞台的；戏剧的Chapter 23-24endemic [en'demɪk] 地方性的；风土的stoat [stəʊt] 白鼬hare [heə] 野兔reptile ['reptaɪl] 爬虫类的；卑鄙的lizard ['lɪzəd] 蜥蜴；类蜥蜴爬行动物Massachusetts [,mæsə'tʃu:sits] 马萨诸塞州（美国）dire ['daɪə] 可怕的；悲惨的；极端的prototypical [,protə'tɪpɪkl] 原型的；典型的tenor ['tenə] 男高音mccormack [məˈkɔ:mək] 麦考马克（人名）sinn fein新芬运动（要求爱尔兰独立）Downing Street Declaration唐宁街声明saint [seɪnt] 圣人；圣徒；道德崇高的人boisterous ['bɒɪst(ə)rəs] 喧闹的；狂暴的；猛烈的secular ['sekjʊlə] 世俗的；长期的；不朽的, 修道院外的教士，(对宗教家而言的) 俗人。
