英语阅读理解题型分析
一、主旨大意题
主旨大意题主要考查学生对所读材料(或所读材料片断中心思想的概括。高考做这类题时,考生应通读全文,把握文章大意或中心思想,同时注意文章的主题句,因为主题句表达中心思想,其他句子均围绕主题句进行展开。主题句通常位于文章第一段首句、第一段末句或全文末句等地方,但位于段落中间(通常是第一段或最后一段的中间也是完全可能的。主旨大意题的考查形式很多,如概括标题、主题、段意、中心思想等。请看2005年浙江卷中的一个段落: In the course of working my way through school, I took many jobs I would rather forget. But none of these jobs was as dreadful as my job in an apple plant. The work was hard; the pay was poor; and, most of all, the working conditions were terrible.
◎what is the subject discussed in the text?
A. the writer’s unhappy school life
B. the writer’s eagerness to earn money
C. the writer’s experience as a full-time worker
D. the writer’s hard work in an apple plant
原文共有五个自然段,上面摘录的只是文章的第1个自然段,但是如果考生训练有素的话,只要读完这个段落就可猜出此题的答案了。因为文章第一句说in the course of working my way through school, I took many jobs I would rather forget,接着作者用but 引出一个新的情况(即主题句:none of these jobs was as dreadful as my job in an apple plant. 再接下来又说:the work was hard; the pay was poor; and, most of all, the working conditions were terrible. 聪明的读者至此应该可以猜测到,下面的几个段落肯定是介绍这个apple plant 的work 是如何的hard,它的pay是如何的poor,它的working conditions 是如何的terrible 等。比较四个选项,只有选项D所表述内容合乎上面的分析,故选D。
二、事实细节题
顾名思义,事实细节题即指针对文章的某个事实或细节而设置的试题。事实细节题的命题方法很多,如可能是对某个细节用同义结构转换后进行考查、也可能是将文章中的几个细节(通常是四个放在一起要求考生判断是非(选出正确的一项或选出错误的一项或对几个细节进行排序等。解答这类试题时,一个常用的方法就是运用定位法,即根据题干或选项中的线索词从原文中找到相关的句子,与选项进行比较从而确定答案(此时要特别注意一些常见的同义转换或简单换算。请看200年安徽卷中的一道事实细节题:
tuition fees(学费
Tuition fees are different from department to department, generally from $5,000 to $6,000 a year. For further information: tui@ accommodation(住宿
you can have a room in a 4-bedrcom flat, which will cost about $100 a month with other regular living costs of about $150 a month for one person. for further information:
ave@
◎you have to pay at least ______ a year if you study at the university of
Waikato.
A. $5,250
B. $8,000
C. $9,000
D. $11,000
根据tuition fees一节的内容可知,一年的学费最低为5,000美元,再根据accommodation(住宿一节可知,除学费外,还有住宿费(每月100美元和生活费(每月150美元,即一年大约共3,000美元,所以在Waikato大学读书一年至少要花费
5,000+3,000=8,000美元,故答案为B。
三、代词指代题
这类题要求考生根据一定的上下文推测代词的指代意义,它主要考查考生在一定语境中对上下文逻辑关系的正确理解。做这类题时,考生不仅要读懂相关句子的句意,理顺相关句子的逻辑关系,而且还要学会合理变通,尤其要学会变通理解其中的同义表达。请看2005年天津卷中的一个片断和一个道词义猜测题:
Many creative thinkers state that they have completely devoted themselves to the subject matter of the problem, often over fairly long periods of time. Indeed, it would be strange if they had not done this. Nothing in such statements supports the idea that there is anything very different about the problem solving that leads to discoveries of the great contributions to the society. the act of discovery, even in the relatively predictable(可以预见的 sense that it occurs in everyday learning, involves(涉及a “sudden insight” which changes the problem situation into a solution situation. As we have seen, everyday discovery also requires that the learner have the knowledge of the rules gained in the past, which is involved in the solution.
◎what does the underlined word “this” refer to?
A. great contributions to the society.
B. long-time study of the subject matter.
C. various statements about problem solving.
D. complete devotion to artistic creation.
此题答案选B。答案的直接依据是文章中的many creative thinkers state that they have completely devoted themselves to the subject matter of the problem, often over fairly long periods of time. indeed, it would be strange if they had not done this 这两句话。从句意和句子结构上看,this在此指代的应是they have completely devoted themselves to the subject matter of the problem, often over fairly long periods of time,比较四个选项,只有B与之吻合,因为选项中的long-time与原文中的over fairly long periods of time属同义表达,选项中的study of the subject matter 与原文中的devoted themselves to the subject matter of the problem属同义表达。
四、词义猜测题
即要求考生根据一定的上下文猜测生词的词义。它是高考英语阅读理解中的一个难点,同学们应引起充分重视。猜测生词词义的方法很多,常用的有同义解释法、因果推断法、前后对比法、基本构词法、语境理解法、举例说明法、常识背景法、类属分析法等。请看2005年安徽卷中一道词义猜测题:
