广东外语外贸大学考研英语翻译基础真题

财教创办北大、人大、中、北外授 训营对视频集、一一保分、、小班
2013年广东外语外贸大学
英语翻译硕士
考研真题及答案解析
育明教育梁老师提醒广大考生:
历年考研真题资料是十分珍贵的,研究真题有利于咱们从中分析出题人的思路和心态,因为每年专业课考试不管在题型还是在内容上都有很高的相似度，考研学子们一定要重视.
有什么疑问可以随时联系育明教育梁老师,我会为根据各位考生的具体情况提供更加有针对性的指导。

英语翻译基础
1、United NationsDevelopment Program （UNDP ）联合国开发计划署
2、EurobondMarket 欧洲债券市场
3、TheGuardian 卫报
4、Reuters 路透社
5、Christian Science Monitor 《基督教科学箴言报》
6、zero-sumgame 零和游戏
7、savingsportfolio 储蓄组合
8、CSR 企业社会责任
9、intentionalhomicide 故意杀人
10、criminal jurisprudence 刑法学
11、bring an indictment 提起上诉
12、global sourcing 全球采购
13、the first-mover advantage 先行优势
14、healthcare interpreting 医疗口译
15、the Sound and theFury 《喧嚣与骚动》
16、民政部Ministry of Civil Affairs
17、水利部Ministryof Water Resources。

广东外语外贸大学2004年硕士研究生入学考试英语语言文学及外国语言学与应用语言学英语写作与翻译试题Part One Writing (100)Task 1: Summary Writing (40%)Directions:Read carefully the following passage and summarize its contents in 150－200 words. Note that you must not copy complete sentences directly from the original. Failure to do so would incur deduction of your scores.PassagePlato - who may have understood better what forms the mind of man than do some of our contemporaries who want their children exposed only to "real" people and everyday events - knew what intellectual experiences make for tree humanity. He suggested that the future citizens of his ideal republic begin their literary education with the telling of myths, rather than with mere facts or so-called rational teachings. Even Aristotle, master of pure reason, said, "The friend of wisdom is also a friend of myth."Modem thinkers who have studied myths and fairy tales from a philosophical or psychological viewpoint arrive at the same conclusion, regardless of their original persuasion. Mircea Eliade, for one, describes these stories as "models ~for human behavior [that],,:by that very fact, give .meaning and value to life." Drawing on anthropological parallels, he and others suggest that myths and fairy tales were derived from, or give symbolic expression to, initiation rites or rites of passage - such as metaphoric death of an old, inadequate self in order to be reborn on a higher plane of existence. He feels that this is why these tales meet a strongly felt need and are carders of such deep meaning.Other investigators with a depth-psychological orientation emphasize the similarities between the fantastic events in myths and fairy tales and those in adult dreams and daydreams - the fulfillment of wishes, the winning out over all competitors, the destruction of enemies - and conclude that one attraction of this literature is its expression of that which is normally prevented from coming to awareness.There are, of course, very significant differences between fairy tales and dreams. For example, in dreams more often than not the wish fulfillment is disguised, while in fairy tales much of it is openly expressed. To a considerable degree, dreams are the result of inner pressures which have found no relief, of problems which beset a person to which he knows no solution and to which the dream finds none. The fairy tale does the opposite: it projects the relief of all pressures and not only offers ways to solve problems but promises that a "happy" solution will be found.We cannot control what goes on in our dreams. Although our inner censorship influences what we may dream, such control occurs on an unconscious level. The fairy tale, on the other hand, is very much the result of common conscious and unconscious content having been shaped by the conscious mind, not of one particular person, but the consensus of many in regard to what they view as universal human problems, and what they accept as desirable solutions. If all these elements were not present in a fairy tale, it would not be retold by generation after generation. Only if a fairy tale met the conscious and unconscious requirements of many people was it repeatedly retold, listened to with great interest. No dream of a person could arouse such persistent interest unless it was worked into a myth, as was the story of the pharaoh's dream as interpreted by Joseph in the Bible.参考答案Great thinkers like Plato and Aristotle shared the same idea that myth should enjoy a superior status in education. Even modern thinkers to certain extend agree with that idea as they reached a conclusion that myth partly reflected and satisfied the inner desires of human beings. Those fantastic events in myths resemble likeliness to our dreams or daydreams. Still differences exist. Such as dream reflects social pressure we faced, but it offers no solution. On the contrary, myth goes the opposite way. Unlike dreams, Myths are the symbolic projections of a people’s hope, values, fears and aspirations. And any myth is classic.Task 2: Essay Writing (60%)Directions:In recent years China has witnessed a drastic increase in the annual enrollment of university students. While some hail it as an achievement of historical significance that marks the beginning of popularizing China's education of higher learning, others dismiss it as nothing but an educational "great leap forward" that will do more harm than good to the quality of college education in China. Write an essay of 500 - 600 words unequivocally expressing your stand on this issue. Whatever position you take,, make sure to justify your decision. Give a title to your essay.参考范文In China a saying goes like this: It takes ten years for a tree to grow to its full height, but a hundred for qualified personnel to mature. From this sentence we can infer the high status of education in our country.In recent years China has witnessed a drastic increase in the annual enrollment of university students. The existence of this phenomenon should be due to the following reasons. First, the number of college students only takes a small share in the whole population. As time requires, we need more educated citizens to take part in the construction of China. The current college students are far from enough. Second, compared with other powers, like Britain and America, China has much less college students. This situation doesn’t fit China’s image as a big power. As a result, a drastic increase in the annual enrollment of university students emerged as the time requires. Around the issue of enrollment increase, people’s reactions are different. They can roughly be categorized into two groups: advocators and opponents. Some stress the significance of this move, while others emphasize their worry about the qualification of college education. Both sides have their reasons. While in my opinion, the increase of enrollment is inevitable, but we can’t be hasty in doing it.First of all, as I mentioned above, the increase of enrollment is the requirement of China’s development. We need more workers, more engineers, more businessmen, etc. And the increase would offer what we need in a comparatively short time. The advantage of it cannot be neglected.On the other hand, so many students rushed into university would directly cause the inadequacy of hardware as well as software of the university. For example, in English department, a class used tohave less than twenty students. But now a small classroom is jammed with more than 40 people. And this means more students have to share limited resources. The quality of education might be largely influenced. So from this point, people’s worry is not groundless. In addition, to accommodate so many freshmen, university has to invest much more money in reforming the current dorms and build new ones. University would then charge students more tuition. This directly adds more burden on their families.Then how to solve this problem? I personally think we should limit the increase of enrollment to minimize the negative effects. Rome is not built in one day. I t’s a long and hard process to develop education. So we should fulfill the aim step by step. Thus we can build a win-win situation.Part Two Translation (50)1.Translate the following passage into Chinese:(25)The Asking AnimalCaught between two eternities—the vanished past and the unknown future—human beings never cease to seek their bearings and sense of direction. We inherit our legacy of the sciences and the arts—the works of the great discoverers and creators, the Columbuses and Leonardos—but we all remain seekers. Man is the asking animal…Western culture has witnessed at least three grand historical epochs of seeking—each with a dominant spirit, enduring spokesmen and distinctive problems. We have gone from “Why?” to the “How?”, from the search for purpose to the search for causes.First was the heroic way of prophets and philosophers seeking answers—salvation or truth—from the God above or the reason within each of us. Then came an age of communal seeking, pursuing civilization in the liberal spirit. And most recently there was the age of the social sciences, in which man was ruled by the forces of history. We can draw on all these ways of seeking in our personal search for purpose, to find meaning in the seeking.参考译文探索的动物要已消逝的过去与未知的未来的夹缝之间，人类从未停止对人生的意义和前进方向的探索。

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------学校代码：11910考生准考证号：广东外语外贸大学攻读硕士学位研究生入学复试试卷考试专业：外国语言学及应用语言学专业方向：考试科目：综合考试科目代码： 9221.本试卷共 8 页(含本页)；其中包括语言学、英汉互译和作文试题。

2.本试卷分大题，小题。

3.答案必须写在答卷上，答案写在本试卷上无效。

书写必须工整、清晰，答案不得超过划线部分，超过部分将不予批改。

4.考生必须把准考证号码和姓名填写在答卷左边密封装订线内，不得在试卷的其他任何地方书写姓名。

5.考试时间为_3_小时，满分100分。

6.考试结束时本试卷必须交回监考老师处。

---------------------------------------------------------精品文档-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------*考试时不得使用任何工具书、参考书及任何其他种类的辅助工具和文献资料。

Part I: LinguisticsI. Multiple Choice:Directions: There are 10 incomplete statements in this part, choose one answer for each statement that best completes the statement. Make sure that you write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10%, 1 point for each)II. Explain the following linguistic terms by examples. Make sure that you write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(15%, 3 points for each term)III. Answer the following questions adequately. Make sure that you write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(25%)Part II: Bilingual TranslationI: Render the following underlined parts into English. Make sure that you write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (15%)II: Translate the following passage into Chinese.Make sure that you write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (15%)---------------------------------------------------------精品文档-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Part III: Composition writingWrite an essay of about 400 words on the following topic. You are expected to present a clear position and reasons in support of it. Make sure that you write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (20%)---------------------------------------------------------精品文档---------------------------------------------------------------------。

2010年广东外语外贸大学翻译硕士MTI考研真题解析各位考研的同学们，大家好！我是才思的一名学员，现在已经顺利的考上研究生，今天和大家分享一下这个专业的真题，方便大家准备考研，希望给大家一定的帮助。

第1卷：基础英语Part 1: Grammar and V ocabulary. （30 POINTS）01. Although she gives badly ____ titles to her musical compositions, they ____ unusual combinations of materials including classical music patterns and rhythms, electronic sounds, and bird songs.A. conventional/incorporateB. eccentric/deployC. traditional/excludeD. imaginative/disguise02. Even though the folktales Perroult collected and retold were not solely French in origin, his versions of them were so decidedly French in style that later anthologies of French folktales have never ____ them.A. excludedB. admiredC. collectedD. comprehended03. In arguing against assertions that environmental catastrophe is imminent, her book does not ridicule all predictions of doom but rather claims that the risks of harm have in many cases been ____.A. exaggeratedB. ignoredC. scrutinizedD. derided04. There seems to be no ____ the reading public’s thirst for books about the 1960’s: indeed, the normal level of interest has ____ recently because of a spate of popular television documentaries.A. quenching/moderatedB. whetting/mushroomedC. slaking/increasedD. ignoring/transformed05. Despite a tendency to be overtly ____, the poetry of the Middle Ages often sparks the imagination and provides lively entertainment, as well as pious sentiments.A. divertingB. emotionalC. didacticD. romantic06. One of the first ____ of reduced burning in Amazon rain forests was the chestnut industry: smoke tends to drive out the insect that, by pollinating chestnut tree, allow chestnuts to develop.A. reformersB. discoveriesC. casualtiesD. beneficiaries07. The research committee urged the archaeologist to ____ her claim that the tomb she has discovered was that of Alexander the Great, since her initial report has been based only on ____.A. disseminate/suppositionB. withdraw/evidenceC. undercut/capriceD. document/conjecture08. Although Heron is well known for the broad comedy in the movies she has directed previously, her new film is less inclined to ____: the gags are fewer and subtler.A. understatementB. preciosityC. symbolismD. melodrama09. Bebop’s legacy is ____ one: bebop may have won jazz the right to be taken seriously as an art form, but it ____ jazz’s mass audience, which turned to other forms of music such as rock and pop.A. a mixed/alienatedB. a troubled/seducedC. an ambiguous/aggrandizedD. a valuable/refined10. The exhibition’s importance lies in its ____: curators have gathered a diverse array of significant works from many different museums.A. homogeneityB. sophistryC. scopeD. farsightedness11. Despite the fact that the commission’s report treats a vitally important topic, the report will be ____ read because its prose is so ____ that understanding it requires an enormous effort.A. seldom/transparentB. carefully/pellucidC. little/turgidD. eagerly/digressive12. Carleton would still rank among the great ____ of nineteenth century American art even if the circumstance of her life and career were less ____ than they are.A. celebrities/obscureB. failures/illustriousC. charlatans/impeccableD. enigmas/mysterious13. Although based on an actual event, the film lacks ____: the director shuffles events, simplifies the tangle of relationships, and ____ documentary truth for dramatic power.A. conviction/embracesB. expressiveness/exaggeratesC. verisimilitude/sacrificesD. realism/substitutes14. When Adolph Ochs became the publisher of The New York Times, he endowed the paper with a uniquely ____ tone, avoiding the ____ editorials that characterized other major papers of the time.A. abstruse/scholarlyB. dispassionate/shrillC. argumentative/tendentiousD. cosmopolitan/timely15. There are as good fish in the sea ____ ever came out of it.A. thanB. likeC. asD. so16. All the President’s Men ____ one of the important books for historians who study the Watergate Scandal.A. remainB. remainsC. remainedD. is remaining17. “You ____ borrow my notes provided you take care of them”, I told my friend.A. couldB. shouldC. mustD. can18. If only the patient ____ a different treatment instead of using the antibiotics, he might still be alive now.A. had receivedB. receivedC. should receiveD. were receiving19. Linda was ____ the experiment a month ago, but she changed her mind at the last minute.A. to startB. to have startedC. to be startingD. to have been starting20. She ____ fifty or so when I first met her at the conference.A. must beB. had beenC. could beD. must have been21. It is not ____ much the language as the background that makes the book difficultto understand.A. thatB. asC. soD. very22. The committee has anticipated the problems that ____ in the road construction project.A. ariseB. will ariseC. aroseD. have arisen23. The student said there were a few Points in the essay he ____ impossible to comprehend.A. had foundB. findsC. has foundD. would find24. He would have finished his college education, but he ____ to quit and find a job to support his family.A. had hadB. hasC. hadD. would have25. The research requires more money than ____.A. have been put inB. has been put inC. being put inD. to be put in26. Overpopulation poses a terrible threat to the human race. Yet it is probably ____ a threat to the human race than environmental destruction.A. no moreB. not moreC. even moreD. much more27. It is not uncommon for there ____ problems of communication between the old and the young.A. beingB. would beC. beD. to be28. ____ at in his way, the situation does not seem so desperate.A. LookingB. LookedC. Being lookedD. To look29. It is absolutely essential that William ____ his study in spite of some learning difficulties.A. will continueB. continuedC. continueD. continues30. The painting he bought at the street market the other day was a ____ forgery.A. man-madeB. naturalC. crudeD. realPart 2: Reading Comprehension. （40 POINTS）Passage AOn New Year’s Day, 50,000 inmates in Kenyan jails went without lunch. This was not some mass hunger strike to highlight poor living conditions. It was an extraordinary humanitarian gesture: the money that would have been spent on their lunches went to the charity Food Aid to help feed an estimated 3.5 million Kenyans who, because of a severe drought, are threatened with starvation. The drought is big news in Africa, affecting huge areas of east Africa and the Horn. If you are reading this in the west,however, you may not be aware of it—the media is not interested in old stories. Even if you do know about the drought, you may not be aware that it is devastating one group of people disproportionately: the pastoralists. There are 20 million nomadic or semi-nomadic herders in this region, and they are fast becoming some of the poorest people in the continent. Their plight encapsulates Africa’s perennial problem with drought and famine.How so? It comes down to the reluctance of governments, aid agencies and foreign lenders to support the herders’traditional way of life. Instead they have tended to try to turn them into commercial ranchers or agriculturalists, even though it has been demonstrated time and again that pastoralists are well adapted to their harsh environments, and that moving livestock according to the seasons or climatic changes makes their methods far more viable than agriculture in sub-Saharan drylands. Furthermore, African pastoralist systems are often more productive, in terms of protein and cash per hectare, than Australian, American and other African ranches in similar climatic conditions. They make a substantial contribution to their countries’national economies. In Kenya, for example, the turnover of the pastoralist sector is worth $800 million per year. In countries such as Burkina Faso, Eritrea and Ethiopia, hides from pastoralists’herds make up over 10 percent of export earnings. Despite this productivity, pastoralists still starve and their animals perish when drought hits. One reason is that only a trickle of the profits goes to the herders themselves; the lion’s share is pocketed by traders. This is partly because the herders only sell much of their stock during times of drought and famine, when they need the cash to buy food, andthe terms of trade in this situation never work in their favour. Another reason is the lack of investment in herding areas.Funding bodies such as the World Bank and USAID tried to address some of the problems in the 1960s, investing millions of dollars in commercial beef and dairy production. It didn’t work. Firstly, no one bothered to consult the pastoralists about what they wanted. Secondly, rearing livestock took precedence over human progress. The policies and strategies of international development agencies more or less mirrored the thinking of their colonial predecessors. They were based on two false assumptions: that pastoralism is primitive and inefficient, which led to numerous failed schemes aimed at converting herders to modern ranching models; and that Africa’s drylands can support commercial ranching. They cannot. Most of Africa’s herders live in areas with unpredictable weather systems that are totally unsuited to commercial ranching.What the pastoralists need is support for their traditional lifestyle. Over the past few years, funders and policy-makers have been starting to get the message. One example is intervention by governments to ensure that pastoralists get fair prices for their cattle when they sell them in times of drought, so that they can afford to buy fodder for their remaining livestock and cereals to keep themselves and their families alive (the problem in African famines is not so much a lack of food as a lack of money to buy it). Another example is a drought early-warning system run by the Kenyan government and the World Bank that has helped avert livestock deaths.This is all promising, but more needs to be done. Some African governments stillfavour forcing pastoralists to settle. They should heed the latest scientific research demonstrating the productivity of traditional cattle-herding. Ultimately, sustainable rural development in pastoralist areas will depend on increasing trade, so one thing going for them is the growing demand for livestock products: there will likely be an additional 2 billion consumers worldwide by 2020, the vast majority in developing countries. To ensure that pastoralists benefit, it will be crucial to give them a greater say in local policies. Other key tasks include giving a greater say to women, who play critical roles in livestock production. The rich world should pay proper attention to the plight of the pastoralists. Leaving them dependent on foreign food aid is unsustainable and will lead to more resentment, conflict, environmental degradation and malnutrition. It is in the rich world’s interests to help out.01. Which of the following CANNOT be concluded from the passage? ____A. Forcing Africa’s nomadic herders to become ranchers will save them from drought.B. The difference between pastoralist and agriculturalist is vital to the African people.C. The rich world should give more support to the African people to overcome drought.D. Environmental degradation should be the major concern in developing Africa’s pastoralism.02. The word “encapsulates”in the sentence “Their plight encapsulates Africa’s perennial problem with drought and famine.”(para.l) can be replaced by ____.A. concludes.B. involves.C. represents.D. aggravates.03. What is the author’s attitude toward African drought and traditional lifestyle of pastoralism? ___A. Neutral and indifferent.B. Sympathetic and understanding.C. Critical and vehement.D. Subjective and fatalistic.04. When the author writes “the policies and strategies of international development agencies more or less mirrored the thinking of their colonial predecessors.”(para.4), he implies all the following EXCEPT that the aid agencies did not ____.A. have an objective view of the situation in AfricaB. understand the unpredictable weather systems thereC. feel themselves superior in decision makingD. care about the development of the local people05. The author’s main purpose in writing this article is ____.A. to evaluate the living conditions of Kenyan pastoralistsB. to give suggestions on the support of the traditional pastoralism in AfricaC. to illustrate the difference between commercial ranching and pastoralismD. to criticize the colonial thinking of western aid agenciesPassage BCivil-Liberties advocates reeling from the recent revelations on surveillance had something else to worry about last week: the privacy of the billions of search queries made on sites like Google, AOL, Yahoo and Microsoft. As part of a long-running court case, the government has asked those companies to turn over information on its users’search behavior. All but Google have handed over data, and now the Department of Justice (DOJ) has moved to compel the search giant to turn over the goods.What makes this case different is that the intended use of the information is not related to national security, but the government’s continuing attempt to police Internet pornography. In 1998, Congress passed the Child Online Protection Act (COPA), but courts have blocked its implementation due to First Amendment concerns. In its appeal, the DOJ wants to prove how easy it is to inadvertently stumble upon pore. In order to conduct a controlled experiment—to be performed by a UC Berkeley professor of statistics—the DOJ wants to use a large sample of actual search terms from the different search engines. It would then use those terms to do its own searches, employing the different kinds of filters each search engine offers, in an attempt toquantify how often “material that is harmful to minors”might appear. Google contends that since it is not a party to the case, the government has not right to demand its proprietary information to perform its test. “We intend to resist their motion vigorously,”said Google attorney Nicole Wong.DOJ spokesperson Charles Miller says that the government is requesting only the actual search terms, and not anything that would link the queries to those who made them. (The DOJ is also demanding a list of a million Web sites that Google indexes to determine the degree to which objectionable sites are searched.) Originally, the government asked for a treasure trove of all searches made in June and July 2005; the request has been scaled back to one week’s worth of search queries.One oddity about the DOJ’s strategy is that the experiment could conceivably sink its own case. If the built-in filters that each search engine provides are effective in blocking porn sites, the government will have wound up proving what the opposition has said all along—you don’t need to suppress speech to protect minors on the Net. “We think that our filtering technology does a good job protecting minors from inadvertently seeing adult content,”says Ramez Naam, group program manager of MSN Search.Though the government intends to use these data specifically for its COPA-related test, it’s possible that the information could lead to further investigations and, perhaps, subpoenas to find out who was doing the searching. “What if certain search terms indicated that people were contemplating terrorist actions or other criminal activities?”Says the DOJ’s Miller, “I’m assuming that if something raised alarms, we would hand it over to the proper authorities.”Privacy advocates fear that if the government request is upheld, it will open the door to further government examination of search behavior. One solution would be for Google to stop storing the information, but the company hopes to eventually use the personal information of consenting customers to improve search performance. “Search is a window into people’s personalities,”says Kurt Opsahl, an Electronic Frontier Foundation attorney. “They should be able to take advantage of the Internet without worrying about Big Brother looking over their shoulders.”01. When the American government asked Google, AOL, Yahoo and Microsoft to turn over information on its users’search behavior, the major intention is ____.A. to protect national securityB. to help protect personal freedomC. to monitor Internet pornographyD. to implement the Child Online Protection Act02. Google refused to turn over “its proprietary information”(para. 2) required by DOJ as it believes that ____.A. it is not involved in the court caseB. users’privacy is most importantC. the government has violated the First AmendmentD. search terms is the company’s business secret03. The phrase “scaled back to”in the sentence “the request has been scaled back to one week’s worth of search queries”(para.3) can be replaced by ____.A. maximized toB. minimized toC. returned toD. reduced to04. In the sentence “One oddity about the DOJ’s strategy is that the experiment could conceivably sink its own case.”(para.4), the expression “sink its own case”most probably means that ____.A. counterattack the oppositionB. lead to blocking of porn sitesC. provide evidence to disprove the caseD. give full ground to support the case05. When Kurt Opsahl says that “They should be able to take advantage of the Internet without worrying about Big Brother looking over their shoulders.”(para. 5), the expression “Big Brother”is used to refer to ____.A. a friend or relative showing much concernB. a colleague who is much more experiencedC. a dominating and all-powerful ruling powerD. a benevolent and democratic organizationPart 3: Answering Questions. （20 POINTS）Passage AMillions of elderly Germans received a notice from the Health&Social Security Ministry earlier this month that struck a damaging blow to the welfare state. The statement informed them that their pensions were being cut. The reductions come as a stop-gap measure to control Germany’s ballooning pension crisis. Not surprisingly, it was an unwelcome change for senior citizens such as Sabine Wetzel, a 67-year-old retired bank teller, who was told her state pension would be cut by $12.30, or 1% to $1,156.20 a month. “It was a real shock,”she says. “My pension had always gone up in the past.”There’s more bad news on the way. On Mar. 11, Germany’s lower house of Parliament passed a bill gradually cutting state pensions—which have been rising steadily since World War II—from 53% of average wages now to 46% by 2020. And Germany is not alone. Governments across Western Europe are racing to curb pension benefits. In Italy, the government plans to raise the minimum retirement age from 57 to 60, while France will require that civil servants put in 40 years rather than 37.5 toqualify for a full pension. The reforms are coming despite tough opposition from unions, leftist politicians, and pensioners’groups.The explanation is simple: Europeans are living longer and having fewer children. By 2030 there will only be two workers per pensioner, compared with four in 2000. With fewer young workers paying into the system, cuts are being made to cover a growing shortfall. The gap between money coming in and payments going out could top $10 billion this year in Germany alone. “In the future, a state pension alone will no longer be enough to maintain the living standards employees had before they retired,”says German Health & Social Security Minister Ulla Schmidt. Says Italian Finance Minister Giulio Tremonti: “The welfare state is producing too few cradles and too few graves.”Of course, those population trends have been forecast for years. Some countries, such as Britain and the Netherlands, have responded by making individuals and their employers assume more of the responsibility for pensions. But many Continental governments dragged their feet. Now, the rapid runup in costs is finally forcing them to act. State-funded pension payments make up around 12% of gross domestic product in Germany and France and 15% in Italy—two percentage Points more than 20 years ago. Pensions account for an average 21% of government spending across the European Union. The U. S. Social Security system, by contrast, consumes just 4.8% of GDP. The rising cost is having serious repercussions on key European nations’commitments to fiscal restraint. “Governments have no choice but to make pensionreform a priority,”says Antonio Cabral, deputy director of the European Commission’s Directorate General for Economic & Financial Affairs.Just as worrisome is the toll being exacted on the private sector, corporate contributions to state pension systems—which make up 19.5% of total gross pay in Germany—add to Europe’s already bloated labor costs. That, in turn, blunts manufacturers’competitiveness and keeps unemployment rates high. According to the Institute of German Economics in Cologne, benefit costs reached a record 41.7% of gross wages in Germany last year, compared with 37.4% a decade before. French cement manufacturer Lafarge says pension cost of $121 million contributed to a 9% fall in operating profits last year.To cope, Germany and most of its EU partners are using tax breaks to encourage employees to put money into private pension schemes. But even if private pensions become more popular, European governments will have to increase minimum retirement ages and reduce public pensions. While today’s seniors complain about reduced benefits, the next generation of retirees may look back on their parents’pension checks with envy.QuestionsParaphrase Italian Finance Minister Giulio Tremonti’s statement “The welfare state is producing too few cradles and too few graves”? What is implied by the last sentence of the passage “While today’s seniors complain about reduced benefits, the nextgeneration of retirees may look back on their parents’pension checks with envy”? Passage BIn the old days, it was all done with cakes. For Marcel Proust, it was a visit to Mother’s for tea and madeleines that provided the access to “the vast structure of recollection”that was to become his masterpiece on memory and nostalgia, “Remembrance of Past Things.”These days, it’s not necessary to evoke the past: you can’t move without tripping over it.In an age zooming forward technologically, why are all the backward glances? The Oxford English Dictionary’s first definition of nostalgia reads: “acute longing for familiar surroundings; severe homesickness.”With the speed of computers doubling every 18 months, and the net doubling in size in about half that, no wonder we’re aching for familiar surroundings. Since the cornerstone of the Information Age is change, anything enduring becomes precious. “People are looking for something authentic,”says McLaren. Trouble is nostalgia has succumbed to trends in marketing, demographics and technology. “Nostalgia ain’t what it used to be,”says Michael J. Wolf, senior partner at Booz-Allen & Hamilton in New York. “These are the new good old days.”Baby boomers form the core of the nostalgia market. The boomers, defined by American demographers as those born between 1946 and 1964, are living long and prosperous lives. In both Europe and America, they remain the Holy Grail for admen,and their past has become everyone’s present. In a study on “entertainment imprinting,”two American marketing professors, Robert Schindler and Morris Holbrook, asked people ranging in age from 16 to 86 which popular music from the past they liked best. People’s favorite songs, they found, tended to be those that were popular when they were about 24, with their affection for pop songs diminishing on either side of that age. Doubtless Microsoft knows about entertainment imprinting, or at least nostalgia. The company hawks its latest Explorer to the strains of Simon and Garfunkel’s “Homeward Bound,”just as it launched Windows 98 to the tune of “Start Me up”by the Rolling Stones. Boomers remember both tunes from their 20s. If boomers are one market that values memories, exiles are another. According to the International Organization of Migration, more than 150 million people live today in a country other than the one where they were born—double the number that did so in 1965. This mass movement has sources as dire as tyranny and as luxurious as the freedoms of an EU passport. But exiles and refugees share one thing: homes left behind. Type in “nostalgia”on the search engine Google, and one of the first sites that pop up is the nostalgia page of The Iranian, an online site for Iran’s exiles, most of whom fled after 1978’s Islamic revolution. Perhaps the savviest exploitation of nostalgia has been the secondhand-book site alibris. com, which features stories of clients’rediscovering long-lost books on it. One John Mason Mings writes of the glories of finding a book with information on “Kickapoo Joy Juice,”a dreaded medicine of his youth. A Pennsylvanian waxes over alibris’s recovery of hisfirst-grade primer “Down cherry Street.”The Net doesn’t merely facilitate nostalgia —it promotes it. Web-based auction houses have helped jump-start markets for vintage items, form marbles to Apple Macintoshes.Cutting-edge technology, designed to be transient, has even bred its own instanostalgia. Last year a $666 Apple I went for $18,000 to a British collector at a San Francisco auction. “Historic! Microsoft Multiplan for Macintosh”crows one item on eBay’s vintage Apple secion. Surf to The Net Nostalgia Quiz to puzzle over questions like “In the old days, Altavista used to have which one of these URLs?”Those who don’t remember their history are condemned to repeat it. Or so entertainment moguls hope, as they market “70s TV hits like “Charlie’s Angels”and “Scooby Doo,”out next year, to a generation that can’t remember them the first time round. If you’ve missed a Puff Daddy track or a “Sopranos”episode, panic not. The megahits of today are destined to be the golden oldies of 2020, says Christopher Nurko of the branding consultant FutureBrand. “I guarantee you, Madonna’s music will be used to sell everything,”he says. “God help me, I hope it’s not selling insurance.”It could be. When we traffic in the past, nothing’s sacred.QuestionsExplain the beginning sentence “In the old days, it was all done with cakes.”What is the other big group besides baby boomers which values memories? What do these people share? What is “nostalgia market”? What do they sell in the nostalgia market?Part 4: Writing. （30 POINTS）Please reflect on the following opinion and write an essay of about 400 words elaborating your view with a well-defined title.Some people believe the key of the reform in the education system is a well-shared awareness that educations is there, instead of simply offering the knowledge important to the students, to improve the students in an all-round way, and especially to guide them to a careful pondering over such fundamental issues as life itself and social responsibility. An undue emphasis on knowledge-education and the resultant ignorance over the guidance to the students to a proper understanding of life will bring us nothing but a large number of “memorizing machines”. We can never expect a group of young people well prepared for the real social life.2014年考研专业课复习安排及方法问题一：专业课复习的复习进度及内容安排回答一：专业课的复习通常在9月或者更早就要开始了，集中复习一般放在11月－12月左右。

考试复习重点资料（最新版）资料见第二页封面学校代码：11910考生准考证号：广东外语外贸大学高级翻译学院攻读硕士学位研究生入学复试笔试试卷（样题）考试专业： 翻 译 学专业方向：考试科目： 翻译理论与实践考生姓名：考生成绩：试卷评阅人：复试考生须知1.本试卷共 4 页(含本页)，本试卷分 3 大题。

2.答案必须写在本试卷上。

书写必须工整、清晰。

请用钢笔答题。

3.考生必须把专业方向和姓名填写在本试卷封面相应的地方。

4.考试时间为二小时。

试卷满分为 100 分。

5.考试结束时本试卷必须交回监考老师处。

*考试时不得使用任何工具书、参考书及任何其他种类的辅助工具和文献资料。

I. ClozeDirections:The following is a passage with numbered gaps. Choose from the list below an appropriate word to fill in each gap, making CHANGES in form where necessary. Each word given in the list can be used only ONCE and not all of them will be used. (30%)require sweep have provided if reactdevelop culture feel even poor principalcontain do wide locally abroad prevalentthat distinct advances longer from owncanned however bring commit to psychologicallyin what muchIt has been said that ‘we are _____1___ we eat’, and from a physiological point of view it is the food we eat that builds our bodies and influences our general health and disposition.One of the saddest features of the modern world is that millions of people round the globe do not have enough to eat and many more do not have the right kinds of food ___2____ for good health. We are constantly faced with the stark contrast between nations in the developed countries who have more food than they need, and the millions in many ____3_____ countries who are hungry and often starving.In order to be healthy, man needs a balanced diet ____4____ protein, fat, carbohydrate（碳水化合物）, vitamins and minerals. The carbohydrate in bread, rice, potatoes and sugary foods provide energy for the body. Too much carbohydrate, however, results ____5____ obesity（肥胖症）which can endanger health. The fats and oils in milk, cream, butter, cheese and fat meat provide the body's main stored food and contain twice as ____6_____ energy as carbohydrates. The protein in cheese, eggs, meat, fish and milk promote growth and repair damage to the body's tissues. The body also needs small amounts of vitamins and minerals. _____7______ a person's diet consists of a variety of foods such as meat, fish, eggs, milk, green vegetables and fruit, the required amounts of vitamins and minerals are taken in.The kinds of foods people become accustomed ____8____ in the early formative years become an integral part of their psychological make-up. If they move to another country and ___9______, they tend to take their eating habits with them and to cling to the style of food to which they accustomed. It is ____10________ reassuring to eat the foods one is used to; the best way to make a foreign visitor _____11______ 'at home' is to offer them the kind of food they would eat in their own country.When discussing food and diet, it is always necessary to treat the world's population as two ___12_____ sections: those who have food in relative abundance and those who suffer shortages of ____13____ the most basic foods. The inhabitants of developed countries benefit from theirwealth and the ___14_____ in food technology. Refrigeration, food preservation and rapid transport systems allow people in Britain, for example, to enjoy foods from all parts of the world. Unable to grow sufficient food for their needs, the British import a ___15_____ variety of foods,from the humble potato to exotic tropical fruits. Food processing has meant that the seasons no___16_____ dictate diet: vegetables such as peas and beans are ____17______ or frozen and are available the whole year round; soft fruits such as strawberries, which are only produced____18_____ for a short season, can be imported from other parts of the world; citrus fruits and bananas, which do not grow at all in temperate Britain, are ____19_____ in from the Mediterranean and the tropics and are continuously available.The developed countries do, ____20______, pay a penalty for having such an abundance of food: obesity and the concomitant diseases such as heart disease are more ____21______. It has beensaid that the French, for example, who consume a particularly rich diet, ____22______suicidewith a knife and fork. But even in the rich countries, an economic recession can alter eating habits. Although some developed countries have become slightly ___23_____, the result has not been damaging and may even prove to be a good thing in ____24_____ the people in these countrieswill eat a little less. The effects of economic recession on many developing countries, however,have been disastrous, with famine and death _____25______ through vast area of Africa. Although drought is a ___26_____ cause of this famine, the economic pressure to produce cash crops, such as cotton, for export has reduced the ability of these countries to produce food cropsfor their ___27______ people. Already saddled with huge foreign debts, many developing countries cannot buy the food they need from ___28_____. Fortunately, the developed countrieshave ___29_____ to the famine crisis and are providing food aid from their embarrassingly highfood surpluses. Meanwhile, over large parts of the globe, hungry people are wondering not what toeat, but ____30____ they will eat.序号 1 2 3 4 5 6 选项序号7 8 9 10 11 12 选项序号13 14 15 16 17 18 选项序号19 20 21 22 23 24 选项序号25 26 27 28 29 30 选项II. Translation from English to Chinese (30%)He was a man of fifty, and some, seeing that he had gone both bald and grey, thought he looked older. But the first physical impression was deceptive. He was tall and thick about the body, with something of a paunch, but he was also small-boned, active, light on his feet. In the same way, his head was massive, his forehead high and broad between the fringes of fair hair; but no one’s face changed its expression quicker, and his smile was brilliant. Behind the thick lenses, his eyes were small and intensely bright, the eyes of a young and lively man. At a first glance, people might think he looked like a senator, it did not take them long to discover how mercurial he was. His temper was as quick as his smile; in everything he did his nerves seemed on the surface. In fact, people forgot all about the senator and began to complain that sympathy and emotion flowed too easily. Many of them disliked his love of display. Yet they were affected by the depth of his feeling. Nearly everyone recognized that, though it took some insight to perceive that he was not only a man of deep feeling, but also one of passionate pride.III. Translation from Chinese to English (40%)古往今来人类的一切智慧结晶，数百年来一直使人津津乐道的故事，我们都可以轻而易举地在书本中得到，而且也无需很多的花费。

广东外语外贸大学考试科目：英语翻译基础Part I. Phrase Translation (30 points, 1 point for each) Section 1Directions: Translate the following phrases into Chinese:1.CPPCC2.UNESCO3.ASEM4.China-ASEAN Expo5.SWOT analysis6.Global Sourcingrmation Asymmetry8.Shanghai World Expo9.Innocent Presumption10.The Civil Law System11.The Book of Rites12.Mencius13.Consecutive Interpreting14.The House of Commons15.A Farewell To ArmsSection 2Directions: Translate the following phrases into English:16.全国人民代表大会17.外交部18.会展经济19.注册会计师20.次贷危机21.董事会22.中国证监会23.廉政公署24.暂行规定25.有罪推定26.佛经翻译27.百年老店28.论语29.三国演义30.南方都市报Part II. Passage Translation (120 points)31. Translate the following passage into Chinese: (60 points)Population ageing has become a world-wide phenomenon. Moreover, it has not only come to stay but, especially in the developing countries, it will become more felt and acute with the passage of time. Its repercussions are so wide-ranging and manifold that they can only be ignored at a tremendous cost to society.The growing rate of population ageing poses many challenges which have to be faced realistically. A number of decisions have to be taken with the cooperation of every social institution, be it the State, Non-Governmental Organizations, the community, the family members and last but not least, the older persons themselves. Each has a very important role to play in ensuring a sustainable development for the elderly population.Governments and civil society including organisations of older persons, academia, community-based organisations and the private sector need to help in capacity building on ageing issues. As the Shanghai Implementation Strategy points out, “A life-course and inter-sectoral approach to health and well-being is the best approach to ensure that both current and future generations of older persons remain healthy and active”.The gap between the projected increases of the older population and the consequently required services, combined with the parallel development of the personnel needed to carry out these services, creates a pressing and urgent need to train appropriate staff. Training programmes have to be tailored to the nature of the participants, the work they are doing and the needs entailed. Though the basic issues dealt with might often be the same, the approach differs. It will be important in the not too distant future to explore innovative ways of providing education and training in rural and remote areas and toapply, as much as possible, the new and emerging communication technologies to facilitate and enhance these programmes.Every member of society should realize that aging is a process. Consequently, older persons are to be seen as equal citizens of any society, sharing the same rights like other citizens. Any form of discrimination is to be eradicated.32. Translate the following passage into English: (60 points)韶关市地处粤北山区，与湖南、江西交界，素有“三省通衢”之誉，是古代岭南通往中原的最重要关口，今天更是广东通往内地的交通枢纽——京广铁路、京珠高速公路、国道105线、106线、107线、323线、在建的武广铁路、规划中的韶赣铁路、广乐高速公路和韶赣高速公路均经过韶关。

广东外语外贸大学翻译硕士考研真题广东外语外贸大学（原题）翻译硕士英语Part I.Vocabulary and Grammar(30points,1point for each)Directions:After each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A,B,C and D.Choose the answer that best completes the sentence.Write your answers on your answer sheet.1.Although she gives badly_______titles to her musical compositions,they_______ unusual combinations of materials including classical music patterns and rhythms, electronic sounds,and bird songs.A.conventional…incorporateB.eccentric…deployC.traditional…excludeD.imaginative…disguise2.Even though the folktales Perroult collected and retold were not solely Frenchin origin,his versions of them were so decidedly French in style that lateranthologies of French folktales have never_______them.A.excludedB.admiredC.collectedprehended3.In arguing against assertions that environmental catastrophe is imminent,her book does not ridicule all predictions of doom but rather claims that the risks of harm have in many cases been_________.A.exaggeratedB.ignoredC.scrutinizedD.derided4.There seems to be no________the reading public’s thirst for books about the 1960’s:indeed,the normal level of interest has______recently because of a spate of popular television documentaries.A.quenching…moderatedB.whetting…mushroomedC.slaking…increasedD.ignoring…transformed5.Despite a tendency to be overtly_______,the poetry of the Middle Ages often sparks the imagination and provides lively entertainment,as well as pious sentiments.A.divertingB.emotionalC.didacticD.romantic6.One of the first______of reduced burning in Amazon rain forests was the chestnut industry:smoke tends to drive out the insect that,by pollinating chestnut tree, allow chestnuts to develop.A.reformersB.discoveriesC.casualtiesD.beneficiaries7.The research committee urged the archaeologist to_______her claim that the tomb she has discovered was that of Alexander the Great,since her initial report has been based only on______.A.disseminate…suppositionB.withdraw…evidenceC.undercut…capriceD.document…conjecture8.Although Heron is well known for the broad comedy in the movies she has directed previously,her new film is less inclined to__________:the gags are fewer and subtler.A.understatementB.preciosityC.symbolismD.melodrama9.Bebop’s legacy is______one:bebop may have won jazz the right to be taken seriously as an art form,but it_______jazz’s mass audience,which turned to other forms of music such as rock and pop.A.a mixed……alienatedB.a troubled……seducedC.an ambiguous……aggrandizedD.a valuable……refined10.The exhibition’s importance lies in its___________:curators have gathered a diverse array of significant works from many different museums.A.homogeneityB.sophistryC.scopeD.farsightedness11.Despite the fact that the commission’s report treats a vitally important topic, the report will be______read because its prose is so_________that understanding it requires an enormous effort.A.seldom…….transparentB.carefully……..pellucidC.little……….turgidD.eagerly……..digressive12.Carleton would still rank among the great________of nineteenth century American art even if the circumstance of her life and career were less_____than they are.A.celebrities……….obscureB.failures……..illustriousC.charlatans……impeccableD.enigmas……mysterious13.Although based on an actual event,the film lacks______________:the director shuffles events,simplifies the tangle of relationships,and _____________documentary truth for dramatic power.A.conviction……..embracesB.expressiveness…..exaggeratesC.verisimilitude…….sacrificesD.realism……….substitutes14.When Adolph Ochs became the publisher of The New York Times,he endowed the paper with a uniquely_________tone,avoiding the________editorials that characterized other major papers of the time.A.abstruse….scholarlyB.dispassionate…shrillC.argumentative…tendentiousD.cosmopolitan…timely15.There are as good fish in the sea_____ever came out of it.A.thanB.likeC.asD.so16.All the President’s Men______one of the important books for historians who study the Watergate Scandal.A.remainB.remainsC.remainedD.is remaining17.“You______borrow my notes provided you take care of them”,I told my friend.A.couldB.shouldC.mustD.can18.If only the patient______a different treatment instead of using the antibiotics, he might still be alive now.A.had receivedB.receivedC.should receiveD.were receiving19.Linda was_____the experiment a month ago,but she changed her mind at the last minute.A.to startB.to have startedC.to be startingD.to have been starting20.She_____fifty or so when I first met her at the conference.A.must beB.had beenC.could beD.must have been21.It is not______much the language as the background that makes the book difficult to understand.A.thatB.asC.soD.very22.The committee has anticipated the problems that________in the road construction project.A.ariseB.will ariseC.aroseD.have arisen23.The student said there were a few points in the essay he_______impossible to comprehend.A.had foundB.findsC.has foundD.would find24.He would have finished his college education,but he_______to quit and finda job to support his family.A.had hadB.hasC.hadD.would have25.The research requires more money than________.A.have been put inB.has been put inC.being put inD.to be put in26.Overpopulation poses a terrible threat to the human race.Yet it is probably ________a threat to the human race than environmental destruction.A.no moreB.not moreC.even moreD.much more27.It is not uncommon for there_______problems of communication between the old and the young.A.beingB.would beC.beD.to be28.________at in his way,the situation does not seem so desperate.A.LookingB.LookedC.Being lookedD.To look29.It is absolutely essential that William______his study in spite of some learning difficulties.A.will continueB.continuedC.continueD.continues30.The painting he bought at the street market the other day was a_____forgery.A.man-madeB.naturalC.crudeD.realPart II.Reading Comprehension(40points)Section1Multiple choice questions(20points,2points for each)Directions:In this section there are reading passages followed by multiple-choice questions.Read the passages and then write your answers on your answer sheet.Passage1On New Year’s Day,50,000inmates in Kenyan jails went without lunch.This was not some mass hunger strike to highlight poor living conditions.It was an extraordinary humanitarian gesture:the money that would have been spent on their lunches went to the charity Food Aid to help feed an estimated3.5million Kenyans who,because of a severe drought,are threatened with starvation.The drought is big news in Africa, affecting huge areas of east Africa and the Horn.If you are reading this in thewest,however,you may not be aware of it—the media is not interested in old stories. Even if you do know about the drought,you may not be aware that it is devastating one group of people disproportionately:the pastoralists.There are20million nomadic or semi-nomadic herders in this region,and they are fast becoming some of the poorest people in the continent.Their plight encapsulates Africa’s perennial problem with drought and famine.How so?It comes down to the reluctance of governments,aid agencies and foreign lenders to support the herders’traditional way of life.Instead they have tended to try to turn them into commercial ranchers or agriculturalists,even though it has been demonstrated time and again that pastoralists are well adapted to their harsh environments,and that moving livestock according to the seasons or climatic changes makes their methods far more viable than agriculture in sub-Saharan drylands.Furthermore,African pastoralist systems are often more productive,in terms of protein and cash per hectare,than Australian,American and other African ranches in similar climatic conditions.They make a substantial contribution to their countries’national economies.In Kenya,for example,the turnover of the pastoralist sector is worth$800million per year.In countries such as Burkina Faso, Eritrea and Ethiopia,hides from pastoralists’herds make up over10per cent of export earnings.Despite this productivity,pastoralists still starve and their animals perish when drought hits.One reason is that only a trickle of the profits goes to the herders themselves;the lion’s share is pocketed by traders.This is partly because the herders only sell much of their stock during times of drought and famine,when they need the cash to buy food,and the terms of trade in this situation never work in their favour.Another reason is the lack of investment in herding areas.Funding bodies such as the World Bank and-USAID tried to address some of the problems in the1960s,investing millions of dollars in commercial beef and dairy production.It didn’t work.Firstly,no one bothered to consult the pastoralists about what they wanted.Secondly,rearing livestock took precedence over human progress.The policies and strategies of international development agencies more or less mirrored the thinking of their colonial predecessors.They were based on two false assumptions: that pastoralism is primitive and inefficient,which led to numerous failed schemes aimed at converting herders to modern ranching models;and that Africa’s drylands can support commercial ranching.They cannot.Most of Africa’s herders live in areas with unpredictable weather systems that are totally unsuited to commercial ranching. What the pastoralists need is support for their traditional lifestyle.Over the past few years,funders and policy-makers have been starting to get the message.One example is intervention by governments to ensure that pastoralists get fair prices for their cattle when they sell them in times of drought,so that they can afford to buy fodder for their remaining livestock and cereals to keep themselves and their families alive(the problem in African famines is not so much a lack of food as a lack of money to buy it).Another example is a drought early-warning system run by the Kenyan government and the World Bank that has helped avert livestock deaths. This is all promising,but more needs to be done.Some African governments still favour forcing pastoralists to settle.They should heed the latest scientific research demonstrating the productivity of traditional cattle-herding.Ultimately, sustainable rural development in pastoralist areas will depend on increasing trade, so one thing going for them is the growing demand for livestock products:there will likely be an additional2billion consumers worldwide by2020,the vast majority in developing countries.To ensure that pastoralists benefit,it will be crucial to give them a greater say in local policies.Other key tasks include giving a greater say to women,who play critical roles in livestock production.The rich world should pay proper attention to the plight of the pastoralists.Leaving them dependent on foreign food aid is unsustainable and will lead to more resentment,conflict, environmental degradation and malnutrition.It is in the rich world’s intereststo help out.31.Which of the following CANNOT be concluded from the passage?(A)Forcing Africa’s nomadic herders to become ranchers will save them from drought.(B)The difference between pastoralist and agriculturalist is vital to the African people.(C)The rich world should give more support to the African people to overcome drought.(D)Environmental degradation should be the major concern in developing Africa’s pastoralism.32.The word“encapsulates”in the sentence“Their plight encapsulates Africa’s perennial problem with drought and famine.”(para.l)can be replaced by________.(A)concludes.(B)involves.(C)represents.(D)aggravates.33.What is the author’s attitude toward African drought and traditional lifestyle of pastoralism?(A)Neutral and indifferent.(B)Sympathetic and understanding.(C)Critical and vehement.(D)Subjective and fatalistic.34.When the author writes“the policies and strategies of international development agencies more or less mirrored the thinking of their colonialpredecessors.”(para.4),he implies all the following EXCEPT that the aid agencies did not__________.(A)have an objective view of the situation in Africa(B)understand the unpredictable weather systems there(C)feel themselves superior in decision making(D)care about the development of the local people35.The author’s main purpose in writing this article is_________.(A)to evaluate the living conditions of Kenyan pastoralists(B)to give suggestions on the support of the traditional pastoralism in Africa(C)to illustrate the difference between commercial ranching and pastoralism(D)to criticize the colonial thinking of western aid agenciesPassage2Civil-Liberties advocates reeling from the recent revelations on surveillance had something else to worry about last week:the privacy of the billions of search queries made on sites like Google,AOL,Yahoo and Microsoft.As part of a long-running court case,the government has asked those companies to turn over information on its users’search behavior.All but Google have handed over data,and now the Department of Justice(DOJ)has moved to compel the search giant to turn over the goods. What makes this case different is that the intended use of the information is not related to national security,but the government’s continuing attempt to police Internet pornography.In1998,Congress passed the Child Online Protection Act (COPA),but courts have blocked its implementation due to First Amendment concerns. In its appeal,the DOJ wants to prove how easy it is to inadvertently stumble upon pore.In order to conduct a controlled experiment—to be performed by a UC Berkeley professor of statistics—the DOJ wants to use a large sample of actual search termsfrom the different search engines.It would then use those terms to do its own searches,employing the different kinds of filters each search engine offers,in an attempt to quantify how often“material that is harmful to minors”might appear. Google contends that since it is not a party to the case,the government has not right to demand its proprietary information to perform its test.“We intend to resist their motion vigorously,”said Google attorney Nicole Wong.DOJ spokesperson Charles Miller says that the government is requesting only the actual search terms,and not anything that would link the queries to those who made them.(The DOJ is also demanding a list of a million Web sites that Google indexes to determine the degree to which objectionable sites are searched.)Originally,the government asked for a treasure trove of all searches made in June and July2005; the request has been scaled back to one week’s worth of search queries.One oddity about the DOJ’s strategy is that the experiment could conceivably sink its own case.If the built-in filters that each search engine provides are effective in blocking porn sites,the government will have wound up proving what the opposition has said all along—you don’t need to suppress speech to protect minors on the Net.“We think that our filtering technology does a good job protecting minors from inadvertently seeing adult content,”says Ramez Naam,group program manager of MSN Search.Though the government intends to use these data specifically for its COPA-related test,it’s possible that the information could lead to further investigations and, perhaps,subpoenas to find out who was doing the searching.“What if certain search terms indicated that people were contemplating terrorist actions or other criminal activities?”Says the DOJ’s Miller,“I’m assuming that if something raised alarms,we would hand it over to the proper authorities.”Privacy advocates fear that if the government request is upheld,it will open the door to further government examination of search behavior.One solution would be for Google to stop storing the information,but the company hopes to eventually use the personal informationof consenting customers to improve search performance.“Search is a window into people’s personalities,”says Kurt Opsahl,an Electronic Frontier Foundation attorney.“They should be able to take advantage of the Internet without worrying about Big Brother looking over their shoulders.”36.When the American government asked Google,AOL,Yahoo and Microsoft to turn over information on its users’search behavior,the major intention is_________.(A)to protect national security(B)to help protect personal freedom(C)to monitor Internet pornography(D)to implement the Child Online Protection Act37.Google refused to turn over“its proprietary information”(para.2)required by DOJ as it believes that________.(A)it is not involved in the court case(B)users’privacy is most important(C)the government has violated the First Amendment(D)search terms is the company’s business secret38.The phrase“scaled back to”in the sentence“the request has been scaled back to one week’s worth of search queries”(para.3)can be replaced by_________.(A)maximized to(B)minimized to(C)returned to(D)reduced to39.In the sentence“One oddity about the DOJ’s strategy is that the experiment could conceivably sink its own case.”(para.4),the expression“sink its own case”most probably means that_________.(A)counterattack the opposition(B)lead to blocking of porn sites(C)provide evidence to disprove the case(D)give full ground to support the case40.When Kurt Opsahl says that“They should be able to take advantage of the Internet without worrying about Big Brother looking over their shoulders.”(para.5),the expression“Big Brother”is used to refer to_________.(A)a friend or relative showing much concern(B)a colleague who is much more experienced(C)a dominating and all-powerful ruling power(D)a benevolent and democratic organizationSection2Answering questions(20points,4points for each)Directions:Read the following passages and then answer IN COMPLETE SENTENCES the questions following each e only information from the passage you have just read and write your answer in the corresponding space in your ANSWER SHEET.Passage3Millions of elderly Germans received a notice from the Health&Social Security Ministry earlier this month that struck a damaging blow to the welfare state.The statement informed them that their pensions were being cut.The reductions come as a stop-gap measure to control Germany’s ballooning pension crisis.Not surprisingly, it was an unwelcome change for senior citizens such as Sabine Wetzel,a67-year-old retired bank teller,who was told her state pension would be cut by$12.30,or1% to$1,156.20a month.“It was a real shock,”she says.“My pension had alwaysgone up in the past.”There’s more bad news on the way.On Mar.11,Germany’s lower house of Parliament passed a bill gradually cutting state pensions--which have been rising steadily since World War II--from53%of average wages now to46%by2020.And Germany is not ernments across Western Europe are racing to curb pension benefits. In Italy,the government plans to raise the minimum retirement age from57to60, while France will require that civil servants put in40years rather than37.5to qualify for a full pension.The reforms are coming despite tough opposition from unions,leftist politicians,and pensioners’groups.The explanation is simple:Europeans are living longer and having fewer children. By2030there will only be two workers per pensioner,compared with four in2000. With fewer young workers paying into the system,cuts are being made to cover a growing shortfall.The gap between money coming in and payments going out could top $10billion this year in Germany alone.“In the future,a state pension alone will no longer be enough to maintain the living standards employees had before they retired,”says German Health&Social Security Minister Ulla Schmidt.Says Italian Finance Minister Giulio Tremonti:“The welfare state is producing too few cradles and too few graves.”Of course,those population trends have been forecast for years.Some countries, such as Britain and the Netherlands,have responded by making individuals and their employers assume more of the responsibility for pensions.But many Continental governments dragged their feet.Now,the rapid runup in costs is finally forcing them to act.State-funded pension payments make up around12%of gross domestic product in Germany and France and15%in Italy——two percentage points more than 20years ago.Pensions account for an average21%of government spending across the European Union.The U.S.Social Security system,by contrast,consumes just4.8% of GDP.The rising cost is having serious repercussions on key European nations’commitments to fiscal restraint.“Governments have no choice but to make pensionreform a priority,”says Antonio Cabral,deputy director of the European Commission’s Directorate General for Economic&Financial Affairs.Just as worrisome is the toll being exacted on the private sector.Corporate contributions to state pension systems--which make up19.5%of total gross pay in Germany--add to Europe’s already bloated labor costs.That,in turn,blunts manufacturers’competitiveness and keeps unemployment rates high.According to the Institute of German Economics in Cologne,benefit costs reached a record41.7%of gross wages in Germany last year,compared with37.4%a decade before.French cement manufacturer Lafarge says pension cost of$121million contributed to a9%fall in operating profits last year.To cope,Germany and most of its EU partners are using tax breaks to encourage employees to put money into private pensions schemes.But even if private pensions become more popular,European governments will have to increase minimum retirement ages and reduce public pensions.While today’s seniors complain about reduced benefits,the next generation of retirees may look back on their parents’pension checks with envy.41.Paraphrase Italian Finance Minister Giulio Tremonti’s statement“The welfare state is producing too few cradles and too few graves.”(para.3)42.What is implied by the last sentence of the passage“While today’s seniors complain about reduced benefits,the next generation of retirees may look back on their parents’pension checks with envy.”?Passage4In the old days,it was all done with cakes.For Marcel Proust,it was a visit to Mother’s for tea and madeleines that provided the access to“the vast structure of recollection”that was to become his masterpiece on memory and nostalgia,“Remembrance of Past Things.”These days,it’s not necessary to evoke the past: you can’t move without tripping over it.In an age zooming forward technologically,why all the backward glances?The Oxford English Dictionary’s first definition of nostalgia reads:“acute longing for familiar surroundings;severe homesickness.”With the speed of computers doubling every18months,and the net doubling in size in about half that,no wonder we’re aching for familiar surroundings.Since the cornerstone of the Information Age is change,anything enduring becomes precious.“People are looking for something authentic,”says McLaren.Trouble is,nostalgia has succumbed to trends in marketing,demographics and technology.“Nostalgia ain’t what it used to be,”says Michael J.Wolf,senior partner at Booz-Allen&Hamilton in New York.“These are the new good old days.”Baby boomers form the core of the nostalgia market.The boomers,defined by American demographers as those born between1946and1964,are living long and prosperous lives.In both Europe and America,they remain the Holy Grail for admen,and their past has become everyone’s present.In a study on“entertainment imprinting,”two American marketing professors,Robert Schindler and Morris Holbrook,asked people ranging in age from16to86which popular music from the past they liked best.People’s favorite songs,they found,tended to be those that were popular when they were about24,with their affection for pop songs diminishing on either side of that age.Doubtless Microsoft knows about entertainment imprinting,or at least nostalgia.The company hawks its latest Explorer to the strains of Simon and Garfunkel’s“Homeward Bound,”just as it launched Windows98to the tune of “Start Me up”by the Rolling Stones.Boomers remember both tunes from their20s. If boomers are one market that values memories,exiles are another.According to the International Organization of Migration,more than150million people live today in a country other than the one where they were born—double the number that did so in1965.This mass movement has sources as dire as tyranny and as luxurious asthe freedoms of an EU passport.But exiles and refugees share one thing:homes left behind.Type in“nostalgia”on the search engine Google,and one of the first sites that pop up is the nostalgia page of The Iranian,an online site for Iran’s exiles, most of whom fled after1978’s Islamic revolution.Perhaps the savviest exploitation of nostalgia has been the secondhand-book site ,which features stories of clients’rediscovering long-lost books on it.One John Mason Mings writes of the glories of finding a book with information on“Kickapoo Joy Juice,”ad dreaded medicine of his youth.A Pennsylvanian waxes over alibris’s recovery of his first-grade primer”Down cherry Street.”The Net doesn’t merely facilitate nostalgia—it promotes it.Web-based auction houses have helped jump-start markets for vintage items,form marbles to Apple Macintoshes.Cutting-edge technology,designed to be transient,has even bred its own st year a$666Apple I went for$18,000to a British collector at a San Francisco auction.“Historic!Microsoft Multiplan for Macintosh”crows one item on eBay’s vintage Apple section.Surf to The Net Nostalgia Quiz to puzzle over questions like“In the old days,Altavista used to have which one of these URLs?”Those who don’t remember their history are condemned to repeat it.Or so entertainment moguls hope,as they market‘70s TV hits like“Charlie’s Angels”and“Scooby Doo,”out next year,to a generation that can’t remember them the first time round.If you’ve missed a Puff Daddy track or a“Sopranos”episode, panic not.The megahits of today are destined to be the golden oldies of2020,says Christopher Nurko of the branding consultant FutureBrand.“I guarantee you, Madonna’s music will be used to sell everything,”he says.“God help me,I hope it’s not selling insurance.”It could be.When we traffic in the past,nothing’s sacred.43.Explain the beginning sentence“In the old days,it was all done with cakes.”44.What is the other big group besides baby boomers which values memories?What do these people share?45.What is“nostalgia market”?What do they sell in the nostalgia market? Part III.Writing(30points)46.Please reflect on the following opinion and write an essay of about400words elaborating your view with a well-defined title.Some people believe the key of the reform in the education system is a well-shared awareness that educations is there,instead of simply offering the knowledge important to the students,to improve the students in an all-round way,and especially to guide them to a careful pondering over such fundamental issues as life itself and social responsibility.An undue emphasis on knowledge-education and the resultant ignorance over the guidance to the students to a proper understanding of life will bring us nothing but a large number of“memorizing machines”.We can never expect a group of young people well prepared for the real social life.英语翻译基础Part I.Phrase Translation(30points,1point for each)Section1Directions:Translate the following phrases into Chinese:。