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简论从我国传统文化看李约瑟难题论文从我国传统文化看李约瑟难题论文导读：本论文是一篇关于从我国传统文化看李约瑟难题的优秀论文范文,对正在写有关于科学论文的写有一定的参考和指导作用,：A摘要：中国科学史家，英国人李约瑟博士在其《中国科学技术史》巨著中，提出了著名的“李约瑟难题”。
大半个世纪过去了，人们从各个方面进行了研究探讨，试图解决这个难题。
然而，这么长时间过去了，难题似乎依然没有得到解决，但对这个理由的探讨却能带来人们对推动科技发展的因素的深思，这个理由也被称为一只“会下金蛋的鹅”。
本文试图在中国科学技术史和中国的历史文化的基础上，对这一理由给出自己的看法。
关键词：李约瑟难题；科学；技术；解释力；符号化一、理由的提出英国科学家，科技史学家李约瑟博士在其巨著《中国科学技术史》中提出了著名的“李约瑟难题”——“如果我的中国朋友们在智力上和我们完全一样，那么为什么像伽利略、脱里拆利—斯蒂文、牛顿这样的伟大人物都是欧洲人而不是中国人或印度人？为什么近代科学和科学革命只产生在欧洲呢？为什么中国直到中世纪还比欧洲先进后来却让欧洲人着了先鞭呢？怎么会产生这种转变呢？”①理由提出后，引起了无数的争论。
各种试图回答的策略层出不穷。
李约瑟也给出了自己的回答，他在《中国在科学技术史上的地位》一文中回答认为欧洲在近代、现代科学技术的大大超越中国史因为与中国相比欧洲有许多不同的地方——欧洲历史发展的具体条件，欧洲封建社会的形式、欧洲重商主义和工业的建设日益增长的需要等。
虽然他给出了回答。
但他自己也觉得这个回答不能说明理由。
其他的回答也很多。
从社会、政治、思想、经济、文化教育各方面进行过分析。
甚至有观点认为李约瑟难题根本就是一个伪理由，认为中国科学技术在很长时间里世界领先根本不是事实，而是中国人最近的那种类似于阿Q那种“老子先前比你们阔多了”的心理。
那么在分析和解决李约瑟难题之前首先要确定这一理由的存在性，即中国是否在从古代直到17世纪在科学技术方面世界领先。
科学探究失败的作文英文回答：Science is all about exploration and discovery. It is a process of trial and error, where failures are just as important as successes. Throughout my scientific journey, I have encountered several instances where my experiments did not go as planned. These failures have taught me valuable lessons and have ultimately contributed to my growth as a scientist.One memorable failure occurred during my attempt to synthesize a new compound. I meticulously followed the experimental procedure, but the final product did not form.I was frustrated and disappointed, as I had spent weeks on this project. However, instead of giving up, I decided to analyze the situation and figure out what went wrong.Upon closer inspection, I realized that I had made a small error in the measurements of one of the reagents.This mistake led to the failure of the reaction. I learned the importance of double-checking measurements and the need for precision in scientific experiments. This failure taught me the value of attention to detail and the consequences of even the smallest errors.Another failure I experienced was during a field study.I was researching the behavior of a particular species of birds. I had set up several cameras to capture their activities, but when I reviewed the footage, I found that the cameras had malfunctioned and the data was lost. I was devastated, as this was a crucial part of my research.However, I did not let this failure discourage me. I decided to conduct the study again, this time with extra precautions to ensure that the cameras worked properly. I also learned the importance of backup systems and redundancy in scientific research. This failure taught me resilience and the ability to adapt to unforeseen circumstances.中文回答：科学就是探索和发现的过程。
【高三作文】李约瑟难题高三作文1300字李约瑟难题是指生活在现代世界中的人们对于中国古代发明与现代科技的关系所产生的质疑和困惑。
李约瑟是美国汉学家李紫曲教授的英文名字，他在上世纪50年代提出了一个引起了全球关注的难题，即中国古代为什么没有最终将科学和技术引向现代化的发展。
李约瑟难题的出现源于20世纪50年代后期，当时科技发展迅速，世界各国都在积极推进现代科学技术的发展。
对于中国古代历史的研究者来说，中国在古代取得的众多发明和科技成就似乎没有最终推动科学进步和现代化。
中国古代发明了火药、指南针、造纸术等重要的科技发明，但这些技术并没有被充分应用于军事、导航和印刷等领域，也没有引发一场科技革命。
那么，为什么中国古代没有最终将科技引向现代化的发展呢？李约瑟从政治、社会、文化等多个方面进行了分析和解释。
中国古代的政治制度和文化传统对科技的发展可能产生了一定的阻碍。
中国古代政治制度中强调的皇权至上和等级差异使得科技活动受到强烈的限制。
科学研究被看作是服从统治者和官方的需要，而不是自由探索和独立思考的结果。
中国古代儒家文化的崇尚传统和经典，重视人文主义和道德伦理，在一定程度上限制了科技的发展和创新。
中国古代社会的发展与西方社会存在着差异。
封建社会中的士人和官僚阶层更关注文化、教育和政治事务，而非科学理论和实践。
古代中国的科学家和工程师往往处于边缘地位，缺乏关键的社会声誉和资源支持。
与此相对照的是，西方社会在近代社会发展中更加重视实用科学和技术，为科学家和工程师提供了更好的研究环境和机会。
中国古代的科技发展可能受到了文化传统和价值观的影响。
中国文化强调人与自然的和谐，讲究天人合一的思想，这与西方强调对自然界的征服和改造的思想有所不同。
中国古代科技发展更多地集中在实用技术和农业生产方面，而对于理论研究和实验验证的重视程度相对较低。
李约瑟难题的提出是对中国古代科技发展的一个重要质疑。
虽然中国古代取得了一系列重要的发明和科技成就，但这些成就并未最终引导科学和技术进入现代化的轨道。
李约瑟难题的思考与解答摘要李约瑟难题是中西比较科学史研究中的一个著名问题，具有很高的学术价值和现实意义。
20世纪40年代以来，难题引起国内外学术界日益广泛的关注和讨论。
本文在肯定李约瑟难题合理性的基础上，对李约瑟难题的提出与解答进行了一定的探析。
首先，从李约瑟本人的简介出发，介绍和引入了李约瑟难题的内容和意义，然后通过对相关理论文献研究的归纳与分析，给出了李约瑟难题的研究现状，最后，从历史变换的角度出发，对于李约瑟难题，给出自己的几点思考与解答。
关键词: 李约瑟难题，李约瑟解答，几种解答，个人思考目录摘要 (I)1．李约瑟难题的提出 (1)1.1李约瑟人物简介 (1)1.2李约瑟难题 (1)2．李约瑟对于难题的解答 (1)3．李约瑟难题的几种解答 (2)3.1从地理和人口的角度分析李约瑟难题 (2)3.2从中国传统和教育角度分析李约瑟难题 (2)3.3从中西科学与文化的对比诠释 (3)4.从历史演变的角度思考李约瑟难题 (3)4.1近代初期——南宋兴起 (3)4.2希望覆灭的分析 (4)5．总结 (4)参考文献 (5)1．李约瑟难题的提出古希腊历史学家修昔底德说过:“人类福祉从不久停一方。
”“在1500年前，是世界冲击欧洲，而1500年以后，是欧洲冲击世界。
”今日，我们仍不得不承认西方先进于我们，尤其是科学与技术所代表的先进生产力。
为什么古代中国科学文明是那样熠熠生辉，而今日，西方却占据主导地位?试图解答这一问题，我们就必须引入在科学技术史上仍值得思考的问题——李约瑟难题。
1.1李约瑟人物简介李约瑟(Joseph Needham, 1900-1995)是中国科技史研究的传奇人物。
1937年起，李约瑟开始对中国古代文明产生浓厚兴趣，在随后的40年数次来华，并到边疆地区进行过广泛的旅行考察。
50年代，他组织英中友好协会并担任负责人。
在这些社会活动之外，最有影响，同时也最终奠定李约瑟学术与人生地位的则是他所著的《中国科学技术史》。
科研问题的英文作文英文：Research is an essential part of my life as a scientist. Every day, I am faced with different scientific problemsthat require careful analysis and experimentation. One of the biggest challenges I face is coming up with new and innovative research ideas. It can be difficult to think outside of the box and come up with something truly unique and groundbreaking.To overcome this challenge, I often turn to my colleagues and peers for inspiration. We regularly hold brainstorming sessions where we share our ideas and bounce them off of each other. This collaborative approach has led to some of my most successful research projects.Another challenge I face is obtaining funding for my research. It can be a competitive and time-consuming process, but it is essential to securing the resourcesneeded to carry out my experiments. I have learned to be persistent and to not get discouraged by rejection. I also try to diversify my funding sources by applying for grants and fellowships from different organizations.Overall, conducting research is a challenging but rewarding experience. It requires creativity, perseverance, and a willingness to learn from both successes and failures.中文：作为一名科学家，科研是我生活中必不可少的一部分。
从科技史看“李约瑟难题”1. 引言1.1 李约瑟难题的提出李约瑟难题起源于20世纪60年代，由斯坦福大学历史学家李约瑟提出。
这一问题涉及到科技史领域的重要议题，探讨了东西方科技发展的差异和相互影响。
在当时，西方科技一直被认为是全球技术发展的主导力量，而东方科技被认为是相对落后的。
李约瑟对这一观点提出了质疑，他认为东方科技与西方科技并非单纯的“一明一暗”，而是互相借鉴、相互渗透的关系。
他认为东西方之间的科技互动更为复杂，不仅是单向的技术传播，还包括了思想、文化、经济等方面的影响。
李约瑟的观点引起了学术界的广泛关注，他的研究成果影响了后来一系列关于东西方科技发展差异的讨论。
李约瑟难题被认为是科技史研究的一个里程碑，在科技发展的全球视野下，重新审视了东西方科技传统的交融和演化。
这个问题的提出，也促使人们更深入地思考科技发展的多样性和复杂性，对科技史的研究起到了很大的启示作用。
2. 正文2.1 科技史的重要性科技史的重要性体现在多个方面。
科技是人类社会发展的重要推动力量，科技的演进和创新直接影响着社会的进步和变革。
通过研究科技史，可以了解人类在不同时期对技术的运用和发展，探索科技变革对社会经济、文化和政治的影响。
科技史可以帮助我们认识和理解人类对自然的认识和改造过程，揭示人类文明的发展轨迹和规律。
通过科技史的研究，我们可以了解先人们是如何利用自然资源和技术手段解决生活中的问题，从而更好地应对当今社会面临的挑战和问题。
科技史也可以启示我们关于技术创新和发展的思考，帮助我们更好地理解当代科技发展的趋势和方向。
科技史的重要性在于它不仅是人类文明发展的重要组成部分，也是我们认识和把握未来科技发展方向的重要依据。
2.2 李约瑟难题的背景李约瑟难题的背景可以追溯到20世纪50年代，当时中国科学家李约瑟通过对中国古代科技史的研究发现了一个现象，即古代中国曾经发展出许多先进的科技成就，如火药、造纸术、指南针等。
这些科技成就在当时被认为是引领世界的领先地位，但随着时间的推移，中国的科技发展却逐渐停滞甚至倒退，导致了中国在科技领域的边缘化。
李约瑟难题之我见经过了几堂科技史的学习，我对中国的科学技术发展史有了一定的了解，自学习的过程中我们看到了中国科学技术发展的过程，现在我想说一下自己对李约瑟难题的看法。
首先，让我们对李约瑟难题的内容做一下阐述。
李约瑟难题是英国学者李约瑟所提出的，其内容是：尽管中国古代对人类科技发展做出了很多重要贡献，但为什么科学和工业革命没有在近代的中国发生？也就是说曾经领先世界各国几百年上千年的中国科技，中国文明在近代为什么又落后于西方，为什么近代中国没有发展出现代科学技术。
这是一个值得我们反思的问题。
中国光辉灿烂的5000年文明造就了辉煌的成就，古代的四大发明，在人类科学文化史上留下了灿烂的一页，曾造福于全世界，推动了全人类历史的前进。
《马克思恩格斯全集》里这样说，中国的四大发明在欧洲近代文明产生之前陆续传入西方，成为资本主义发展的必要前提，为资产阶级走上政治舞台提供了物质基础，印刷术的出现改变了只有僧侣才能读书和受高等教育的状况，有利于文化的传播；火药和火器的采用摧毁了封建城堡，帮助资产阶级去战胜封建贵族；指南针的出现使得欧洲的航海家有可能发现美洲新大陆和实现环球航行，为资产阶级奠定了世界贸易和工场手工业发展的基础。
除此之外，中国在天文，历法，数学，医学等方面也取得过许多重大成就。
而到了近代，西方在科学技术方面得成就远远超过了中国，三次科技革命区区一二百年，取得的成就却比历史上所有时间里取得的成就加起来还要多。
对于上述的情况我认为主要有下述几个方面的原因：第一，地理环境差异，中国近代以来之所以技术没有继续发展，跟中国所处在的地理环境有很大的关系。
成文于周秦之际的《禹贡》（汉代将其收入《尚书》描述了古中国的地域范围）：东渐于海，西被于流沙，朔南暨声教，讫于四海。
我们今天可以将这段话进而阐发为：中国的地理格局是，东临茫茫大海，这是古人难以逾越的海洋；西北部是茫茫沙漠，无垠戈壁；而西南耸立了世界屋脊——帕米尔高原、青藏高原和纵贯南北的横断山脉。
对“李约瑟难题”的思考——社会制度对科学技术发展的影响姓名：杨健学号：2120110650学院：光电学院专业：光学工程科学技术的进步和社会的制度是紧密相连不可分割的一个整体，当一个国家建立一种相对优越相对进步的社会制度时，其对于社会各方面的科学技术的发展起着至关重要的作用。
在英国著名生物化学家李约瑟对中国科技史研究的杰出贡献中，他在其所编著的《中国科学技术史》中正式提出了著名的“李约瑟难题”：“如果我的中国朋友们在智力上和我完全一样，那为什么像伽利略、托里拆利、斯蒂文、牛顿这样的伟大人物都是欧洲人，而不是中国人或印度人呢？为什么近代科学和科学革命只产生在欧洲呢？为什么直到中世纪中国还比欧洲先进，后来却会让欧洲人着了先鞭呢？怎么会产生这样的转变呢？”而这个难题又是根据发展水平的不同分为两个阶段，前一个阶段是说中国处于世界科学和技术的领先水平，并且远远的超过了西欧各国；后一个阶段是说欧洲各国经过一系列的革命之后迅速的超越了中国。
纵览全线，通过比较两个时期阶段中国和欧洲各个国家的制度，我们就不难发现其问题的所在，前一阶段是中国的封建制度优越于西欧的奴隶制度，后一阶段是西欧的资本主义制度优越于中国的封建主义制度。
但是现在，中国的社会主义制度又反超越而优越于资本主义制度表现出强大的生命力，推动着社会飞速的发展。
通过分析比较“李约瑟难题”中所提到两个阶段模式，第一段是：为什么在公元前一世纪到公元十六世纪之间，古代中国人在科学和技术方面的发达程度远远超过同时期的欧洲? 中国的政教分离、选拔制度、私塾教育和诸子百家为何没有在同期的欧洲产生？这个阶段是中国已经是秦朝统一之后的时段，在秦朝统一前后，那也就是意味着这时的中国已经是一个跨过了奴隶社会而直接进入封建社会的一个社会状态，但是这时的封建社会还是一个初级封建社会阶段，在科学和技术方面虽然没有表现出旺盛的生机，但是这时的经济发展确实空前的。
国家的统一、安定，为社会的经济发展创造了前提条件如秦朝统一货币、度量衡和文字等。
李约瑟难题及解答为什么资本主义和现代科学起源于西欧而不是中国或其他文明？这就是著名的李约瑟之谜。
英国著名生物化学家李约瑟，曾因胚胎发育的生化研究而取得巨大成就，后来他又以中国科技史研究的杰出贡献成为权威，并在其编著的15卷《中国科学技术史》中正式提出了著名的“李约瑟难题”：“如果我的中国朋友们在智力上和我完全一样，那为什么像伽利略、托里拆利、斯蒂文、牛顿这样的伟大人物都是欧洲人，而不是中国人或印度人呢？为什么近代科学和科学革命只产生在欧洲呢？……著名者如鉴真和尚。
中国的教育制度在唐代传到日本，唐代的教育内容和精神也支配了日本，经书成为士大夫的必读书，《左传》为大经，《毛诗》、《用礼》、《仪礼》为中经，《周易》、《尚书》为小经。
继唐代经疏传到日本的是宋明的理学，朱子理学传到了日本。
1593年，德川家康召见大儒藤原惺窝于江户，惶窝举《大学》，《贞观政要》的要义以进，家康大为器重。
惺窝讲学以朱子为主也颇取陆象山及汉唐儒者的学说，他作有“四书”、“五经”的训名本，把儒家经典浅易化。
1601年，德川家康设学校于伏见圆光寺令僧俗入学，是为德川氏立学之始。
以后又建弘文馆、立孔子庙大小藩主都分别模仿幕府，设学校于藩城。
汉籍教科书通行的丢“四书”、“五经”、《左传》、《史记》、《汉书》、《资治通鉴》、《通当纲目》等。
总体来看，日本德川时代，儒学普及于中等社会。
除了儒家学说和思想传到日本外，中国的佛教思想也传到了日本，并对日本产生了很大影响。
日本佛教以中国为母国，唐有什么佛教宗派，日本佛教便有相应宗派。
东渡日本的鉴真和尚被日本人称为“日本律宗太祖”、“日本文化的恩人”。
2．对朝鲜的影响中国的儒家学说早在朝鲜史上的古朝鲜时期(公元前5世纪一公元前1世纪中叶)就输入了朝鲜。
三国时期(公元前l世纪中叶一7世纪中叶)，朝鲜三国从不同渠道大规模引人中国文化：高句丽从陆路传人儒教，以汉儒的典章制度为重点；百济从海路传人中国南方文化，吸收了六朝的多样性学术思想；新罗则是经过高句丽、百济间接地吸收中国文化。
从科技史看“李约瑟难题”“李约瑟难题”是指中国传统科技未能像欧洲科技一样在工业革命时期迎来大发展的问题。
这个难题得名于美籍华裔科学史学者李约瑟。
他在20世纪50年代发表了一篇论文，探讨了中国科技发展的历史，并指出了中国传统科技在工业革命时期的停滞不前。
在这篇论文中，他提出了一些原因，包括社会、经济和文化差异等。
然而，这个难题并不是简单的历史问题，而是涉及到文化、哲学、政治和经济等多个方面。
以下从不同的角度来看一下“李约瑟难题”。
文化和哲学中国的传统文化和哲学影响深远，形成了一种“以人为本”的思想，注重和谐、和平和稳定。
这种思想在某些方面是对西方文化和哲学的补充和修正，但在科技发展方面却阻碍了中国的进步。
中国科技创新不像欧洲那样重视对自然的探索和实验，而是更多地依赖传统知识和技能，缺乏独立的研究和创新精神。
政治和经济中国传统政治制度一直以来都是中央集权的，而且对商业和工业的发展并不鼓励。
商人和工匠被视为低下阶层，没有得到社会的重视和支持。
这使得中国没有形成像欧洲那样独立的商业和企业家文化，缺乏支持科技创新和发展的资本和机构。
西方和东方西方和东方在很多方面都存在差异。
在科技发展方面，西方支持个人创新和实验，中国则更注重传统学问和技能。
西方的科技进步受到商业和工业的推动，而中国的经济发展主要依赖农业和手工业。
这些差异造成了不同的科技发展模式，也是“李约瑟难题”的产生原因之一。
结论“李约瑟难题”是一个复杂的问题，涉及到历史、文化、哲学、政治和经济等多个方面。
它突出了中国传统科技发展的瓶颈和缺陷，也提醒我们要避免陷入单一的文化和经济模式，应该借鉴和学习其他国家的经验和成功之处，以推动科技和经济的发展。
李约瑟难题Needham Puzzle在西方科技发展史中，曾经提出过许多重大的"难题"和"猜想"，比如哥德巴赫猜想、庞加莱猜想等等，对于这些"难题"和"猜想"的攻克，往往都能够在很大程度上推动某一学科的诞生与发展，其影响甚至超过某一学科本身。
"李约瑟难题"同样也是这类问题之一，自李约瑟提出之后，全世界的专家和学者都非常重视。
李约瑟博士(JosephNeedham，1900-1995)是外国人研究中国科学技术史的著名专家，英国皇家科学院院士，英国文学院院士，英中友谊协会会长。
李约瑟博士主编的七卷本英文版《中国科学技术史》，从1954年开始由英国剑桥大学出版社陆续出版，被认为是是二十世纪完成的重大学术成果之一。
李约瑟博士研究中国科学技术史的巨大成就享誉国际学术界，1968年在巴黎第12届国际科学史和科学哲学联合会上被授予乔治萨顿奖。
1974-1977年，李约瑟博士还当选为国际科学史与科学哲学联合会的科学史分会主席。
在《中国科学技术史》巨著中，李约瑟博士第一次以令人信服的史料和证据，全面而又系统地阐明了四千年来中国科学技术的发展历史，展示了中国在古代和中世纪科技方面的成就及其对世界文明所做的贡献。
然而，从17世纪中叶之后，中国的科学技术却如同江河日下。
据有关资料，从公元6世纪到17世纪初，在世界重大科技成果中，中国所占的比例一直在54%以上，而到了19世纪，剧降为只占0.4%。
中国与西方为什么在科学技术上会一个大落，一个大起，拉开如此之大的距离呢，这使李约瑟觉得很不可思议。
实际上李约瑟早在20世纪30年代开始研究中国科技史时就提出了这一问题。
1976年，是美国的经济学家肯尼思·博尔丁正式地将这一问题称之为"李约瑟难题"。
很多人还把"李约瑟难题"进行进一步的推广，出现"中国近代科学为什么落后"、"中国为什么在近代落后了"等问题。
Name: Zhu Y ancheng;Student ID: 1353573Time of Class: W ednesday 1-2The word count: 1240 words13 Dec. 2014The reasons why had China been overtaken by the West in scienceand technologyAbstractBefore 17th century, Chinese technology was always the leader in the world, while the western countries kept a low level in science and technology compared to the China.But things all changed sincethe Industrial Revolution happened. Western world came into a new age that everything was developing rapidly, and its technology exceeded China in a splendid speed. During the same time, Chinese people had little progress in science field.The reason why Chinese technology fell, despite its earlier successes, is very strange. This question was first mentioned by Joseph Needham, an English scholar. I read his book and sought some historical data in the Internet, to make my own view about this question.Keywords:Chinese technology; agricultural civilization;feudalism;lack of theories;no competition.1.Introduction1.1 The significance of the topicIt is known to us that China is one of the four ancient civilizations, and the only country of them that exist till now. Its brilliant success in science and technology was witnessed by dozens of centuries.But the development of Chinese science had many obstructions too, which might cause great difficulties slowing down the pace of its progress. Unfortunately, our society kept old and decayed conception, refusing to step into new period of the science, while Industrial Revolutionchanged the whole western world.Even today, some of these obstructions also play bad rolesduring the time our country rising from ruins left by the invaders.So, it’s important for us to know the truth in that age, the truth what weaken our country or what strengthen our opponent.1.2Research methodsBy coincidence, I have studied this question in my senior middle school, just a little. Before I look up reference material, my first choice is looking through the history of Chinese technology, to learn its developing characteristics.Then I compared the difference in environment for scientific research between China and Western countries in 17th and 18th century. Finally, I listed four points to explain the fall of Chinese technology.2.My research about Needham problem2.1 Agricultural civilization limited the space to develop technologyAncient China was born on a vast and rich land, which means its agricultural civilization can grow to be extremely advanced. Also, its agricultural skills always kept ahead among all countries. But paying so much attention to agriculture lead to the Inhibition in commercialization. Businessman were unwelcomed by thegovernment, and people had no need to buy articles for daily use because they could product these things by themselves. So, there was no request for better devices or no more chance for technology translated to be productivity.As a saying goes, technical innovation is the whole process from invention to commercialization of technical. Obviously, marketization let the western countries become thirsty for higher productivity, and their government tried to create a warm greenhouse for inventors.Contrarily, Chinese government killed the seed of capitalism, though it appeared earlier than Europe over 100 years.We have to admit that, sometimes, what in our hands can destroy what we want to have.2.2Imperial examination corroded the ground breeding talents in scienceChina is the inventor of the examination system. 1400 years ago, Chinese emperor promulgated theimperial examination system to find talented person among the country.Though it worked for many centuries, Chinese intellectual were guided to a road far away from technology and science. This system required the testers reciting Confucian classics day after day, and the passers can win high social status with amazing wealth. Only few people kept their passion for science, while others believed these guys working uselessly.Not only the real talents, searching for better skills which can change the productivity or make the army powerful, suffered from ridicule and rebuke, but the government was also afraid of advanced technology, believing it might threaten the regime. Many Chinese scholars gave up their works in hands because they faced too many difficulties. T hat’s the present situation in Qing dynasty.Till now, Chinese students are also influenced by the remains of imperial examination system. They are all good at Utilitarianism, really.2.3 Chinese mode of invention lack of theoriesAncient Chinese scientists always created new technique with their practical experience in the workrooms or farmland. When the new invention worked well, they would think that’s good enough. There was no need for them to figure out why it worked.So, a classical logical system didn’t appeared in Ancient China. More specifically, the wisdom and consummation of the ancestors couldn’t be inherited well, because no theories or researching methods left by them. As a result, Chinese inventors had no opportunities to stand on the shoulders of a giant.On the contrary, the development of Western science is based on two great achievements. One is the formal logical system, invented byGreek philosophers, while the other is the experimental research method. These two treasures preserved many theories and ancestors’experience, exploding enormous power in Industrial Revolution.2.4 No environment of competitionEmperor of Qing dynasty, Qian Long, once said, “China is a productive and rich country, lacking in nothing. There is no reason to have communication with foreign countries”According to the historical materials, we can find that China is always the strongest country in Asian mainland for so many centuries. Such long period of peace brought China Excessive comfort, no crisis awareness. Chinese government preferred toconsider how to avoid uprising rather than protect this land from foreign invasion. Its dominator wanted their people foolish but no smart so that he could fall asleep in his bed all day. This country’s army lost its function, armaments were sunk in sleep, requiring no promotion.Only the government can drive its power to speed up the boat of technology to get improvement. For instance, years of war often reminded European peopletostrengthen their country, avoiding of the next invasion. They need new technology to change the predicament. As a consequence, government set up a lot of research team, working out many new innovations.3.conclusionChina had been over taken by the West in science and technology, despite its earlier successes. Though it had been agiant standing on the Eastern land, the time tide corroded its body and washed away its strength.The reasons why Chinese technology was beaten by the West in this competition are complicated. I have only listed some of them, simply.In conclusion, my view can be divided into following parts. First, Chinese special social environment was conservative and sealed, especially in Qing dynasty, which limited the space for technology to develop. Second, Chinese government controlled people’s thought,and the Imperial examination destroyed most of its intellectuals. Third, Chinese scientists lacked effective theory system to make good use of ancestors’ achievement.At last, detached position cut down its roads communicating with other advanced nations, while the Industrial Revolution happened in the other side of the earth.That’s all what I have researched about Needham problem.Bibliography李约瑟.李约瑟中国科学技术史. 科学出版社，2006.09. [法]雅克·勒戈夫/著. 中世纪的知识分子. 商务印书馆，1996. 李约瑟难题——百度百科。
一．摘要：李约瑟难题是20 世纪中国科技发展史研究的一个热闹话题，长期争论不断。
通过对话题的追根溯源，看到各类名家对此的解释，站在现在的角度发现“只有技术没有科学”是错误的。
科学与技术不可混为一谈，等等不足之处。
并由此得出我们的结论，15世纪之前，中国科学技术水平居于领先地位，根本原因不在于我们多么先进，我们的文化多么利于科学的发展，而在于西方的相对落后。
而15世纪之后，西方文明的反超的原因在于中国文化本源的固步自封与古希腊罗马文化的形而上学思想和西方文艺复兴，启蒙运动后的理性解放。
二．关键词：李约瑟难题火药三．论文正文一、绪论既然要思考李约瑟难题，那么何为李约瑟难题呢?参考（李约瑟难题的意义和解答王鸿生）据李约瑟①1992 年所写《鲁桂珍博士小传》 ,鲁桂珍、沈诗章、王应睐三位研究生 1937 年到英国学习 ,随着对他们三位中国来的研究生了解越深 ,就越感到自己与他们的思想有许多相同之处 ,这就引发了一个尖锐的问题———既然从古代至中世纪的中国能有这么多科技方面的重大成就 (以火药、印刷与磁针为例) ,为什么现代科学却是只从欧洲发展起来的呢 ?学界一般认为，李约瑟难题是由两个基本设问构成的:第一，为什么公元前1 世纪到公元15世纪，在把人类自然知识应用于实际需要方面，中国文明比西方文明有效得多?第二，为什么近代科学只在欧洲文明中发展，而未在中国( 或印度) 文明中成长?李约瑟的提问由来已久，学者们又是怎么看待这个问题的呢？（从坎陷论的视角看李约瑟难题杨泽波）自上个世纪中叶开始，人们纷纷从各个角度，不同方法，对这个问题提出自己的答案，出现了一大批研究成果和不同的观点。
有学者把这些不同观点概括为八种，即:综合因素论、科学内部结构论、文化模式论、儒家思想论、系统论、思维方式论、无科学论、无意义论。
这八种观点进一步归并又可分为两类，一类是承认，一类是否认。
所谓承认就是认同李约瑟难题的理论意义，其[姓名]| 李约翰难题浅见 | 2014年9月23日区别仅在于对其原因有不同的理解。
Name: Zhu Yancheng;Student ID: 1353573Time of Class: Wednesday 1-2The word count: 1240 words13 Dec. 2014The reasons why had China been overtaken by the West in scienceand technologyAbstractBefore 17th century, Chinese technology was always the leader in the world, while the western countries kept a low level in science and technology compared to the China.But things all changed since the Industrial Revolution happened. Western world came into a new age that everything was developing rapidly, and its technology exceeded China in a splendid speed. During the same time, Chinese people had little progress in science field.The reason why Chinese technology fell, despite its earlier successes, is very strange. This question was first mentioned by Joseph Needham, an English scholar. I read his book and sought some historical data in the Internet, to make my own view about this question.Keywords:Chinese technology; agricultural civilization;feudalism; lack of theories; no competition.1.Introduction1.1 The significance of the topicIt is known to us that China is one of the four ancient civilizations, and the only country of them that exist till now. Its brilliant success in science and technology was witnessed by dozens of centuries.But the development of Chinese science had many obstructions too, which might cause great difficulties slowing down the pace of its progress. Unfortunately, our society kept old and decayed conception, refusing to step into new period of the science, while Industrial Revolution changed the whole western world.Even today, some of these obstructions also play bad roles during the time our country rising from ruins left by the invaders.So, it’s important for us to know the truth in that age, the truth what weaken our country or what strengthen our opponent.1.2 Research methodsBy coincidence, I have studied this question in my senior middle school, just a little. Before I look up reference material, my first choice is looking through the history of Chinese technology, to learn its developing characteristics. Then I compared the difference in environment for scientific research between China and Western countries in 17th and 18th century. Finally, I listed four points to explain the fall of Chinese technology.2.My research about Needham problem2.1 Agricultural civilization limited the space to develop technologyAncient China was born on a vast and rich land, which means its agricultural civilization can grow to be extremely advanced. Also, its agricultural skills always kept ahead among all countries. But paying so much attention to agriculture lead to theInhibition in commercialization. Businessman were unwelcomed by the government, and people had no need to buy articles for daily use because they could product these things by themselves. So, there was no request for better devices or no more chance for technology translated to be productivity.As a saying goes, technical innovation is the whole process from invention to commercialization of technical. Obviously, marketization let the western countries become thirsty for higher productivity, and their government tried to create a warm greenhouse for inventors.Contrarily, Chinese government killed the seed of capitalism, though it appeared earlier than Europe over 100 years.We have to admit that, sometimes, what in our hands can destroy what we want to have.2.2 Imperial examination corroded the ground breeding talents in scienceChina is the inventor of the examination system. 1400 years ago, Chinese emperor promulgated the imperial examination system to find talented person among the country.Though it worked for many centuries, Chinese intellectual were guided to a road far away from technology and science. This system required the testers reciting Confucian classics day after day, and the passers can win high social status with amazing wealth. Only few people kept their passion for science, while others believed these guys working uselessly.Not only the real talents, searching for better skills which can change the productivity or make the army powerful, suffered from ridicule and rebuke, but the government was also afraid of advanced technology, believing it might threaten the regime. Many Chinese scholars gave up their works in hands because they faced too many difficulties. That’s the present situation in Qing dynasty.Till now, Chinese students are also influenced by the remains of imperial examination system. They are all good at Utilitarianism, really.2.3 Chinese mode of invention lack of theoriesAncient Chinese scientists always created new technique with their practical experience in the workrooms or farmland. When the new invention worked well, they would think that’s good enough. There was no need for them to figure out why it worked.So, a classical logical system didn’t appeared in Ancient China. More specifically, the wisdom and consummation of the ancestors couldn’t be inherited well, because no theories or researching methods left by them. As a result, Chinese inventors had no opportunities to stand on the shoulders of a giant.On the contrary, the development of Western science is based on two great achievements. One is the formal logical system, invented by Greek philosophers, while the other is the experimental research method. These two treasures preserved many theories and ancestors’ experience, exploding enormous power in Industrial Revolution.2.4 No environment of competitionEmperor of Qing dynasty, Qian Long, once said, “China is a productive and rich country, lacking in nothing. There is no reason to have communication with foreign countries”According to the historical materials, we can find that China is always the strongest country in Asian mainland for so many centuries. Such long period of peace brought China Excessive comfort, no crisis awareness. Chinese government preferred to consider how to avoid uprising rather than protect this land from foreign invasion. Its dominator wanted their people foolish but no smart so that he could fall asleep in his bed all day. This country’s army lost its function, armaments were sunk in sleep, requiring no promotion.Only the government can drive its power to speed up the boat of technology to get improvement. For instance, years of war often reminded European people to strengthen their country, avoiding of the next invasion. They need new technology tochange the predicament. As a consequence, government set up a lot of research team, working out many new innovations.3.conclusionChina had been over taken by the West in science and technology, despite its earlier successes. Though it had been a giant standing on the Eastern land, the time tide corroded its body and washed away its strength.The reasons why Chinese technology was beaten by the West in this competition are complicated. I have only listed some of them, simply.In conclusion, my view can be divided into following parts. First, Chinese special social environment was conservative and sealed, especially in Qing dynasty, which limited the space for technology to develop. Second, Chinese government controlled people’s thought, and the Imperial examination destroyed most of its intellectuals. Third, Chinese scientists lacked effective theory system to make good use of ancestors’ achievement.At last, detached position cut down its roads communicating with other advanced nations, while the Industrial Revolution happened in the other side of the earth.That’s all what I have researched about Needham problem.Bibliography李约瑟. 李约瑟中国科学技术史. 科学出版社，2006.09. [法]雅克·勒戈夫/著. 中世纪的知识分子. 商务印书馆，1996.李约瑟难题——百度百科。
