metaphor

含而不露的Metaphor（隐喻）2、含而不露的Metaphor（隐喻）Metaphor（汉译名为“隐喻”或“暗喻”），也是一种比喻，它不用比喻词，直接把甲事物（喻体）当作乙事物（本体）来描述，其比喻关系隐含在句意中，从而更生动、更深刻地说明事理，增强语言的表现力。

Webster’s New World Dictionary的解释是：“a figure of speech containing an implied comparison, in which a word or phrase or dinarily and primarily used of one thing is applied to another”这个解释的意思是说，隐喻是一种隐含着比喻的修辞格，他通常的基本用法是，表述某一事物的词或短语被用来表述另外的一种事物。

由于比喻是隐含的，决定了它的本体与喻体的关系必然十分紧密。

与simile相比较，不但不需要as, like之类的比喻词，有时甚至可以连本体也不出现。

基于这种情况，有些词典或著作常常对metaphor 和simile同时论述，称之为“浓缩的明喻（a compressed or condensed simile）”。

如A Dictionary of Literary Terms对Metaphor的定义就是如此，“Metaphor: A figure of speech in which one thing is described in terms of another. The basic figure in poetry. A comparison is usually implicit; whereas in simile it is explicit.”下面用实例对这两种修辞格做一比较：1a. Life is like an isthmus between two eternities. (simile)生活像永恒的生死两端之间的峡道。

Metaphor: Examples of Figurative LanguageIntroductionMetaphor is a type of figurative language that adds depth and creativity to communication. It involves using a word or phrase to describe an object or action, by comparing it to something else unrelated. Metaphors are widely used in literature, poetry, speeches, and everyday conversations to convey abstract ideas and enhance understanding. Inthis article, we will explore various examples of metaphors and their significance.What is a Metaphor?A metaphor is a figure of speech that goes beyond literal meanings to make a comparison between two unrelated things. It establishes a resemblance or association, often based on shared qualities or characteristics. Unlike similes, which use “like” or “as” to make comparisons, metaphors create a direct identification between the subject and object.Examples of Metaphors:1.“Life is a journey.”2.“Time is money.”3.“He is a shining star.”4.“The world is a stage.”5.“Love is a battlefield.”Common Types of MetaphorsMetaphors can be categorized into different types based on their characteristics and usage. Each type offers a unique way to understand and express complex ideas. Let’s explore some common types of metaphors:1. Conceptual MetaphorConceptual metaphors are widely used to understand abstract concepts by relating them to concrete or familiar experiences. They form the basis of our understanding by mapping one domain of knowledge onto another. Some examples include: - “Love is a journey.” - “Ideas are food for thought.” - “Time is a valuable resource.”2. Dead MetaphorDead metaphors are common expressions that were once metaphors but have lost their figurative meaning through repeated use. These metaphors become so ingrained in everyday language that they are now perceived as literal. Examples of dead metaphors include: - “The foot of the mountain” - “The heart of the matter” - “The head of the class”3. Extended MetaphorExtended metaphors are sustained throughout a piece of writing, often through an entire poem or story. These metaphors create a deeper meaning by developin g and expanding the comparison over time. Here’s an example of an extended metaphor from Shakespeare’s play “As You Like It”: “All the world’s a stage, And all the men and women merely players; They have their exits and their entrances…”4. Implied or Implicit MetaphorImplied metaphors do not directly state that one thing is another; instead, they imply the comparison through indirect or figurative language. These metaphors encourage readers to apply their own interpretations and engage with the text more actively. For example: - “She drowned in a sea of grief.” - “The politician danced around the issue.”The Significance of MetaphorsMetaphors play a crucial role in enhancing communication and understanding. They provide a fresh perspective, evoke emotions, and simplify complex ideas. Here’s why metaphors are significant:1. Creativity and ExpressionMetaphors allow individuals to express themselves in unique and imaginative ways. By using metaphors, we can convey our thoughts and feelings more effectively, making the communication process more engaging and memorable.2. Simplification of Complex IdeasMetaphors help simplify complex concepts by relating them to something familiar. They make abstract ideas more tangible and accessible, allowing the audience to grasp difficult concepts easily.3. Arousal of emotionsMetaphors have the power to evoke emotions and create a strong emotional connection with the audience. By using vivid and evocative metaphors, speakers and writers can tap into the audience’s emotions and inspire them.4. Memorable and EngagingMetaphors make the text or speech more captivating and memorable. They add richness and depth to the message, making it more likely to be retained in the audience’s memory.ConclusionMetaphors are powerful tools of expression that add depth, creativity, and clarity to communication. They allow us to think beyond the literal meanings of words and make connections between unrelated ideas. Metaphors enrich our understanding of abstract concepts and evoke emotions, making them an essential part of human communication. So next time you encounter a metaphor, take a moment to appreciate the hidden meaning and the beauty it brings to language.。

☛Metaphor — SimileMetaphor和simile都属于比喻，metaphor更像是隐喻和暗喻，Metaphor一般句式为xx (be 动词) xx，不会用到like和as之类的明喻小词，而simile会用上，simile是明喻，simile构造了一个direct comparison。

➸举例：Metaphor:"Life is a journey. Enjoy the Ride."—Nissan"The moon was a ghostly galleon tossed upon cloudy seas."— Alfred Noyes, "The Highway man"Simile:"She dealt with moral problems as a cleaver deals with meat."—James Joyce, "The Boarding House""You know life, life is rather like opening a tin of sardines. We're all of us looking for the key."—Alan Bennett,Beyond the Fringe, 1960☛Metaphor — MetonymyMetaphor侧重“相似性”，Metonymy侧重“相关性”。

Metonymy是用借体代本体，借代的借体是客观实际中的事物，与本体有关联，它们中间没有比喻关系，重点在指称，Metonymy 是代而不喻。

Metaphor是用喻体(the vehicle)代本体(the tenor)，构成比喻的基础是本体和喻体的相似性，重点在"喻”。

简单来说，metaphor就是make comparisons，而metonym是make associations or substitutions。

Metaphor 暗喻言说Metaphor lives a secret life all around us.暗喻秘密地生活在我们中间。

We utter about six metaphors a minute.于我们的言谈中，每分钟大约会出现六个暗喻。

Metaphorical thinking is essential to how weunderstand ourselves and others,暗喻思维是一把钥匙，它可以开启我们相互理解how we communicate, learn, discover and invent.沟通、学习、发现和创新的大门。

But metaphor is a way of thought before it is a way with words.首先，暗喻是一种思维方式。

Now, to assist me in explaining this, I've enlisted the help of one of our great est philosophers,为了说明这一点，我请教了一位当代最伟大的哲学家，the reigning king of the metaphorians, a man whose contributions to the field are so great thathe himself has become a metaphor.当权的暗喻皇帝，一位因其对暗喻学的巨大贡献而自身成了一位暗喻的人物。

I am, of course, referring to none other than Elvis Presley.当然，我指的不是别人，正是猫王埃尔维斯-普雷斯利。

Now, "All Shook Up" is a great love song.好，《神魂颠倒》（意即整个人都被动摇了）是一首经典情歌。

第十五讲Metaphor 的翻译一、教学目的：了解和掌握修辞的翻译方法。

二、教学要点：修辞性翻译的灵活运用二、教学过程：Metaphor 这里指广义上的修辞figurative speech. 也就是，不仅指它的本义denotation，也指它的转义connotation. 如以下例句：The girl murmured her thanks. 她轻声道了声谢。

It is a long story with many ands. 这故事说来话长，包括许多细节。

They cap when they pass the dean. 他们路遇系主任时，脱帽以示敬意。

A narrow trail snakes between the trees. 一条窄径在林中蜿蜒向前。

He pocketed all the profits. 他侵吞了所有的利润。

Shanghai mirrors the development and character of China.上海反映了中国的发展和现状。

When a surviving ship’s officer was later asked whether “women and children first” was the captain’s rule or the rule of the sea, he replied that it was the rule of human nature.后来有人问一幸存的该船官员：“妇女与儿童优先”是船长的规定还是航海的规矩。

他答道，这是人性的准则。

ParallelismThere are teachers and teachers. = There are good teachers and bad teachers.误译：世上有许许多多的老师 / 正确：世上有好老师也有坏老师。

她就是这样风里来，雨里去，成年累月地工作着。