Coupled Growing Networks

LetterIntermittent Control for Fixed-Time Synchronization ofCoupled NetworksYongbao Wu, Ziyuan Sun, Guangtao Ran, and Lei XueDear Editor,This letter deals with fixed-time synchronization (Fd-TS) of com-plex networks (CNs) under aperiodically intermittent control (AIC) for the first time. The average control rate and a new Lyapunov func-tion are proposed to overcome the difficulty of dealing with fixed-time stability/synchronization of CNs for AIC. Based on the Lya-punov and graph-theoretical methods, a Fd-TS criterion of CNs is given. Moreover, the method of this letter is also applicable to the study of finite-time synchronization of CNs for AIC. Finally, the the-oretical results are applied to study the Fd-TS of oscillator systems, and simulation results are given to verify the effectiveness of the results.Recently, the dynamics of CNs have attracted extensive attention due to their wide applications in real-world networks. As one of the most important collective behaviors of CNs, synchronization has received considerable interest in many fields [1]. It should be noted that the most existing results about the synchronization of CNs stud-ied asymptotic synchronization and exponential synchronization [2], and they are often classified into infinite-time synchronization. In many practical problems, achieving synchronization within a finite time is more desirable and useful. Therefore, finite-time synchroniza-tion (Fe-TS) has been investigated by many researchers. In contrast with infinite-time synchronization, Fe-TS has been reported to pos-sess faster convergence and better performance against uncertainties and disturbances.Nevertheless, a significant limitation of Fe-TS is that the settling time depends on the initial values. In many practical systems, the ini-tial values may be difficult to obtain in advance. Fortunately, this problem was overcome by Polyakov [3] through introducing the con-cept of fixed-time stability and presenting fundamental results on fixed-time stability. Inspired by Polyakov’s novel fixed-time stabil-ity theory, there are some follow-up works about fixed-time stability for various CNs [4]–[6]. Compared to Fe-TS, the settling time of Fd-TS is determined by the designed controller parameters, which do not rely on the initial values and can be estimated in advance. Further-more, many practical systems such as microgrid systems and space-craft dynamics usually desire to achieve fixed-time convergence. Consequently, it is meaningful and necessary to further explore the Fd-TS of CNs both in theory and methods.In general, it is difficult to realize self-synchronization for CNs due to the complexity of node dynamics and topologies. Therefore, many kinds of control techniques have been employed to achieve the syn-chronization of CNs in [7]. Different from the continuous control schemes, the discontinuous control methods such as intermittent con-trol (IC) [2], [8], and impulsive control have been extensively stud-ied because they can reduce control cost as well as the number of information exchanges. It is known that IC can be divided into peri-odically IC (PIC), and AIC [2], and AIC takes PIC as a special case; thus, it is more general to consider AIC. For AIC, scholars mainly considered asymptotic synchronization [2], exponential synchroniza-tion [9], and Fe-TS. However, there are few results focusing on the Fd-TS for CNs by AIC. The existing theory to study asymptotic syn-chronization, exponential synchronization, and Fe-TS cannot be directly extended to Fd-TS. Moreover, the Fd-TS theoretical frame-work based on AIC is not established. Therefore, it is urgently neces-sary to develop a new theory and methods to investigate the Fd-FS of CNs via AIC, which motivates this work. The main contributions of this letter are as follows.sup i{ζi+1−µi}≤con1 sup i{ζi+1−ζi}≤con2con1con2ζiµiϑηi=(µi−ζi)/ (ζi+1−ζi)ϑ≥liminf i→∞{ηi}1) Unlike the existing literature dealing with finite-time stability/synchronization for IC, in this letter, we establish a theoreti-cal framework of fixed-time stability/synchronization for AIC for the first time. 2) Compared with the existing literature [4], an auxiliary function is introduced to consider the Fd-TS of CNs under IC, which allows the control function in the rest intervals of IC to be zero. In the existing literature [4], the control function in the rest intervals of IC is not zero, which may be regarded as a switching control rather than an IC in a general sense. Thus, the control strategy proposed in this letter is more general. 3) In [2], [9], some scholars mainly con-sidered the asymptotic synchronization or exponential synchroniza-tion for AIC. Moreover, the existing literature have certain restric-tions on the control intervals, such as ,, where and are positive constants. For parameters and , see Fig. 1. This letter uses the average con-trol rate in (5), not the infimum of the control rate, which is easy to satisfy the condition of the theorem because of . In addition, the idea of using the aver-age control rate in this letter also can apply to the study of finite-time stability/synchronization for AIC, which is more general.x k(t)=(x k1(t),x k2(t),...,x km(t))αkh:R m×R m→R m f k:R m×R+→R mb kh≥0b kk=0k∈Nwhere and ; coupled function ; and is coupling weight and for all .System (1) is considered as a master system, and we consider theCorresponding author: Yongbao Wu.Citation: Y. B. Wu, Z. Y. Sun, G. T. Ran, and L. Xue, “Intermittent control for fixed-time synchronization of coupled networks,” IEEE/CAA J. Autom. Sinica, vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 1488–1490, Jun. 2023.Y. B. Wu and L. Xue are with the School of Automation, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China (e-mail:Z. Y. Sun is with the Department of Applied Mathematics, University of G. T. Ran is with the Department of Control Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China (e-mail: ranguangtao@ ).Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online at .Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/JAS.2023.123363ζiζi+1μi+1μi+2ζi+2ζi+3μi……Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of AIC. Blue and yellow areas represent control and rest intervals, respectively.1488 IEEE/CAA JOURNAL OF AUTOMATICA SINICA, VOL. 10, NO. 6, JUNE 2023z k (t )∈R m u k (t )in which and is an AIC strategy.y k (t )=z k (t )−x k (t )Let be error vector. Based on systems (1) andf k (x k k k (z k k (x k kh (x k k h h )=in which and sign(y k )=diag(sign(y k 1),sign(y k 2),...,sign(y km ))N ={0,1,2,...}[ζi ,µi )[µi ,ζi +1)ζ0=0[y k ]p =(|y k 1|p ,|y k 2|p ,...,|y km |p )T ;ϱs>0(s =1,2,3)q >10<p <1where and ; and stand for the i th control interval and rest interval, respectively; , , , and .f k αkh βk >0φkh >0Assumption 1: Functions and satisfy the Lipschitz condi-tions with Lipschitz constants and , respectively.ϑ∈(0,1)Definition 1 [8]: For AIC strategy (4), there are and con 12[t 2,t 1)ϑT ϑin which stands for the total control interval length on , represents the average control rate, and is called the elasticity number.T (y (0))>0lim t →T (y (0))y (t )=0y (t )≡0t ≥T (y (0))y (t )=(y T 1(t ),y T 2(t ),...,y T n (t ))T T (y (0))y (0)T ∗>0y(0)Definition 2: The master system (1) and slave system (2) are said to achieve Fe-TS, if there is a settling time such that and for , where . The time is called the settling time of syn-chronization, which is dependent of . Especially, if there is a fixed time which is independent of , then systems (1) and (2) achieve the Fd-TS.Analysis of Fd-TS: This section gives two lemmas to study the Fd-TS under AIC (4). Then, a Fd-TS criterion of CNs is given.a 12∗∗in which , , , and Then, whenϑProof: See Section II in the Supplementary material.■iin which , , and If there existsˆa11exp {(1−q )˘εT ϑϑwhere , and are defined in Definition 1.Proof: See Section III in the Supplementary material.■Now, a main result is state as follows.(G ,A )A =(b kh φkh )n ×n ˘ε>0Theorem 1: If the digraph with is stronglyconnected, and there exists satisfying the following inequali-a 33k 44k 3k 1k )−4∑n h =1b kh φkh >0a 4k =2βk +4∑n h =1b kh φkh T ∗in which , , , and , then systems (1)and (2) achieve the Fd-TS, and settling time satisfiesˆa 1=a 1exp {(1−q )˘εT ϑ}a 2=2σmin ϱ2a 1=2σmin ϱ3(mn )1−q2σ1min =min k ∈N {c 1−p2k }σ2min =min k ∈N {c 1−q 2k }c k >0with , , ,, , and can be found in [10].Proof: See Section IV in the Supplementary material.■ϑRemark 1: Theorem 1 requires two inequalities in (8) to be true.We can get that if the average control rate is greater, the condi-tions are easier to meet when other parameters are fixed, which shows that the design of IC has an essential impact on the Fd-TS of CNs.U (t )=exp {Θ(t )}Ψ(t )Θ(t )t ∈[µi ,ζi +1),Remark 2: In the proof of Lemma 2, we use an auxiliary function , where function is defined in Section III-1of the Supplementary material. Moreover, when we can U(t )≤−(˘εϑ−a 4)U (t )[µi ,ζi +1)which enables to be established in the rest intervals . Similar ideas were discussed in semilinear sys-tems [8]. This letter uses the technique to overcome the difficulty of studying Fd-TS of CNs under AIC.sup i {ζi +1−µi }=con 1sup i {ζi +1−ζi }=con 2con 1con 2ηi =(µi −ζi )/(ζi +1−ζi )ϑ≥inf i ∈N {ηi }Remark 3: In Lemma 2, we give a synchronization criterion to achieve the Fd-TS of the systems under AIC for the first time. In the existing results [2], [9], some scholars mainly considered the asymp-totic synchronization or exponential synchronization for IC. More-over, the existing results have certain restrictions on the control and rest intervals, such as , ,where and are positive constants. In this letter, we use the average control rate instead of the infimum of the control rate , which is easier to satisfy the conditions of the theorem because of . In addition, the idea of using an average control rate in this letter also applies to the study of Fe-TS, which is more general. However, as far as we know, no author has considered the general case for Fe-TS under AIC by using the technique of this letter.T ∗ϑT ϑa 1a 2T ∗ϑT ∗Remark 4: We give an important differential inequality (7) in Lemma 2, which can deal with Fd-TS of CNs for AIC. Moreover, the fixed time depends on the average control rate and elasticity number . In addition, we find that the larger parameters and in (7), the smaller the fixed time . And when the average control rate is greater, the settling time will be smaller.Remark 5: Recently, some scholars have considered the Fd-TS for CNs under AIC [4]. For the IC, this letter allows the control function in the rest intervals of the IC to be zero. In the existing results [4], the control function in the rest intervals of IC is not zero, which may be regarded as a switching control. In addition, the average control rate of AIC is considered, which provides less conservative results.Application and numerical simulations: See Section IV in the Supplementary material.Conclusions: We considered the Fd-TS of CNs under AIC. The average control rate and a new Lyapunov function were proposed to overcome the difficulty of dealing with fixed-time stability/synchro-nization of CNs for AIC. Meanwhile, a Fd-TS criterion of CNs was given. Finally, we applied the theoretical results to study the Fd-TS of oscillator systems, and simulation results were given to verify the effectiveness of the results. Considering the influence of the delay factor, the Fd-TS of delayed CNs under AIC will be studied in the future.Acknowledgments: This work was supported in part by the Natu-ral Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province of China (BK20220811,BK20202006); the National Natural Science Foundation of China (62203114, 62273094); the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, and the “Zhishan” Scholars Programs of South-WU et al .: INTERMITTENT CONTROL FOR FD-TS OF CNS 1489east University; China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2022M 710684); and Excellent Postdoctoral Foundation of Jiangsu Provinceof China (2022ZB116).Supplementary material: The supplementary material of this let-ter can be found in links https:///est/d3296793221015/pdf.ReferencesF. Dörfler and F. Bullo, “Synchronization in complex networks of phaseoscillators: A survey,” Automatica , vol. 50, no. 6, pp. 1539–1564, 2014.[1]X. Liu and T. Chen, “Synchronization of complex networks viaaperiodically intermittent pinning control,” IEEE Trans. Automatic Control , vol. 60, no. 12, pp. 3316–3321, 2015.[2]A. Polyakov, “Nonlinear feedback design for fixed-time stabilization oflinear control systems,” IEEE Trans. Automatic Control , vol. 57, no. 8,pp. 2106–2110, 2011.[3]Q. Gan, F. Xiao, and H. Sheng, “Fixed-time outer synchronization ofhybrid-coupled delayed complex networks via periodically semi-intermittent control,” J. Franklin Institute , vol. 356, no. 12, pp. 6656–6677, 2019.[4]J. Liu, Y. Wu, M. Sun, and C. Sun, “Fixed-time cooperative tracking fordelayed disturbed multi-agent systems under dynamic event-triggered control,” IEEE/CAA J. Autom. Sinica , vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 930–933, 2022.[5]Z. Zuo, B. Tian, M. Defoort, and Z. Ding, “Fixed-time consensustracking for multiagent systems with high-order integrator dynamics,”IEEE Trans. Autom. Control , vol. 63, no. 2, pp. 563–570, 2018.[6]W. Yu, P. DeLellis, G. Chen, M. Di Bernardo, and J. Kurths,“Distributed adaptive control of synchronization in complex networks,”IEEE Trans. Autom. Control , vol. 57, no. 8, pp. 2153–2158, 2012.[7]Y. Guo, M. Duan, and P. Wang, “Input-to-state stabilization ofsemilinear systems via aperiodically intermittent event-triggered control,” IEEE Trans. Control Network Syst., vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 731–741, 2022.[8]Y. Wu, S. Zhuang, and W. Li, “Periodically intermittent discreteobservation control for synchronization of the general stochastic complex network,” Automatica , vol. 110, p. 108591, 2019.[9]M. Y. Li and Z. Shuai, “Global-stability problem for coupled systems ofdifferential equations on networks,” J. Differential Equations , vol. 248,no. 1, pp. 1–20, 2010.[10] 1490IEEE/CAA JOURNAL OF AUTOMATICA SINICA, VOL. 10, NO. 6, JUNE 2023。

现代交通的英语作文小学Modern TransportationTransportation has played a crucial role in the development of human civilization. From the earliest days of human history, people have found ways to move themselves and their belongings from one place to another. Over time, the methods of transportation have evolved dramatically, with the advent of modern technologies transforming the way we travel and transport goods.One of the most significant advancements in modern transportation is the automobile. The invention of the internal combustion engine and the subsequent mass production of cars have revolutionized the way we move around. Cars have become an essential part of our daily lives, providing us with the freedom and convenience to travel at our own pace and to reach destinations that would otherwise be inaccessible. The development of highways and road networks has further enhanced the mobility of individuals and goods, connecting communities and facilitating the flow of commerce.Another important aspect of modern transportation is the airline industry. The invention of the airplane has made it possible to travellong distances in a relatively short amount of time. Air travel has become a popular and efficient mode of transportation, connecting people and facilitating the exchange of ideas and cultures across the globe. The advancements in aircraft design, navigation systems, and airport infrastructure have made air travel safer, more comfortable, and more accessible to the general public.In addition to automobiles and airplanes, modern transportation also includes other modes of travel such as trains, buses, and public transportation systems. These forms of transportation play a crucial role in urban and suburban areas, providing affordable and environmentally-friendly options for commuting and travel. The development of high-speed rail networks and advanced public transportation systems has made it possible for people to navigate through densely populated areas with ease and efficiency.The impact of modern transportation on our lives cannot be overstated. It has transformed the way we live, work, and interact with one another. The ability to travel quickly and conveniently has opened up new opportunities for employment, education, and leisure activities. It has also facilitated the global exchange of goods, services, and ideas, contributing to the growth of the world economy.However, the rapid development of transportation has also brought about some challenges. The increased use of fossil fuel-poweredvehicles has contributed to environmental pollution and climate change, leading to a growing concern for more sustainable and eco-friendly transportation solutions. Governments and industries are now investing in the development of electric vehicles, hybrid cars, and public transportation systems that rely on renewable energy sources.Another challenge posed by modern transportation is the issue of safety. With the increasing number of vehicles on the roads and in the skies, the risk of accidents and collisions has also increased. Advancements in technology, such as autonomous vehicles and advanced safety features, are helping to address these concerns and make transportation safer for all.Despite these challenges, the future of modern transportation looks promising. Continued technological advancements, coupled with a growing emphasis on sustainability and safety, will likely lead to even more innovative and efficient ways of moving people and goods around the world. As we look ahead, it is clear that the evolution of transportation will continue to shape our lives and the world we live in.。

基于ＰＣＮＮ图像分割新算法作者：林庆超黎英郑惠琴彭娜张英华杨丕华来源：《现代电子技术》2008年第18期摘要：在原有PCNN的基础上提出一种新的参数自适应PCNN模型，该模型中的各参数均由像素点本身决定，而不受人为的外界干涉，因此，该算法在图像处理领域有较好的运用价值。

此外提出另一类分割判定准则——最大相关系数判定准则。

最后通过对3种不同的图像分割实验结果分析后得出。

该算法和最大相关系数判定准则在图像分割领域中具有较强的适应性和较好的辅助意义。

关键词：参数自适应PCNN；最大相关系数；图像分割；分割算法中图分类号：TP391 文献标识码：B 文章编号：1004373X(2008)1815403New Algorithm of Image Segmentation Based on PCNNLIN Qingchao,Li Ying,ZHENG Huiqin,PENG Na,ZHANG Yinghua,YANG Pihua(Information College,Yunnan University,Kunming,650091,China)Abstract：Based on the original PCNN model,this paper proposes a novel parameters adaptive PCNN model,in which all parameters are decided by pixel itself other than jamming in this model.The algorithm of the model has a great value in practical applications.Another segmentation criterionMaximum Correlation Coefficient Criterion is also proposed in this paper.Based on the three different image segmentation results,this paper finally shows that the proposed algorithm and maximum correlation coefficient have significant application and assistance in image segmentation processing.Keywords：parameters adaptive PCNN;maximum correlation coefficient;image segmentation;segmentation algorithm1 引言图像分割是图像分析和处理的重要步骤和技术，其目的是将图像分成具有某种特征差异的不同区域。

【优质卷】2023年高考英语冲刺试卷+答案英语第二部分阅读（共两节，满分50分）第一节（共15小题；每小题2.5分，满分37.5分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

ANatural World Photography Competition Now Open！Now in its 10th year,Big Picture encourages photographers from around the world to contribute their works to this competition that both celebrates and illustrates the rich diversity of life on Earth and inspires action to protect and conserve it through the power of imagery. Click here and enter your work for a chance to win cash prizes and be exhibited at the California Academy of Sciences!PrizesBig Picture is open to all photography worldwide to compete for a chance to win the $5,000 grand prize. Winning images include images named as grand prize, first place,and finalist images. They will be displayed at the California Academy of Sciences for all visitors to enjoy.Competition PeriodThe Big Picture Photo Competition begins at 12:00 am on December 1,2022 and closes at 11:59 pm on March 1,2023.Entry FeesEach photographer can enter photos as follows:$ 25 for up to 10 single image submissions in any category.$ 15 for each 6 — 8 image Photo Story submission.Photographers are limited to up to 10image submissions per registered email address and may register an unlimited number of email addresses. Entry fees are used to provide the competition prizes and help the Academy in its mission and can not be returned.ParticipantsBig Picture is open to all photography enthusiasts and professionals alike worldwide,except employees,volunteers and Board Members of the Academy (as well as their sponsors) and the immediate families and individuals living in the same household.21.Where is the text most likely from？A.A picture book.B.A science journal.C.A camera guidebook.D.A conservation website.22. If a photographer submits 17 single images,how much will he pay？A.$25.B.$40.C.$50.D.S 15.23. Who can participate in the competition？A.Amateurs unrelated to the Academy.B.Experts as members of the Academy.C.Volunteers working for the Academy.D.Enthusiasts of the board member's family.BMy love for animals began through watching wildlife documentaries when I was a kid. I went on to study Environmental Science at university, and became interested in marine（海洋的）biology when I did my master's degree. That's when I realised that there was a possibility to do more for Hong Kong.In Hong Kong,many people would associate marine life only with seafood, and few people would consider it as a part of nature to be appreciated. Although our marine life is highly diverse, our waters have been overfished for more than 40 years. Records show that, decades ago, Hong Kong had such high production of seafood that it supported about 90% of the local demand.Today, at least 90% of the seafood we eat has to be imported to meet local demand, as our waters are so overfished that they can no longer support the local appetite.Despite this shift,we are still a city in love with seafood—according to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,Hong Kong has the second highest annual seafood consumption per capita（人均）in Asia——but consumers are barely aware of where their seafood comes from and which species are threatened.There is a lot of room for improvement in Hong Kong. Improving local fishery management policies and increasing the coverage of Marine Protected Areas,as well as conducting the relevant research to inform decisions,could move the city towards greater sustainability in this area. And consumers should avoid eating seafood that is on the threatened species list. As a general rule of thumb,if people are not sure what the species is, they should choose something else that they are more familiar with.With the marine ecosystem already weak and easily destroyed, the greatest threat is continued ignorance and inaction. It is time for us to show that we can also be a part of the solution. If each person plays their part——even for just one meal a day——Hong Kong would already be on its way to making considerable progress towards sustainable seafood consumption.24. How does the author introduce overfishing in Paragraph 2?A.By listing reasons.B.By offering examples.C.By giving exact figures.D.By making comparisons.25. What is true about HK people according to the passage？A. They all see marine life as a part of nature.B.They consume 90% of the seafood in Asia.C.They have a rather big appetite for seafood.D.They are aware of the source of the seafood.26. What does the author suggest people do when eating seafood?A.Keep off unfamiliar species.B.Ignore dangerous species.C. Choose endangered species.D.Avoid non-threatened species.27.What is the author's purpose of writing this article?A.To stop consuming seafood.B.To protect the marine ecosystem.C.To improve local fishery management policies.D.To criticize the overfishing situation in Hong Kong.CLook up how to increase your life expectancy（预期寿命），and you will probably see plenty of results recommending that you have a healthy diet, get sufficient sleep, work out and cut out tobacco and too much alcohol consumption.But what many of us don't know is that our relationships also affect our life expectancy. Social integration is associated with greater life satisfaction,better health and increased life expectancy. People with wide social networks are more likely to be happy,experience fewer health issues,enjoy better mental health and to live a lot longer.Now this doesn't mean that we should dive head first into a relationship whenever we're lonely in order to avoid dying young.Harmful relationships can be as isolating as being alone,so who we choose to break bread with is absolutely vital to our overall health.Have you ever wondered why some people are single and happy, while others are drowning in suffering？Or why some married couples exist in a consistent state of bliss，while others are practically enemies？Research shows that marriage has greater benefits for men than it does for women. Being coupled allows men to receive the essential emotional support that they would lack if they were single. They also get the added benefit of being physically taken care of thanks to the gender roles society still subscribes to.Women,on the other hand,don't have as much luck when it comes to being coupled. A woman in a harmful relationship is likely to experience the mental, emotional and physical consequences that come with that. On the contrary, a woman in a healthy relationship is likely to live well. Research shows that the women who are happily married tend to be coupled with partners who take on their fair share of household responsibilities.But that's not all,age gaps also need to be factored in to determine relationship satisfaction. Couples with wider age gaps are more likely to be harmonious compared to their peers.28. What does the writer intend to emphasize in Paragraph 1？A.Some health problems.B.Ways to increase life expectancy.C.The effect of sleep on people's health.D.The importance of human relationships.29. What does the underlined word“bliss”mean in Paragraph 3?A.Happiness.B.Kindness.C.Loneliness.D.Friendliness.30.What can we learn from the research？A. Marriage benefits men and women equally.B.Women benefit more from marriage than men.C. Men are better taken care of because of the gender roles.D. Good relationship can effectively prevent people from dying lonely.31. What would be probably discussed in the next paragraph of this passage？A.The influence of a harmonious marriage.B.Relationship satisfaction for older couples.C.Gender differences in marriage satisfaction.D.The benefits of wider age gaps in marriage.DAn artificial intelligence can decode（解码）words and sentences from brain activity with surprising accuracy. Using only a few seconds of brain activity data,the AI guesses what a person has heard. It lists the correct answer in its top 10 possibilities. researchers found in a primary study.Developed at the parent company of Facebook,Meta,the AI could eventually be used to help thousands of people around the world who are unable to communicate through speech,typing or gestures.Most existing technologies to help such patients communicate require risky brain surgeries to put in electrodes（电极）.This new approach“could provide a possible path to help patients with communication problems,avoiding the use of surgeries,”says neuroscientist Jean-Rémi King,a Meta AI researcher.King and his colleagues trained a computational tool,also known as a language model,to detect words and sentences on56,000 hours of speech recordings from 53 languages. The team applied an AI with this language model to databases from four institutions that included brain activity from 169 volunteers. In these databases, participants listened to various stories and sentences,while the people's brains were scanned by magnetoencephalography （MEG）（脑磁图）.Then with the help of a computational method that helps account for physical differences among actual brains,the team tried to decode what participants had heard using just three seconds of brain activity data from each person.The team instructed the Al to match up the speech sounds from the story recordings withpatterns of brain activity that the AI computed as corresponding to what people were hearing. It then made predictions about what the person might have been hearing during that short time, given more than 1,000 possibilities. Using MEG,the correct answer was in the AI's top 10 guesses,the researchers found.“The new study is decoding of speech recognition,not production,”King agrees, “Though speech production is the final goal,for now,we're quite a long way away.”32. What is the main advantage of the new technology？A.Avoiding dangerous operations on patients.B.Freeing patients from risky brain operations.C.Providing a path to communicate with others.D.Helping patients with communication problems.33. What does the AI require to make its prediction？A.Top ten guesses.B.Speech production.C.Patterns of brain activity.D.Volunteers with disability.34. What does Jean-Remi King think of the new study？A.Disappointing.B.Promising.C.Surprising.D.Exciting.35.What is the best title for the text？A.A New Way to Decode SpeechB.The Application of MEG TechnologyC.A New Study on Artificial IntelligenceD.A Solution to Communication Problems第二节（共5小题；每小题2.5分，满分12.5分）阅读短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。

[英语作文]Globalization全球化Globalization refers to the increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of people, economies, and cultures around the world. It is a complex process that has been shaped by various factors, including technological advancements, trade liberalization, and the spread of ideas through communication and media. Globalization has had significant impacts on different aspects of our lives, ranging from economic growth and job opportunities to cultural exchange and environmental challenges.One of the most prominent effects of globalization is the expansion of international trade. The removal of trade barriers and the rise of multinational corporations have facilitated the flow of goods, services, and capital across borders. This has led to increased economic growth in many countries, as well as greater access to goods and services for consumers. However, globalization has also contributed to income inequality within and between countries, as some individuals and regions benefit more than others from these economic changes.Another significant aspect of globalization is the spread of ideas and information. Advances in communication technology have made it easier for people to connect with each other across great distances, allowing for the exchange of ideas, cultures, and beliefs. This has led to increased cultural diversity and awareness, as well as the emergence of global social movements and political debates. However, it has also raised concerns about cultural homogenization and the loss of local traditions and identities.Globalization has also had a profound impact on the environment. The increased demand for resources and energy, coupled with the growth of transportation and production networks, has contributed to environmental degradation and climate change. This has highlighted the need for global cooperation and policy coordination to address these challenges and promote sustainable development.Despite its benefits, globalization has faced criticism and opposition from those who argue that it prioritizes corporate interests over social and environmental concerns. Some critics contend that globalization exacerbates poverty and exploitation, particularly in developing countries, and undermines democratic decision-making. As a result, there have been calls for more equitable and inclusive forms of globalization that prioritize human rights, labor standards, and environmental protections.In conclusion, globalization is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon that has transformed the world in numerous ways. While it has brought significanteconomic and cultural benefits, it has also presented challenges related to inequality, cultural identity, and environmental sustainability. Navigating these challenges will require collective efforts and a commitment to finding solutions that balance economic growth with social and environmental justice.。

收稿日期：2018-08-305G大规模天线系统架构探讨Discussion on 5G Large-scale Array Antenna System ArchitectureCommunications针对第5代移动通信的关键技术之一-大规模阵列天线，提出一种天线系统架构，包括密集辐射阵、功分网络、耦合校准网络、盲插型连接器和收发单元。

并对5G 大规模天线系统的每个组成部分进行详细介绍，对在技术开发过程中会遇到的技术难题提出解决措施建议，在此基础上，探讨后续5G 大规模天线的发展趋势和优化方向。

大规模天线；密集辐射阵；功分网络The large scale array antenna is the one of the key technologies of the fi fth generation (5G) communication systems. In this paper, a novel antenna system architecture is proposed which comprises of dense radiation arrays, power division networks, coupled calibration networks, blind plug connectors and transceiver units. All components of the 5G large scale array antenna systems are described in detail. The solution to technical problems in the technical development process is presented. At last, the development trends and optimization directions of 5G large scale antenna systems are analyzed.large-scale array antenna; dense radiation arrays; power division network（武汉虹信通信技术有限责任公司，湖北 武汉 430000）(Wuhan Hongxin Telecommunication Technologies Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430000, China)【摘 要】【关键词】骆胜军，张申科LUO Shengjun, ZHANG Shenke[Abstract][Key words]1 引言人类社会对信息数据传输的巨大需求推动着通信技术不断向前发展，每一次移动通信的升级，对应着，下行速率约会有10倍的提升。

新时代大学英语 2》1-8单元课后新时代大 2》1-8单元作In the 1960s and ‘70s, teams of engineers and computer scientists worked to build the foundation for a network of networks. (Para. 1)a. fundingb. findingsc. basisThe last few years have pointed toward mobile computing. (Para. 2)a. calculatingb. using a computerc. doing mathematicsSome devices remain perpetually connected unless you turn them off or set them to airplane mode. (Para. 2)a. settingb. coveragec. distanceThe machines … will rely upon high-speed physical connections capable of transmitting data at a blistering speed. (Para. 3)a. sending outb. implantingc. inputtingSending the equivalent of a Blu-ray disc full of data across a network in the blink of an eye will be the norm. (Para. 3)a. formb. backbonec. standardBy 2050, it‘s not unreasonable to guess that we could have eye implants allowing us to see the digital world without the need for a display. (Para. 4)a. screenb. recognitionc. recommendationEven if we decide that altering ourselves is ethically questionable, we can achieve a similar effect just by building display capabilities into a pair of glasses. (Para. 4)a. morallyb. privatelyc. pervasivelyImagine looking around you and activating a digital overlay that gives you volumes of information about your surroundings. (Para. 5)a. many booksb. large amountsc. a lot of contentA pervasive Internet coupled with the right mobile technology could make it happen. (Para. 5)a. connectedb. matchedc. welcomedDo you see the Internet becoming part of our perception of the real world around us or do you believe the two will forever remain separate concepts? (Para. 7)a. executionb. awarenessc. transmissionReading 1 > Language Enhancement > 2AScan for the verbs used in Reading 1 and complete the collocations.1)trace Its roots back to (Para. 1)2)build The foundation (Para. 1)3)set Them to airplane mode (Para. 2)4)view This world in dozens of different ways (Para. 4)5)achieve A similar effect (Para. 4)6)perform Routine tasks (Para. 5)7)grab A bite to eat (Para. 5)8)execute A quick command (Para. 6)9)have Instant access to (Para. 6)10)take A great interest in (Para. 7)BUse the collocations in Step A to complete the sentences.1)This set of books aims to familiarize students with the basic knowledge in physics so as to build the foundation For further specialized science.2)The new mobile phones allow safe access to games, music and address books during flights even if you set them to airplane mode**.3)Sure, you may achieve a similar effect by sending emails to your colleagues, but it adds a more personal touch if you deliver the news to them in person.4)In fact, many American giant corporate enterprises tracetheir roots back to Small, family-owned businesses.5)In normal times, thousands of workers perform routine tasks Of reactor (反应堆) maintenance at the nuclear power station.6)By moving the pointer to the icon (图标) and pressing a mouse button, you can execute a quick command Or convert the icon into a window.7)Internet-based products like online news, social media, web games, e-commerce enable their users to view this world in dozens of different ways8)People want to have instant access to Reports or books that promise to solve their technical problems in the blink of an eye.9)The technology company recruits those who have Internet work experience and take a great interest in Internet products.10)The staff were willing to work around the clock, sleep in the office, grab a bite to eat And battle each other over strategy and technical decisions.Reading 1 > Language Enhancement > 3AWord Building Skill(s)Match the following words with the corresponding meanings in the box.1)predecessor sth. Formerly used2)predict say sth. Will happen3)pretend take on a false or misleading appearance4)precaution careful thought in advance to avoid risk5)perception the state of being aware of sth.6)permanent lasting for all time in the future7)pervasive existing in or spreading through every part of sth.8)perform play the part of; carry outBFill in the blanks in the following sentences by choosing the proper words with the prefix “pre-” or “per-” from the box. Change the form where necessary.Predecessor Predict Pretend PrecautionPerception Permanent Pervasive Perform1)She began to raise money for her dream of a permanent,non-profit school for the higher education of women.2)You should be warm-hearted and pretend That this new colleague is one of your best friends.3)When changing the point of observation, we also change our understanding and perception Of the surrounding world.4)By using this test, the teacher could predict Whether the students are capable of doing this task.5)The car is some 40mm shorter than its predecessor.6)Jane admitted she was a bit worried about having to perform The leading female role after only a year of opera studies.Reading 1 > Language Enhancement > 4Translate into Chinese the following sentences from the text, leaving out the words in bold type.Translating Skill(s)1)In the 1960s and ‘70s, teams of engineers and computer scientists worked to build the foundation for a network of networks. (Para. 1)20世纪60年代和70年代，一些工程师和计算机科学家团队合作打下了将子网络再联结成网的基础。