Anatomy of the Cervical Spine

假肢与矫形器专业词汇（英语）abdomen anatomical retainer of the intestinesabdominal related to the abdomenabduct to move (a limb) away from the midline of the bodyabducted gait walking with the legs spread away from the midlinemuscleabductor abductingablatio mammae, mastectomy surgical removal of female breastabove elbow (A.E.) prosthesis prosthesis for transhumeral amputationabove the knee (A.K.) prosthesis prosthesis for transfemoral amputation - (AK)abutment counter piece, counter flare, neckacceleration getting continuously fasteracceleration phase sub-phase in the swing phase of gaitinpelvis, receiving the hip jointsocketacetabulum concaveacetone chemical thinner for laquers and paintsAchilles tendon tendon at distal end of calf muscleacrylic resin thermoplastic resin on acrylic basisacute rapid onset or short duration of a conditionadapter device coupling two different endsadduct to move (a limb) toward the midline of the bodyadductor adducting muscleadductor roll medial-proximally located roll oft soft tissue (TF-prosthetics) adhesion contact socket contact socket, type of suction socketadiposity being too large in abdominal and other circumferences, fat ADL's aids for daily livingadolescent juvenile - phase between childhood and adulthoodadultadolescent youngadult “grown up” - beyond adolescenceaetiology reason or factor causing a diseaseAFO ankle-foot-orthosisagonist muscle being active and result-oriented (opposite:antagaonist) aids for daily living (ADL) tools and devices etc.- modified for the disabledair splint orthoses containing an air chamber to customize fitAK (prosthesis) prosthesis after transfemoral amputationAK-socket above knee (transfemoral) socketalignment assembling O&P components referring to a reference system allergy reaction of the immune system against “foreign” matteralloy a mix of metals, changing the specific characteristics aluminum a light metalambulate / ambulation reciprocal walkingambulator a walking frame, supporting a patient's ambulation amputation surgical removal of a body partamputation surgery surgical act of removing a body segment (extremity) analgesia absence of, or insensitivity to pain sensationanalyse, analysis detailed research on components of a wholeanamnesis background of a diseaseanatomical landmarks (bony) prominences, points of importance in O&Panatomy descriptive or functional explanation of the body properties angularity in the shape of an angleangulus sub-pubicus angle of the pubic ramus, important in IC-socketsjointankle tibio-tarsalankle block connector between prosthetic foot and shinankle joint (talus joint) joint connecting foot and shankankle-foot orthosis (AFO) orthosis with functional impact on ankle and footankylosing to unite or stiffen by ankylosisankylosis immobility, posttraumatic fusion of a jointantagonist muscle opposing agonist action, often controllinganterior in front of, the foremostanteversion to bring (a limb) forward, opposite of retroversion anthropometry taking measurements of the human bodyanti… againstanvil block of iron, surface used in forging metalA-P or a-p antero-posterior, from front to backapex top or summit, the highest point, the peakappliance an instrument, O&P: a prosthesis or orthosis, technical aid application making work or connecting to…learning a professionapprentice somebodyapprentice student learning a profession or craft in a structured approach apprentice student learning a profession or craft in a structured approach apprenticeship (course) training course for vocational educationappropriate best (compromise-) solution for a given problem Appropriate Technology technology appropriate (e.g. for the Third World)arch support shell shell-like custom molded medical shoe insertarteries blood vessels transporting oxygenated blood to the periphery arthritis acute or chronic joint inflammationarthrodesis blocking a joint through surgical procedurearthroplasty reconstruction of a joint through surgical procedure arthrosis, osteoarthritis joint disease - degenerating cartilage and joint surfaceGelenkarticulation Articulatio,aseptic not caused by bacterial infectionASIS / A.S.I.S anterior superior iliac spineassessment evaluation, obtaining information (about a condition) athetosis condition of slow withering movementsathletic arch support custom molded medical shoe insert for the athleteatrophy shrinkage, wastage of biological tissueautonomic nervous system independent nerve tissue, not under voluntary controlaxial rotator joint for socket rotation around the vertical axisback posterior component of the trunkbalance condition of keeping the body stabilized in a desired positionball bearing bearing cage containing rollers, making/keeping axes rotatable ball joint (universal joint) tri-axial jointband, strap, cuff suspension aid (small corset)bandages elastic wrapping, light brace, adhesive wrapping etc.bandaging act of applying bandages, tapingbands m-l connection between orthotic side bars (calf band etc.)bars, side-bars uprights, vertical struts in an orthosisbearing, ball bearing bearing cage containing rollers, making/keeping axes rotatable bed sore pressure/shear related skin trauma of bed-bound individuals below elbow amputation (BE-) forearmamputation (below the elbow joint, transradial, transulnar) below elbow, lower arm arm below the elbow jointbelt suspension component, also light abdominal bandagebench workstation,worktablebench alignment static alignment of prosthetic/orthotic componentsbending providing a shape or contour to sidebars, bands etc.bending iron set of two contouring tools for metal bar bendingbending moment the force or torque bending an objectbending, contouring providing a shape or contour to sidebars, bands etc.BE-prosthesis prosthesis after amputation below the elbow jointbevel to brake an edgebig toe halluxbilateral twosided, double..., relating to “both sides”bio-engineering science of engineering related to living structuresbio-feedback internal autoresponse to a biological eventbiological age the "natural age" - dependent on how a person presentsbiology science related to living structuresbio-mechanics science combining biology and mechanicsbipivotal joint joint with two axesBi-scapular abduction bringing both shoulders forward simultaneously (prosthetic control motion)BK below the kneeBK-prosthesis prosthesis after amputation below the kneeBK-socket below the knee socketblister forming vacuum molding plastic sheet material in a frameblock heels wide basis heelsbody the total appearance of a biological beingbody jacket US-American term for symmetrical spinal orthosesbody powered operated by human power (as opposed to outside energy) bolts machine screw and similarbonding agent connective glue, cement etc.bone single part of the skeletal systembone loss syndrome reduction of bony massbone spur a protrusion of bone or fragment of bonebonification, calcification change into bony tissuebony bridge surgical bony fusion between e.g. tibia and fibulabony landmark anatomically protruding bony surfaces (as the fibula head) bony lock (ischial containment) m-l tight locking design in ischial containment sockets bordering providing a smooth trim line or brimbordering, trimming providing a well-rounded trim line or smooth brimBoston Brace spinal orthosis developed in Boston, USA (scoliosis, kyphosis treatment)bouncy mechanism flexion device for limited flexion in prosthetic kneesbow leg genu varum, o-shaped legs, enlarged distance between knees brace, splint, caliper supportive device, old-fashioned for “orthosis”brain, cerebrum main switch board of the central nervous systembrazing heat supported metal solderingbrazing tool, soldering iron tool for heat supported metal solderingbrim proximal socket area, casting tool / templatebrooch / hook hooks holding a lace, closure of shoes etc.buffing creating a shiny surface finishbuild-up (of a material) location of added plaster in modifications of plaster castsburn heat related injurybursa anatomic padding cavity containing liquidby-law (USA: bill) lawCAD CAM Computer Aided Design, Computer Aided Manufacture cadence rhythm of walkingcalcaneus heelbonecalculation doing mathematical operationscalf band m-l connection between side bars (KAFO)calf corset enclosure of calf and shin (in an orthosis)calf muscle, triceps surae plantar flexor of the foot, muscle in the lower legcaliper measuring tool, precision instrumentcaliper, brace, splint old fashioned term for joint stabilizing lower limb orthoses Canadian Hip Disarticulation Pr. external shell prosthesis for hip disarticulationscane walkingstickcap band finishing element of trim lines, brims of corsetscarbon fiber structural reinforcement in plastic compositescardanic two axes, aligned in 90 degrees toward each othercardio-vascular related to heart and blood circulationcarve shaping by taking material off (chipping off, sanding off)cast positive (plaster or similar) moldcast modification functional changing of the shape of a castcast removal removal of plaster bandage from a poured plaster castcast taking act of taking a plaster- or similar impressioncasters freely moving front wheels at a wheel chaircasting and measurement taking getting 3-dimensional body impressions and measurements casting procedures technique of getting 3-dimensional body impressions caudal direction, toward distal end of the vertebral column (tail)c-clamp clamping tool (woodwork)CDH congenital dislocation of the hipcell (biological and technical) smallest living unit; hollow technical unitcellular made up from cellscelluloid one of the first plastic materials availablecement, glue bonding agentcenter of gravity (COG) mathematic-physical mass concentration in one point center of mass calculated concentration of mass (in bio-mechanics) center of mass (COM) mathematic-physical mass concentration in one point centrode graph for the path of the instantaneous centers of rotation cerebral related to the cerebrum, braincerebral palsy loss of neural muscle control by congenital brain damage cerebral paresis dysfunction of muscle tissue related to cerebral trauma cerebro vascular accident vascular bloodclotting in a part of the brainbraincerebrum thecerebrum / cerebral brain / related to the braincervical related to the neckcervical collar (cervical brace) orthosis for the neck (after whiplash syndrome)cervical spine most proximal segment of the spinal columnchairback brace posterior semi-shell trunk orthosischamfer to thin out the edges of a materialCharcot joint rapid progressive degeneration of a joint (foot)check-, or diagnostic socket transparent or translucent socket for diagnosis of fit chiropedist (Canada) medical doctor specialized in foot careChopart amputation tarsal (partial) foot amputation at the Chopart joint line Chopart joint tarsal joint line of several bones in the footchronic long term (disease; opposite of acute)circumduction semi-circular (mowing) forward swing of a leg circumference the measurment around a physical bodyclam shell design longitudinally split socket or shellclosure mechanism used to closeclub foot, talipes varus pes equino varus, a congenital (or acquired) foot deformity CNC Computer Numeric Controlled design and manufacturing CO cervical orthosis, orthosis for neck immobilizationCO - CP - CPO Certified ... Orthotist..Prosthetist..Prosthetist/Orthotist coating surface cover (as plasticising metal surfaces)coccyx Anatomy: the “tailbone”coefficient of friction number determining forces between sliding surfacescollar cervical orthosis, orthosis for neck immobilization collateral ligaments ligaments bridging the side of jointscompatible fitting to each othercompliance measure of willingness to follow a therapeutic ordercomponents single parts of a whole, construction parts, pre-fab partscomposite reinforced plastic component, matrix and fillercompound result of a chemical binding processcompression panty hose orthotic garment to treat varicosisconcave inwardly shaped, hollow (opposite of convex)condyle massive rounded end of bone, basis for forming a joint surfacewithborncongenital beingconstant friction continuous application of a braking forcecontact cushion distal contact padding in prosthetic socketcontact measuring measuring while touching the object measuredcontact pad contact cushion (prosthetics)continuous passive motion (CPM) keeping a joint mobile through passive motion in motorized device contour (the) the outer perimeter of a bodycontour (to) creating a shape by forming, bendingcontour drawing draft of the outer perimeter of a bodycontracture condition of motion limitation in jointsconvex outwardly shaped, bulged (opposite of concave)cork bark of a tree, natural cellular leight weight materialcoronal plane frontal planecorrection, rectification modification (of shapes, designs etc.) in order to improvecorrosion deterioration of materials by chemical influence (as oxdation)corset therapeutic circular enclosement of body segmentscorset, fabric corset lumbar brace made from textile materialcountersinking taking the edge off a drilled hole, creating circular concavitycoupler a connective devicecoxitis/coxarthritis inflammation of the hip jointCPM, continuous passive motion keeping a joint mobile through passive motion in motorized device CPO Certified Prosthetist / Orthotistcraft & trade European (German) vocational structuring systemcranial relating to the headcrossline filing using a handheld file in a 90 degrees offset directioncruciates, cruciate ligaments crossed ligaments at the knee centerCRW Community based Rehabilitation Worker (WHO Geneva)CT, computer tomography a method to take X-rays in "slices"Orthosis CTLSO Cervico-Thoraco-Lumbo-SacralOrthosisCTO Cervico-Thoracocuff, band, strap suspension aid (small corset)cup, connection cup socket connector in prostheticscure (med.) medical therapeutic measurecure (techn.) to set, hardencushion, pad upholstering device, providing soft surfacecustom made made to measurements as a single unitdeceleration to become continuously slowerdeceleration phase sub-phase in the swing phase of human gaitdecree, directive, regulation text in the lawbooks or regulation with law-like characterdeficiency lack of necessary function or ability by physical impairmentdeflector plate a leaf spring design in prosthetic feet, energy return devicedeformity malformation of form, may be influencing functiondegeneration biological wear and tearDelrin a plastic material, used as a flexible, energy returning keeldensity foaming hard foam block on a socket as a connector to componentsdeposit (biological or pathological) storage mechanism, sedimentdermatitis skin disease, infection of the skinderotating orthosis (scoliosis) orthosis for derotation - one of the priciples of scoliosis treatment design construction, functional lay-out and planningdexterity, manual skill skill of creating by hand, craftsman skilldiabetes mellitus carbohydrate metabolism disorder (frequent amputation reason) diabetic gangrene death of tissue caused by diabetesdiagnosis searching and finding a cause and details of diseasediaphysis shaft of a long bonedimension seize as measureddimensional stability keeping the dimensionsdiplegia paralysis, affecting both sides of the bodydirect socket technique manufacture of a prosthetic socket directly on the amputee's limb directive information or order on how to …..directive, regulation, decree text in the lawbooks or regulation with law-like characterdisability handicap, functional loss of abilitydisabled person a person with a disability, handicapdisabled, handicapped handicapped, having a functional loss of ability"amputation"directly through a joint linedisarticulation thedisc, intervertebral disc intervertebral cartilaginous cushioning elementdislocation joint injury resulting in complete discontiuity of joint surfaces dislocation overstretching or rupture of ligaments, also in combination with fracture doff US-colloquial: do - off = take offdoffing a prosthesis taking off a prosthesiscontrollingdominant leading,don US-colloquial: do - on = put ondonning a prosthesis putting on a prosthesisdonning aid aid to don a prosthesis as pull sock, stockinette, silk tie etc.dorsal related to the dorsum = back, posteriorly locateddorsiflexion lifting the forefoot, correct would be “dorsal extension”, lift of footdraft first drawing of a new ideadrawer effect a-p instability of the knee caused by slack cruciatesdrill (to) to machine a holeDS(L)T Direct Socket (Lamination) TechniqueDUCHENNE's disease severe progressive form of muscular dystrophyDUCHENNE's sign trunk bends lateral toward stance leg during stance phaseDUPUYTREN’sche Kontraktur fibrosis, flexion contracture of fingers into palmstiffnessdurometer hardness,duroplastic resin synthetic resin, not thermoplastic after initial curingdystrophy pathologic loss of muscle massCommunityEC Europeanedema, oedema swelling, high concentration of fluids in the soft tissueelastic capable of recovering form and shape after deformation elastic anklet ankle foot orthosiselastic bandage, ACE-bandage stretchable, expandable bandageelastic knee sleeve knee supporting soft orthosis, tt-prosthetic suspensionelbow splint old-fashioned term for: elbow orthosiselectrical stimulation neuromuscular stimulation by electric impulses electromyography recording of electrical activity of a muscleembedding enclosing, encapsulating, (German: socket retainer function) embossing manual shaping of sheet metal by special hammerEMG recording of electrical activity of a muscleendo-skeletal pylon type prosthetic components covered by external cover energy consumption use of energy in physical activitiesenergy expenditure spending of energy in physical activitiesenergy return energy output, achieved by spring-like design in O&PorthosisEO elbowepicondylitis stress related inflammation of the elbow, (tennis)epiphysis dist./prox. End of a bone, zone of longitudinal growth equilibrium keeping of balanceequinovalgus combined drop foot and valgus deformityequinovarus combined drop foot and varus deformityeversion rotation of hand or foot around long axis of the limbeversion turning foot outward and up (opposite of inversion)EWHO elbow wrist hand orthosisexamination, assessment evaluation, obtaining information (about a condition)exo-skeletal prosthetics: external structural components (opposite: modular) extension straightening motion of a jointextension assist strap or other means assisting joint extensionextension moment force (torque) causing extension (straightening) of joints extension stop bumper or other means of extension limitationextensor muscle causing extensionexternal related to the outside (opposite: internal)external fixation outside orthotic fixation (of a fracture or a surgical result) extremity upper or lower extremities: arms or legsfabric corset textile orthosis for the abdomen or trunkfabrication the procedure of mechanically creating a devicefatality mortality, death ratefatigue (material) time-dependent alteration of typical material propertiesfatigue (muscles) time-dependent slow down of muscle actionFederal Trade Association German professional trade associationfeedback return of informationfelt material made up from compressed, interwoven hair or fiber female the woman species in a creature (opposite: male)femoral channel dorso-lateral convex channel in a prosthetic socketfemoral condyles the distal ends (close to the knee joint) of the femurfemur the thigh boneFES functional electrical stimulationfibre glass (fiber glass) glass reinforcement component in compositesfibula calfbone, the lesser of two bones in the calffibular head the proximal thicker portion of the fibulafit compatibility between patient and device in function/comfortflab abundance of soft tissueflaccid paralysis, paresis non-spastic paralysis, loss of voluntary muscle innervationflare even anatomical surface (as the tibial flare)flat evenflat foot foot deformity, loss of medial-longitudinal arch heightflatfoot, talipes planus foot deformity, loss of any medial-longitudinal arch heightflexion joint motion, buckling or bending a jointflexion assist device assisting (joint) flexionflexion moment force (torque) causing flexionflexor muscle creating a flexion motionfloor reaction orthosis orthosis utilizing floor reaction forces for patient stabilizationFO (either) finger orthosis (or) foot orthosisfoam a cellular resin (polyurethane foam hard or soft)foaming act of manual creation of a prosthetic foam connectorchildfoetus unbornfollow-up continuous control and maintenance, aftertreatmentfoot cradel anatomically adapted plantar foot supportfoot deformity misalignment (functional misshape) of the footfoot flat stance phase: sole of the foot getting in complete ground contact foot slap stance phase: uncontrolled quick foot flat motionforce cause or reason for acceleration, deceleration, movementforging non-chipping iron shaping process under the influence of heat fracture traumatic breaking of a boneframe the outer supportive, stiffening elementframe socket the outer supportive, stiff element as a retainer for a flexible socket freehand drawing, draft manual first draft or drawingcounter-acting sliding movement, "rubbing"friction forcefrontal plane, coronal plane reference plane as seen from the frontfulcrum center of a single axis joint, center of rotationfully synthetical man-made (material)functional component i.e. joints etc. (as opposed to structural components)functional level degree of function a disabled patient still achievesfunctional needs component need to satisfy specific needsfundamental of basic importanceambulationgait walking,gait analysis research of gait patterns and time-related specificsgait deviation pathological changes in normal walking patternsgait pattern physiological or pathological walking characteristicsgait trainer somebody teaching how to walkgait training lessons in learning how to walkgalvanization surface protection of metalsgangrene local death of soft tissue due to lack of blood supply gastrocnemii, “gastrocs” double-headed calf musclegauge measuring instrument (measures width / thickness)gear train joint joint components, forcing each other trough toggled connection gel man-made or natural material, consistency similar to gelantine genu kneegenu recurvatum hyper-extended knee joint (frequently seen in poliomyelitis) genu valgum/knock knee knock knees, knees frequently touching each other medially genu varum/bowleg bow legs, knee distance too large (opposite of genu valgum) geometric locking locking systematic of polycentric knee jointsgeometrical stance control locking systematic for the provision of stance stabilitygeriatric elderly, old, aged,glue, cement bonding agentgoniometer instrument (tool) for measuring anglesgrease fat, as lubricant or tissuegrid particle size indication in abrassive materialsgrind surface modification by abrasion, sanding etc.ground reaction force force directed from the ground toward the body Haemo.., haema... related to the bloodhallux, halluces big toeHalo brace cranial/cervical orthoses, ring fixed at proximal cranium hamstrings popliteal tendons, insertion of flexor muscleshand splint old fashioned for hand orthosishard and soft foaming technique of using hard and soft PU-foams in combinationhd extra sturdy version of…..disarticulationHD hipHDPE HighPolyethyleneDensityHD-socket pelvic socket of the hip disarticulation prosthesisheavy metals a specific group of metals (heavy in weight)heel clamp prosthesis a partial foot prosthesis, suspension by a posterior "clamp" heel cup foot orthosis, Berkely cupheel off / heel rise moment in stance phase when the heel risesheel spur bony protrusion at the distal-medial aspect of the calcaneus heel strike moment in stance phase when the heel touches the ground heel wedge heel bumper in foot or length compensation, absorbs shockHelfet’s heel cup foot orthosis, similar Berkely cupremoving the distal half of the bodysurgery,hemicorporectomy amputationhemipelvectomy amputation surgery removing one half of the pelvis hemipelvectomy-prosthesis artificial leg after hemipelvectomyhemiplegia paralysis of one half side of the bodyheredetary congenital by transmission from parent to offspringhernia subcutaneous protrusion of intestinshindfoot posterior 1/3 of the foot (heel and tarsus)hinge simple joint, single axiship dysplasia pathological development of hip socket leading to dislocation hip hiking exaggerated movement (lifting) of the hip joint in gaithip joint, articulatio coxae proximal joint of the leg, leg-pelvis jointhip positioning orthoses a brace controlling functional alignment of the hip jointhip socket concave component of the hip jointhip spica cast applied to pelvis and legHKAFO Hip-Knee-Ankle-Foot-OrthosisHO (either) Hand Orthosis (or) Hip Orthosis (!!)hobby-handicraft hobbyists work also meaning: non-professional resulthook and eyelet closure closure of textile fabric corsetshook and pile closure Closure material with interlocking surfaces (e.g. Velcro)hook and pile, Velcro self-adhesive strap materialhorizontal plane reference plane as seen from the tophosiery, medical hosiery medical compression hosiery (phlebology)humerus bone in the upper armhybrid something having properties of at least two different resources hydraulic joint control cylinder/piston device controlling prosthetic joint motion hyper… more of somethinghyperextension over-stretching (of a joint)hyperextension orthosis a spinal brace serving for reclination of the thoracic spinegrowthhyperplasia increasedhyper-reflexia pathologically exaggerated reflexeshypertonia elevated blood pressurehypertonicity increased muscle tone or muscle tensionhypertrophy growth of tissue by enlargement of cellshypo… less of somethinghypoplasia biological structure significantly diminished in sizehypotonia low blood pressurehypotonicity loss of muscle tone (or tension)ContainmentIC IschialICRC International Committee of the Red CrossICRC Ischial and ramus containmentIC-socket ischial containment socketidiopathic scoliosis adolescent scoliosis without a known causeilium, os ilium the medial or lateral "wing-shaped" bone in the pelvis。

-----------------------------------Docin Choose -----------------------------------豆 丁 推 荐↓精 品 文 档The Best Literature----------------------------------The Best LiteratureＣＲＴＥＲ沈阳１２００邮政信箱１１０００４ｋｆ２３３８５０８３＠ｓｉｎａ．ｃｏｍｗｗｗ．ｚｇｌｃｋｆ．ｃｏｍ０引言在各类解剖著作及文献中，人类项韧带的解剖结构基本是定论的结构。

《格氏解剖学》［１］中描述项韧带是一个双层弹性纤维肌间隔，常被认为是与棘上韧带和颈部棘间韧带同源，但结构有所不同。

柏树令［２］描述项韧带是棘上韧带在颈部，从颈椎棘突尖部向后扩展成三角形板状的弹性膜层。

Ｇｉｌｌｉａｎ［３］较详细地描述了项韧带的结构，即项韧带是位于颈椎后部两侧背部肌肉中央的三角形弹性纤维组织体。

早期的解剖学家如Ｎｉｃｈｏｌａｓ［４］和Ｃｒｕｖｅｉｌｈｉｅｒ等［５］认为这些连接构成一种类似缝的结构。

但这种观点并没有得到其他研究发现结果的支持。

Ｆｉｅｌｄｉｎｇ等［６］报道，斜方肌同项韧带背侧部紧密交织地连在一起，并同头夹肌、小菱形肌和上后锯肌等三块肌肉腱膜附着的项韧带腹、背侧部连接处相连接，但这种排列不是如一条缝状。

而另一部分专家只是在文献中，简要地叙述了这种结构的出现［７，８］。

此外，虽然人们传统地认为项韧带是胸、腰椎棘上韧带的对等结构［９－１２］，但项韧带是否是这些韧带在颈部的同等韧带，还不是很清楚。

许多学者认为项韧带背侧部分是胸部棘上韧带的直接延续；但也有学者报道颈椎棘上韧带更靠近腹侧，在那里它们附着于分叉的颈椎棘突，并在中线交叉［１３，１４］。

Ｇｉｌｌｉａｎ［３］在同一文献中报道关于项韧带结缔组织结构的排列时，描述了项韧带的结缔组织纤维走向有水平的表ＦｉｎｅａｎａｔｏｍｉｃｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅｏｆｔｈｅｈｕｍａｎｎｕｃｈａｌｌｉｇａｍｅｎｔＡｂｓｔｒａｃｔＡＩＭ：Ｔｏｏｂｓｅｒｖｅｔｈｅｆｉｎｅａｎａｔｏｍｉｃｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅａｎｄｔｈｅｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒａｌｓｔａｔｕｓｏｆｔｈｅｈｕｍａｎｎｕｃｈａｌｌｉｇａｍｅｎｔ．ＭＥＴＨＯＤＳ：ＴｈｅｅｘｐｅｒｉｍｅｎｔｗａｓｐｅｒｆｏｒｍｅｄａｔｔｈｅＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＡｎａｔｏｍｙ，ＤａｌｉａｎＭｅｄｉｃａｌＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙａｎｄＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＳｃｉｅｎｃｅＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈ，ＢｉｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＰｌａｓｔｉｃｓＣｏ．，Ｌｔｄ．，ＤａｌｉａｎＭｅｄｉｃａｌＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙｆｒｏｍＳｅｐｔｅｍｂｅｒ２００４ｔｏＡｐｒｉｌ２００５．Ｃｅｒｖｉｃａｌｐａｒｔｓｏｆ４ａｄｕｌｔｃｏｒｐｓｅｓｗｅｒｅｓｅｌｅｃｔｅｄ，ａｎｄｔｈｅｙａｌｌｈａｄｉｎｔｅｇｒａｌｃｅｒｖｉｃａｌｐａｒｔｓ，ｉｎｃｌｕｄｉｎｇｅｘｔｅｒｎａｌｏｃｃｉｐｉｔａｌｐｒｏｔｕｂｅｒａｎｃｅｏｆｃｒａｎｉａｌｂｏｎｅ．Ｏｆｔｈｅｍ，１ｃｏｒｐｓｅｒｅｃｅｉｖｅｄｎａｋｅｄｅｙｅｇｒｏｓｓａｎａｔｏｍｙ．ＡｔｌａｓｔｏＣ７ｏｆ３ｃｏｒｐｓｅｓｗａｓｏｂｔａｉｎｅｄｔｏｍａｋｅｉｎｔｏＰ４５（ｐｏｌｙｅｓｔｅｒｒｅｓｉｎ）ｐｌａｓｔｉｃａｔｉｏｎｆｌａｋｅ．ＡｌｌｔｈｅｓａｍｐｌｅｓｗｅｒｅｐｒｏｖｉｄｅｄｂｙＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＡｎａｔｏｍｙａｎｄＢｉｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＰｌａｓｔｉｃｓＣｏ．，Ｌｔｄ．ｏｆＤａｌｉａｎＭｅｄｉｃａｌＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ．ＧｒｏｓｓｓａｍｐｌｅｓａｎｄＰ４５ｐｌａｓｔｉｃａｔｉｏｎｆｌａｋｅｓｗｅｒｅｏｂｓｅｒｖｅｄ，ａｎｄｖａｒｉｏｕｓｎｅｗｆｏｕｎｄｓｗｅｒｅｒｅｃｏｒｄｅｄ．Ｆｉｎａｌｌｙ，ｔｈｅｔｗｏ－ｐａｒｔｏｂｓｅｒｖａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｉｍａｇｉｎｇｗｅｒｅｃｏｍｂｉｎｅｄ．Ｂｙａｎａｔｏｍｉｃｋｎｏｗｌｅｄｇｅ，ｎａｍｅｏｆｎｕｃｈａｌｌｉｇａｍｅｎｔｗａｓｌａｂｅｌｅｄａｎｄａｎａｌｙｚｅｄ．ＲＥＳＵＬＴＳ：Ｏｎｔｈｅｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｌｅｖｅｌｓｏｆｃｅｒｖｉｃａｌｓｐｉｎｅ，ｔｈｅｓｕｐｅｒｆｉｃｉａｌｌａｍｅｌｌａ，ｄｏｒｓａｌａｎｄｖｅｎｔｒａｌｐｏｒｔｉｏｎｓｏｆｔｈｅｈｕｍａｎｎｕｃｈａｌｌｉｇａｍｅｎｔｗｅｒｅａｓｉｎｇｌｅｅｎｔｉｔｙｆｏｒｍｅｄｂｙａｐｏｎｅｕｒｏｔｉｃｆｉｂｅｒｓｏｆｔｒａｐｅｚｉｕｓ，ｓｐｌｅｎｉｕｓｃａｐｉｔｉｓ，ｍｉｎｏｒ（ｍａｊｏｒ）ｒｈｏｍｂｏｉｄｅｕｓｍｕｓｃｌｅ，ａｎｄｓｅｒｒａｔｕｓｐｏｓｔｅｒｉｏｒｓｕｐｅｒｉｏｒｍｕｓｃｌｅｓ．Ｔｈｅｍａｊｏｒｉｔｙｏｆａｐｏｎｅｕｒｏｔｉｃｆｉｂｅｒｓｏｆｔｈｅｈｕｍａｎｎｕｃｈａｌｌｉｇａｍｅｎｔｗｅｒｅｈｏｒｉｚｏｎｔａｌ．ＣＯＮＣＬＵＳＩＯＮ：①Ｔｈｅｃｏｎｎｅｃｔｉｖｅｔｉｓｓｕｅｆｉｂｅｒｓｏｆｈｕｍａｎｎｕｃｈａｌｌｉｇａｍｅｎｔａｒｅｈｏｒｉｚｏｎｔａｌ，ｎｏｔｖｅｎｔｒａｌ．②ＴｈｅａｄｏｐｔｉｏｎｏｆＰ４５ｓｈｅｅｔｐｌａｓｔｉｎａｔｉｏｎｔｅｃｈｎｉｑｕｅｍａｋｅｓｔｈｅｃｏｍｐｌｅｔｅａｐｐｅａｒａｎｃｅｏｆｔｈｅｆｉｎｅａｎａｔｏｍｉｃｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅｏｆｈｕｍａｎｎｕｃｈａｌｌｉｇａｍｅｎｔｍｏｒｅｏｂｖｉｏｕｓ．ＪｉａｎｇＡＭ，ＹａｎｇＣＭ，ＹｕＳＢ，ＬｉｕＪ，ＳｕｉＨＪ．Ｆｉｎｅａｎａｔｏｍｉｃｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅｏｆｔｈｅｈｕｍａｎｎｕｃｈａｌｌｉｇａｍｅｎｔ．ＺｈｏｎｇｇｕｏＺｕｚｈｉＧｏｎｇｃｈｅｎｇＹａｎｊｉｕｙｕＬｉｎｃｈｕａｎｇＫａｎｇｆｕ２００７；１１（１０）：１８８７－１８９１（Ｃｈｉｎａ）［ｗｗｗ．ｚｇｌｃｋｆ．ｃｏｍ／ｚｇｌｃｋｆ／ｅｊｏｕｒｎａｌ／ｕｐｆｉｌｅｓ／０７－１０／１０ｋ－１８８７（ｐｓ）．ｐｄｆ］摘要目的：观察人类项韧带的精细解剖结构及形态。

The Science and Benefits of Side SleepingPositionSleep is an essential part of our daily lives, and the position we adopt while sleeping can significantly impact our comfort, health, and even our appearance. Among the various sleeping positions, side sleeping has emerged as a popular choice for many. This article delves into the science and benefits of side sleeping, exploring why it might be the ideal position for optimal health and well-being.**The Anatomy of Side Sleeping**When we sleep on our sides, our bodies are aligned in a way that promotes balance and stability. This position allows for better distribution of weight, reducing pressure on the spine and joints. Additionally, side sleeping can help to prevent neck and back pain by maintaining a neutral alignment of the cervical spine.**The Health Benefits of Side Sleeping**There are numerous health benefits associated with side sleeping. Firstly, it can help to reduce acid reflux andheartburn by keeping the stomach in a vertical position, which prevents the contents from flowing back up into the esophagus. Furthermore, side sleeping has been linked to improved respiratory health as it allows for easier breathing and can reduce the risk of snoring and sleep apnea.**The Aesthetic Benefits of Side Sleeping**Not only does side sleeping offer physical health benefits, but it can also enhance our appearance. By reducing pressure on the face, side sleeping can help to prevent wrinkles and fine lines. Additionally, it can prevent the development of dark circles and puffiness under the eyes, keeping the complexion looking refreshed and rejuvenated.**Tips for Optimizing Side Sleeping**To maximize the benefits of side sleeping, it's important to practice it correctly. Here are a few tips:1. Choose a firm, supportive mattress that contours to your body, providing even weight distribution.2. Place a pillow between your knees to maintain hip alignment and prevent twisting.3. If you prefer sleeping on your left side, it's beneficial as it may improve digestion and circulation.4. Avoid sleeping on the same side all the time to prevent any muscle imbalances.**Conclusion**Side sleeping offers a range of benefits that can enhance our health and well-being. By understanding the science behind this sleeping position and practicing it correctly, we can enjoy improved comfort, reduced health risks, and a more refreshed appearance. So, why not giveside sleeping a try tonight and experience the differenceit can make to your sleep and overall health?**侧睡睡姿的科学与益处**睡眠是我们日常生活中不可或缺的一部分，而我们在睡眠中所采取的睡姿可以极大地影响我们的舒适度、健康和甚至我们的外貌。

脖子的英语作文怎么说题目，The Significance of the Neck。

The neck, a slender and graceful part of the human body, holds paramount importance in both physiological function and aesthetic appeal. Its role extends beyond merely connecting the head to the torso; it serves as a vital conduit for numerous essential functions. In this essay, we will delve into the multifaceted significance of the neck, exploring its anatomical, physiological, and cultural dimensions.Anatomically, the neck is a complex structurecomprising bones, muscles, nerves, and blood vessels. Atits core lies the cervical spine, consisting of seven vertebrae that provide support and flexibility to the head. Surrounding these vertebrae are intricate networks of muscles, including the sternocleidomastoid, trapezius, and scalene muscles, which facilitate movement and stability. Moreover, the neck harbors critical blood vessels such asthe carotid arteries and jugular veins, responsible for supplying oxygenated blood to the brain and draining deoxygenated blood from it.From a physiological standpoint, the neck plays a crucial role in several vital functions, notably respiration, circulation, and communication. The trachea, or windpipe, runs through the neck, allowing air to pass to and from the lungs during breathing. Adjacent to the trachea are the thyroid gland and parathyroid glands, which regulate metabolism and calcium levels in the body, respectively. Additionally, the neck houses the larynx, or voice box, which houses the vocal cords essential for speech production.Beyond its anatomical and physiological significance, the neck holds immense cultural and symbolic importance in various societies worldwide. In many cultures, the neck is considered a symbol of grace, elegance, and beauty. Adornments such as necklaces, chokers, and scarves have been used for centuries to accentuate its aesthetic appeal. In ancient Egypt, for instance, elaborate collars were wornas symbols of wealth and status, while in modern times, neckties are often associated with professionalism and authority.Furthermore, the neck serves as a site for expression and identity. Tattoos and piercings on the neck have become increasingly popular forms of self-expression, allowing individuals to showcase their unique personalities and beliefs. However, it is essential to recognize that such adornments may carry cultural and social implications, varying significantly across different communities and contexts.Moreover, the neck holds symbolic significance in various cultural and religious traditions. In Hinduism, the neck represents the link between the body and the soul, while in Buddhism, it symbolizes the path to enlightenment. In Christianity, the neck is often associated with humility and submission, as exemplified by the act of bowing one's head in prayer or reverence.In conclusion, the neck is far more than just astructural component of the human body; it is a nexus of anatomical, physiological, and cultural significance. From its role in supporting vital bodily functions to its symbolic importance in art, fashion, and spirituality, the neck embodies the intersection of the physical and the metaphysical. Thus, we must appreciate and acknowledge the profound significance of this often-overlooked part of the human anatomy.。

脖子的英语作文怎么写英文回答：The neck is a vital part of the human body, connecting the head to the torso. It is a complex structure, composed of muscles, bones, ligaments, and fascia. The neck plays a crucial role in supporting the head, allowing for a wide range of motion, and protecting delicate structures such as the spinal cord and blood vessels.The neck is divided into three main regions: the cervical spine, the anterior neck, and the posterior neck. The cervical spine, or backbone, is composed of seven vertebrae that run from the base of the skull to the top of the shoulders. These vertebrae are separated by intervertebral discs, which provide cushioning and flexibility. The anterior neck, or front of the neck, contains muscles, blood vessels, and the thyroid gland. The posterior neck, or back of the neck, contains muscles, ligaments, and the spinal cord.The neck is a highly movable structure. It allows for a wide range of motion, including flexion (bending forward), extension (bending backward), rotation (turning side to side), and lateral flexion (bending to the side). These movements are made possible by the muscles of the neck, which work together to control the position and movement of the head.The neck is also an important protective structure. It protects the spinal cord, which is a vital pathway for communication between the brain and the rest of the body. The neck also protects the blood vessels that supply the brain with blood.Neck pain is a common problem that can be caused by a variety of factors, including injuries, muscle strains, and arthritis. Neck pain can range from mild to severe, and it can interfere with everyday activities. Treatment for neck pain depends on the cause of the pain, and may include rest, physical therapy, medication, or surgery.Here are some examples of how the neck is used in everyday life:When you nod your head, you are flexing your neck.When you shake your head from side to side, you are rotating your neck.When you look up at the sky, you are extending your neck.When you turn your head to look over your shoulder, you are laterally flexing your neck.The neck is a complex and versatile structure that plays a vital role in our everyday lives. By understanding the anatomy and function of the neck, we can better appreciate its importance and take steps to protect it.中文回答：脖子是人体的重要组成部分，连接头部和躯干。

脖子英文作文英语Title: The Significance of Neck in Human Anatomy。

The neck, also known as the cervical spine, plays a crucial role in the human body's structure and function. It serves as a bridge between the head and the rest of the body, facilitating communication between the brain and various organs, while also supporting the weight of thehead and allowing for a wide range of motion. In this essay, we will delve into the anatomy, functions, and importanceof the neck in human physiology.First and foremost, let's explore the anatomy of the neck. The human neck consists of seven vertebrae, known asC1 to C7, which form the upper portion of the spine. These vertebrae are connected by joints, muscles, ligaments, and tendons, which provide stability and mobility to the neck region. The cervical spine also encases and protects the spinal cord, a vital component of the central nervoussystem responsible for transmitting signals between thebrain and the rest of the body.Moving on to its functions, the neck serves several essential purposes in the human body. One of its primary functions is to support the weight of the head, which averages around 5 kilograms (11 pounds). Despite its relatively small size compared to the head, the neck muscles are incredibly strong and resilient, allowing for the maintenance of proper posture and the execution of various movements, such as turning, tilting, and noddingthe head.Moreover, the neck plays a crucial role in facilitating communication between the brain and other parts of the body. It contains a network of blood vessels, including thecarotid arteries and jugular veins, which supply oxygen-rich blood to the brain and remove metabolic waste products. Additionally, the neck houses the thyroid gland, a vital endocrine organ responsible for regulating metabolism, growth, and energy levels.Furthermore, the neck serves as a conduit for essentialstructures such as the trachea (windpipe), esophagus (food pipe), and major blood vessels. The trachea allows air to pass from the nose and mouth to the lungs, facilitating breathing, while the esophagus enables the passage of food and liquids from the mouth to the stomach for digestion. Meanwhile, the major blood vessels in the neck, such as the carotid arteries and jugular veins, are responsible for supplying blood to the brain and draining it back to the heart.In addition to its anatomical and physiological functions, the neck holds cultural and symbolicsignificance in various societies. In many cultures, the neck is considered a symbol of grace, elegance, and vulnerability. Adornments such as necklaces, collars, and scarves are often worn around the neck for aesthetic and cultural reasons, reflecting individual style and identity.In conclusion, the neck is a remarkable anatomical structure that performs a multitude of essential functions in the human body. From supporting the weight of the head to facilitating communication between the brain and otherorgans, the neck plays a vital role in human physiology. Its intricate anatomy and diverse functions highlight the importance of this often-overlooked body part in maintaining health and well-being.。

脊柱四肢、神经系统检查教案讲稿同学们：大家下午好！今天我为大家讲脊柱四肢及神经系统检查的内容。

通过本课程的学习，要求：1、掌握：脊柱四肢、神经系统的检查方法及病理改变的临床意义；2、熟悉：肌力的判断，神经系统检查方法及深浅反射、病理反射的临床意义；3、了解：脊柱的正常解剖和四肢的运动功能。

•接下来我们分别对脊柱四肢及神经系统检查两部分内容进行讲解。

一.脊柱与四肢检查（一）脊柱检查（二）四肢与关节检查脊柱解剖学（Anatomyofspine ）传递重力保护内脏保护脊髓 正常人脊柱生理性弯曲■从背面观为正直■从侧面观类似“S”形生理性弯曲颈椎段一-前凸胸椎段-一后凸腰椎段一一前凸舐椎一-后凸第七颈椎棘突the7thacanthiofcervicalvertebrae 第3胸椎棘突：与肩胛冈内端平齐。

第7胸椎棘突：与肩胛骨下角最高点平齐。

第4腰椎棘突或棘间：与骼崎最高点平齐。

第5腰椎棘突：与骼结节平齐，为下背部正中沟的下端终点，为菱形窝的上点。

一.脊柱检查■脊柱是支持体重、保持正常的立位及坐位姿势的重要支柱。

病变主要表现为疼痛、姿势或形态异常以及活动度受限。

■ 弯曲度■ 活动度♦构成:♦功能: 盘间件髓 椎附脊■压痛与叩击痛H.脊柱弯曲度1.生理性弯曲■颈椎向前凸■胸椎向后凸■腰椎向前凸■舐椎向后凸㈠.脊柱弯曲度检查方法：用手指沿脊柱棘突从上向下划压，划压后皮肤出现一条红色充血线以此线为标准，观察脊柱有无侧弯。

正常人无侧弯。

（一）.脊柱弯曲度2.病理性变形（1）脊柱后凸：也称驼背，多发生于胸段脊柱。

临床意义：佝偻病、脊柱结核、强直性脊柱炎、老年脊柱退行性变、脊椎骨折。

（2）脊柱前凸：多发生在腰椎部位。

临床意义：因腹部过重，如妊娠后期、大量腹水、腹腔巨大肿瘤等引起的代偿性前凸等。

（3）脊柱侧凸：分为姿势性和器质性两种侧凸⑴.脊柱后凸（驼背）佝偻病：多在小儿或儿童期发病，坐位时胸段呈明显均匀性向后弯曲，仰卧位时弯曲可消失。