软件设计 software design

A Software Design Specification Templateby Brad Appleton<brad@> Copyright © 1994-1997 by Bradford D. AppletonPermission is hereby granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this documentprovided the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all copies. Table of Contents●Introduction●Document Outline●Document Descriptionr Introductionr System Overviewr Design Considerations■Assumptions and Dependencies■General Constraints■Goals and Guidelines■Development Methodsr Architectural Strategiesr System Architecture■Subsystem Architecturer Policies and Tacticsr Detailed System Design■Detailed Subsystem Designr Glossaryr BibliographyIntroductionThe following is an attempt to put together a complete, yet reasonably flexible template forthe specification of software designs. Wherever possible, I have tried to provide guidelines (instead of prescribing requirements) for the contents of various sections and subsections of the document. Some may prefer to require more detailed subsections of a particular section, choosing one or more of the subsection topics from the list of guidelines provided. In this sense, this document is really a template for a template.In devising this template, I have gleaned information from many sources, including various texts on Software Engineering (Pressman, Sommerville, and Van Vliet), Object-Oriented Development (Booch, Rumbaugh, Berard, and Wirfs-Brock), various SEI reports, DoD-Std and Mil-Std documentation requirements (2167/2167A), and IEEE documentation standards (particularly IEEE-1016 for software designs, and IEEE-830 for software requirements). I have made every effort not to assume or impose a particular software development methodology or paradigm, and to place more emphasis on content than on format.It is my desire that a completed software design specification meet the following criteria:●It should be able to adequately serve as training material for new project members,imparting to them enough information and understanding about the projectimplementation, so that they are able to understand what is being said in designmeetings, and won't feel as if they are drowning when they are first asked to create or modify source code.●It should serve as "objective evidence" that the designers and/or implementors arefollowing through on their commitment to implement the functionality described in the requirements specification.●It needs to be as detailed as possible, while at the same time not imposing too much ofa burden on the designers and/or implementors that it becomes overly difficult to createor maintain.Please note that there are no sections in this document for describing administrative or business duties, or for proposing plans or schedules for testing or development. The sections in this document are concerned solely with the design of the software. While there are places in this document where it is appropriate to discuss the effects of such plans on the software design, it is this author's opinion that most of the details concerning such plans belong in one or more separate documents.Document OutlineHere is the outline of the proposed template for software design specifications. Please note that many parts of the document may be extracted automatically from other sources and/or may be contained in other, smaller documents. What follows is just one suggested outline format to use when attempting to present the architecture and design of the entire system as one single document. This by no means implies that it literally is a single document (that would not be my personal preference):●Introduction●System Overview●Design Considerationsr Assumptions and Dependenciesr General Constraintsr Goals and Guidelinesr Development Methods●Architectural Strategiesr strategy-1 name ordescriptionr strategy-2 name ordescriptionr...●System Architecturer component-1 name ordescriptionr component-2 name ordescriptionr...●Policies and Tacticsr policy/tactic-1 nameor descriptionr policy/tactic-2 nameor descriptionr...●Detailed System Designr module-1 name ordescriptionr module-2 name ordescriptionr...●Glossary●BibliographyThe above outline is by no means exclusive. A particular numbering scheme is not necessarily required and you are more than welcome to add your own sections or subsectionswhere you feel they are appropriate. In particular you may wish to move the bibliography and glossary to the beginning of the document instead of placing them at the end.The same template is intended to be used for both high-level design and low-level design. The design document used for high-level design is a "living document" in that it gradually evolves to include low-level design details (although perhaps the "Detailed Design" section may not yet be appropriate at the high-level design phase).The ordering of the sections in this document attempts to correspond to the order in which issues are addressed and in which decisions are made during the actual design process. Of course it is understood that software designs frequently (and often fortunately) don't always proceed in this order (or in any linear, or even predictable order). However, it is useful for the purpose of comprehending the design of the system to present them as if they did. Frequently, one of the best ways to document a project's design is to keep a detailed project journal, log, or diary of issues as they are mulled over and bandied about and to record the decisions made (and the reasons why) in the journal. Unfortunately, the journal format is not usually organized the way most people would like it for a formal review. In such cases, for the purpose of review, the journal can be condensed and/or portions of it extracted and reorganized according to this outline. However, if this is done then you need to choose whether to update and maintain the design document in the journal format, or the formal review format. It is not advisable to try and maintain the design document in both formats. (If you have an automated method of converting the journal into a formal document, then this problem is solved.)Document DescriptionHere is the description of the contents (by section and subsection) of the proposed template for software design specifications:IntroductionProvide an overview of the entire document:●Describe the purpose of this document●Describe the scope of this document●Describe this document's intended audience●Identify the system/product using any applicable names and/or version numbers.●Provide references for any other pertinent documents such as:r Related and/or companion documentsr Prerequisite documentsr Documents which provide background and/or context for this documentr Documents that result from this document (e.g. a test plan or a developmentplan)●Define any important terms, acronyms, or abbreviations●Summarize (or give an abstract for) the contents of this document.Note:For the remaining sections of this document, it is conceivable (and perhaps evendesirable) that one or more of the section topics are discussed in a separate designdocument within the project. For each section where such a document exists, areference to the appropriate design document is all that is necessary. All such external (or fragmented) design documents should probably be provided with this document at any design reviews.System OverviewProvide a general description of the software system including its functionality and matters related to the overall system and its design (perhaps including a discussion of the basic design approach or organization). Feel free to split this discussion up into subsections (and subsubsections, etc ...).Design ConsiderationsThis section describes many of the issues which need to be addressed or resolved before attempting to devise a complete design solution.Assumptions and DependenciesDescribe any assumptions or dependencies regarding the software and its use. These may concern such issues as:●Related software or hardware●Operating systems●End-user characteristics●Possible and/or probable changes in functionalityGeneral ConstraintsDescribe any global limitations or constraints that have a significant impact on the design of the system's software (and describe the associated impact). Such constraints may be imposed by any of the following (the list is not exhaustive):●Hardware or software environment●End-user environment●Availability or volatility of resources●Standards compliance●Interoperability requirements●Interface/protocol requirements●Data repository and distribution requirements●Security requirements (or other such regulations)●Memory and other capacity limitations●Performance requirements●Network communications●Verification and validation requirements (testing)●Other means of addressing quality goals●Other requirements described in the requirements specificationGoals and GuidelinesDescribe any goals, guidelines, principles, or priorities which dominate or embody the design of the system's software. Such goals might be:●The KISS principle ("Keep it simple stupid!")●Emphasis on speed versus memory use●working, looking, or "feeling" like an existing productFor each such goal or guideline, unless it is implicitly obvious, describe the reason for its desirability. Feel free to state and describe each goal in its own subsubsection if you wish.Development MethodsBriefly describe the method or approach used for this software design. If one or more formal/ published methods were adopted or adapted, then include a reference to a more detailed description of these methods. If several methods were seriously considered, then each such method should be mentioned, along with a brief explanation of why all or part of it was used or not used.Architectural StrategiesDescribe any design decisions and/or strategies that affect the overall organization of the system and its higher-level structures. These strategies should provide insight into the key abstractions and mechanisms used in the system architecture. Describe the reasoning employed for each decision and/or strategy (possibly referring to previously stated design goals and principles) and how any design goals or priorities were balanced or traded-off. Such decisions might concern (but are not limited to) things like the following:●Use of a particular type of product (programming language, database, library, etc. ...)●Reuse of existing software components to implement various parts/features of thesystem●Future plans for extending or enhancing the software●User interface paradigms (or system input and output models)●Hardware and/or software interface paradigms●Error detection and recovery●Memory management policies●External databases and/or data storage management and persistence●Distributed data or control over a network●Generalized approaches to control●Concurrency and synchronization●Communication mechanisms●Management of other resourcesEach significant strategy employed should probably be discussed in its own subsection, or (if it is complex enough) in a separate design document (with an appropriate reference here of course). Make sure that when describing a design decision that you also discuss any other significant alternatives that were considered, and your reasons for rejecting them (as well as your reasons for accepting the alternative you finally chose). Sometimes it may be most effective to employ the "pattern format" for describing a strategy.System ArchitectureThis section should provide a high-level overview of how the functionality and responsibilities of the system were partitioned and then assigned to subsystems or components. Don't go into too much detail about the individual components themselves (there is a subsequent section for detailed component descriptions). The main purpose here is to gain a general understandingof how and why the system was decomposed, and how the individual parts work together to provide the desired functionality.At the top-most level, describe the major responsibilities that the software must undertake and the various roles that the system (or portions of the system) must play. Describe how the system was broken down into its components/subsystems (identifying each top-level component/subsystem and the roles/responsibilities assigned to it). Describe how the higher-level components collaborate with each other in order to achieve the required results. Don't forget to provide some sort of rationale for choosing this particular decomposition of the system (perhaps discussing other proposed decompositions and why they were rejected). Feel free to make use of design patterns, either in describing parts of the architecture (in pattern format), or for referring to elements of the architecture that employ them.If there are any diagrams, models, flowcharts, documented scenarios or use-cases of the system behavior and/or structure, they may be included here (unless you feel they are complex enough to merit being placed in the DetailedSystem Design section). Diagrams that describe a particular component or subsystem should be included within the particular subsection that describes that component or subsystem.Note:This section (and its subsections) really applies only to newly developed (or yet-to-bedeveloped) portions of the system. If there are parts of the system that already existed before this development effort began, then you only need to describe the pre-existing parts that the new parts of the system depend upon, and only in enough detailsufficient to describe the relationships and interactions between the old parts and the new parts. Pre-existing parts that are modified or enhanced need to be described only to the extent that is necessary for the reader to gain a sufficient understanding of the nature of the changes that were made.Subsystem ArchitectureIf a particular component is one which merits a more detailed discussion than what was presented in the System Architecturesection, provide that more detailed discussion in a subsection of the SystemArchitecture section (or it may even be more appropriate to describe the component in its own design document). If necessary, describe how the component was further divided into subcomponents, and the relationships and interactions between the subcomponents (similar to what was done for top-level components in the System Architecture section).If any subcomponents are also deemed to merit further discussion, then describe them in aseparate subsection of this section (and in a similar fashion). Proceed to go into as many levels/subsections of discussion as needed in order for the reader to gain a high-level understanding of the entire system or subsystem (but remember to leave the gory details for the Detailed System Design section).If this component is very large and/or complex, you may want to consider documenting its design in a separate document and simply including a reference to it in this section. If this is the option you choose, the design document for this component should have an organizational format that is very similar (if not identical to) this document.Policies and TacticsDescribe any design policies and/or tactics that do not have sweeping architectural implications (meaning they would not significantly affect the overall organization of the system and its high-level structures), but which nonetheless affect the details of the interface and/or implementation of various aspects of the system. Such decisions might concern (but are not limited to) things like the following:●Choice of which specific product to use (compiler, interpreter, database, library, etc. ...)●Engineering trade-offs●Coding guidelines and conventions●The protocol of one or more subsystems, modules, or subroutines●The choice of a particular algorithm or programming idiom (or design pattern) toimplement portions of the system's functionality●Plans for ensuring requirements traceability●Plans for testing the software●Plans for maintaining the software●Interfaces for end-users, software, hardware, and communications●Hierarchical organization of the source code into its physical components (files anddirectories).●How to build and/or generate the system's deliverables (how to compile, link, load,etc. ...)Each particular policy or set of tactics employed should probably be discussed in its own subsection, or (if it is large or complex enough) in a separate design document (with an appropriate reference here of course). Make sure that when describing a design decision that you also discuss any other significant alternatives that were considered, and your reasons for rejecting them (as well as your reasons for accepting the alternative you finally chose). For this reason, it may frequently be convenient to use one of the more popular "pattern formats" to describe a given tactic.For this particular section, it may become difficult to decide whether a particular policy or set of tactics should be discussed in this section, or in the SystemArchitecture section, or in theDetailed System Design section for the appropriate component. You will have to use your own "best" judgement to decide this. There will usually be some global policies and tactics that should be discussed here, but decisions about interfaces, algorithms, and/or data structures might be more appropriately discussed in the same (sub)section as its corresponding software component in one of these other sections.Detailed System DesignMost components described in the SystemArchitecture section will require a more detailed discussion. Other lower-level components and subcomponents may need to be described as well. Each subsection of this section will refer to or contain a detailed description of a system software component. The discussion provided should cover the following software component attributes:ClassificationThe kind of component, such as a subsystem, module, class, package, function, file, etc. ....DefinitionThe specific purpose and semantic meaning of the component. This may need to refer back to the requirements specification.ResponsibilitiesThe primary responsibilities and/or behavior of this component. What does thiscomponent accomplish? What roles does it play? What kinds of services does it provide to its clients? For some components, this may need to refer back to the requirements specification.ConstraintsAny relevant assumptions, limitations, or constraints for this component. This should include constraints on timing, storage, or component state, and might include rules for interacting with this component (encompassing preconditions, postconditions,invariants, other constraints on input or output values and local or global values, data formats and data access, synchronization, exceptions, etc.)CompositionA description of the use and meaning of the subcomponents that are a part of thiscomponent.Uses/InteractionsA description of this components collaborations with other components. What othercomponents is this entity used by? What other components does this entity use (thiswould include any side-effects this entity might have on other parts of the system)? This concerns the method of interaction as well as the interaction itself. Object-orienteddesigns should include a description of any known or anticipated subclasses,superclasses, and metaclasses.ResourcesA description of any and all resources that are managed, affected, or needed by thisentity. Resources are entities external to the design such as memory, processors,printers, databases, or a software library. This should include a discussion of anypossible race conditions and/or deadlock situations, and how they might be resolved.ProcessingA description of precisely how this components goes about performing the dutiesnecessary to fulfill its responsibilities. This should encompass a description of anyalgorithms used; changes of state; relevant time or space complexity; concurrency;methods of creation, initialization, and cleanup; and handling of exceptional conditions.Interface/ExportsThe set of services (resources, data, types, constants, subroutines, and exceptions) that are provided by this component. The precise definition or declaration of each suchelement should be present, along with comments or annotations describing themeanings of values, parameters, etc. .... For each service element described, include (or provide a reference) in its discussion a description of its important software component attributes (Classification, Definition, Responsibilities, Constraints, Composition, Uses,Resources, Processing, and Interface).Much of the information that appears in this section is not necessarily expected to be kept separate from the source code. In fact, much of the information can be gleaned from the source itself (especially if it is adequately commented). This section should not copy or reproduce information that can be easily obtained from reading the source code (this would be an unwanted and unnecessary duplication of effort and would be very difficult to keep up-to-date). It is recommended that most of this information be contained in the source (with appropriate comments for each component, subsystem, module, and subroutine). Hence, it is expected that this section will largely consist of references to or excerpts of annotated diagrams and source code. Any referenced diagrams or source codeexcerpts should be provided at any design reviews.Detailed Subsystem DesignProvide a detailed description of this software component (or a reference to such a description). Complex diagrams showing the details of component structure, behavior, or information/control flow may be included in the subsection devoted to that particular component (although, unless they are very large or complex, some of these diagrams might be more appropriately included in the SystemArchitecture section. The description should cover any applicable software component attributes (some of which may be adequately described solely by a source code declaration or excerpt).GlossaryAn ordered list of defined terms and concepts used throughout the document.BibliographyA list of referenced and/or related publications.Brad Appleton<brad@>。

软件工程名词解释汇总软件工程名词解释汇总摘要本文档旨在对软件工程领域常用的名词进行解释和概述，以帮助读者更好地理解软件工程学科的相关概念和术语。

1. 软件工程（Software Engineering）软件工程是一门研究如何以系统化、规范化和可靠化的方法来开发和维护软件系统的学科。

它涉及软件开发的各个阶段，包括需求分析、设计、编码、和维护。

2. 需求工程（Requirements Engineering）需求工程是软件工程的一个重要领域，它研究如何获取、分析、规范和验证用户对软件系统的需求。

需求工程的目标是确保软件开发团队能够开发出用户所期望的软件系统。

3. 软件设计（Software Design）软件设计是指根据软件系统的需求规格说明书，通过抽象和建模的方法来定义软件系统的结构和组织的过程。

软件设计的目标是满足软件系统的功能需求、性能需求和可靠性需求。

4. 软件开发方法论（Software Development Methodologies）软件开发方法论是软件工程中用来指导软件开发过程的一种方法或框架。

常见的软件开发方法论包括瀑布模型、敏捷开发、迭代开发等。

4.1 瀑布模型（Waterfall Model）瀑布模型是一种线性顺序的软件开发方法，它将软件开发过程划分为需求分析、设计、编码、和运维等阶段，每个阶段都是按顺序依次进行的。

4.2 敏捷开发（Agile Development）敏捷开发是一种迭代、增量开发的方法论，它强调团队合作、快速响应变化和持续交付。

敏捷开发的核心原则是通过频繁地交付可用的软件来满足用户需求。

4.3 迭代开发（Iterative Development）迭代开发是一种循序渐进的软件开发方法，它将软件开发过程划分为多个迭代周期，每个迭代周期都包含需求分析、设计、编码、和反馈等阶段。

5. 软件（Software Testing）软件是一种评估软件质量和发现软件缺陷的过程。

软件设计说明书英文五百字Software Design Specification1. IntroductionThis document serves as a specification for the design of the software system. It outlines the functional and non-functional requirements of the software and describes the overall design structure.2. ObjectivesThe main objective of the software is to provide a user-friendly interface for managing and organizing tasks. The software should be able to handle multiple users and allow them to create, edit, and track their tasks efficiently.3. Functional Requirements3.1 User Registration and Authentication- The software should allow users to register and create an account with a unique username and password.- Users should be able to log in to the system securely using their credentials.3.2 Task Management- Users should be able to create tasks, set deadlines, and assign priority levels.- The software should provide options for categorizing tasks and adding additional notes.- Users should be able to view, edit, and delete tasks.3.3 Task Tracking- The software should display an overview of all tasks, including their current status and progress.- Users should be able to filter tasks based on criteria such as priority, deadline, or category.- The software should notify users of impending deadlines or overdue tasks.4. Non-Functional Requirements4.1 User Interface- The software should have an intuitive and user-friendly interface that is easy to navigate.- The design should prioritize simplicity and efficiency to enhance user experience.4.2 Security- The software should implement security measures to protect user data and prevent unauthorized access.- Users' passwords should be encrypted and stored securely.4.3 Performance- It should be able to handle multiple users simultaneously without significant performance degradation.5. Design StructureThe software will be developed following the Model-View-Controller (MVC) architectural pattern. This structure separates the presentation and user interaction from the application logic and data management.- The Model represents the data and business logic, including tasks and user information.- The View handles the presentation layer, providing an interface for users to interact with the software.- The Controller acts as an intermediary between the Model and the View, coordinating data flow and user actions.6. ConclusionThis software design specification outlines the functional and non-functional requirements of the software system. It describes the desired features, user interface design, and overall architectural structure. This document will serve as a guide for the development team during the implementation phase.。

设计设计是把一种计划、规划、设想通过某种形式传达出来的活动过程。

人类通过劳动改造世界，创造文明，创造物质财富和精神财富，而最基础、最主要的创造活动是造物。

设计便是造物活动进行预先的计划，可以把任何造物活动的计划技术和计划过程理解为设计。

常见类型沟通设计Communication Design 有时也称为沟通艺术Communication Arts 或是视觉传达设计Visual communication平面设计Graphic Design 是CI系统的视觉表现化，通过平面的表现，突出企业文化和企业形象三维设计3D Design ：是一个广泛的种类、然而并不常用、在三维设计当中、多以电脑动画、工业或建筑设计的三维模型为主要创作的项目。

设计的种类相当多种，设计在许多领域都有应用，涉及的方面也比较广泛。

下面列出历史较久、较广为人知的设计种类。

更多的设计种类请参看设计下面的目录。

例如：商贸领域（Commerce）商业设计（Business design ）新产品研发（New product development ）包装设计（Packaging design ）( Package Design)产品设计（Product design）服务设计（Service design）应用领域（Applications）体验设计（Experience design ）游戏设计（Game design）互动设计﹙又称交互设计﹚（Interaction Design）软件设计（Software design）软件研发（Software development）软件工程（Software engineering）系统设计（System design）用户体验设计（User experience design ）用户界面设计（User interface design ）人机界面设计 (Interface Design)网页易操作设计（Web accessibility）网页设计（Web design）网站设计（Web design)信息设计（Information Design）传达（Communications）设计领域书籍设计（Books Design）色彩设计（Color design）传达设计（Communication design ）内容/编排与内容设计（Content design）展示设计（Exhibition design）图形设计（Graphic design）资讯设计（Information design）教学设计（Instructional design）动态图形设计（Motion graphic design）新闻报刊设计（News design）制作设计（Production design）音效设计（Sound design）舞台设计（Theatrical design）字体设计（Typeface design）印刷设计（Typography ）视觉传达设计（Visual communication）影视动画设计Television animation design动画设计Animation Design广告设计平面设计(Graphic Design)形象设计(VI Design)科学和数学领域（Scientific and mathematical）组合设计（Combinatorial design）实验设计（Design of experiments）物质领域（Physical）建筑设计（Architectural Design）工业设计Industrial Design建筑工程（Architectural engineering）汽车设计（Automotive design）手机设计（Cellular manufacturing）陶瓷和玻璃设计（Ceramic and glass design）环境设计（Environmental Design）服装设计（Fashion design）（Clothes Design) 插花设计（Floral design）家具设计（Furniture design）园林设计（Garden design）工业设计（Industrial design）室内设计（Interior Design/redesign）景观设计（Landscape architecture）机械工程设计（Mechanical engineering）永续设计（Sustainable design）城市设计（Urban design）深化设计(Detailed Design)环艺设计(Environment Art design)机械设计(Machine Design)机器设计(ApparatusDesign)UI设计（User Interface Design）装修设计印刷设计工程设计通用设计（通用设计或全方位设计）(Universal design)。

软件设计英语作文Software Design: The Art of Crafting Digital SolutionsSoftware design is a multifaceted discipline that encompasses the art of creating digital solutions to complex problems. It is a field that requires a unique blend of technical expertise, creative thinking, and problem-solving skills. As the digital landscape continues to evolve, the importance of effective software design has become increasingly evident, shaping the way we interact with technology and the world around us.At the core of software design lies the fundamental objective of creating user-centric applications that are not only functional but also intuitive and visually appealing. Designers must consider a wide range of factors, from the user's needs and preferences to the technical constraints and capabilities of the underlying hardware and software platforms. This delicate balance requires a deep understanding of human-computer interaction, user experience (UX) principles, and the latest design trends and best practices.One of the key aspects of software design is the iterative process of ideation, prototyping, and refinement. Designers begin bythoroughly analyzing the problem at hand, gathering insights from stakeholders, and conducting user research to gain a comprehensive understanding of the target audience. This information is then used to generate a range of conceptual ideas and potential solutions, which are often expressed through wireframes, mockups, and interactive prototypes.The prototyping phase is particularly crucial, as it allows designers to test their ideas, gather feedback, and make necessary adjustments before committing to a final design. This iterative approach ensures that the final product not only meets the functional requirements but also provides a seamless and engaging user experience.As the design process progresses, software designers must also consider the technical feasibility and scalability of their solutions. They work closely with software engineers to ensure that the design is aligned with the underlying architecture and can be effectively implemented using the available technologies. This collaboration between designers and developers is essential in creating robust and maintainable software systems.In addition to the technical aspects, software design also involves a strong emphasis on aesthetics and visual communication. Designers must carefully curate the visual elements of the application, such as typography, color schemes, and iconography, to create a cohesiveand visually appealing user interface. This attention to detail not only enhances the overall user experience but also helps to establish a consistent brand identity and improve the software's perceived value.Moreover, software design is not limited to the creation of new applications; it also encompasses the optimization and enhancement of existing systems. Designers often work on improving the usability, performance, and accessibility of legacy software, ensuring that it remains relevant and valuable in a rapidly changing digital landscape.As the field of software design continues to evolve, designers must stay attuned to the latest trends, technologies, and user preferences. This requires a commitment to ongoing learning, experimentation, and collaboration with multidisciplinary teams. By embracing a user-centric approach and leveraging the power of design thinking, software designers can create digital solutions that not only solve complex problems but also enhance the overall user experience.In conclusion, software design is a dynamic and rewarding field that combines technical expertise, creative vision, and a deep understanding of human-computer interaction. By crafting digital solutions that are both functional and visually appealing, software designers play a vital role in shaping the way we interact with technology and the world around us. As the digital landscape continues to evolve, the demand for skilled and innovative softwaredesigners will only continue to grow, making it an increasingly valuable and sought-after profession.。

软考《软件设计师》模拟练习题及答案(3)Software design is a creative process.It requires a certain amount of flair on the part of the designer and the final design is normally an iteration from a number of preliminary designs.Design cannot be learned from a book—it must be practiced and learnt by experience and study of existing systems.Good design is the key to effective software engineering.A well-designed software system i s straightforward [1] to implement and maintain，easily understood and reliable. Badly designed systems，although they may work，are likely to be expensive to m aintain，difficult to test and unreliable.The design stage is therefore the mos t critical part of the software development process.Until fairly recently，software design was largely an ad hoc[2] process.Giv en a set of requirements，usually in natural language，an informal design was p repared，often in the form of a flowchart[3].Coding then commenced and the desi gn was modified as the system was implemented.When the implementation stage was complete，the design had usually changed so much from its initial specificatio n that the original design document was a totally inadequate description of the system.This approach to software design was responsible for many dramatic and very expensive project failures.Now it is realized that completely informal notatio ns such as flowcharts，which are close to the programming language，are inadequ ate vehicles for formulating and expressing system design.It is recognized that precise(although not necessarily formal)specification is an essential part of the design process and that software design is an iterative，multi-stage activi ty which cannot be represented in any single notation.Accordingly，a number of design notations such as data flow diagrams.HIPO charts[4]，structure diagrams and design description languages have been developed which are superior to flow charts for expressing software designs.Given a requirements definition，the software engineer must use this to der ive the design of a programming system which satisfies these requirements.This derivation is accomplished in a number of stages：(1)The subsystems making up the programming system must be established.(2)Each subsystem must be decomposed into separate components and the subsy stem specification established by defining the operation of these components.(3)Each program may then be designed in terms of interacting subcomponents.(4)Each component must then be refined.This normally entails specifying each component as hierarchy of subcomponents.(5)At some stage of this refinement process，the algorithms used in each co mponent must be specified in detail.As well as these various stages of programming system design，the software engineer may also be required to design communication mechanisms allowing processes in the system to communicate[5].He or she may have to design file structures，and will almost certainly have to design the data structures used in his programs.He or she will have to design test cases to validate his programs.There is no definitive way of establishing what is meant by a“good”design.Depending on the application and the particular project requirements，a good design might be a design which allows very efficient code to be produced，it might be a minimal design where the implementation is as compact as possible，or it might be the most maintainable design.This latter criterion is the criterion of“goodness”adopted here.A maintainable design implies that the cost of system changes is minimized and this means that the design should be understandable and that changes should be local in effect.Both of these are achieved if the software design is highly cohesive and loosely coupled[6].Effective software design is best accomplished by using a consistent design methodology.There have been a vast number of design methodologies developed and used in different applications.Some of these are described by Peters(1980)and by Blank and Krijger(1983).In essence，most of these methodologies can be classified into one of three areas：(1)Top-down functional design.The system is designed from a functional viewpoint，starting with a high-level view and progressively refining this into a more detailed design.This methodology is exemplified by Structured Design and stepwise refinement.(2)Object-oriented design.The system is viewed as a collection of objects rather than as functions with messages passed from object to object.Each object has its own set of associated operations.Object-oriented design is based on the idea of information hiding which was first put forward by Parnas(1972)and which has been described more recently by Robson(1981)and Booch(1983).(3)Data-driven design.This methodology，suggested by Jackson(1975)and Warnier(1977)suggests that the structure of a software system should reflect the structure of the data processed by that system.Therefore，the software design is derived from an analysis of the input and output system data.NOTES[1] straightforward：直接了当的，简单明了的。

2023年11月5日软考案例一、背景介绍软件设计师（Software Design Engineer，SDE）是计算机专业中的一种职业。

他们主要负责软件系统的架构设计和开发，是软件开发领域的核心人才。

随着信息技术的快速发展，软件设计师成为了各大公司和企业中十分紧缺的职业。

软考已成为许多人提升自身软件设计水平的重要途径。

二、软考的重要性1. 证明个人软件设计水平软考是通过一种非常公正的考试机制来验证个人的软件设计能力，这对于软件设计师来说意义重大。

通过软考，可以有效证明个人在软件设计方面的专业能力，为个人在职场中的发展提供了强有力的支持。

2. 丰富个人简历软考的证书具有权威性和专业性，一旦获得，可以为个人简历增色不少。

在求职过程中，软考证书可以成为个人综合能力的有力证明，增加个人的竞争力。

三、2023年11月5日软考案例2023年11月5日软考将是对软件设计师们技能水平的一次全面检验。

考试内容将覆盖软件设计的各个方面，从理论知识到实际操作，都将进行全面考察。

1. 考试科目软考将包括软件设计的理论基础、软件设计方法与工具、软件设计的实际应用等多个科目。

其中理论基础科目将着重考察考生对软件设计的理论知识的掌握程度；软件设计方法与工具科目将测试考生对软件设计工具的熟练应用能力；软件设计的实际应用科目则要求考生具备软件设计实际项目中的解决问题的能力。

2. 考试形式软考将采用笔试和机试相结合的方式。

对于理论基础科目，将进行笔试，以考察考生对理论知识的掌握程度；而对于软件设计方法与工具、软件设计的实际应用科目，则将采用机试的形式，以考察考生的实际操作能力。

3. 考试内容考试将覆盖软件设计领域的核心知识，如软件工程基础、需求分析与建模、软件设计与架构等内容。

同时也将结合实际案例，要求考生对于实际项目的软件设计能力进行全面考察。

四、应对策略1. 充分复习考生应当充分复习软件设计的理论知识，包括软件工程基础、需求分析与建模、软件设计与架构等内容，做到知识面全面、掌握透彻。

单片机项目技术文档编写编写单片机项目技术文档是确保项目可维护性和传递项目知识的关键步骤。

以下是一个基本的单片机项目技术文档的结构和内容建议：1.项目概述（Project Overview）:描述项目的背景、目标和范围。

指明项目的主要功能和预期的输出。

2.硬件设计（Hardware Design）:列出使用的硬件组件，包括单片机型号、传感器、执行器等。

提供电路图、引脚分配表和元器件清单。

3.软件设计（Software Design）:描述单片机程序的架构和模块。

提供主要算法和数据结构的概述。

包含有关编程语言、编译器和集成开发环境的信息。

4.通信协议（Communication Protocols）:如果项目涉及到与其他设备或系统的通信，解释使用的通信协议和通信流程。

5.配置和设置（Configuration and Setup）:提供关于如何配置和设置开发环境、编译器、调试器等的说明。

包括所需的库和依赖项的安装步骤。

6.编码标准（Coding Standards）:描述项目中使用的编码标准和规范。

确保所有开发人员都了解并遵循相同的编码标准。

7.测试和验证（Testing and Validation）:详细说明测试计划和策略。

提供测试结果和验证项目功能的方法。

8.故障排除（Troubleshooting）:列出常见问题和解决方法。

提供故障排除的步骤和工具。

9.维护和更新（Maintenance and Updates）:提供有关如何维护和更新项目的信息。

包括版本控制系统的使用和维护。

10.参考资料（References）:列出所有使用的文档、资料和参考链接。

11.附录（Appendix）:包含其他信息，如代码清单、配置文件示例等。

12.版本历史（Version History）:记录文档的修改历史，包括作者、日期和修改内容。

确保技术文档清晰、详尽，并适应项目的规模和复杂性。

这有助于确保项目的顺利交接和维护。