How to Plan a Philosophy Paper

如何学习哲学英文作文下载温馨提示:该文档是我店铺精心编制而成，希望大家下载以后，能够帮助大家解决实际的问题。

文档下载后可定制随意修改，请根据实际需要进行相应的调整和使用，谢谢!并且，本店铺为大家提供各种各样类型的实用资料，如教育随笔、日记赏析、句子摘抄、古诗大全、经典美文、话题作文、工作总结、词语解析、文案摘录、其他资料等等，如想了解不同资料格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by theeditor. I hope that after you download them,they can help yousolve practical problems. The document can be customized andmodified after downloading,please adjust and use it according toactual needs, thank you!In addition, our shop provides you with various types ofpractical materials,such as educational essays, diaryappreciation,sentence excerpts,ancient poems,classic articles,topic composition,work summary,word parsing,copyexcerpts,other materials and so on,want to know different data formats andwriting methods,please pay attention!Philosophy is really interesting. It makes me think about deep questions.Learning philosophy can be challenging. But it's also fun to explore different ideas.You can start by reading some famous philosophers' works. That helps a lot.Also, having discussions with others about philosophy is great. You can learn from their perspectives.Another way is to just sit and think by yourself. Let your mind wander and come up with your own ideas.It's important to keep an open mind. Don't be afraid to question everything.Sometimes you might get confused. But that's okay, it's part of the learning process.。

How to Write a Crap Philosophy EssayA Brief Guide for StudentsAlways begin your essay along these lines: “Since the very dawn of time the problem of free will has been considered by many of the greatest and deepest thinkers in history.”Always end your essay along these lines: “So it can be seen from the above arguments that there are many different points of view about the free will problem.”Whenever in any doubt as to what to say about X, say, apropos of nothing in particular and without explanation, that X is extremely subjective.When that gets boring, try saying that X is all very relative. Never say what it is relative to.Use language with as little precision as possible. Engage heavily in malapropism and category mistakes. Refer to claims as “arguments” and to arguments as “claims”. Frequently describe sentences as “valid” and arguments as “true”. Use the word “logical” to mean plausible or true. Use “infer” when you mean “imply”. Never use the expression “begging the question” with its cor rect meaning but use it incorrectly as often as possible.“Argument” is perhaps the most important word in philosophy. So why not impress the marker by spelling it with two “e”s?Get into the habit of inserting words like “so” and “therefore” between s entences that are entirely irrelevant to one another. This, all by itself, will bring into being a mutual relevance that previously did not exist.Be careful always assiduously to avoid answering the question asked. There are so many other more interesting things for you to discuss.Put “quotation marks” round words “entirely” at random.Be completely defeated by apostrophes. Systematically confuse “its” and “it’s”.At some point in every essay, treat the marker to a brief Dr McCoy style sermon about the dangers of being too “logical” when trying to think about the existence of God/moral obligation/free will/the theory of knowledge/any subject matter whatever. To reinforce the point it always helps to point out how once again how very subjective the subject matter in question is.Avoid clarity at all costs. Remember: nothing that is clear can possibly be really deep. If as a result the marker gives you a third that just shows that your wisdom is going straight over his/her head.(Don’t, whatever you do, heed the words of Peter Medawar: “No one who has something original or important to say will willingly run the risk of beingmisunderstood; people who write obscurely are either unskilled in writing or up to mischief.” – What a silly man!)Remember. Paragraphs are for sissies. So are headings.Only little people use examples. Avoid them strenuously. If you must insist on using some, be sure to do so with studied irrelevance.。

Writing Philosophy PapersPhilosophical writing is different from the writing you’ll be asked to do in other courses.--Some philosophy papers consist of the reasoned defense of some claim. In these papers you must offer an argument. It can’t consist in the mere report of your opinions, nor in a mere report of the opinions of the philosophers we discuss. First you must make a claim and then you have to defend it. In other words, you state you position and then offer reasons to believeit. Think of your paper as the means by which you are going to make a claim and then convince other people to accept your perspective.For example:Do not say: “My view is that P”You should say: “My view is that P because”Or you may say: “Plato claims that P. His claim is correct because”In general, once you have stated you thesis or your position offer a short summary of your reasons for making this claim. Then, use the body of your paper to develop these reasons. Finally, offer a conclusion.--Other Philosophy papers ask you to examine an issue and comment. In these papers be sure make the issue clear at the start of your paper. This should be followed by a reasoned examination of the specific details, possible examples from the source, your responses and the reasons for them, and then a concise summary of the position you reach.Be sure to include in these papers the source of the issue raised. That is, mention the work and author, or the film. If you are writing about one issue presented, stick to that issue and relate your examples back to this issue. Do not assume that your reader can follow your thought process—make the process clear.Some helpful Hints:1. A good philosophy paper is modest and makes a small point; but it makes that point clearly and straightforwardly, and it offers good reasons in support of it. Be careful to make you points specific and not general.2. Use a clear writing style. Long, convoluted sentences can obfuscate your point and confuse your reader. Most importantly, say what you mean--do not assume your reader knows what you mean.3. Do NOT EVER use questions in your paper. Rather, make statements.4. Do not use advanced punctuation styles unless you are sure your usage is correct.3. Since one aim of a philosophy paper is to display familiarity with the material and an ability to think critically about it, resist the urge to use long quotes from texts. Your paper presents your position about a specific point, one that was raised by another thinker, but you must focus and develop your ideas. Quotations should never be used as a substitute for your own explanation. When you do quote an author, always explain what the quotation says in your own words. If the quoted passage contains an argument, reconstruct the argument in more explicit, straightforward terms. Remember that whether you use a quote or paraphrase what an author said, make sure to use proper documentation.4. Be careful to be factually correct.5. Remember that the most important part of writing a philosophy paper is thinking about an issue prior to writing the paper. Once you have thought about a point and determined your thesis--write it down and then keep thinking. After some time has passed, produce an outline for developing your thesis. I suggest you spend time and develop this outline as completely as possible since this will serve to organize your paper. Creating a good outline prepares the foundation for writing a clear and logical paper.6. When you write your paper pretend that your reader has not read the material you’re discussing, and has not given the topic much thought in advance. This will force you to explain any technical terms and to be as explicit as possible when you summarize what some other philosopher said.7. NEVER use phrases such as: “According to Webster’s Dictionary….” This is a poor writing technique acceptable in high school, but never in college. If you want to define a term—just do it. Only refer to normal usage if you are using the term in an unusual manner.8. Read your paper, proof read it and then give to someone else to read. If this reader has to ask what you mean by a word or sentence, use this as a sign that you need to make that point clearer. Another useful technique for determining whether your paper is easy to read and understand is to read it aloud. Be careful to make sure that your sentences are actually sentences and not fragments or run on sentences. Both of these errors detract from a smooth presentation of your ideas.9. You may use the word “I” in your papers. You may also use the verb “to be” as much as you need to do so, but consider using an active verb instead. This technique increases the sophistication level of your writing. You may use the present or past tense when referring to what a particular philosopher claims. However, remain consistent throughout the paper.10. Follow the directions given for each assignment. For example, if a question asks for details, give details! Use the vocabulary appropriate to the issue you are discussing.11. NEVER put lists in an essay answer. An essay is an essay and not an outline. It is designed to test your understanding and not your ability to make lists.12. Never do research and copy sentences from someone else’s work unless you document the work. This is plagiarism. Remember, most professors have also read what you have and they can clearly recognize that you have not written copied material.How are your grades determined?When I read and grade your papers, I ask myself a certain set of questions:1. Do you clearly state what you’re trying to accomplish in your paper? Is it obvious to the reader what your main thesis is?2. Is the structure of your paper clear? For instance, is it clear what parts of your paper are expository, and what parts offer your own thoughts?3. Is your prose simple, easy to read, and easy to understand?4. Do you illustrate your claims with good examples?5. Do you present the philosophers’ views accurately?6. Do you offer supporting arguments for the claims you make? Is it obvious to the reader what these arguments are?7. Did you remain focused on the point you are trying to make?8. Did you use formal language and not colloquial terms?9. Is your paper well written and grammatically correct?10. Did you follow directions?11. Is it clear that you wrote all the sentences in the paper and that you credited others for their ideas?11. Was your paper submitted on time?。

如何做有哲理的人英语作文How to be a Philosophical Person。

In our daily life, we often encounter all kinds of problems and challenges. In order to deal with these difficulties, we need to have a philosophical mindset. Here are some tips on how to be a philosophical person.Firstly, we need to have a broad perspective. We should not only focus on our own problems, but also try to understand the perspectives of others. By doing so, we can have a deeper understanding of the world and the people around us.Secondly, we need to have a critical mindset. We should not blindly accept everything we hear or see. Instead, we should question and analyze everything. By doing so, we can avoid being misled by false information and make better decisions.Thirdly, we need to have a reflective mindset. Weshould take time to reflect on our own thoughts and actions. By doing so, we can learn from our mistakes and improve ourselves.Fourthly, we need to have a humble mindset. We should not think that we know everything. Instead, we should be open to new ideas and perspectives. By doing so, we canlearn from others and broaden our own horizons.Fifthly, we need to have a compassionate mindset. We should care about the well-being of others and try to help them when they are in need. By doing so, we can make the world a better place.In conclusion, being a philosophical person is notabout having all the answers, but rather about having the right mindset. By having a broad perspective, a critical mindset, a reflective mindset, a humble mindset, and a compassionate mindset, we can navigate through life's challenges with wisdom and grace.。

如何规划大学习,生活英语作文Entering college marks a significant transition from high school to a more independent and自主的学习阶段. It's a time for exploring new interests, challenging oneself, and developing critical thinking skills. However, with the freedoms and opportunities come great responsibilities. Therefore, it's essential to have a clear plan for managing your studies and life in college.**1. Set Clear Academic Goals**The foundation of a successful college experience is having a clear understanding of your academic goals. Are you pursuing a specific major or are you exploringdifferent fields? Determine your long-term career aspirations and how your chosen major aligns with those goals. This will help you stay focused and motivated throughout your college journey.**2. Create a Balanced Schedule**College life is often busy with classes, homework, extracurricular activities, and social events. It's important to create a balanced schedule that allows you tomanage your time effectively. Prioritize your responsibilities and allocate appropriate time for each task. Use tools like planners or digital calendars to keep track of your schedule and ensure you're staying on track. **3. Develop Good Study Habits**Successful students understand the importance of developing good study habits. This includes creating a designated study space, establishing a regular study schedule, and utilizing effective study techniques like active reading, note-taking, and review sessions. By developing these habits, you'll improve your retention of information and increase your chances of academic success. **4. Stay Connected to Your Peers and Professors**College is not just about academics; it's also about building relationships and networks. Get involved in campus life by participating in clubs, organizations, or groups that align with your interests. Additionally, make aneffort to connect with your professors as they can provide valuable guidance and resources for your academic and career development.**5. Prioritize Your Health and Well-being**In the midst of academic and social demands, it's easy to neglect your own health and well-being. However, it's crucial to prioritize your physical and mental health. Make sure to get enough sleep, eat balanced meals, exercise regularly, and take time for self-care. By prioritizing your health, you'll be more focused, energetic, andresilient throughout your college experience.**6. Take Advantage of Resources**Colleges and universities offer a wide range of resources to help students succeed. Take advantage of these resources by attending workshops, seeking tutoring assistance, or utilizing the library and online databases. Don't be afraid to ask for help when you need it as this is a key part of the learning process.In conclusion, planning your college studies and life requires a balance of academic goals, time management, study habits, social engagement, health, and utilization of resources. By prioritizing these areas and staying focused on your long-term aspirations, you can create a successfuland fulfilling college experience that will prepare you for a bright future.**如何规划大学学习与生活**进入大学标志着从高中到更为独立和自主的学习阶段的重大转变。

How to Write a Philosophy PaperProfessor Amy KindStudents often find philosophy papers difficult to write since the expectations are very different from those in other disciplines,even from those of other disciplines in the humanities.What follows is some general advice about how to go about writing short(4-5page)philosophy papers on pre-assigned topics.Before starting to writeMake sure that you have read all of the relevant texts very carefully.Even though you have probably read these texts previously,it is a good idea to reread them in light of the question you plan to answer.Also make sure that you have spent some time thinking about the question itself.You want to make sure that everything you write is relevant to the question asked,and if you don’t understand the question,then you won’t be able to write an assignment that is to the point.How to conceive of and write your paperAnswer the question,the whole question,and nothing but the question.First,address the question that is asked.(This again points to the need to understand what the question is asking.) Second,be sure that your answer is complete.If the question has different parts,be sure that you have addressed each part.Third,make sure that you do not pursue tangential issues.Your answer will be evaluated in connection with the question that was asked.Even a brilliant essay cannot get a good grade if it does not answer the question.Philosophy papers usually involve both exposition and evaluation.In the expository part of the paper,your task is to explain the view or argument under consideration.Make sure that your explanation is as explicit as possible.The evaluation part of the paper is your chance to do some philosophy of your own.It is not enough merely to state whether you agree or disagree with the philosopher’s conclusion.You should engage with her reasoning.Some questions you might consider:does her argument succeed in getting to the desired conclusion?Which premises are the weakest points of the argument?What objections might be raised to these premises?Are there any ways that her argument could be bolstered to defend against such objections?As you write,think about your intended audience.You should not write your paper as if it is a personal communiquéto me.Instead,imagine your audience as someone who is intelligent and interested in the subject but has not studied it.(Think of yourself,before taking this class,or perhaps of your roommate.)When you use an unfamiliar or“technical”term(i.e.a term that we have given some specific meaning in this class)be sure to define it.In general,a thesaurus is not the friend of a philosophy student.Do not be afraid to re-use the same terms over and over,especially when they are key terms in an argument.Do not usedifferent terms just for variety’s sake;unfortunately,synonyms listed by a thesaurus often vary in connotation and meaning.If you mean to talk about the same concept throughout,use the same term throughout.As a rule,you should not use quotes.A series of quotes strung together,even creatively strung together,is not a paper.The main reason to quote a passage is to make it more convenient for you to talk about what the passage says(and to make it more convenient for your reader as well). Thus,you should not rely on a quotation to answer a key part of the question.Answer in your own words instead.You should,however,include textual references.Whenever you make a claim about what is said in the text,it is appropriate to provide a specific reference to back up your claim.Do not make claims like“Socrates believes that…”without supporting them.For short papers using class texts,footnotes are not necessary;it is sufficient to make parenthetical references,such as(Meno 77b).Write until you have said what you need to say,not until you hit the page limit.(Incidentally,if you find that you don’t have enough to say to reach the word limit,you’re probably missing something.The problem should be to confine your paper to the page limit,not to stretch out your paper to the minimum required.)You may end up with a first draft that is too long,but at a later stage you can go back through your work and see whether there are sentences or paragraphs that are not really necessary or that can be made more concise.The point is that you will be better able to evaluate what is truly important if you have included everything on your first draft.Finally,do not try to compose your paper,from start to finish,in one session–especially not the night before it is due.Make sure that you have the chance to write a first draft and then let it percolate for awhile.Very few people are able to dash off a good paper in one sitting!How to write an introductionDon’t begin with a very general opening statement:“Plato was one of the world’s greatest philosophers…”or“The definition of virtue is something that philosophers have debated for centuries…”Do briefly tell your reader what your paper is about and what your main thesis is.Notice that there is a difference between telling your reader what you are going to talk about and telling your reader what you will pare:In the Meno,Meno presents Socrates with a paradox about inquiry.There is no way to inquire into something that you don’t know,since you don’t know how to begin,but there is also no way to inquire into something that you already know,since you already have the knowledge in question.Thus,we reach the paradoxical conclusion that inquiry is impossible.Socrates attempts to unravel Meno’s paradox by presenting his theory of recollection.In what follows,I will discuss Meno’s paradox and Socrates’criticism of it.In the Meno,Meno presents Socrates with a paradox about inquiry.There is no way to inquire into something that you don’t know,since you don’t know how to begin,but there is also no way to inquire into something that you already know,since you already have the knowledge in question.Thus,we reach the paradoxical conclusion that inquiry is impossible.Socrates attempts to unravel Meno’s paradox by presenting his theory of recollection.In what follows,I will argue that Socrates does not adequately defend his theory of recollection.However,I will also suggest that even if we were to accept the theory of recollection,this would not provide an adequate answer to Meno’s paradox.The second of these introductions is superior to the first.Notice that only the second presents an actual thesis statement.Sometimes you will be in a better position to write an introduction after you have written the main body of your paper,for you will then have a better idea of what your argument really is.How to write a conclusionDon’t feel as though you must summarize all of your results.You have written a short paper;the reader recalls your argument and will only be annoyed if you repeat yourself.Don’t end with a hedged claim like“Though Socrates’argument is strong,his opponents also have good points.”Also try to avoid the temptation to end with an empty prediction about continued debate:“Though Meno’s definition of virtue is a good one,the philosophical debate over what it means to be virtuous will no doubt continue.”Do find some nice way of wrapping up your essay.This does not mean that you should claim that every facet of the issue has been addressed.Sometimes a conclusion sets out problems that still remain.There is nothing wrong with defending a qualified conclusion,such as“Socrates’theory of recollection can be defended against this criticism,”rather than an unqualified conclusion,such as“Socrates’theory of recollection is entirely correct.”In fact,you will probably not have argued for the latter conclusion in your paper,since it requires that you have shown not only that some criticisms fail,but also that there are not any other criticisms that might succeed against Socrates’theory.Make sure that you do not claim that you have shown more than have actually shown in your paper.(It is especially tempting to exaggerate your accomplishments in a grand-finale-style concluding paragraph;resist this temptation.)For example,here is a conclusion that avoids exaggeration:As Socrates’discussion with the slave suggests,it is plausible to suppose that someone can discover,without being taught,a geometrical claim that they did not already know.However,as I have argued,we cannot generalize from the case of geometrical knowledge to knowledge of other sorts of facts.Thus,Socrates fails to provide an adequate reason to believe his claim that all learning is recollection.[Notice that the conclusion does not claim that Socrates’claim is shown to be false,but only thatSocrates has not adequately defended it.]Once you have a draftThe principal virtue in philosophical writing is clarity.As you reread each sentence of your draft, ask yourself:“Is this point expressed clearly?”Your prose should be simple,direct,and to the point.As you re-read your paper,think about whether it is organized in the best way.Would it be more effective if this paragraph went here,and that one went there?Very often,our first efforts need a rather serious structural overhaul.Also,look for opportunities to improve your paper,such as adding an example here,rewriting an awkward sentence there,and so on…Proofread your paper carefully.Spelling mistakes and grammatical errors can distract a reader and divert her attention from your argument.It may also give her the impression–a false one, perhaps–that you simply don’t care enough about your work to run it through a spell-check program.Very often,what distinguishes an excellent paper from a merely decent paper is the depth and quality of their explanations.The decent paper may not make any obvious mistakes or omit anything crucial;it often just does not communicate its message as clearly and effectively as the excellent paper does.Thus,always try to find ways of strengthening your explanations. Examples will help here.Almost all philosophy relies on the use of examples,both for illustrative and persuasive purposes.GradesAs a professor of mine used to tell his classes,“There is,and can be,no direct correlation between the grade you receive on a paper and the amount of time or effort you have spent on the paper; which is not to say that hard work does not produce results,but only that some people can do with great ease what others cannot do at all or can only do with great effort.In an hour,Mozart could produce a piece of music that I would be unable to match even if I spent my whole life working at it.”Also remember that the grade that you get on the paper represents my judgment of the quality of the results–not what you meant to say,but what you actually said.。

如何学好哲学英语作文Learning to write philosophical essays in English requires a combination of understanding philosophical concepts and mastering the language itself. Here are some strategies to help you excel in philosophical English composition:1. Master Philosophical Vocabulary: Begin byfamiliarizing yourself with the vocabulary specific to philosophy. This includes terms like ontology, epistemology, metaphysics, ethics, logic, and so on. Understanding these terms will enable you to articulate your ideas more precisely.2. Read Philosophical Texts: Exposure to philosophical texts written in English is crucial for improving your writing skills. Read works by renowned philosophers like Plato, Aristotle, Descartes, Kant, Nietzsche, and contemporary philosophers as well. Pay attention to their writing style, argumentation techniques, and the structureof their essays.3. Analyze Philosophical Essays: Analyze essays written by philosophers and scholars. Try to identify the main arguments, premises, conclusions, and logical fallacies if any. Understanding how philosophical arguments are constructed will help you in constructing your own.4. Practice Writing: Writing regularly is essential for improving any skill, including philosophical writing. Start by summarizing philosophical texts in your own words. Then, move on to crafting your own arguments and essays. Practice different styles of philosophical writing, such as expository essays, argumentative essays, and analytical essays.5. Seek Feedback: Share your essays with peers, teachers, or online communities for feedback. Constructive criticism will help you identify areas for improvement and refine your writing style.6. Develop Critical Thinking Skills: Philosophy is allabout critical thinking and rigorous analysis. Practice questioning assumptions, evaluating evidence, and forming well-reasoned arguments. Engage in discussions and debates on philosophical topics to hone your critical thinking skills.7. Pay Attention to Structure: A well-structured essay is essential for conveying your ideas effectively. Your essay should have a clear introduction, body paragraphsthat develop your arguments logically, and a concise conclusion that summarizes your main points.8. Use Clear and Precise Language: Avoid using jargon excessively and strive for clarity in your writing. Use precise language to convey your ideas accurately. Define any terms that may be unfamiliar to your readers.9. Edit and Revise: Editing is an integral part of the writing process. After completing your essay, take the time to revise it carefully. Check for grammatical errors, clarity of expression, coherence of arguments, and consistency of style.10. Stay Curious and Open-minded: Philosophy is a vast and diverse field, so remain curious and open-minded in your exploration of different philosophical ideas and perspectives. Embrace the intellectual challenge of grappling with complex philosophical concepts in English.By following these strategies and dedicating yourself to continuous learning and practice, you can improve your proficiency in writing philosophical essays in English. Remember that mastery takes time and effort, so be patient with yourself as you progress on your journey.。

从哲学角度谈学习计划必要性英文回答：From a philosophical perspective, the necessity of a learning plan can be understood through the lens of self-improvement and personal development. In the pursuit of knowledge and wisdom, having a structured learning plan can provide a sense of direction and purpose. It allows individuals to set specific goals, track their progress, and make adjustments as needed. In this sense, a learning plan serves as a roadmap for one's intellectual andspiritual growth.Moreover, from a philosophical standpoint, the act of creating and following a learning plan reflects the concept of self-discipline and the desire for self-actualization. Philosophers such as Aristotle and Confucius emphasized the importance of self-improvement and the cultivation of virtues. A learning plan can be seen as a tool for individuals to cultivate their intellectual virtues andstrive towards the realization of their full potential.Additionally, a learning plan can also be viewed as a means of fostering a sense of purpose and meaning in life. Existentialist philosophers such as Jean-Paul Sartre and Viktor Frankl emphasized the importance of having a sense of purpose in order to live a fulfilling life. By setting specific learning goals and working towards them, individuals can experience a sense of accomplishment and fulfillment as they expand their knowledge and skills.In conclusion, from a philosophical perspective, a learning plan is necessary for individuals to pursue self-improvement, cultivate virtues, and find meaning and purpose in their lives.中文回答：从哲学的角度来看，学习计划的必要性可以通过自我提升和个人发展的视角来理解。

How to Write a Philosophy Paperoriginated by:Tom Morris,Harri,Jeser101,BR(see all)Writing a philosophy paper–whether for university study or for publication–requires studious attention to detail.But if you like argument,it can be enjoyable and fun.Here are some suggestions to guide your efforts when compiling a philosophy paper.1.1Choose a topic or question.If you're an undergraduate,you may find that the question will be set,or you may have to pick from a set of questions.If you're doing higher level work,you'll need to pick a topic which may then be formed into a question.*If you're having difficulty choosing which questions to answer in an exam or homework situation,for each question,ask yourself the question"how difficult would it be for me to answer this question?",and choose a number between zero and five.Put the number next to the questions on the exam paper or homework sheet and then choose the highest ranked questions.2.2Work out how to answer the actual question.Too many people fail in academic situations because they don't answer the question on the page.The question is set specifically to get you to think in a certain way,not so you can spot a name or theory you know and just write out everything you know about that person or idea.In an exam or homework type situation,you need to answer the question that has actually been set,not the question you wish had been set-the two are often quite different.*Many questions will start with a quote followed simply by the word"Discuss." There are two possible things you need to do here:firstly,it may be asking you to discuss the quote because it explains a vague idea that needs explicating.In this case,your first task is interpretative.Work out what the quote is trying to say.It may not require any explication though –often such questions are just a way of prompting you into having to make reference to the person who made the quote,in which case you should discuss what the philosopher means by the quote. Regardless,you should then go onto discuss whether the sentiment expressed is something the reader should agree to,and provide reasons why you should and should not agree with the idea expressed.*Understand that question setters will sometimes use indirect language.This is a way to see if you've understood the subject matter as a whole.In the2009undergraduate final paper for Logic and Metaphysics from the University of London,one of the questions was"Could there be unicorns?".This is not a question about unicorns.It is a question about the metaphysics of necessity and possibility,of possible worlds and so on.If you start talking about unicorns in depth, you're on the wrong track.These aren't so much trick questions as they are questions designed to test whether you're knowledgeable about a range of different issues in the subject.3.3Argue coherently.A philosophy paper requires careful argument.Don't commit logical fallacies,and don't just state your opinion.Your opinion,if provided,needs to be carefully argued.*The position you take in your paper need not be your opinion in the sense that it is the sort of thing you might say if someone said"well,what do you think about x?"But you do need to show that you've thought about the various theories that have been proposed.You may not come to a solid conclusion.Take the existence of God:you may be agnostic,or you may be an atheist or a theist.Your overall opinion is generally not what is being asked for in a paper–your professor shouldn't care what position you take overall–but you will be asked to say whether some particular argument holds up.Whether you believe God exists or not(or if you are agnostic), if you are asked whether the ontological argument for the existence of God works or not,you should ideally be able to answer that question separately from your personal beliefs.It is perfectly possible to believe in God but to think the arguments put forward by philosophers fail.It is also perfectly possible to be an atheist or an agnostic and to see merit in arguments for God's existence, or to see problems in arguments for God's nonexistence.*Know where philosophy ends.You are writing a philosophy paper,not a scientific paper or a theological paper.It isn't the right place to question the empirical findings of science or the understanding of the Bible by religious believers or whatnot.Try and ensure your paper is consistent with the best evidence we have from empirical science.Your philosophy of science paper is not the appropriate place to try and show why Einstein was wrong.On the other hand,you can use a philosophy paper to try and imagine other scenarios–if the universe were different,if human beings had a different nature.In fact,imagining what things would be like if things were a little bit different than they currently are is an important part of philosophy:thought experiments and counterfactuals.Also,sometimes even very well-known philosophers can get the science wrong.There is nothing at all wrong with pointing this out!*Spot what crank writing looks like.These are easy to find on the Internet,for example,look up'Time Cube'.Don't be that guy!4.4Structure your arguments.The standard advice given to people writing essays is to"make sure it has a beginning,a middle and an end".This is not the most helpful of advice:your essay will have a beginning and an end by default as it is of finite length.Rather,it is more important that the work is easy to read,coherent and well-structured.#*Learn to write clearly*Know why everything you put into an essay is there.Quotes,footnotes,structuring of paragraphs and so on:for every thing you put into your writing,it should be there to serve the purpose of explaining your thoughts.Don't just include a quote to show off or to'seem clever':the professor the examiner will see through this.*In some fields,use of jargon is encouraged.Philosophy is not one of these fields. Jargon needs to be carefully managed and used with caution.It is easy to spot the difference between an essay that has thrown in jargon to make up for a lack of content and a good essay.If you don't understand some technical term,don't use plicated arguments are much easier to follow if they use plain language.It will be other philosophers who read and mark your work,and philosophers much prefer well-explained arguments to obscurantism and jargon.Try and write with clarity:read the many guides to writing well,whether that is Strunk and White's"TheElements of Style"or George Orwell's"Politics and the English Language".*If your argument is sufficiently complex,consider reformulating it in mathematical notation.Note the first word of that sentence:if.Chances are,at an undergraduate level,you will probably not be constructing arguments that are complex enough to benefit from using such a syntax.As with jargon,use only when necessary.Restating a bad argument in mathematical symbols does not magically make it a good argument.5.5Reference properly.Try and back up every non-trivial assertion with reference to the relevant literature.*In an exam situation,this isn't easy to do.You can't give exact quotes and page numbers and the rest.But if you can remember which book it comes from,it will do you no harm to add something like"as Gadamer said in Truth and Method"or"Such a doctrine was expressed in the Summa Theologica",either parenthetically,as a separate sentence or as an extra clause in a (hopefully relatively simple)sentence.*In a non-exam situation,be sure to reference every direct quote,every non-trivial paraphrase and any attribution of a position.Some Ph.D supervisors have been known to give a trial by fire to new candidates by requiring them to find twenty or more references to back up assertions of the sort"many philosophers have held the position X".*Use whatever attribution system is specified by your university or lecturer.If you're unsure,ask.The two main ones in use are numerical footnote references and Harvard-style references.Numerical footnotes simply add a footnote with a citation while Harvard references are done inline using the name and year of the author like(Smith,1992),which can then be looked up in a bibliography at the end of the article or book.*Don't reference secondary material when you could reference primary.If you're writing an essay on John Stuart Mill,quote Mill,not a modern day commentator.By all means read the secondary material,and use the secondary material if you need to adjudicate on some matter of interpretation–namely,"Mill says X,but scholars have differed on what he means. Smith has said X implies Y and Z,but Jones has said X implies A and B.Here's why I agree with Smith:",etc.*Be sure to check up on translations.Some translations are out-of-date,especially free translations that are available on the Internet.If you're unsure what to use,ask your professor, check academic reading lists or ask a specialist librarian.*Don't cite Wikipedia or other general encyclopedias.If you're writing at university level,you shouldn't be relying on what either Wikipedia says or what other general encyclopedias say,whether printed or online.Wikipedia and other encyclopedias are good places to start reading, but you shouldn't be quoting or citing them in essays:you should be quoting the original sources, books and journal articles on the topic.The only appropriate place to cite Wikipedia in a university essay is an essay on Wikipedia,wikis,online culture or other such topics.Not philosophy.*Consider using software to keep track of your sources,footnotes and references. Applications like EndNote,Zotero and Mendeley are popular ways of keeping track of references and producing scholarly work with less hassle.Many in philosophy–especially the more logical end of philosophy–also use LaTeX,BibTeX and/or LyX.It is quite complicated and requires some study,but is a powerful way to produce academic work.If you're considering studyingbeyond undergraduate,it may be worth using LaTeX or LyX to format your work.6.6Enjoy the study.Philosophy is one of the few disciplines where you have a lot of freedom to think creatively,but are still bound by logic.If you accept the constraints of having to be logical and rational,you can have a lot of fun exploring ideas and producing interesting and engaging arguments without having to resort to obscurantism.Philosophy is challenging,and writing philosophy papers can often make you angry and frustrated at trying to solidly express very abstract ideas that one often struggles to get a handle on.But if you can handle this,you might find joining the great philosophical conversation that has been going since Plato through exploring and expressing your own ideas to be one of the most satisfying things you can do.。

从哲学角度谈学习计划的必要性英文回答：From a philosophical perspective, the necessity of a learning plan can be understood in terms of the pursuit of knowledge, personal growth, and the attainment of goals. A learning plan provides structure, direction, and purpose to our educational endeavors.Firstly, a learning plan is essential for the pursuit of knowledge. As human beings, we have an innate curiosity and desire to understand the world around us. A learning plan helps us organize our learning activities andprioritize the acquisition of knowledge in a systematic manner. It allows us to explore different subjects, delve deeper into specific areas of interest, and build a solid foundation of knowledge.Secondly, a learning plan contributes to personal growth. Learning is not just about acquiring information,but also about developing critical thinking skills, problem-solving abilities, and a broader perspective on life. A well-designed learning plan can include a variety of learning experiences, such as reading books, attending lectures or workshops, engaging in discussions with others, and applying knowledge in practical situations. These diverse learning activities help us expand our horizons, challenge our assumptions, and foster personal development.Lastly, a learning plan is crucial for the attainment of goals. Whether it is learning a new language, acquiring a specific skill, or pursuing a career in a particular field, having a plan helps us stay focused and motivated.It allows us to set clear objectives, break them down into manageable tasks, and track our progress along the way. Without a plan, we may find ourselves aimlessly wandering without a sense of purpose or direction.To illustrate the importance of a learning plan, let me share a personal example. A few years ago, I decided to learn how to play the guitar. Initially, I was excited and eager to start, but soon realized that without a plan, Iwas not making much progress. I was randomly watching online tutorials, practicing sporadically, and feeling frustrated with my lack of improvement. It was then that I developed a learning plan. I set specific goals for myself, such as learning to play a particular song or mastering a specific technique. I scheduled regular practice sessions, sought guidance from a guitar teacher, and joined a local jam session to gain practical experience. With a clear plan in place, I was able to track my progress, stay motivated, and eventually become proficient in playing the guitar.中文回答：从哲学角度来看，学习计划的必要性可以从追求知识、个人成长和实现目标三个方面来理解。