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河北师范大学硕士学位论文基于CASA模型的呼伦贝尔地区NPP估算研究姓名：杜红申请学位级别：硕士专业：地图学与地理信息系统指导教师：胡引翠20100307摘要呼伦贝尔市处于内蒙古自治区的东北部地区，属于西北干旱区向东北湿润区和华北旱作农业区的过渡地带，对于保障我国的生态安全和可持续发展具有重要的意义。
草地植被是草地生态系统中的第一性生产者，对区域甚至全球气候和环境变化具有很大的影响作用。
本论文根据CASA模型估算呼伦贝尔地区的NPP，采用遥感数据，以草地植被作为草地生态系统研究的主体，对草地状况进行监测、分析计算和评价。
植被净初级生产力(NPP)是指绿色植物在单位时间内、单位面积上所积累的有机物的量。
NPP作为地表碳循环的重要组成部分，不仅直接反映了植被群落在自然环境条件下的生产能力，表征陆地生态系统的质量状况，而且是判定生态系统碳源/汇和调节生态过程的主要因子，在全球变化及碳平衡中起着重要作用。
近30年来，随着人类活动的影响，温室效应等气候和环境问题日益突出，使得陆地生态系统的碳收支的时空变化成为一项研究趋势。
本文主要运用地理信息系统和CASA遥感模型，利用MODIS遥感数据、气象数据及相关资料，估算内蒙古呼伦贝尔地区的NPP，并将估算结果与实测数据进行对比研究，从而验证CASA模型的精度，并改进该模型。
CASA模型从其产生开始就是基于大尺度甚至全球的空间验证，模型中的许多参数均是从区域甚至全球给定的，本论文拟应用CASA模型来模拟出呼伦贝尔草原生态系统的净初级生产力，并利用该生态系统的野外实测地上生物量数据进行模拟验证，旨在验证CASA模型的动态模拟能力，以评价CASA模型反映NPP空间变异特征的准确性及阐释程度。
本研究主要得出了以下结论：(一) CASA模型的改进及实现以CASA模型的基本结构为基础，考虑到最大光能利用率的取值在不同的地表植被类型中存在的差异，结合呼伦贝尔地区存在不同植被类型的实际情况，对CASA模型进行了一些改进，通过对NPP结果与实测数据及其他模型的对比验证，发现改进后的CASA模型对小尺度植被NPP的模拟效果较好。
基金项目：国家自然科学基金(61178048、61275169、61178081);国家社会科学基金(BFA110049); 校级基金（KJY11-10；KYQD13022）作者简介：梁帆（1981-），男，天津人，讲师，研究方向：医疗机器人建模与控制，医学信号处理，跟踪控制算法；崔世钢（1963-），男，天津人，教授，研究方向：智能机器人；赵丽（1962-），女，吉林人，教授，研究方向：生物医学信号处理、智能信息检测；吴兴利（1960-），男，天津人，高级工程师，研究方向：智能控制；杨莉莉（1989-），女，山东莱州人，硕士研究生，研究方向：智能控制一种CABG 手术辅助机器人运动补偿方法研究——基于耦合模型的多传感器信息融合多步预测控制算法梁帆*，崔世钢，赵丽，吴兴利，杨莉莉（天津职业技术师范大学 天津市信息传感与智能控制重点实验室 天津300222）(*通讯作者邮箱：bachelormd10@)摘 要：在非体外循环心脏动脉旁路移植手术中，辅助机器人动态地消除心脏表面手术点与机器人手术设备之间的相对运动，使心脏不停跳的手术成为可能。
由于心脏运动的高带宽、非平稳、非线性等特点，机器人很难迅速准确的动态跟踪心脏运动。
本文提出基于多测量耦合模型的多步预测控制算法，该算法增加了加速度测量并采用卡尔曼滤波器作为状态观测器进行信息融合处理，增强了对机器人运动状态的估计，进而提高心脏运动信号的跟踪性能。
同时超前的N 步预测增加了系统的带宽。
实验结果表明，使用了耦合模型的多传感器信息融合多步预测控制算法的机器人系统将跟踪相对运动误差减小了20%。
关键词：跟踪控制；手术辅助机器人；模型预测控制；心脏信号估计；耦合模型；扩展卡尔曼滤波器 中图分类号：TP242.6 文献标识码：AMotion Compensation of the CABG Surgery Assisted Robot: a Coupled ModelBased Multi-sensor Fused N step Predictive Control AlgorithmLIANG Fan ，CUI Shigang ，ZHAO Li ，WU Xingli ，YANG Lili(Tianjin Key Laboratory of Information Sensing & Intelligent Control, Tianjin University of Technology and Education, Tianjin300222,China )Abstract: In the off pump Coronary Artery Bypass Graft （CABG ）surgery, the beating heart surgery is possible through the robotics tool which dynamically cancels the relative motion between the point of interest (POI) on the beating heart and robotic instruments. Due to high bandwidth of the POI motion, the tracking task is very hard to achieve. In this paper we propose a coupled model based multi-sensor fused N step predictive control algorithm. The method takes Kalman Filter as its state observer to improve the state estimation and thus enhance the tracking performance. Furthermore, The N step predictions enlarge the system bandwidth. The comparison experiment results shows that tracking error from the coupled model based model predictive control algorithm are 20% less than that using position only model .Key words: tracking control; surgical assisted robotics; model predictive control; heart motion prediction; coupled model; extended Kalman Filter0 引言冠心病是人类主要的致死疾病之一[1]。
Absolute deviation, 绝对离差Absolute number，绝对数Absolute residuals，绝对残差Acceleration array, 加速度立体阵Acceleration in an arbitrary direction，任意方向上的加速度Acceleration normal，法向加速度Acceleration space dimension, 加速度空间的维数Acceleration tangential，切向加速度Acceleration vector, 加速度向量Acceptable hypothesis, 可接受假设Accumulation, 累积Accuracy, 准确度Actual frequency, 实际频数Adaptive estimator，自适应估计量Addition，相加Addition theorem，加法定理Additive Noise, 加性噪声Additivity, 可加性Adjusted rate，调整率Adjusted value，校正值Admissible error, 容许误差Aggregation，聚集性Alpha factoring，α因子法Alternative hypothesis, 备择假设Among groups, 组间Amounts, 总量Analysis of correlation，相关分析Analysis of covariance, 协方差分析Analysis Of Effects，效应分析Analysis Of Variance, 方差分析Analysis of regression, 回归分析Analysis of time series, 时间序列分析Analysis of variance，方差分析Angular transformation, 角转换ANOV A （analysis of variance），方差分析ANOV A Models，方差分析模型ANOV A table and eta，分组计算方差分析Arcing，弧/弧旋Arcsine transformation，反正弦变换Area 区域图Area under the curve, 曲线面积AREG ，评估从一个时间点到下一个时间点回归相关时的误差ARIMA, 季节和非季节性单变量模型的极大似然估计Arithmetic grid paper, 算术格纸Arithmetic grid paper, 算术格纸Arithmetic mean, 算术平均数Arrhenius relation，艾恩尼斯关系Assessing fit, 拟合的评估Associative laws，结合律Asymmetric distribution, 非对称分布Asymptotic bias, 渐近偏倚Asymptotic efficiency, 渐近效率Asymptotic variance，渐近方差Attributable risk，归因危险度Attribute data, 属性资料Attribution, 属性Autocorrelation, 自相关Autocorrelation of residuals, 残差的自相关Average，平均数Average confidence interval length, 平均置信区间长度Average growth rate, 平均增长率Bar chart, 条形图Bar graph, 条形图Base period，基期Bayes' theorem ， Bayes定理Bell-shaped curve, 钟形曲线Bernoulli distribution, 伯努力分布Best-trim estimator，最好切尾估计量Bias, 偏性Binary logistic regression, 二元逻辑斯蒂回归Binomial distribution，二项分布Bisquare, 双平方Bivariate Correlate，二变量相关Bivariate normal distribution，双变量正态分布Bivariate normal population, 双变量正态总体Biweight interval，双权区间Biweight M—estimator, 双权M估计量Block，区组/配伍组BMDP（Biomedical computer programs）, BMDP 统计软件包Boxplots, 箱线图/箱尾图Breakdown bound, 崩溃界/崩溃点Canonical correlation，典型相关Caption, 纵标目Case—control study, 病例对照研究Categorical variable，分类变量Catenary, 悬链线Cauchy distribution，柯西分布Cause—and—effect relationship，因果关系Cell，单元Censoring，终检Center of symmetry, 对称中心Centering and scaling，中心化和定标Central tendency, 集中趋势Central value, 中心值CHAID -χ2 Automatic Interaction Detector, 卡方自动交互检测Chance, 机遇Chance error，随机误差Chance variable, 随机变量Characteristic equation, 特征方程Characteristic root，特征根Characteristic vector, 特征向量Chebshev criterion of fit，拟合的切比雪夫准则Chernoff faces, 切尔诺夫脸谱图Chi-square test，卡方检验/χ2检验Choleskey decomposition, 乔洛斯基分解Circle chart, 圆图Class interval, 组距Class mid-value，组中值Class upper limit, 组上限Classified variable, 分类变量Cluster analysis, 聚类分析Cluster sampling，整群抽样Code，代码Coded data，编码数据Coding, 编码Coefficient of contingency，列联系数Coefficient of determination, 决定系数Coefficient of multiple correlation，多重相关系数Coefficient of partial correlation, 偏相关系数Coefficient of production-moment correlation，积差相关系数Coefficient of rank correlation, 等级相关系数Coefficient of regression, 回归系数Coefficient of skewness，偏度系数Coefficient of variation, 变异系数Cohort study，队列研究Column, 列Column effect，列效应Column factor, 列因素Combination pool，合并Combinative table, 组合表Common factor，共性因子Common regression coefficient, 公共回归系数Common value，共同值Common variance, 公共方差Common variation, 公共变异Communality variance, 共性方差Comparability，可比性Comparison of bathes，批比较Comparison value，比较值Compartment model, 分部模型Compassion，伸缩Complement of an event，补事件Complete association，完全正相关Complete dissociation, 完全不相关Complete statistics，完备统计量Completely randomized design，完全随机化设计Composite event, 联合事件Composite events, 复合事件Concavity，凹性Conditional expectation，条件期望Conditional likelihood，条件似然Conditional probability, 条件概率Conditionally linear，依条件线性Confidence interval，置信区间Confidence limit，置信限Confidence lower limit，置信下限Confidence upper limit，置信上限Confirmatory Factor Analysis ，验证性因子分析Confirmatory research, 证实性实验研究Confounding factor，混杂因素Conjoint, 联合分析Consistency，相合性Consistency check, 一致性检验Consistent asymptotically normal estimate, 相合渐近正态估计Consistent estimate, 相合估计Constrained nonlinear regression, 受约束非线性回归Constraint, 约束Contaminated distribution, 污染分布Contaminated Gausssian, 污染高斯分布Contaminated normal distribution，污染正态分布Contamination, 污染Contamination model, 污染模型Contingency table，列联表Contour, 边界线Contribution rate, 贡献率Control，对照Controlled experiments，对照实验Conventional depth, 常规深度Convolution，卷积Corrected factor, 校正因子Corrected mean, 校正均值Correction coefficient，校正系数Correctness, 正确性Correlation coefficient, 相关系数Correlation index，相关指数Correspondence，对应Counting, 计数Counts，计数/频数Covariance，协方差Covariant, 共变Cox Regression, Cox回归Criteria for fitting, 拟合准则Criteria of least squares, 最小二乘准则Critical ratio，临界比Critical region，拒绝域Critical value, 临界值Cross-over design，交叉设计Cross—section analysis, 横断面分析Cross-section survey，横断面调查Crosstabs ，交叉表Cross-tabulation table, 复合表Cube root, 立方根Cumulative distribution function, 分布函数Cumulative probability，累计概率Curvature, 曲率/弯曲Curvature, 曲率Curve fit , 曲线拟和Curve fitting，曲线拟合Curvilinear regression，曲线回归Curvilinear relation, 曲线关系Cut—and-try method, 尝试法Cycle, 周期Cyclist，周期性D test, D检验Data acquisition，资料收集Data bank, 数据库Data capacity，数据容量Data deficiencies，数据缺乏Data handling，数据处理Data manipulation，数据处理Data processing, 数据处理Data reduction, 数据缩减Data set，数据集Data sources, 数据来源Data transformation, 数据变换Data validity，数据有效性Data-in，数据输入Data-out, 数据输出Dead time，停滞期Degree of freedom，自由度Degree of precision，精密度Degree of reliability，可靠性程度Degression，递减Density function，密度函数Density of data points, 数据点的密度Dependent variable，应变量/依变量/因变量Dependent variable, 因变量Depth，深度Derivative matrix, 导数矩阵Derivative—free methods，无导数方法Design, 设计Determinacy，确定性Determinant, 行列式Determinant, 决定因素Deviation，离差Deviation from average，离均差Diagnostic plot, 诊断图Dichotomous variable，二分变量Differential equation, 微分方程Direct standardization, 直接标准化法Discrete variable, 离散型变量DISCRIMINANT，判断Discriminant analysis, 判别分析Discriminant coefficient，判别系数Discriminant function, 判别值Dispersion, 散布/分散度Disproportional，不成比例的Disproportionate sub—class numbers，不成比例次级组含量Distribution free，分布无关性/免分布Distribution shape，分布形状Distribution—free method，任意分布法Distributive laws，分配律Disturbance, 随机扰动项Dose response curve, 剂量反应曲线Double blind method，双盲法Double blind trial，双盲试验Double exponential distribution，双指数分布Double logarithmic，双对数Downward rank，降秩Dual-space plot，对偶空间图DUD，无导数方法Duncan’s new multiple range method, 新复极差法/Duncan新法Effect，实验效应Eigenvalue，特征值Eigenvector，特征向量Ellipse, 椭圆Empirical distribution，经验分布Empirical probability, 经验概率单位Enumeration data，计数资料Equal sun—class number，相等次级组含量Equally likely, 等可能Equivariance, 同变性Error，误差/错误Error of estimate, 估计误差Error type I，第一类错误Error type II，第二类错误Estimand，被估量Estimated error mean squares, 估计误差均方Estimated error sum of squares, 估计误差平方和Euclidean distance，欧式距离Event，事件Event，事件Exceptional data point, 异常数据点Expectation plane，期望平面Expectation surface，期望曲面Expected values, 期望值Experiment，实验Experimental sampling，试验抽样Experimental unit，试验单位Explanatory variable，说明变量Exploratory data analysis, 探索性数据分析Explore Summarize，探索-摘要Exponential curve，指数曲线Exponential growth，指数式增长EXSMOOTH, 指数平滑方法Extended fit，扩充拟合Extra parameter，附加参数Extrapolation，外推法Extreme observation, 末端观测值Extremes, 极端值/极值F distribution, F分布F test， F检验Factor, 因素/因子Factor analysis，因子分析Factor Analysis, 因子分析Factor score, 因子得分Factorial, 阶乘Factorial design，析因试验设计False negative，假阴性False negative error, 假阴性错误Family of distributions, 分布族Family of estimators，估计量族Fanning, 扇面Fatality rate，病死率Field investigation, 现场调查Field survey, 现场调查Finite population，有限总体Finite—sample, 有限样本First derivative, 一阶导数First principal component，第一主成分First quartile，第一四分位数Fisher information, 费雪信息量Fitted value，拟合值Fitting a curve，曲线拟合Fixed base，定基Fluctuation, 随机起伏Forecast，预测Four fold table，四格表Fourth，四分点Fraction blow, 左侧比率Fractional error，相对误差Frequency, 频率Frequency polygon, 频数多边图Frontier point，界限点Function relationship, 泛函关系Gamma distribution，伽玛分布Gauss increment, 高斯增量Gaussian distribution, 高斯分布/正态分布Gauss-Newton increment, 高斯—牛顿增量General census，全面普查GENLOG （Generalized liner models)，广义线性模型Geometric mean, 几何平均数Gini’s me an difference，基尼均差GLM （General liner models），通用线性模型Goodness of fit，拟和优度/配合度Gradient of determinant，行列式的梯度Graeco-Latin square，希腊拉丁方Grand mean，总均值Gross errors, 重大错误Gross-error sensitivity，大错敏感度Group averages，分组平均Grouped data，分组资料Guessed mean，假定平均数Half-life, 半衰期Hampel M—estimators, 汉佩尔M估计量Happenstance, 偶然事件Harmonic mean, 调和均数Hazard function，风险均数Hazard rate，风险率Heading, 标目Heavy—tailed distribution, 重尾分布Hessian array, 海森立体阵Heterogeneity, 不同质Heterogeneity of variance, 方差不齐Hierarchical classification, 组内分组Hierarchical clustering method，系统聚类法High—leverage point, 高杠杆率点HILOGLINEAR, 多维列联表的层次对数线性模型Hinge，折叶点Histogram, 直方图Historical cohort study, 历史性队列研究Holes, 空洞HOMALS, 多重响应分析Homogeneity of variance，方差齐性Homogeneity test，齐性检验Huber M—estimators，休伯M估计量Hyperbola，双曲线Hypothesis testing，假设检验Hypothetical universe, 假设总体Impossible event, 不可能事件Independence，独立性Independent variable，自变量Index，指标/指数Indirect standardization, 间接标准化法Individual，个体Inference band, 推断带Infinite population，无限总体Infinitely great，无穷大Infinitely small，无穷小Influence curve, 影响曲线Information capacity, 信息容量Initial condition，初始条件Initial estimate, 初始估计值Initial level, 最初水平Interaction，交互作用Interaction terms, 交互作用项Intercept，截距Interpolation，内插法Interquartile range，四分位距Interval estimation，区间估计Intervals of equal probability，等概率区间Intrinsic curvature, 固有曲率Invariance, 不变性Inverse matrix，逆矩阵Inverse probability, 逆概率Inverse sine transformation，反正弦变换Iteration，迭代Jacobian determinant, 雅可比行列式Joint distribution function，分布函数Joint probability, 联合概率Joint probability distribution，联合概率分布K means method, 逐步聚类法Kaplan—Meier, 评估事件的时间长度Kaplan—Merier chart, Kaplan-Merier图Kendall's rank correlation, Kendall等级相关Kinetic，动力学Kolmogorov—Smirnove test，柯尔莫哥洛夫-斯米尔诺夫检验Kruskal and Wallis test，Kruskal及Wallis检验/多样本的秩和检验/H检验Kurtosis，峰度Lack of fit，失拟Ladder of powers，幂阶梯Lag，滞后Large sample，大样本Large sample test，大样本检验Latin square, 拉丁方Latin square design，拉丁方设计Leakage，泄漏Least favorable configuration，最不利构形Least favorable distribution，最不利分布Least significant difference，最小显著差法Least square method, 最小二乘法Least—absolute—residuals estimates，最小绝对残差估计Least-absolute—residuals fit, 最小绝对残差拟合Least—absolute-residuals line，最小绝对残差线Legend，图例L-estimator, L估计量L-estimator of location，位置L估计量L-estimator of scale，尺度L估计量Level，水平Life expectance, 预期期望寿命Life table, 寿命表Life table method，生命表法Light—tailed distribution，轻尾分布Likelihood function，似然函数Likelihood ratio, 似然比line graph, 线图Linear correlation，直线相关Linear equation, 线性方程Linear programming，线性规划Linear regression，直线回归Linear Regression，线性回归Linear trend, 线性趋势Loading，载荷Location and scale equivariance, 位置尺度同变性Location equivariance，位置同变性Location invariance，位置不变性Location scale family, 位置尺度族Log rank test, 时序检验Logarithmic curve, 对数曲线Logarithmic normal distribution，对数正态分布Logarithmic scale, 对数尺度Logarithmic transformation, 对数变换Logic check, 逻辑检查Logistic distribution, 逻辑斯特分布Logit transformation， Logit转换LOGLINEAR, 多维列联表通用模型Lognormal distribution, 对数正态分布Lost function，损失函数Low correlation, 低度相关Lower limit, 下限Lowest-attained variance，最小可达方差LSD，最小显著差法的简称Lurking variable, 潜在变量Main effect, 主效应Major heading, 主辞标目Marginal density function，边缘密度函数Marginal probability，边缘概率Marginal probability distribution，边缘概率分布Matched data，配对资料Matched distribution，匹配过分布Matching of distribution，分布的匹配Matching of transformation, 变换的匹配Mathematical expectation, 数学期望Mathematical model，数学模型Maximum L-estimator，极大极小L 估计量Maximum likelihood method, 最大似然法Mean, 均数Mean squares between groups, 组间均方Mean squares within group，组内均方Means （Compare means)，均值—均值比较Median, 中位数Median effective dose，半数效量Median lethal dose, 半数致死量Median polish，中位数平滑Median test, 中位数检验Minimal sufficient statistic，最小充分统计量Minimum distance estimation，最小距离估计Minimum effective dose，最小有效量Minimum lethal dose，最小致死量Minimum variance estimator，最小方差估计量MINITAB, 统计软件包Minor heading，宾词标目Missing data, 缺失值Model specification, 模型的确定Modeling Statistics ，模型统计Models for outliers, 离群值模型Modifying the model, 模型的修正Modulus of continuity, 连续性模Morbidity, 发病率Most favorable configuration，最有利构形Multidimensional Scaling (ASCAL), 多维尺度/多维标度Multinomial Logistic Regression , 多项逻辑斯蒂回归Multiple comparison, 多重比较Multiple correlation , 复相关Multiple covariance, 多元协方差Multiple linear regression, 多元线性回归Multiple response , 多重选项Multiple solutions，多解Multiplication theorem, 乘法定理Multiresponse，多元响应Multi-stage sampling, 多阶段抽样Multivariate T distribution，多元T分布Mutual exclusive, 互不相容Mutual independence，互相独立Natural boundary，自然边界Natural dead, 自然死亡Natural zero, 自然零Negative correlation，负相关Negative linear correlation, 负线性相关Negatively skewed, 负偏Newman—Keuls method， q检验NK method, q检验No statistical significance，无统计意义Nominal variable，名义变量Nonconstancy of variability，变异的非定常性Nonlinear regression, 非线性相关Nonparametric statistics, 非参数统计Nonparametric test，非参数检验Nonparametric tests，非参数检验Normal deviate，正态离差Normal distribution，正态分布Normal equation，正规方程组Normal ranges，正常范围Normal value，正常值Nuisance parameter, 多余参数/讨厌参数Null hypothesis, 无效假设Numerical variable，数值变量Objective function，目标函数Observation unit，观察单位Observed value, 观察值One sided test，单侧检验One—way analysis of variance，单因素方差分析Oneway ANOVA , 单因素方差分析Open sequential trial, 开放型序贯设计Optrim, 优切尾Optrim efficiency, 优切尾效率Order statistics, 顺序统计量Ordered categories，有序分类Ordinal logistic regression ，序数逻辑斯蒂回归Ordinal variable，有序变量Orthogonal basis，正交基Orthogonal design，正交试验设计Orthogonality conditions，正交条件ORTHOPLAN, 正交设计Outlier cutoffs，离群值截断点Outliers, 极端值OVERALS , 多组变量的非线性正规相关Overshoot，迭代过度Paired design, 配对设计Paired sample，配对样本Pairwise slopes，成对斜率Parabola，抛物线Parallel tests, 平行试验Parameter, 参数Parametric statistics, 参数统计Parametric test, 参数检验Partial correlation, 偏相关Partial regression，偏回归Partial sorting，偏排序Partials residuals，偏残差Pattern，模式Pearson curves, 皮尔逊曲线Peeling, 退层Percent bar graph，百分条形图Percentage, 百分比Percentile，百分位数Percentile curves，百分位曲线Periodicity，周期性Permutation，排列P-estimator， P估计量Pie graph，饼图Pitman estimator, 皮特曼估计量Pivot, 枢轴量Planar，平坦Planar assumption, 平面的假设PLANCARDS，生成试验的计划卡Point estimation，点估计Poisson distribution，泊松分布Polishing，平滑Polled standard deviation，合并标准差Polled variance, 合并方差Polygon，多边图Polynomial, 多项式Polynomial curve, 多项式曲线Population，总体Population attributable risk, 人群归因危险度Positive correlation，正相关Positively skewed，正偏Posterior distribution，后验分布Power of a test, 检验效能Precision, 精密度Predicted value，预测值Preliminary analysis, 预备性分析Principal component analysis, 主成分分析Prior distribution, 先验分布Prior probability，先验概率Probabilistic model，概率模型probability，概率Probability density，概率密度Product moment, 乘积矩/协方差Profile trace，截面迹图Proportion, 比/构成比Proportion allocation in stratified random sampling, 按比例分层随机抽样Proportionate，成比例Proportionate sub—class numbers，成比例次级组含量Prospective study，前瞻性调查Proximities, 亲近性Pseudo F test, 近似F检验Pseudo model, 近似模型Pseudosigma，伪标准差Purposive sampling，有目的抽样QR decomposition， QR分解Quadratic approximation, 二次近似Qualitative classification, 属性分类Qualitative method，定性方法Quantile—quantile plot, 分位数—分位数图/Q-Q图Quantitative analysis，定量分析Quartile, 四分位数Quick Cluster, 快速聚类Radix sort，基数排序Random allocation，随机化分组Random blocks design，随机区组设计Random event，随机事件Randomization，随机化Range，极差/全距Rank correlation, 等级相关Rank sum test, 秩和检验Rank test，秩检验Ranked data，等级资料Rate, 比率Ratio，比例Raw data, 原始资料Raw residual, 原始残差Rayleigh's test, 雷氏检验Rayleigh's Z, 雷氏Z值Reciprocal, 倒数Reciprocal transformation, 倒数变换Recording, 记录Redescending estimators，回降估计量Reducing dimensions, 降维Re—expression，重新表达Reference set，标准组Region of acceptance，接受域Regression coefficient，回归系数Regression sum of square，回归平方和Rejection point，拒绝点Relative dispersion，相对离散度Relative number, 相对数Reliability, 可靠性Reparametrization, 重新设置参数Replication，重复Report Summaries, 报告摘要Residual sum of square，剩余平方和Resistance, 耐抗性Resistant line，耐抗线Resistant technique，耐抗技术R—estimator of location，位置R估计量R-estimator of scale, 尺度R估计量Retrospective study，回顾性调查Ridge trace, 岭迹Ridit analysis, Ridit分析Rotation, 旋转Rounding, 舍入Row，行Row effects, 行效应Row factor，行因素RXC table， RXC表Sample，样本Sample regression coefficient，样本回归系数Sample size，样本量Sample standard deviation，样本标准差Sampling error，抽样误差SAS(Statistical analysis system ）, SAS 统计软件包Scale, 尺度/量表Scatter diagram, 散点图Schematic plot，示意图/简图Score test, 计分检验Screening, 筛检SEASON，季节分析Second derivative, 二阶导数Second principal component, 第二主成分SEM (Structural equation modeling), 结构化方程模型Semi—logarithmic graph, 半对数图Semi-logarithmic paper，半对数格纸Sensitivity curve, 敏感度曲线Sequential analysis，贯序分析Sequential data set, 顺序数据集Sequential design，贯序设计Sequential method, 贯序法Sequential test, 贯序检验法Serial tests，系列试验Short—cut method, 简捷法Sigmoid curve， S形曲线Sign function，正负号函数Sign test，符号检验Signed rank, 符号秩Significance test, 显著性检验Significant figure，有效数字Simple cluster sampling, 简单整群抽样Simple correlation, 简单相关Simple random sampling, 简单随机抽样Simple regression，简单回归simple table, 简单表Sine estimator, 正弦估计量Single-valued estimate, 单值估计Singular matrix，奇异矩阵Skewed distribution，偏斜分布Skewness, 偏度Slash distribution，斜线分布Slope，斜率Smirnov test，斯米尔诺夫检验Source of variation, 变异来源Spearman rank correlation，斯皮尔曼等级相关Specific factor，特殊因子Specific factor variance, 特殊因子方差Spectra , 频谱Spherical distribution，球型正态分布Spread, 展布SPSS(Statistical package for the social science)， SPSS统计软件包Spurious correlation，假性相关Square root transformation, 平方根变换Stabilizing variance, 稳定方差Standard deviation，标准差Standard error, 标准误Standard error of difference，差别的标准误Standard error of estimate，标准估计误差Standard error of rate, 率的标准误Standard normal distribution，标准正态分布Standardization, 标准化Starting value，起始值Statistic，统计量Statistical control, 统计控制Statistical graph，统计图Statistical inference, 统计推断Statistical table，统计表Steepest descent, 最速下降法Stem and leaf display, 茎叶图Step factor，步长因子Stepwise regression, 逐步回归Storage，存Strata，层(复数）Stratified sampling, 分层抽样Stratified sampling, 分层抽样Strength，强度Stringency, 严密性Structural relationship, 结构关系Studentized residual, 学生化残差/t化残差Sub—class numbers, 次级组含量Subdividing, 分割Sufficient statistic，充分统计量Sum of products, 积和Sum of squares，离差平方和Sum of squares about regression，回归平方和Sum of squares between groups，组间平方和Sum of squares of partial regression, 偏回归平方和Sure event，必然事件Survey，调查Survival，生存分析Survival rate, 生存率Suspended root gram，悬吊根图Symmetry, 对称Systematic error，系统误差Systematic sampling，系统抽样Tags，标签Tail area，尾部面积Tail length, 尾长Tail weight，尾重Tangent line，切线Target distribution, 目标分布Taylor series，泰勒级数Tendency of dispersion，离散趋势Testing of hypotheses，假设检验Theoretical frequency, 理论频数Time series，时间序列Tolerance interval, 容忍区间Tolerance lower limit, 容忍下限Tolerance upper limit, 容忍上限Torsion，扰率Total sum of square，总平方和Total variation，总变异Transformation, 转换Treatment, 处理Trend, 趋势Trend of percentage, 百分比趋势Trial, 试验Trial and error method，试错法Tuning constant，细调常数Two sided test, 双向检验Two-stage least squares，二阶最小平方Two—stage sampling, 二阶段抽样Two—tailed test，双侧检验Two-way analysis of variance，双因素方差分析Two—way table，双向表Type I error, 一类错误/α错误Type II error，二类错误/β错误UMVU, 方差一致最小无偏估计简称Unbiased estimate，无偏估计Unconstrained nonlinear regression , 无约束非线性回归Unequal subclass number, 不等次级组含量Ungrouped data，不分组资料Uniform coordinate，均匀坐标Uniform distribution, 均匀分布Uniformly minimum variance unbiased estimate, 方差一致最小无偏估计Unit，单元Unordered categories，无序分类Upper limit, 上限Upward rank，升秩Vague concept，模糊概念Validity, 有效性VARCOMP （Variance component estimation),方差元素估计Variability，变异性Variable，变量Variance, 方差Variation, 变异Varimax orthogonal rotation，方差最大正交旋转Volume of distribution, 容积W test， W检验Weibull distribution，威布尔分布Weight, 权数Weighted Chi—square test，加权卡方检验/Cochran检验Weighted linear regression method, 加权直线回归Weighted mean, 加权平均数Weighted mean square, 加权平均方差Weighted sum of square，加权平方和Weighting coefficient, 权重系数Weighting method, 加权法W—estimation， W估计量W—estimation of location，位置W估计量Width, 宽度Wilcoxon paired test, 威斯康星配对法/配对符号秩和检验Wild point, 野点/狂点Wild value，野值/狂值Winsorized mean, 缩尾均值Withdraw, 失访Youden’s index, 尤登指数Z test， Z检验Zero correlation, 零相关Z—transformation， Z变换。
《2D-3D 定位算法》笔记中英对照：世界坐标系或实体坐标系(3D)：object coordinate system 。
摄像机坐标系(3D): camera coordinate system 。
图像坐标系(2D): image coordinate system ，在摄像机坐标系下取x 和y 坐标即为图像坐标系。
2D-3D 点对：2D-3D correspondences ，根据投影变换将3D 点投影为2D 点。
平移变换：translation projection 旋转变换：rotation projection 比例变换：scale projection透视投影变换：perspective projection 正交投影变换：orthographic projection2D-3D 定位算法：根据 已给出的若干对 3D 点p i （在世界坐标系或实体坐标系下）和 相对应的 2D 点p i '（在图像坐标系下或在摄像机坐标系下取x 和y 坐标），求出之间的投影变换矩阵（旋转变换和平移变换）。
文献1：《A Comparison of 2D-3D Pose Estimation Methods 》 文献2：《A Comparison of Iterative 2D-3D Pose Estimation Methods for Real-Time Applications 》 文献3：《计算机视觉》-马颂德一、CamPoseCalib(CPC)1、基本思想：根据非线性最小二乘法，最小化重投影误差求出投影参数),,,,,(γβαθθθθθθθz y x =。
2、算法过程：（1）已给出若干点对)'~,(i i p p ，其中i p 是实体坐标系下的3D 点，'~i p 我理解为事先给出的图像坐标系下的2D 点，应该是给出的测量值 。
（2）将i p 先经过旋转变换 i z y x p R R R ⋅⋅⋅)()()(γβαθθθ 和平移变换 Tz y x ),,(θθθ ，得到摄像机坐标系下的点i z y x Tz y x i p R R R p m ⋅⋅⋅+=)()()(),,(),(γβαθθθθθθθ 。
药物临床试验英文缩写缩略语英文全称中文全称ADE Adverse Drug Event 药物不良事件ADR Adverse Drug Reaction 药物不良反应AE Adverse Event 不良事件AI Assistant Investigator 助理研究者BMI Body Mass Index 体质指数CI Co-investigator 合作研究者COI Coordinating Investigator 协调研究者CRC Clinical Research Coordinator 临床研究协调者CRF Case Report Form 病历报告表CRO Contract Research Organization 合同研究组织CSA Clinical Study Application 临床研究申请CTA Clinical Trial Application 临床试验申请CTX Clinical Trial Exemption 临床试验免责CTP Clinical Trial Protocol 临床试验方案CTR Clinical Trial Report 临床试验报告DSMB Data Safety and monitoring Board 数据安全及监控委员会EDC Electronic Data Capture 电子数据采集系统EDP Electronic Data Processing 电子数据处理系统FDA Food and Drug Administration 美国食品与药品管理局FR Final Report 总结报告GCP Good Clinical Practice 药物临床试验质量管理规范GCP Good Laboratory Practice 药物非临床试验质量管理规范GMP Good Manufacturing Practice 药品生产质量管理规范IB Investigator’s Brochure 研究者手册IC Informed Consent 知情同意ICF Informed Consent Form 知情同意书ICH International Conference on Harmonization 国际协调会议IDM Independent Data Monitoring 独立数据监察IDMC Independent Data Monitoring Committee 独立数据监察委员会IEC Independent Ethics Committee 独立伦理委员会IND Investigational New Drug 新药临床研究IRB Institutional Review Board 机构审查委员会IVD In Vitro Diagnostic 体外诊断IVRS Interactive V oice Response System 互动语音应答系统MA Marketing Approval/Authorization 上市许可证MCA Medicines Control Agency 英国药品监督局MHW Ministry of Health and Welfare 日本卫生福利部NDA New Drug Application 新药申请NEC New Drug Entity 新化学实体NIH National Institutes of Health 国家卫生研究所（美国）PI Principal Investigator 主要研究者PL Product License 产品许可证缩略语英文全称中文全称PMA Pre-market Approval (Application) 上市前许可（申请）PSI Statisticians in the Pharmaceutical Industry 制药业统计学家协会QA Quality Assurance 质量保证QC Quality Control 质量控制RA Regulatory Authorities 监督管理部门SA Site Assessment 现场评估SAE Serious Adverse Event 严重不良事件SAP Statistical Analysis Plan 统计分析计划SAR Serious Adverse Reaction 严重不良反应SD Source Data/Document 原始数据/文件SD Subject Diary 受试者日记SFDA State Food and Drug Administration 国家食品药品监督管理局SDV Source Data Verification 原始数据核准SEL Subject Enrollment Log 受试者入选表SI Sub-investigator 助理研究者SI Sponsor-Investigator 申办研究者SIC Subject Identification Code 受试者识别代码SOP Standard Operating Procedure 标准操作规程SPL Study Personnel List 研究人员名单SSL Subject Screening Log 受试者筛选表T&R Test and Reference Product 受试和参比试剂UAE Unexpected Adverse Event 预料外不良事件WHO World Health Organization 世界卫生组织WHO-ICDRA WHO International Conference ofWHO国际药品管理当局会议Drug Regulatory Authorities药物临床试验英文缩写英文全称中文全称Accuracy 准确度Active control, AC 阳性对照活性对照Adverse drug reaction, ADR 药物不良反应Adverse event, AE 不良事件Adverse medical events 不良医学事件Adverse reaction 药物不良反应Alb 白蛋白ALD（Approximate Lethal Dose）近似致死剂量ALP 碱性磷酸酶Alpha spending function 消耗函数ALT 丙氨酸氨基转换酶Analysis sets 统计分析的数据集Approval 批准Assistant investigator 助理研究者AST 天门冬酸氨基转换酶ATR 衰减全反射法AUCss 稳态血药浓度－时间曲线下面积Audit 稽查Audit or inspection 稽查／视察Audit report 稽查报告Auditor 稽查员Bias 偏性偏倚Bioequivalence 生物等效应Blank control 空白对照Blind codes 编制盲底Blind review 盲态审核Blind review 盲态检查Blinding method 盲法Blinding/masking 盲法/设盲Block 层Block size 每段的长度Carryover effect 延滞效应Case history 病历Case report form/ case record form CRF 病例报告表病例记录表Categorical variable 分类变量Cav 平均浓度CD 圆二色谱CL 清除率Clinical equivalence 临床等效应Clinical study 临床研究Clinical study report 临床试验的总结报告Clinical trial 临床试验Clinical trial application CTA 临床试验申请Clinical trial exemption CTX 临床试验免责Clinical trial protocol CTP 临床试验方案Clinical trial/ study report 临床试验报告Cmax 峰浓度Co-investigator 合作研究者Comparison 对照Compliance 依从性Composite variable 复合变量Computer-assisted trial design CATD 计算机辅助试验设计Confidence interval 可信区间Confidence level 置信水平Consistency test 一致性检验Contract research organization CRO 合同研究组织Contract/ agreement 协议／合同Control group 对照组Coordinating committee 协调委员会Crea 肌酐CRF(case report form) 病例报告表Crossover design 交叉设计Cross-over Study 交叉研究Css 稳浓度Cure 痊愈Data management 数据管理Database 建立数据库Descriptive statistical analysis 描述性统计分析DF 波动系统Dichotomies 二分类Diviation 偏差Documentation 记录／文件Dose-reaction relation 剂量－反应关系Double dummy 双模拟Double dummy technique 双盲双模拟技术Drop out 脱落DSC 差示扫描热量计Effectiveness 疗效Electronic data capture EDC 电子数据采集系统Electronic data processing EDP 电子数据处理系统Emergency envelope 应急信件End point 终点Endpoint Criteria 终点指标Endpoint criteria/ measurement 终点指标Equivalence 等效性Essential Documentation 必需文件Ethics committee 伦理委员会Excellent 显效Exclusion criteria 排除标准Factorial design 析因设计Failure 无效失败Final point 终点Fixed-dose procedure 固定剂量法Forced titration 强制滴定Full analysis set 全分析集GC－FTIR 气相色谱－傅利叶红外联用GC－MS 气相色谱－质谱联用Generic drug 通用名药Global assessment variable 全局评价变量GLU 血糖Good clinical practice, GCP 药物临床试验质量管理规范Good manufacture practice, GMP 药品生产质量管理规范Good non-clinical laboratory practice, GLP 药物非临床研究质量管理规范Group sequential design 成组序贯设计Health economic evaluation, HEV 健康经济学评价Hypothesis test 假设检验Hypothesis testing 假设检验Improvement 好转Inclusion Criteria 入选表准Inclusion criteria 入选标准Independent ethics committee IEC 独立伦理委员会Information consent form ICF 知情同意书Information Gathering 信息收集Informed consent IC 知情同意Initial meeting 启动会议Inspection 检察/视察Institution inspection 机构检查Institution review board, IBR 机构审查委员会Intention-to –treat ITT 意向性分析(－统计学）Interactive voice response system IVRS 互动式语音应答系统Interim analysis 期中分析International Conference of Harmonization ICH 人用药品注册技术要求国际技术协调会国际协调会议Investigational Product 试验药物Investigator 研究者Investigator’s brochure, IB研究者手册Last observation carry forward, LOCF 最接近一次观察的结转LC－MS 液相色谱－质谱联用LD50 板数致死剂量LOCF, Last observation carry forward 最近一次观察的结转Logic check 逻辑检查LOQ (Limit of Quantization) 定量限Lost of follow up 失访Marketing approval/ authorization 上市许可证Matched pair 匹配配对Missing value 缺失值Mixed effect model 混合效应模式Monitor 监察员Monitoring 监查Monitoring Plan 监察计划Monitoring Report 监察报告MRT 平均滞留时间MS 质谱MS－MS 质谱－质谱联用MTD（Maximum Tolerated Dose）最大耐受剂量Multi-center Trial 多中心试验New chemical entity NCE 新化学实体New drug application NDA 新药申请NMR 核磁共振谱Non-clinical Study 非临床研究Non-inferiority 非劣效性Non-parametric statistics 非参数统计方法Obedience 依从性ODR 旋光光谱Open-label 非盲Optional titration 随意滴定Original medical record 原始医疗记录Outcome 结果Outcome Assessment 结果评价Outcome assessment 结果指标评价Outcome measurement 结果指标Outlier 离群值Parallel group design 平行组设计Parameter estimation 参数估计Parametric statistics 参数统计方法Patient file 病人档案Patient history 病历Per protocol PP 符合方案集Placebo 安慰剂Placebo control 安慰剂对照Polytomies 多分类Power 检验效能Precision 精密度Preclinical study 临床前研究Primary endpoint 主要终点Primary variable 主要变量Principle investigator PI 主要研究者Product license PL 产品许可证Protocol 试验方案Protocol Amendments 修正案Quality assurance QA 质量保证Quality assurance unit QAU 质量保证部门Quality control QC 质量控制Query list query form 应用疑问表Randomization 随机Range check 范围检查Rating scale 量表Reference Product 参比制剂Regulatory authorities RA 监督管理部门Replication 可重复RSD 日内和日间相对标准差Run in 准备期Safety evaluation 安全性评价Safety set 安全性评价的数据集Sample size 样本量样本大小Scale of ordered categorical ratings 有序分类指标Secondary variable 次要变量Sequence 试验次序Serious adverse event SAE 严重不良事件Serious adverse reaction SAR 严重不良反应Seriousness 严重性Severity 严重程度Severity 严重程度Significant level 检验水准Simple Randomization 简单随机Single blinding 单盲Site audit 试验机构稽查SOP 试验室的标准操作规程Source data SD 原始数据Source data verification SDV 原始数据核准Source document SD 原始文件Specificity 特异性Sponsor 申办者Sponsor-investigator 申办研究者Standard curve 标准曲线Standard operating procedure SOP 标准操作规程Statistic 统计量Statistical analysis plan 统计分析计划Statistical model 统计模型Statistical tables 统计分析表Stratified 分层Study Audit 研究稽查Study audit 研究稽查Study Site 研究中心Subgroup 亚组Sub-investigator 助理研究者Subject 受试者Subject 受试者Subject diary 受试者日记Subject Enrollment 受试者入选Subject enrollment log 受试者入选表Subject identification code SIC 受试者识别代码Subject Identification Code List 受试者识别代码表Subject Recruitment 受试者招募Subject screening log 受试者筛选表Superiority 检验Survival analysis 生存分析SXRD 单晶X－射线衍射System audit 系统稽查System Audit 系统稽查T1/2 消除半衰期Target variable 目标变量T－BIL 总胆红素T－CHO 总胆固醇Test Product 受试制剂TG 热重分析TLC、HPLC 制备色谱Tmax 峰时间TP 总蛋白Transformation 变量变换Treatment group 试验组Trial error 试验误差Trial Initial Meeting 试验启动会议Trial Master File 试验总档案Trial objective 试验目的Trial site 试验场所Triple blinding 三盲Two one-side test 双单侧检验Un-blinding 揭盲Unexpected adverse event UAE 预料外不良事件UV－VIS 紫外－可见吸收光谱Variability 变异Variable 变量Visual analogy scale 直观类比打分法Visual check 人工检查Vulnerable subject 弱势受试者Wash-out 洗脱Washout period 洗脱期实验室检查英文缩写英文全称中文全称血常规WBC white blood cell count 白细胞计数GR% granulocyte 中性粒细胞百分比LY% lymphocyte 淋巴细胞百分比MID% 中值细胞百分比EOS% eosimophil 嗜酸性粒细胞百分比AL% allergy lymphocyte 变异淋巴细胞百分比ST% 中性杆状粒细胞百分比RBC red blood cell 红细胞计数HGB hemoglobin 血红蛋白HCT hematocrit 红细胞比积红细胞比积MCV mean corpusular volume 平均红细胞体积MCH mean corpusular hemoglobin 平均红细胞血红蛋白含量平均红细胞血红蛋白浓度MCHC mean corpusular hemoglobinconcerntrationRDW red blood cell volume distribution width 红细胞分布宽度变异PLT/BPC platelet count/blood platelet count 血小板计数MPV mean platelet volume 平均血小板体积PCT plateletocrit 血小板比积PDW platelet distribution width 血小板分布宽度尿便常规PH acidity 酸碱度NIT nitrite 亚硝酸盐GLU glucose 尿糖SG specific gravity 比重PRO protein 尿蛋白BLD blood 隐血BIL bilirubin 尿胆红素URO urobilinogen 尿胆原WBC white blood cell 白细胞addish计数addish count 艾迪氏计数/HP high power objective 每高倍视野/LP low power objective 每低倍视野OB occult blood test 大便隐血试验体液常规CSF cerebrospinal 脑积夜Pandy pandy 庞氏试验生化检验TB total bilirubin 总胆红素DB direct bilirubin 直接胆红素TP total protein 总蛋白ALB albumin 白蛋白GLOB globulin 球蛋白UREA urea 尿素CREA creatinine 肌肝UA uric acid 尿酸GLU glucose 血糖ALT alanine amiotransferase 丙氨酸氨基转移酶AST aspartate aminotransferase 门冬氨酸氨基转移酶GGT γ-glutamyl transpeptadase 谷氨酰转肽酶CK creatine kinase 肌酸肌酶CK-MB creatine kinase-MB 肌酸肌酶同工酶LDH lactate dehydrogenase 乳酸脱氢酶α-HBD α-hydroxybutyric dehydrogenase α－羟丁酸脱氢酶AMY serum amylase 血淀粉酶TG triglyceride 肝油三脂CHOL cholesterol 胆固醇HDL-c high-density lipoprotein cholesterol 高密度脂蛋白LDL-c low-density lipoprotein cholesterol 低密度脂蛋白VLDL very low-density lipoprotein 极低密度脂蛋白Ca serum calcium 钙Mg serum magnesium 镁IP inorganic phosphate 无机磷ALP alkaline phosphatase 碱性磷酸酶TBA total biliary acid 总胆汁酸ASO antistreptolysin 抗链球菌溶血素O a-AG a－acid glycoprotein a－酸性糖蛋白CRP C-reactive protein C 反应蛋白RF rheumatoid factor 类风湿因子MTP mili-total protein 微量蛋白IgG immunoglobin G 免疫球蛋白GIgA immunoglobin A 免疫球蛋白 AIgM immunoglobin M 免疫球蛋白MC3 complement C3 补体C3C4 complement C4 补体C4cTNT troponin T 肌钙蛋白T MYOG myoglobin 肌红蛋白电解质Na sodium 钠K kalium 钾Cl chloride 氯Ga calcium 钙Mg magnesium 镁乙肝标志物HBV hepatitis B virus 乙肝病毒HBsAg hepatitis B surface antigen 乙肝表面抗原HBsAb antibody to hepatitis surface antigen 乙肝表面抗体HBcAg hepatitis B core antigen 乙肝核心抗原HBcAb antibody to hepatitis B core antigen 乙肝核心抗体HBeAg hepatitis B e-antigen 乙肝e抗原HBeAb antibody to hepatitis B e-antigen 乙肝e抗体ELISA enzymelinked immunosorbentassy 酶联免疫吸附试验HAV hepatitis A virus 甲肝病毒HCV hepatitis C virus 丙肝病毒输血免疫全套HBV hepatitis B virus 乙型肝炎病毒HCV hepatitis C virus 丙型肝炎病毒TP treponema pallidum 梅毒螺旋体HIV human immunodeficiency virus 人类免疫缺陷病毒Accuracy 准确度Active control， AC 阳性对照，活性对照Adverse drug reaction， ADR 药物不良反应Adverse event， AE 不良事件Adverse medical events 不良医学事件Adverse reaction 药物不良反应Alb 白蛋白ALD（Approximate Lethal Dose）近似致死剂量ALP 碱性磷酸酶Alpha spending function 消耗函数ALT 丙氨酸氨基转换酶Analysis sets 统计分析的数据集Approval 批准Assistant investigator 助理研究者AST 天门冬酸氨基转换酶ATR 衰减全反射法AUCss 稳态血药浓度－时间曲线下面积Audit 稽查Audit or inspection 稽查／视察Audit report 稽查报告Auditor 稽查员Bias 偏性，偏倚Bioequivalence 生物等效应Blank control 空白对照Blind codes 编制盲底Blind review 盲态审核Blind review 盲态检查Blinding method 盲法Blinding/ masking 盲法，设盲Block 分段Block 层Block size 每段的长度BUN 尿素氮Carryover effect 延滞效应Case history 病历Case report form 病例报告表Case report form/ case record form， CRF 病例报告表，病例记录表Categorical variable 分类变量Cav 平均浓度CD 圆二色谱CL 清除率Clinical equivalence 临床等效应Clinical study 临床研究Clinical study report 临床试验的总结报告Clinical trial 临床试验Clinical trial application， CTA 临床试验申请Clinical trial exemption， CTX 临床试验免责Clinical trial protocol， CTP 临床试验方案Clinical trial/ study report 临床试验报告Cmax 峰浓度Co-investigator 合作研究者Comparison 对照Compliance 依从性Composite variable 复合变量Computer-assisted trial design， CATD 计算机辅助试验设计Confidence interval 可信区间Confidence level 置信水平Consistency test 一致性检验Contract research organization， CRO 合同研究组织Contract/ agreement 协议／合同Control group 对照组Coordinating committee 协调委员会Crea 肌酐CRF（case report form）病例报告表Crossover design 交叉设计Cross-over study 交叉研究Css 稳浓度Cure 痊愈Data management 数据管理Database 建立数据库Descriptive statistical analysis 描述性统计分析DF 波动系统Dichotomies 二分类Diviation 偏差Documentation 记录／文件Dose-reaction relation 剂量－反应关系Double blinding 双盲Double dummy 双模拟Double dummy technique 双盲双模拟技术Double-blinding 双盲Drop out 脱落DSC 差示扫描热量计Effectiveness 疗效Electronic data capture， EDC 电子数据采集系统Electronic data processing， EDP 电子数据处理系统Emergency envelope 应急信件End point 终点Endpoint criteria/ measurement 终点指标Equivalence 等效性Essential documentation 必须文件Ethics committee 伦理委员会Excellent 显效Exclusion criteria 排除标准Factorial design 析因设计Failure 无效，失败Final point 终点Fixed-dose procedure 固定剂量法Forced titration 强制滴定Full analysis set 全分析集GC－FTIR 气相色谱－傅利叶红外联用GC－MS 气相色谱－质谱联用Generic drug 通用名药Global assessment variable 全局评价变量GLU 血糖Good clinical practice， GCP 药物临床试验质量管理规范Good manufacture practice， GMP 药品生产质量管理规范Good non-clinical laboratory practice， GLP 药物非临床研究质量管理规范Group sequential design 成组序贯设计Health economic evaluation， HEV 健康经济学评价Hypothesis test 假设检验Hypothesis testing 假设检验International Conference of Harmonization， ICH 人用药品注册技术要求国际技术协调会，国际协调会议Improvement 好转Inclusion criteria 入选标准Independent ethics committee， IEC 独立伦理委员会Information consent form， ICF 知情同意书Information gathering 信息收集Informed consent， IC 知情同意Initial meeting 启动会议Inspection 视察／检查Institution inspection 机构检查Institution review board， IBR 机构审查委员会Intention to treat 意向治疗（——临床领域）Intention-to –treat， ITT 意向性分析（－统计学）Interactive voice response system， IVRS 互动式语音应答系统Interim analysis 期中分析Investigator 研究者Investigator's brochure， IB 研究者手册IR 红外吸收光谱Ka 吸收速率常Last observation carry forward， LOCF 最接近一次观察的结转LC－MS 液相色谱－质谱联用LD50 板数致死剂量Logic check 逻辑检查LOQ （Limit of Quantitation）定量限LOCF， Last observation carry forward 最近一次观察的结转Lost of follow up 失访Marketing approval/ authorization 上市许可证Matched pair 匹配配对Missing value 缺失值Mixed effect model 混合效应模式Monitor 监查员Monitoring 监查Monitoring report 监查报告MRT 平均滞留时间MS 质谱MS－MS 质谱－质谱联用MTD（Maximum Tolerated Dose）最大耐受剂量Multicenter trial 多中心试验Multi-center trial 多中心试验New chemical entity， NCE 新化学实体New drug application， NDA 新药申请NMR 核磁共振谱Non-clinical study 非临床研究Non-inferiority 非劣效性Non-parametric statistics 非参数统计方法Obedience 依从性ODR 旋光光谱Open-blinding 非盲Open-label 非盲Optional titration 随意滴定Original medical record 原始医疗记录Outcome 结果Outcome assessment 结果指标评价Outcome measurement 结果指标Outlier 离群值Parallel group design 平行组设计Parameter estimation 参数估计Parametric statistics 参数统计方法Patient file 病人档案Patient history 病历Per protocol，PP 符合方案集Placebo 安慰剂Placebo control 安慰剂对照Polytomies 多分类Power 检验效能Precision 精密度Preclinical study 临床前研究Primary endpoint 主要终点Primary variable 主要变量Principal investigator 主要研究者Principle investigator，PI 主要研究者Product license，PL 产品许可证Protocol 试验方案Protocol 试验方案Protocol amendment 方案补正Quality assurance unit，QAU 质量保证部门Quality assurance，QA 质量保证Quality control，QC 质量控制Query list，query form 应用疑问表Randomization 随机化Randomization 随机Range check 范围检查Rating scale 量表Regulatory authorities，RA 监督管理部门Replication 可重复RSD 日内和日间相对标准差Run in 准备期Safety evaluation 安全性评价Safety set 安全性评价的数据集Sample size 样本含量Sample size 样本量，样本大小Scale of ordered categorical ratings 有序分类指标Secondary variable 次要变量Sequence 试验次序Serious adverse event，SAE 严重不良事件Serious adverse reaction，SAR 严重不良反应Seriousness 严重性Severity 严重程度Significant level 检验水准Simple randomization 简单随机Single blinding 单盲Single-blinding 单盲Site audit 试验机构稽查SOP 试验室的标准操作规程Source data verification，SDV 原始数据核准Source data，SD 原始数据Source document，SD 原始文件Specificity 特异性Sponsor 申办者Sponsor-investigator 申办研究者Standard curve 标准曲线Standard operating procedure，SOP 标准操作规程Statistic 统计量Statistical analysis plan 统计分析计划Statistical analysis plan 统计参数计划书Statistical analysis plan，SAP 统计分析计划Statistical model 统计模型Statistical tables 统计分析表Stratified 分层Study audit 研究稽查Subgroup 亚组Sub-investigator 助理研究者Subject 受试者Subject diary 受试者日记Subject enrollment 受试者入选Subject enrollment log 受试者入选表Subject identification code，SIC 受试者识别代码Subject recruitment 受试者招募Subject screening log 受试者筛选表Superiority 检验Survival analysis 生存分析SXRD 单晶X－射线衍射System audit 系统稽查T1/2 消除半衰期Target variable 目标变量T－BIL 总胆红素T－CHO 总胆固醇TG 热重分析TLC、HPLC 制备色谱Tmax 峰时间TP 总蛋白Transformation 变量变换Treatment group 试验组Trial error 试验误差Trial master file 试验总档案Trial objective 试验目的Trial site 试验场所Triple blinding 三盲Two one-side test 双单侧检验Unblinding 揭盲Unblinding 破盲Unexpected adverse event，UAE 预料外不良事件UV－VIS 紫外－可见吸收光谱Variability 变异Variable 变量Visual analogy scale 直观类比打分法Visual check 人工检查Vulnerable subject 弱势受试者Wash-out 清洗期Washout period 洗脱期Well-being 福利，健康1．临床试验（Clinical Trial）：指任何在人体（病人或健康志愿者身上）进行药品的系统性研究，以证实或揭示研究药品的作用、不良反应及／或试验用药品的吸收、分布、代谢和排泄，目的是确定研究药品的疗效与安全性。
统计学专业名词·中英对照Lansexyhttp：//hi。
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com/new/lansexy我大学毕业已经多年,这些年来,越发感到外刊的重要性.读懂外刊要有不错的英语功底，同时,还需要掌握一定的专业词汇。
掌握足够的专业词汇，在国内外期刊的阅读和写作中会游刃有余。
在此小结，按首字母顺序排列。
这些词汇的来源，一是专业书籍，二是网上查找，再一个是比较重要的期刊。
当然,这些仅是常用专业词汇的一部分，并且由于个人精力、文献查阅的限制，难免有不足和错误之处，希望读者批评指出.Aabscissa 横坐标absence rate 缺勤率Absolute deviation 绝对离差Absolute number 绝对数absolute value 绝对值Absolute residuals 绝对残差accident error 偶然误差Acceleration array 加速度立体阵Acceleration in an arbitrary direction 任意方向上的加速度Acceleration normal 法向加速度Acceleration space dimension 加速度空间的维数Acceleration tangential 切向加速度Acceleration vector 加速度向量Acceptable hypothesis 可接受假设Accumulation 累积Accumulated frequency 累积频数Accuracy 准确度Actual frequency 实际频数Adaptive estimator 自适应估计量Addition 相加Addition theorem 加法定理Additive Noise 加性噪声Additivity 可加性Adjusted rate 调整率Adjusted value 校正值Admissible error 容许误差Aggregation 聚集性Alpha factoring α因子法Alternative hypothesis 备择假设Among groups 组间Amounts 总量Analysis of correlation 相关分析Analysis of covariance 协方差分析Analysis of data 分析资料Analysis Of Effects 效应分析Analysis Of Variance 方差分析Analysis of regression 回归分析Analysis of time series 时间序列分析Analysis of variance 方差分析Angular transformation 角转换ANOVA （analysis of variance）方差分析ANOVA Models 方差分析模型ANOVA table and eta 分组计算方差分析Arcing 弧/弧旋Arcsine transformation 反正弦变换Area 区域图Area under the curve 曲线面积AREG 评估从一个时间点到下一个时间点回归相关时的误差ARIMA 季节和非季节性单变量模型的极大似然估计Arithmetic grid paper 算术格纸Arithmetic mean 算术平均数Arithmetic weighted mean 加权算术均数Arrhenius relation 艾恩尼斯关系Assessing fit 拟合的评估Associative laws 结合律Assumed mean 假定均数Asymmetric distribution 非对称分布Asymmetry coefficient 偏度系数Asymptotic bias 渐近偏倚Asymptotic efficiency 渐近效率Asymptotic variance 渐近方差Attributable risk 归因危险度Attribute data 属性资料Attribution 属性Autocorrelation 自相关Autocorrelation of residuals 残差的自相关Average 平均数Average confidence interval length 平均置信区间长度average deviation 平均差Average growth rate 平均增长率BBar chart/graph 条形图Base period 基期Bayes’ theorem Bayes 定理Bell—shaped curve 钟形曲线Bernoulli distribution 伯努力分布Best—trim estimator 最好切尾估计量Bias 偏性Biometrics 生物统计学Binary logistic regression 二元逻辑斯蒂回归Binomial distribution 二项分布Bisquare 双平方Bivariate Correlate 二变量相关Bivariate normal distribution 双变量正态分布Bivariate normal population 双变量正态总体Biweight interval 双权区间Biweight M-estimator 双权M 估计量Block 区组/配伍组BMDP(Biomedical computer programs) BMDP 统计软件包Box plot 箱线图/箱尾图Breakdown bound 崩溃界/崩溃点CCanonical correlation 典型相关Caption 纵标目Cartogram 统计图Case fatality rate 病死率Case—control study 病例对照研究Categorical variable 分类变量Catenary 悬链线Cauchy distribution 柯西分布Cause-and—effect relationship 因果关系Cell 单元Censoring 终检census 普查Center of symmetry 对称中心Centering and scaling 中心化和定标Central tendency 集中趋势Central value 中心值CHAID -χ2 Automatic Interaction Detector 卡方自动交互检测Chance 机遇Chance error 随机误差Chance variable 随机变量Characteristic equation 特征方程Characteristic root 特征根Characteristic vector 特征向量Chebshev criterion of fit 拟合的切比雪夫准则Chernoff faces 切尔诺夫脸谱图chi—sguare(X2) test 卡方检验卡方检验/χ2 检验Choleskey decomposition 乔洛斯基分解Circle chart 圆图Class interval 组距Classification 分组、分类Class mid-value 组中值Class upper limit 组上限Classified variable 分类变量Cluster analysis 聚类分析Cluster sampling 整群抽样Code 代码Coded data 编码数据Coding 编码Coefficient of contingency 列联系数Coefficient of correlation 相关系数Coefficient of determination 决定系数Coefficient of multiple correlation 多重相关系数Coefficient of partial correlation 偏相关系数Coefficient of production-moment correlation 积差相关系数Coefficient of rank correlation 等级相关系数Coefficient of regression 回归系数Coefficient of skewness 偏度系数Coefficient of variation 变异系数Cohort study 队列研究Collection of data 资料收集Collinearity 共线性Column 列Column effect 列效应Column factor 列因素Combination pool 合并Combinative table 组合表Combined standard deviation 合并标准差Combined variance 合并方差Common factor 共性因子Common regression coefficient 公共回归系数Common value 共同值Common variance 公共方差Common variation 公共变异Communality variance 共性方差Comparability 可比性Comparison of bathes 批比较Comparison value 比较值Compartment model 分部模型Compassion 伸缩Complement of an event 补事件Complete association 完全正相关Complete dissociation 完全不相关Complete statistics 完备统计量Complete survey 全面调查Completely randomized design 完全随机化设计Composite event 联合事件Composite events 复合事件Concavity 凹性Conditional expectation 条件期望Conditional likelihood 条件似然Conditional probability 条件概率Conditionally linear 依条件线性Confidence interval 置信区间Confidence level 可信水平，置信水平Confidence limit 置信限Confidence lower limit 置信下限Confidence upper limit 置信上限Confirmatory Factor Analysis 验证性因子分析Confirmatory research 证实性实验研究Confounding factor 混杂因素Conjoint 联合分析Consistency 相合性Consistency check 一致性检验Consistent asymptotically normal estimate 相合渐近正态估计Consistent estimate 相合估计Constituent ratio 构成比，结构相对数Constrained nonlinear regression 受约束非线性回归Constraint 约束Contaminated distribution 污染分布Contaminated Gausssian 污染高斯分布Contaminated normal distribution 污染正态分布Contamination 污染Contamination model 污染模型Continuity 连续性Contingency table 列联表Contour 边界线Contribution rate 贡献率Control 对照质量控制图Control group 对照组Controlled experiments 对照实验Conventional depth 常规深度Convolution 卷积Coordinate 坐标Corrected factor 校正因子Corrected mean 校正均值Correction coefficient 校正系数Correction for continuity 连续性校正Correction for grouping 归组校正Correction number 校正数Correction value 校正值Correctness 正确性Correlation 相关，联系Correlation analysis 相关分析Correlation coefficient 相关系数Correlation 相关性Correlation index 相关指数Correspondence 对应Counting 计数Counts 计数/频数Covariance 协方差Covariant 共变Cox Regression Cox 回归Criteria for fitting 拟合准则Criteria of least squares 最小二乘准则Critical ratio 临界比Critical region 拒绝域Critical value 临界值Cross—over design 交叉设计Cross-section analysis 横断面分析Cross—section survey 横断面调查Crosstabs 交叉表Crosstabs 列联表分析Cross—tabulation table 复合表Cube root 立方根Cumulative distribution function 分布函数Cumulative frequency 累积频率Cumulative probability 累计概率Curvature 曲率/弯曲Curvature 曲率Curve Estimation 曲线拟合Curve fit 曲线拟和Curve fitting 曲线拟合Curvilinear regression 曲线回归Curvilinear relation 曲线关系Cut—and—try method 尝试法Cycle 周期Cyclist 周期性DD test D 检验data 资料Data acquisition 资料收集Data bank 数据库Data capacity 数据容量Data deficiencies 数据缺乏Data handling 数据处理Data manipulation 数据处理Data processing 数据处理Data reduction 数据缩减Data set 数据集Data sources 数据来源Data transformation 数据变换Data validity 数据有效性Data—in 数据输入Data—out 数据输出Dead time 停滞期Degree of freedom 自由度degree of confidence 可信度，置信度degree of dispersion 离散程度Degree of precision 精密度Degree of reliability 可靠性程度degree of variation 变异度Degression 递减Density function 密度函数Density of data points 数据点的密度Dependent variableDepth 深度Derivative matrix 导数矩阵Derivative-free methods 无导数方法Design 设计design of experiment 实验设计Determinacy 确定性Determinant 行列式Determinant 决定因素Deviation 离差Deviation from average 离均差diagnose accordance rate 诊断符合率Diagnostic plot 诊断图Dichotomous variable 二分变量Differential equation 微分方程Direct standardization 直接标准化法Direct Oblimin 斜交旋转Discrete variable 离散型变量DISCRIMINANT 判断Discriminant analysis 判别分析Discriminant coefficient 判别系数Discriminant function 判别值Dispersion 散布/分散度Disproportional 不成比例的Disproportionate sub-class numbers 不成比例次级组含量Distribution free 分布无关性/免分布Distribution shape 分布形状Distribution—free method 任意分布法Distributive laws 分配律Disturbance 随机扰动项Dose response curve 剂量反应曲线Double blind method 双盲法Double blind trial 双盲试验Double exponential distribution 双指数分布Double logarithmic 双对数Downward rank 降秩Dual-space plot 对偶空间图DUD 无导数方法Duncan’s new multiple range method 新复极差法/Duncan 新法EError Bar 均值相关区间图Effect 实验效应Effective rate 有效率Eigenvalue 特征值Eigenvector 特征向量Ellipse 椭圆Empirical distribution 经验分布Empirical probability 经验概率单位Enumeration data 计数资料Equal sun-class number 相等次级组含量Equally likely 等可能Equation of linear regression 线性回归方程Equivariance 同变性Error 误差/错误Error of estimate 估计误差Error of replication 重复误差Error type I 第一类错误Error type II 第二类错误Estimand 被估量Estimated error mean squares 估计误差均方Estimated error sum of squares 估计误差平方和Euclidean distance 欧式距离Event 事件Exceptional data point 异常数据点Expectation plane 期望平面Expectation surface 期望曲面Expected values 期望值Experiment 实验Experiment design 实验设计Experiment error 实验误差Experimental group 实验组Experimental sampling 试验抽样Experimental unit 试验单位Explained variance （已说明方差) Explanatory variable 说明变量Exploratory data analysis 探索性数据分析Explore Summarize 探索-摘要Exponential curve 指数曲线Exponential growth 指数式增长EXSMOOTH 指数平滑方法Extended fit 扩充拟合Extra parameter 附加参数Extrapolation 外推法Extreme observation 末端观测值Extremes 极端值/极值FF distribution F 分布F test F 检验Factor 因素/因子Factor analysis 因子分析Factor Analysis 因子分析Factor score 因子得分Factorial 阶乘Factorial design 析因试验设计False negative 假阴性False negative error 假阴性错误Family of distributions 分布族Family of estimators 估计量族Fanning 扇面Fatality rate 病死率Field investigation 现场调查Field survey 现场调查Finite population 有限总体Finite—sample 有限样本First derivative 一阶导数First principal component 第一主成分First quartile 第一四分位数Fisher information 费雪信息量Fitted value 拟合值Fitting a curve 曲线拟合Fixed base 定基Fluctuation 随机起伏Forecast 预测Four fold table 四格表Fourth 四分点Fraction blow 左侧比率Fractional error 相对误差Frequency 频率Freguency distribution 频数分布Frequency polygon 频数多边图Frontier point 界限点Function relationship 泛函关系GGamma distribution 伽玛分布Gauss increment 高斯增量Gaussian distribution 高斯分布/正态分布Gauss-Newton increment 高斯-牛顿增量General census 全面普查Generalized least squares 综合最小平方法GENLOG (Generalized liner models) 广义线性模型Geometric mean 几何平均数Gini’s mean difference 基尼均差GLM （General liner models）通用线性模型Goodness of fit 拟和优度/配合度Gradient of determinant 行列式的梯度Graeco-Latin square 希腊拉丁方Grand mean 总均值Gross errors 重大错误Gross-error sensitivity 大错敏感度Group averages 分组平均Grouped data 分组资料Guessed mean 假定平均数HHalf—life 半衰期Hampel M-estimators 汉佩尔M 估计量Happenstance 偶然事件Harmonic mean 调和均数Hazard function 风险均数Hazard rate 风险率Heading 标目Heavy-tailed distribution 重尾分布Hessian array 海森立体阵Heterogeneity 不同质Heterogeneity of variance 方差不齐Hierarchical classification 组内分组Hierarchical clustering method 系统聚类法High—leverage point 高杠杆率点High-Low 低区域图Higher Order Interaction Effects，高阶交互作用HILOGLINEAR 多维列联表的层次对数线性模型Hinge 折叶点Histogram 直方图Historical cohort study 历史性队列研究Holes 空洞HOMALS 多重响应分析Homogeneity of variance 方差齐性Homogeneity test 齐性检验Huber M-estimators 休伯M 估计量Hyperbola 双曲线Hypothesis testing 假设检验Hypothetical universe 假设总体IImage factoring 多元回归法Impossible event 不可能事件Independence 独立性Independent variable 自变量Index 指标/指数Indirect standardization 间接标准化法Individual 个体Inference band 推断带Infinite population 无限总体Infinitely great 无穷大Infinitely small 无穷小Influence curve 影响曲线Information capacity 信息容量Initial condition 初始条件Initial estimate 初始估计值Initial level 最初水平Interaction 交互作用Interaction terms 交互作用项Intercept 截距Interpolation 内插法Interquartile range 四分位距Interval estimation 区间估计Intervals of equal probability 等概率区间Intrinsic curvature 固有曲率Invariance 不变性Inverse matrix 逆矩阵Inverse probability 逆概率Inverse sine transformation 反正弦变换Iteration 迭代JJacobian determinant 雅可比行列式Joint distribution function 分布函数Joint probability 联合概率Joint probability distribution 联合概率分布KK-Means Cluster 逐步聚类分析K means method 逐步聚类法Kaplan—Meier 评估事件的时间长度Kaplan-Merier chart Kaplan-Merier 图Kendall's rank correlation Kendall 等级相关Kinetic 动力学Kolmogorov-Smirnove test 柯尔莫哥洛夫—斯米尔诺夫检验Kruskal and Wallis test Kruskal 及Wallis 检验/多样本的秩和检验/H 检验Kurtosis 峰度LLack of fit 失拟Ladder of powers 幂阶梯Lag 滞后Large sample 大样本Large sample test 大样本检验Latin square 拉丁方Latin square design 拉丁方设计Leakage 泄漏Least favorable configuration 最不利构形Least favorable distribution 最不利分布Least significant difference 最小显著差法Least square method 最小二乘法Least Squared Criterion，最小二乘方准则Least-absolute—residuals estimates 最小绝对残差估计Least—absolute—residuals fit 最小绝对残差拟合Least-absolute—residuals line 最小绝对残差线Legend 图例L—estimator L 估计量L—estimator of location 位置L 估计量L—estimator of scale 尺度L 估计量Level 水平Leveage Correction，杠杆率校正Life expectance 预期期望寿命Life table 寿命表Life table method 生命表法Light—tailed distribution 轻尾分布Likelihood function 似然函数Likelihood ratio 似然比line graph 线图Linear correlation 直线相关Linear equation 线性方程Linear programming 线性规划Linear regression 直线回归Linear Regression 线性回归Linear trend 线性趋势Loading 载荷Location and scale equivariance 位置尺度同变性Location equivariance 位置同变性Location invariance 位置不变性Location scale family 位置尺度族Log rank test 时序检验Logarithmic curve 对数曲线Logarithmic normal distribution 对数正态分布Logarithmic scale 对数尺度Logarithmic transformation 对数变换Logic check 逻辑检查Logistic distribution 逻辑斯特分布Logit transformation Logit 转换LOGLINEAR 多维列联表通用模型Lognormal distribution 对数正态分布Lost function 损失函数Low correlation 低度相关Lower limit 下限Lowest—attained variance 最小可达方差LSD 最小显著差法的简称Lurking variable 潜在变量MMain effect 主效应Major heading 主辞标目Marginal density function 边缘密度函数Marginal probability 边缘概率Marginal probability distribution 边缘概率分布Matched data 配对资料Matched distribution 匹配过分布Matching of distribution 分布的匹配Matching of transformation 变换的匹配Mathematical expectation 数学期望Mathematical model 数学模型Maximum L—estimator 极大极小L 估计量Maximum likelihood method 最大似然法Mean 均数Mean squares between groups 组间均方Mean squares within group 组内均方Means (Compare means）均值-均值比较Median 中位数Median effective dose 半数效量Median lethal dose 半数致死量Median polish 中位数平滑Median test 中位数检验Minimal sufficient statistic 最小充分统计量Minimum distance estimation 最小距离估计Minimum effective dose 最小有效量Minimum lethal dose 最小致死量Minimum variance estimator 最小方差估计量MINITAB 统计软件包Minor heading 宾词标目Missing data 缺失值Model specification 模型的确定Modeling Statistics 模型统计Models for outliers 离群值模型Modifying the model 模型的修正Modulus of continuity 连续性模Morbidity 发病率Most favorable configuration 最有利构形MSC(多元散射校正）Multidimensional Scaling (ASCAL）多维尺度/多维标度Multinomial Logistic Regression 多项逻辑斯蒂回归Multiple comparison 多重比较Multiple correlation 复相关Multiple covariance 多元协方差Multiple linear regression 多元线性回归Multiple response 多重选项Multiple solutions 多解Multiplication theorem 乘法定理Multiresponse 多元响应Multi—stage sampling 多阶段抽样Multivariate T distribution 多元T 分布Mutual exclusive 互不相容Mutual independence 互相独立NNatural boundary 自然边界Natural dead 自然死亡Natural zero 自然零Negative correlation 负相关Negative linear correlation 负线性相关Negatively skewed 负偏Newman—Keuls method q 检验NK method q 检验No statistical significance 无统计意义Nominal variable 名义变量Nonconstancy of variability 变异的非定常性Nonlinear regression 非线性相关Nonparametric statistics 非参数统计Nonparametric test 非参数检验Nonparametric tests 非参数检验Normal deviate 正态离差Normal distribution 正态分布Normal equation 正规方程组Normal P-P 正态概率分布图Normal Q—Q 正态概率单位分布图Normal ranges 正常范围Normal value 正常值Normalization 归一化Nuisance parameter 多余参数/讨厌参数Null hypothesis 无效假设Numerical variable 数值变量OObjective function 目标函数Observation unit 观察单位Observed value 观察值One sided test 单侧检验One—way analysis of variance 单因素方差分析Oneway ANOVA 单因素方差分析Open sequential trial 开放型序贯设计Optrim 优切尾Optrim efficiency 优切尾效率Order statistics 顺序统计量Ordered categories 有序分类Ordinal logistic regression 序数逻辑斯蒂回归Ordinal variable 有序变量Orthogonal basis 正交基Orthogonal design 正交试验设计Orthogonality conditions 正交条件ORTHOPLAN 正交设计Outlier cutoffs 离群值截断点Outliers 极端值OVERALS 多组变量的非线性正规相关Overshoot 迭代过度PPaired design 配对设计Paired sample 配对样本Pairwise slopes 成对斜率Parabola 抛物线Parallel tests 平行试验Parameter 参数Parametric statistics 参数统计Parametric test 参数检验Pareto 直条构成线图（佩尔托图）Partial correlation 偏相关Partial regression 偏回归Partial sorting 偏排序Partials residuals 偏残差Pattern 模式PCA（主成分分析)Pearson curves 皮尔逊曲线Peeling 退层Percent bar graph 百分条形图Percentage 百分比Percentile 百分位数Percentile curves 百分位曲线Periodicity 周期性Permutation 排列P—estimator P 估计量Pie graph 构成图饼图Pitman estimator 皮特曼估计量Pivot 枢轴量Planar 平坦Planar assumption 平面的假设PLANCARDS 生成试验的计划卡PLS(偏最小二乘法）Point estimation 点估计Poisson distribution 泊松分布Polishing 平滑Polled standard deviation 合并标准差Polled variance 合并方差Polygon 多边图Polynomial 多项式Polynomial curve 多项式曲线Population 总体Population attributable risk 人群归因危险度Positive correlation 正相关Positively skewed 正偏Posterior distribution 后验分布Power of a test 检验效能Precision 精密度Predicted value 预测值Preliminary analysis 预备性分析Principal axis factoring 主轴因子法Principal component analysis 主成分分析Prior distribution 先验分布Prior probability 先验概率Probabilistic model 概率模型probability 概率Probability density 概率密度Product moment 乘积矩/协方差Profile trace 截面迹图Proportion 比/构成比Proportion allocation in stratified random sampling 按比例分层随机抽样Proportionate 成比例Proportionate sub—class numbers 成比例次级组含量Prospective study 前瞻性调查Proximities 亲近性Pseudo F test 近似F 检验Pseudo model 近似模型Pseudosigma 伪标准差Purposive sampling 有目的抽样QQR decomposition QR 分解Quadratic approximation 二次近似Qualitative classification 属性分类Qualitative method 定性方法Quantile-quantile plot 分位数-分位数图/Q—Q 图Quantitative analysis 定量分析Quartile 四分位数Quick Cluster 快速聚类RRadix sort 基数排序Random allocation 随机化分组Random blocks design 随机区组设计Random event 随机事件Randomization 随机化Range 极差/全距Rank correlation 等级相关Rank sum test 秩和检验Rank test 秩检验Ranked data 等级资料Rate 比率Ratio 比例Raw data 原始资料Raw residual 原始残差Rayleigh's test 雷氏检验Rayleigh's Z 雷氏Z 值Reciprocal 倒数Reciprocal transformation 倒数变换Recording 记录Redescending estimators 回降估计量Reducing dimensions 降维Re—expression 重新表达Reference set 标准组Region of acceptance 接受域Regression coefficient 回归系数Regression sum of square 回归平方和Rejection point 拒绝点Relative dispersion 相对离散度Relative number 相对数Reliability 可靠性Reparametrization 重新设置参数Replication 重复Report Summaries 报告摘要Residual sum of square 剩余平方和residual variance （剩余方差)Resistance 耐抗性Resistant line 耐抗线Resistant technique 耐抗技术R-estimator of location 位置R 估计量R-estimator of scale 尺度R 估计量Retrospective study 回顾性调查Ridge trace 岭迹Ridit analysis Ridit 分析Rotation 旋转Rounding 舍入Row 行Row effects 行效应Row factor 行因素RXC table RXC 表SSample 样本Sample regression coefficient 样本回归系数Sample size 样本量Sample standard deviation 样本标准差Sampling error 抽样误差SAS(Statistical analysis system ) SAS 统计软件包Scale 尺度/量表Scatter diagram 散点图Schematic plot 示意图/简图Score test 计分检验Screening 筛检SEASON 季节分析Second derivative 二阶导数Second principal component 第二主成分SEM （Structural equation modeling) 结构化方程模型Semi-logarithmic graph 半对数图Semi—logarithmic paper 半对数格纸Sensitivity curve 敏感度曲线Sequential analysis 贯序分析Sequence 普通序列图Sequential data set 顺序数据集Sequential design 贯序设计Sequential method 贯序法Sequential test 贯序检验法Serial tests 系列试验Short-cut method 简捷法Sigmoid curve S 形曲线Sign function 正负号函数Sign test 符号检验Signed rank 符号秩Significant Level 显著水平Significance test 显著性检验Significant figure 有效数字Simple cluster sampling 简单整群抽样Simple correlation 简单相关Simple random sampling 简单随机抽样Simple regression 简单回归simple table 简单表Sine estimator 正弦估计量Single-valued estimate 单值估计Singular matrix 奇异矩阵Skewed distribution 偏斜分布Skewness 偏度Slash distribution 斜线分布Slope 斜率Smirnov test 斯米尔诺夫检验Source of variation 变异来源Spearman rank correlation 斯皮尔曼等级相关Specific factor 特殊因子Specific factor variance 特殊因子方差Spectra 频谱Spherical distribution 球型正态分布Spread 展布SPSS（Statistical package for the social science) SPSS 统计软件包Spurious correlation 假性相关Square root transformation 平方根变换Stabilizing variance 稳定方差Standard deviation 标准差Standard error 标准误Standard error of difference 差别的标准误Standard error of estimate 标准估计误差Standard error of rate 率的标准误Standard normal distribution 标准正态分布Standardization 标准化Starting value 起始值Statistic 统计量Statistical control 统计控制Statistical graph 统计图Statistical inference 统计推断Statistical table 统计表Steepest descent 最速下降法Stem and leaf display 茎叶图Step factor 步长因子Stepwise regression 逐步回归Storage 存Strata 层(复数）Stratified sampling 分层抽样Stratified sampling 分层抽样Strength 强度Stringency 严密性Structural relationship 结构关系Studentized residual 学生化残差/t 化残差Sub-class numbers 次级组含量Subdividing 分割Sufficient statistic 充分统计量Sum of products 积和Sum of squares 离差平方和Sum of squares about regression 回归平方和Sum of squares between groups 组间平方和Sum of squares of partial regression 偏回归平方和Sure event 必然事件Survey 调查Survival 生存分析Survival rate 生存率Suspended root gram 悬吊根图Symmetry 对称Systematic error 系统误差Systematic sampling 系统抽样TTags 标签Tail area 尾部面积Tail length 尾长Tail weight 尾重Tangent line 切线Target distribution 目标分布Taylor series 泰勒级数Test（检验)Test of linearity 线性检验Tendency of dispersion 离散趋势Testing of hypotheses 假设检验Theoretical frequency 理论频数Time series 时间序列Tolerance interval 容忍区间Tolerance lower limit 容忍下限Tolerance upper limit 容忍上限Torsion 扰率Total sum of square 总平方和Total variation 总变异Transformation 转换Treatment 处理Trend 趋势Trend of percentage 百分比趋势Trial 试验Trial and error method 试错法Tuning constant 细调常数Two sided test 双向检验Two—stage least squares 二阶最小平方Two—stage sampling 二阶段抽样Two-tailed test 双侧检验Two—way analysis of variance 双因素方差分析Two—way table 双向表Type I error 一类错误/α错误Type II error 二类错误/β错误UUMVU 方差一致最小无偏估计简称Unbiased estimate 无偏估计Unconstrained nonlinear regression 无约束非线性回归Unequal subclass number 不等次级组含量Ungrouped data 不分组资料Uniform coordinate 均匀坐标Uniform distribution 均匀分布Uniformly minimum variance unbiased estimate 方差一致最小无偏估计Unit 单元Unordered categories 无序分类Unweighted least squares 未加权最小平方法Upper limit 上限Upward rank 升秩VVague concept 模糊概念Validity 有效性V ARCOMP （Variance component estimation）方差元素估计Variability 变异性Variable 变量Variance 方差Variation 变异Varimax orthogonal rotation 方差最大正交旋转V olume of distribution 容积WW test W 检验Weibull distribution 威布尔分布Weight 权数Weighted Chi—square test 加权卡方检验/Cochran 检验Weighted linear regression method 加权直线回归Weighted mean 加权平均数Weighted mean square 加权平均方差Weighted sum of square 加权平方和Weighting coefficient 权重系数Weighting method 加权法W—estimation W 估计量W-estimation of location 位置W 估计量Width 宽度Wilcoxon paired test 威斯康星配对法/配对符号秩和检验Wild point 野点/狂点Wild value 野值/狂值Winsorized mean 缩尾均值Withdraw 失访X此组的词汇还没找到YYouden's index 尤登指数ZZ test Z 检验Zero correlation 零相关Z—transformation Z 变换。
Lesson LearnedEnhanced Alarming Can Help Detect State Estimator and Real-Time Contingency Analysis IssuesPrimary Interest GroupsTransmission Operators (TOPs)Reliability Coordinators (RCs)Transmission Owners (TOs) who operate a state estimatorProblem StatementSeveral entities in the ReliabilityFirst (RF) Region have experienced state estimator (SE) or real-time contingency analysis (RTCA) outages that could have been mitigated more quickly with better alarming. DetailsFor the five energy management system (EMS) outages that are reviewed in this lessons learned document, the entities had real-time monitoring alarms and additional alarms to detect the health of the EMS and alarming functions. In these cases, there were circumstances that created the need for an additional alarm to notify the operator of the loss of SE or RTCA functionality.Case 1:The shift supervisor in the control room noticed that RTCA was in a pending state. After notifying the RC and support personnel to investigate the issue, the entity analyzed why they did not receive a visual or audible alarm. In this case, the alarm was not configured correctly for the stall condition.Case 2:The entity switched from the primary control center to the backup control center for a surprise drill of its emergency operating plans. During the transition, RTCA stalled due to a duplicated path. The vendor indicated that this issue was a software problem that was fixable via a patch. In this case, the alarm did not indicate RTCA stalled because the tasks for RTCA remained pending due to the transition. The RTCA stall alarm in place was based on the application itself stalling and there was not a separate alarm for the application not starting in the first place.Case 3:During EMS model troubleshooting efforts, a study process utilized by the support staff caused an issue where the state estimator continued to solve but it was using stale Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) data. An alarm was created for this condition; however, text messages were not sent to the operators because of an error in the logic in the paging system and a file processing problem. The operator discovered discrepancies between SCADA and SE values that indicated that state estimation was running but not using the updated data.Case 4:Due to a power supply issue on a remote terminal unit (RTU), the operator received erroneous data for a substation. This data also caused the SE to not converge (solve). Multiple alarms were received in the control room; however, these alarms were bulk-acknowledged as all relating to the RTU issue. Shortly after, the operator noticed that the SE was not converging.Case 5:The SE failed. The entity began trouble-shooting by pressing the“Stop Real-time Security Analysis Functions” button and the corresponding alarm was generated. The entity resolved the SE issue and ran several manual iterations for testing. Later, it was discovered that SE was never restarted by repressing the button.Corrective ActionsIn each of these cases, upon noticing that either the SE or RTCA was in a stalled or nonconverged condition, the entity contacted the appropriate personnel (RC and operations support staff) to assist with monitoring and help repair the situation.The RTCA application was restarted which forced it backonline. The entity corrected the configuration for thestall condition alarm to ensure the alarm would beaudible and visible for this type of repeat condition.Case 2:The SE and RTCA were restarted, forcing RTCA back on-line. An independent timer of 25 minutes wasimplemented to remind the system operators tomanually check that RTCA has run. A new display wasalso created that indicated the time of the last RTCA runfor easy comparison.Case 3:After noticing that the SE was utilizing stale SCADA data,the support staff performed a failover that caused the SEto start solving with fresh SCADA data. Changes to theprocess were made that involved the entity utilizing atroubleshooting method that does not impact thesetting that caused the SE to solve with the stale SCADAdata. Enhancements were made to the alarming andpaging logic to ensure that the correct personnel werenotified for a similar event.Case 4:When acknowledging the alarms, the operator disabled the erroneous RTU data but failed to realize that the SE stopped solving. After realizing that the SE was stalled, engineering support was contacted. The RTU issue was resolved (power supply issue fixed by field technician) and the SE began solving again. The entity performed a review of its alarming regarding both the volume of alarms and areas of responsibility. This alarm and other high-priority alarms were enhanced by making them audible.Case 5:The entity revised the troubleshooting process where the “Stop Real-time Security Analysis Functions” button is no longer needed. This button was also removed from operator access to prevent inadvertently stopping the SE. Furthermore, an additional time-based alarm was developed to supplement the existing Loss of State Estimator alarm. The new alarm triggers if SE or contingency analysis do not receive a valid timestamp within the time period.Lessons LearnedWhile each of these EMS-related events were slightly different, there were some common themes and lessons learned that can be applied.∙Perform a risk assessment to help determine any gaps in alarming. While the standards mandate both alarms and alarms to monitor the alarms, the risk assessment can be helpful in answering the following questions:▪How are the alarms mapped regarding areas of responsibility?▪Are there too many alarms or nonessential alarms that can distract from high-priority alarms?▪Are there mechanisms to bypass, prevent, or disable alarms such as advanced troubleshooting methods?▪What access controls are on these mechanisms and is it possible for an alarm to be inadvertently disabled?▪Is there a method for bulk-acknowledging alarms and is there a risk that a high-priority alarm may be acknowledged without the operator taking the appropriate action?▪Are the priority levels of the alarms correct?▪Do the alarms appear in the forefront and not obscured by other alarms?This risk assessment is critical due to the different registrations, responsibilities, and duties of the entity that owns and operates an EMS. Alarming regarding quantity, visualization, and even sound effects widely vary. It is important for the entity not only to ensure what alarms are needed, but to assess what can cause these alarms to fail or otherwise go unnoticed.∙Where applicable, an independent timer may be used as an effective control for ensuring that real-time assessments are being performed on a timely basis. An independent timer notconfigured to the EMS technology would be safe from a software malfunction or even sabotage to the EMS systems. The timer would alert the operators (and/or support personnel) to manuallycheck the EMS tools and technologies to ensure they are refreshing, converging, and not utilizingstale data. Reliance on the tools and technology to notify the operator of a change in situational awareness is compromised when the tools and technology are an integral part of the system that failed.Maintaining situational awareness of the bulk power system is the most critical task an operator is faced with. While the technology does a great job of keeping the operator alert, not knowing that the system has been compromised introduces risk as the operator makes decisions based on stale data or contingency analysis that has not been updated. Ensure that all alarms are not onlyfunctioning as intended but that there are additional fail safes in-place help the operators to best monitor the system.NERC’s goal with publishing lessons learned is to provide industry with technical and understandable information that assists them with maintaining the reliability of the bulk power system. NERC requests that you provide input on this lesson learned by taking the short survey provided in the link below.Click here for:Lesson Learned Comment FormFor more Information please contact:NERC – Lessons Learned (via email) RF – Event Analysis (via email)Source of Lesson Learned: Reliability FirstLesson Learned #: 20190502Date Published: May 15, 2019Category: CommunicationsThis document is designed to convey lessons learned from NERC’s various activities. It is not intended to establish new requirements under NERC’s Reliability Standards or to modify the requirements in any existing Reliability Standards. Compliance will continue to be determined based on language in the NERC Reliability Standards as they may be amended from time to time. Implementation of this lesson learned is not a substitute for compliance with requirements in NERC’s Reliability Standard s.。
