GRE作文ARGUMENT提纲

GRE Argument终极提纲使用说明：这里是Argument全部242题的完整提纲。

题号后面括号里的三项分别是：题目讨论的题材/结论的性质/主干论证过程。

题目中带下划线的部分为题目背景信息；斜体部分为题目假设；无任何标记部分为一般论据；黑体部分为题目结论。

题目中括号里的数字表明这句话体现的是提纲中第几号缺陷。

题目后面的星星数量表示题目论证难度，星数越多题目越难。

题目后面的数字为论证结构与之类似的其他题目题号，可以参考准备。

提纲中具体缺陷后面括号里斜体缩写表示该缺陷所属的类型，缺陷后面的星号表示该缺陷在本题的严重程度，星数越多缺陷越严重。

题目顺序以新东方写作教程第一章题库顺序为准。

符号索引：V.D: vague data I.I: incomplete information U.C: unrelated concepts C.S: changing scopesF.A: false analogy I.C: incomplete comparison F.D: false dilemma I.T: incomplete thoughtNCR: non causal relationship I.E: insufficient evidence U.A: unwarranted assumptionAdv:disadv: failing to weigh the advantage and disadvantage thoroughlyP→F/ P→C/ C→F/C→P: inferring future (current/past) condition from past (current) condition1, （商业/决策/并列）The following appeared in a memorandum written by the vice president of Nature's Way, a chain of stores selling health food and other health-related products."Previous experience has shown that our stores are most profitable in areas where residents are highly concerned with leading healthy lives(6). We should therefore build our next new store in Plainsville(5), which has many such residents(8). Plainsville merchants report that sales of running shoes and exercise clothing are at all-time highs(1). The local health club, which nearly closed five years ago due to lack of business, has more members than ever, and the weight training and aerobics classes are always full(2,7). We can even anticipate a new generation of customers: Plainsville's schoolchildren are required to participate in a 'fitness for life' program, which emphasizes the benefits of regular exercise at an early age(3,4)."★★14,401.Strong sales of exercise apparel do not necessarily indicate that Plainesville residents would be interested in NW's products, orthat these residents are interested in exercising. (U.C) ★★★2.The popularity of the local health club is little indication that the residents in Plainsville live much healthier lives now, and that NW willearn a profit from a store in Plainesville. (NCR)3.The memo contains no evidence to support the assumption that people who exercise regularly are also interested in buying health foodand health-related products. (U.C) ★★★4.The fact that a certain fitness program is mandatory for Plainesville's schoolchildren accomplishes nothing toward bolstering therecommendation. (NCR) ★★★5.The arguer does not provide any information regarding the cost of building such a new store thus we can not be convinced thatthe new store will be profitable.(adv:disadv) ★★6.The arguer fails to consider other possible factors besides residents‟ interest in healthy lives that may contribute to the s uccess oftheir existing stores.(confusing concurrence with causality) ★★7.The recommendation fails to substantiate that this interest will continue in the foreseeable future. (P→F)★★★★8.The arguer unfairly assumes that Plainesville residents will prefer NW over other merchants that sell similar products. (U.A/I.T) ★★——————————————————————————————2, （社区，地产/提议/类比）The following appeared in a letter sent by a committee of homeowners from the Deerhaven Acres to all homeowners in Deerhaven Acres."Seven years ago(3), homeowners in nearby Brookville community adopted a set of restrictions on how the community's yards should be landscaped and what colors the exteriors of homes should be painted. Since then, average property values have tripled in Brookville(1). In order to raise property values in Deerhaven Acres, we should adopt our own set of restrictions on landscaping and housepainting(2,4,5). "★25,2371.The committee fails to substantiate the assumption that this course of action was responsible for the increase in Brookvilleproperty values. (post hoc, ergo propter hoc) ★★★★★2.The committee fails to consider possible differences between Brookville and Deerhaven that might help to bring about adifferent result for Deerhaven. (F.A) ★★★★★3.Many factors that could influence property value may change during these years, and the committee fails to rule out thesefactors.(P→F)★★★4.The proposed action may result in some undesired consequences.(adv:disadv) ★★5.The proposed action may be opposed by some homeowners, or may not be effectively executed by all the homeowners inDeerhaven Acres.(feasibility of the conclusion) ★★★★——————————————————————————————3, （就业/论断/对比+并列）The following appeared in a newspaper article about law firms in the city of Megalopolis."In Megalopolis, the number of law school graduates who went to work for large, corporate firms declined by 15 percent over the last three years(1), whereas an increasing number of graduates took jobs at small, general practice firms. Even though large firms usually offer muchhigher salaries, law school graduates are choosing to work for the smaller firms most likely because they experience greater job satisfaction at smaller firms. In a survey of first-year students at a leading law school, most agreed with the statement that earning a high salary was less important to them than job satisfaction(2,3).This finding suggests that the large, corporate firms of Megalopolis will need to offer graduates more benefits and incentives and reduce the number of hours they must work.(4,5)"★★★1.The 15% decline that the author cites is not necessarily due to the vocational preferences of new law-school graduates. Perhapsduring the last three years Megalopolis' large firms have had fewer and fewer job openings for these graduates. (NCR) ★★★2.The vocational goals of first-year law students cited in the survey do not necessarily reflect those of graduating students. (U.C)★★★3.The goals of students at one law school do not necessarily reflect those of the overall pool of graduates that might seekemployment with Megalopolis law firms.(C.S) ★★★4.The author falsely equates the proposed tangible incentives with job satisfaction.(U.C) ★★★★5.Small firms have many other advantages that large ones do not have, thus the large, corporate firms need to adopt other policiesto attract more graduates.(sufficiency of the solution) ★★★——————————————————————————————4, （商业，地产/建议/对比+并列）The following was posted on an Internet real estate discussion site."Of the two leading real estate firms in our town—Adams Realty and Fitch Realty—Adams is clearly superior. Adams has 40 real estate agents. In contrast, Fitch has 25, many of whom work only part-time(1,2,5). Moreover, Adams' revenue last year was twice as high as that of Fitch, and included home sales that averaged $168,000, compared to Fitch's $144,000(3,4,6). Homes listed with Adams sell faster as well: ten years ago, I listed my home with Fitch and it took more than four months to sell; last year, when I sold another home, I listed it with Adams, and it took only one month(7). Thus, if you want to sell your home quickly and at a good price, you should use Adams." ★★1.The author provides no evidence that the quality of a real estate firm is directly proportional to the number of its agents or thenumber of hours per week that its agents work. (U.C) ★★★2.The author does not provide any information about how many Adams agents work part-time.( ex parte information) ★★st year‟s sales result may not be representative. (selective sample) ★★★4.The disparity in sales volume can readily be explained by factors other than the comparative quality of the two firms, such asserving area and location.(NCR) ★★★★5.For lack of data concerning the average number of homes sold per agent, we cannot evaluate the actual performance of agents in the twofirms.(V.D) ★★6.The fact that the average sales price of a home sold by Adams is higher than the average price of a home sold by Fitchdoes not indicate that Adams is more effective in selling homes than Fitch. (NCR) ★★★★7.The disparity in the speed of a sale is explainable by other plausible factors that would change through the time, or someessential differences of the two properties. (F.A/I.C/P→F) ★★★★★——————————————————————————————5, （医药/论断，预言/递进）The following appeared in the business section of a newspaper."Given that the number of people in our country with some form of arthritis is expected to rise from 40 million to 60 million over the next twenty years, pharmaceutical companies that produce drugs for the treatment of arthritis should be very profitable(1). Many analysts believe that in ten years Becton Pharmaceuticals, which makes Xenon, the best-selling drug treatment for arthritis, will be the most profitable pharmaceutical company. But the patent on Xenon expires in three years, and other companies will then be able to produce a cheaper version of the drug(2). Thus, it is more likely that in ten years the most profitable pharmaceutical company will be Perkins Pharmaceuticals, maker of a new drug called Xylan, which clinical studies show is preferred over Xenon by seven out of ten patients suffering from the most extreme cases of arthritis(3,4)." ★★★★1.The arguer falsely assumes that a rise in the number of arthritis sufferers implies a rise in profitability for arthritis drugmanufacturers, future competition may diminish the profit for each individual company. (I.E) ★★★2.The expiration of the patent on Xenon does not necessarily lead to the decline in the profit of Becton, because Becton mayhave the advantage of market seniority. (I.E) ★★★★3.The preference of particular patients does not indicate that Xylan is a more profitable drug, we do not know the manufacturingcost and sales price of Xylan. (adv:disadv) ★★★4.We do not know what fraction of patients suffer from the most extreme cases of arthritis. (V.D) ★★5.There may be new companies and new technology emerging in the future. (P→F/F.D) ★★★——————————————————————————————6, （文化娱乐/论断/并列）The following was written as a part of an application for a small business loan by a group of developers in the city of Monroe."A jazz music club in Monroe would be a tremendously profitable enterprise. Currently, the nearest jazz club is 65 miles away(1); thus, our proposed club, the C Note, would have the local market all to itself(3,7). Plus, jazz is extremely popular in Monroe: over 100,000 people attended Monroe's jazz festival last summer, several well-known jazz musicians live in Monroe(4), and the highest-rated radio program in Monroe is 'Jazz Nightly,' which airs every weeknight(2). Finally, a nationwide study indicates that the typical jazz fan spends close to $1,000 per year on jazz entertainment(5,6). It is clear that the C Note cannot help but make money."★★★2351.If the demand for a live jazz club in Monroe were as great as the applicant claims, it seems that Monroe would already have one or moresuch clubs. (negative evidence) ★★★2.The popularity of Monroe's annual jazz festival and of its nightly jazz radio show does not necessarily indicate that jazz is extremelypopular in Monroe. (NCR) ★★★★3.Granted that jazz is extremely popular in Monroe, we cannot ensure that those jazz fans will attend the jazz club. (U.A) ★★★4.The mere fact that several well-known jazz musicians live in Monroe lend no significant support to the applicant's claim. (I.E)★★★5.The result of the nationwide study could not ensure that Monroe residents are willing to spend much money on jazz entertainment. (C.S)★★★★6.The arguer also does not inform us how much of the $1000 goes to club admission. (V.D) ★★★7.The scale of Monroe‟s jazz market, and the profitability of the proposed club are open to doubt. (I.I) ★★★★——————————————-——————————————-7, （政治经济，社会/提议/并列）The following appeared in a letter to the editor of the Clearview newspaper."In the next mayoral election, residents of Clearview should vote for Ann Green, who is a member of the Good Earth Coalition, rather than for Frank Braun, a member of the Clearview town council(3), because the current members are not protecting our environment. For example, during the past year the number of factories in Clearview has doubled(1), air pollution levels have increased, and the local hospital has treated 25 percent more patients with respiratory illnesses(2). If we elect Ann Green, the environmental problems in Clearview will certainly be solved(4,5)." ★★★1481.The argument unfairly assumes that last year's increase in the number of factories was due to the city council's decisions—ratherthan to some other phenomenon—and that this increase poses environmental problems for Clearview. (NCR) ★★★★2.The argument also assumes unfairly that last year's increase in the number of patients reporting respiratory problems indicatesworsening environmental problems in Clearview. (NCR) ★★★★3.The editorial provides no evidence to substantiate the assumption that Braun wa s a factor in the city council‟s decisions. (I.I) ★★4.The mere fact that Green is a member of the Good Earth Coalition hardly suffices to prove her willingness and ability to help solveClearview's environmental problems. (I.E) ★★★★★5.The author provides no firm evidence that electing Green is necessary to solve those problems, or that electing Green wouldsuffice. (necessity and sufficiency of the solution) ★★★——————————————————————————————8, （食品，商业/提议/并列）The following appeared in a memorandum issued by the strategic planning department at Omni Inc. "Mesa Foods, a manufacturer of snack foods that currently markets its products within a relatively small region of the country, has strong growth potential. Mesa enjoyed a 20 percent increase in profits last year(3,4), and its best-selling product, Diabolique Salsa, has had increased sales over each of the past three years(2). Since Omni Inc. is interested in reaching 14-to-25 year olds, the age group that consumes the most snack food(1), we should buy Mesa Foods(5), and concentrate in particular on marketing Diabolique Salsa throughout the country."★★★1.1The assumption that Mesa's snack foods appeal to 14-to-25-year olds is open to doubt. (U.A) ★★★★2.2Even assuming that the 14-25 really omterested in…. No evidnence is gven that they will interested in …3.The increased sales of Diabolique Salsa in the region where it is sold does not indicate that it will also gain success nationwide.(C.S) ★★★★★4.We do not know how large is the snack food market in the region wh ere Mesa‟s products are sold, thus the 20% increase may beinsignificant. (V.D) ★★5.3Last year's 20% increase in Mesa's profits may be an aberration, no evidence could indicate that this trend will continuein the future. (P→F) ★★★6.4We do not know the profitability of other food products of Mesa Food, thus could not evaluate if Omni should buy theentire company. (I.I/necessity of the solution) ★★★★★——————————————————————————————9, （教育/提议/递进）The following appeared in a memorandum from a dean at Omega University."Fifteen years ago, Omega University implemented a new procedure that encouraged students to evaluate the teaching effectiveness of all their professors(1). Since that time, Omega professors have begun to assign higher grades in their classes, and overall student grade averages at Omega have risen by thirty percent.(2) Potential employers apparently believe the grades at Omega are inflated; this would explain why Omega graduates have not been as successful at getting jobs as have graduates from nearby Alpha University(3,7). To enable its graduates to secure better jobs, Omega University should now terminate student evaluation of professors.(4,5,6)"★★★211, 2381.The dean provides no evidence about the number or percentage of Omega students who participate in the procedure. (V.D) ★★2.The argument also assumes unfairly that the grade-average increase is the result of the evaluation procedure—rather thansome other phenomenon. (post hoc, ergo propter hoc) ★★★★3.The dean's claim that grade inflation explains why Omega graduates are less successful than Alpha graduates in getting jobs isunjustified. (NCR) ★★★★4.The dean ignores other possible ways by which Omega can increase its job-placement record. (necessity of the solution) ★★★5.Merely terminating the eva luation system might not suffice to enable Omega‟s graduates to secure better jobs. (sufficiency of thesolution) ★★★★6.The dean fails to mention the positive effects of the evaluation system. (adv:disadv) ★★★★★7.The graduates from the two universities may not be comparable. (F.A) ★★——————————————————————————————10, （政治经济/对策/先并列后递进）The following appeared in a letter to the editor of a Batavia newspaper."The department of agriculture in Batavia reports that the number of dairy farms (2)throughout the country is now 25 percent greater than it was 10 years ago. During this same time period, however, the price of milk at the local Excello Food Market(1,3) has increased from $1.50 to over $3.00 per gallon(4,5,6). To prevent farmers from continuing to receive excessive profits on an apparently increased supply of milk, the Batavia government should begin to regulate retail milk prices(8). Such regulation is necessary to ensure both lower prices and an adequate supply of milk for consumers(7)."★★1.The author unfairly assumes that Excello's milk prices reflect those throughout Batavia. (C.S/quantity of the sample)★★★★2.The number of dairy farms does not necessarily indicate the supply of milk. (U.C) ★★★★3.Even the production of milk in the country increased in general, no information is offered to show whether the production in Excello alsoincreased. (C.S) ★★★4.We are not informed about how much did the price of milk actually increase after adjustment for inflation. (I.T) ★★★5.The author fails to consider the variation in the demand of milk. (I.T/I.I) ★★★6.The author does not provide a cost benefit analysis. (I.I) ★★★7.The author fails to consider other possible methods that may guarantee lower prices and an adequate supply. (necessity of the solution) ★★★8.The proposed regulation may lead to undesirable consequences. (I.T/unexpected consequences) ★★★★★——————————————————————————————11, （社会/预言/并列）The following appeared in a memo from the mayor of the town of West Egg."Two years ago, our consultants predicted that West Egg's landfill, which is used for garbage disposal, would be completely filled within five years.(8) During the past two years, however, town residents have been recycling twice as much aluminum and paper (1)as they did in previous years(2,3). Next month the amount of material recycled should further increase, since charges for garbage pickup will double(5). Furthermore, over ninety percent of the respondents to a recent survey(6) said that they would do more recycling in the future. Because of our residents' strong commitment to recycling, the available space in our landfill should last for considerably longer than predicted.(4,7)"★★★1.Aluminum and paper may account for only some of the materials West Egg's residents can recycle. (V.D))★★★2.We do not know the actual amount of recycled garbage in previous years, thus the doubling may be insignificant. (V.D) ★★★3.An increase in the amount of recycled materials does not necessarily indicate a decrease in the total amount of trash deposited in thecity's landfill. (U.C) ★★★★4.The recycling habits of West Egg residents are not the only factor affecting how quickly the landfill will reach capacity. (I.T) ★★★★5.The assumption that increased charges for trash pickup will serve to slow the rate at which the landfill is reaching capacity isunwarranted. (U.A) ★★★6.The mayor provides no evidence that the survey's respondents are representative of the overall group of people whose trash goes to thecity's landfill. (Are the respondents representative?) ★★★★7.The mayor fails to consider many other factors that may change in the future. (P→F) ★★★★★8.The consultants may have already taken the recycling factors into consideration when they made the prediction, thus theassumption that the available space in our landfill will last for longer than predicted is unfounded. (U.A) ★★——————————————————————————————12, （生产，劳动安全/对策/先并列后递进）The following appeared in a memo from a vice president of Alta Manufacturing."During the past year, Alta Manufacturing had thirty percent more on-the-job accidents(2,4) than nearby Panoply Industries, where the work shifts are one hour shorter than ours(5). Experts believe that a significant contributing factor in many on-the-job accidents is fatigue and sleep deprivation among workers. Therefore, to reduce the number of on-the-job accidents at Alta(6) and thereby increase productivity(1), we should shorten each of our three work shifts by one hour so that our employees will get adequate amounts of sleep(3)."★★1811.The president provides no evidence that overall worker productivity is attributable in part to the number of on-the-job accidents. (NCR)★★★2.The president assumes that some accidents at Alta are caused by fatigue or sleep deprivation. (U.A) ★★★★3.The assumption that Alta's workers would use the additional hour of free time to sleep or rest is open to doubt. (U.A) ★★★4.The president fails to consider that the per-worker accident rate might reveal that Alta is actually safer than Panoply, depending on thetotal number of workers at each company. (V.D) ★★★5.The president fails to consider possible differences between Alta and Panoply which render them incomparable. (F.A) ★★★★6.Merely shortening the work shifts might not suffice to reduce the number of on-the-job accidents. (sufficiency of the solution)★★★——————————————————————————————13, （文化娱乐，商业/预言/并列）The following appeared in a memo from the chief executive of a video game company."We have recently been offered the opportunity to buy the rights to produce a video game based on the soon-to-be-published children's book "Squirrel Power," by Peter Wood. While the cost of the rights is substantial and will place economic constraints on our company in theshort-term, there are two reasons that the purchase of these rights will undoubtedly be a wise investment. First, Wood's last three books have been best sellers(1) and the movie based on his first book was highly profitable(2). Second, the popular characters and story line in "Squirrel Power" (4)will save us time in developing our video game, thereby reducing our costs(3,5)." ★★★1.The arguer fails to convince us that Squirrel Power will also be a best seller solely because its writer Peter Wood achievedtremendous success in his last three books. (P→F) ★★★★★2.Th e fact that the movie based on Wood‟s first book was profitable does not ensure our game will also be profitable. (F.A)★★★★3.The arguer fails to demonstrate that the revenue generated by the game will greater than the cost. (I.T/adv:disadv) ★★★★4.The arguer unfairly assumes that the characters and story line in “Squirrel Power” will surely be popular. (U.A) ★★5.The arguer fails to consider other costs in producing the game. (adv:disadv) ★★★★★——————————————————————————————14, （商业/决策/先并列后递进）The following appeared in a memo from the owner of Green Thumb Gardening Center, a small business serving a suburban town."There is evidence that consumers are becoming more and more interested in growing their own vegetables. A national survey(1) conducted last month indicated that many consumers(3) were dissatisfied with the quality of fresh vegetables available in supermarkets. And locally, the gardening magazine Great Gardens has sold out at the Village News stand(6) three months in a row(4,5). Thus, we at Green Thumb Gardening Center can increase our profits by greatly expanding the variety of vegetable seeds we stock for gardeners(2) this coming spring(7)."★★1,40, 117, 2191.The argument depends on a dubious assumption that the national levels of satisfaction with store-bought groceries could reflectsthe level of a certain area. (C.S) ★★★★2.The argument falsely assumes that consumers who are dissatisfied with store-bought groceries are likely to grow their ownvegetables instead. (U.A/I.E) ★★★★★3.The arguer fails to provide any information about what fraction of consumers buy their vegetables from supermarkets. (V.D/selectivesample) ★★4.The arguer fails to convince us that the gardening magazine Great Gardens is indeed popular among residents. (I.I) ★★5.We do not know the content and circulation of the magazine, thus the fact that the magazine has sold out three months ina row does not necessarily indicate that people in this area are interested in planting vegetables themselves. (I.I/I.E) ★★★6.The situation at one certain news stand does not prove that people in this area are interested in gardening. (quantity of the sample)★★★7.The arguer fails to consider the possible cost of the proposed action. (I.T/adv:disadv) ★★★★——————————————————————————————15, （经济，投资/建议/大并列小递进）The following appeared in a newsletter offering advice to investors."Over 80 percent of the respondents to a recent survey indicated a desire to reduce their intake of foods containing fats and cholesterol(1,5), and today low-fat products abound in many food stores(2). Since many of the food products currently marketed by Old Dairy Industries are high in fat and cholesterol(7), the company's sales are likely to diminish greatly and their profits will no doubt decrease(3,4). We therefore advise Old Dairy stockholders to sell their shares and other investors not to purchase stock in this company(6)." ★★★★661.The author fails to assure us that the survey results accurately reflect the desires of most consumers, or that the results accurately predictconsumer behavior. (Are the respondents representative?) ★★2.The fact that low-fat foods are in abundant supply in food stores does not necessarily indicate an increasing demand for low-fatdairy products or a diminishing demand for high-fat dairy products. (NCR) ★★★★★3.The newsletter concludes too hastily that Old Dairy profits will decline. (U.A) ★★★4.The argument fails to provide any information about other products marketed by Old Dairy which may be low in fat andcholesterol. (I.I) ★★★5.The author fails to consider other factors that may influence the consumers‟ decision in choosing food. (I.T) ★★★6.The mere fact that many Old Dairy‟s food products are high in fat and cholesterol does not necessarily prove that their stock isnot worth investing. (I.T) ★★★★7.The author ignores the possibility that Old Dairy may change its policy and main product in the future. (P→F) ★★★——————————————————————————————16, （社会/提议/大并列小递进）The following appeared in a letter to the editor of a local newspaper from a citizen of the state of Impecunia."Two years ago our neighboring state, Lucria, began a state lottery to supplement tax revenues for education and public health. Today, Lucria spends more per pupil than we do, and Lucria's public health program treats far more people(3,4) than our state's program does(1). If we were to establish a state lottery like the one in Lucria(2), the profits could be used to improve our educational system and public health program. The new lottery would doubtless be successful, because a survey conducted in our capital city (6)concludes that citizens of Impecunia already spend an average of $50 per person per year on gambling(5)."★★1.The arguer unfairly assumes that the current condition of education and health program in Lucria is due to the lottery. (posthoc, ergo propter hoc) ★★★★2.The two states may be different in many aspects, thus a similar lottery system may not prove helpful for Impecunia. (F.A) ★★★★3.We do not know the base amount of citizens in each state, hence the fact that Lucria's health programs treat more people thanImpecunia's programs lends no support to the argument. (V.D) ★★★★。

作文词汇1，woven-weave 编制的提纲：1，没有证据显示河流的流量等没有变化，河流可能因为很多原因干涸，不需要船，可以直接走过去（exposed riverbed）。

2，没有交代两个村庄的绝对地理位置，如果P在上游（in the upper reaches), L 在(in the Lower reaches), 篮子可以漂过去（drift）3，没有证据显示L村就没有船，篮子可能是由L 村的人乘船带过去的。

4，没有证据显示两个村子存在的具体时间，可能并不是同时期，那情况更加复杂。

Rhesus monkey 印度恒河猴提纲：1，Skateboard 滑板问题1，废弃物和损坏公物的行为的确存在，但可能相比由滑板人士造成的废弃物和损坏公物教小，后者造成的破坏大得多。

2，M公园的情况和中心广场不同，可能有更多的清洁工（dustman）和更为高效的sanitation system。

2，游客不来广场的原因有很多，不会因为有没有滑板运动而改变。

如果是出于让广场回复生机的目的，可能要从其他方面入手，而不仅仅是解决滑板问题。

Real estate 不动产，房地产1，A的收入是F的两倍，但没有显示A卖出的数量大于F，那么存在一种情况，A收取的中介费（commission）用要远远高于F，这对于消费者来说是不利的。

2，A的平均房价高于F，但没有考虑(consider)具体房屋的价值（different values of individuals）.可能F的房子有更好的质量。

3，10年前的销售业绩无法和去年的相比不同（under different circumstances, economic background, political context.）5,moped 助力车问题pedestrian 步行1，没有证据显示岛上的人车交通事故是因为助力车造成的，原因可能主要是由于行人的不遵守交通规则造成。

2，没有证据显示助力车过多造成了事故，作为主要的交通工具，可能正是因为助力车在夏季过少，才导致大多数人不得不走路，而更多的人走到了助力车道，造成交通事故，加大助力车的投入可能还会减少事故的发生。

The following is part of a memorandum from the president of Humana University.Last year the number of students who enrolled in online degree programs offered by nearby Omni University increased by 50 percent. During the same year, Omni showed a significant decrease from prior years in expenditures for dormitory and classroom space, most likely because instruction in the online programs takes place via the Internet. In contrast, over the past three years, enrollment at Humana University has failed to grow, and the cost of maintaining buildings has increased along with our budget deficit. To address these problems, Humana University will begin immediately to create and actively promote online degree programs like those at Omni. We predict that instituting these online degree programs will help Humana both increase its total enrollment and solve its budget problems."Write a response in which you discuss what questions would need to be answered in order to decide whether the prediction and the argument on which it is based are reasonable. Be sure to explain how the answers to these questions would help to evaluate the prediction.1. The arguer fails to rule out other possibilities result in the decrease in expenditures for dormitory and classroom from prior years. The school might just finish a renovation program the year before last year which cost much money while last year there’s no such program. So cost on this aspect surely increased. Or it is entirely possible that the cost on dormitory and classroom space used to too luxurious and last year the school became thriftier. Or because the school has set a electricity limit. Or dismantle the old buildings to build new buildings.2. There is no sufficient evidence to prove that online degree programs would also work on the increasing of total enrollment in Humana University. Students who want to enroll in Humana University might not like online degree program. It might lead to decrease in enrollment at Humana University.3. Many other reasons would lead to school’s budget problems such as setting up new buildings, updating teaching device and refresh teaching condition, or even undertaking some large activities.。

Inthis argument ，the author concludes/recommends that ….To support this conclusion/recommendation,the author points out/cites … .In addition/On the basis of this,the author also cites that … .This argument suffers from several critical/logical flaws,which render it unconvincing as it stands. /PE(paragraph ending)：…,the author cannotexpect us to take seriously the claim/convince me that …contribute to … /ruling out such/other possibilities/explanations/accounting for …,the author cannot justifiably conclude that …/ justify the claim/convince me that …/make any sound recommendation to …… before I can accept theauthor’s final conclusion that …(接Perhaps …)If so,this fact/Either scenario/Any of these scenarios,if ture, would significantly/seriously undermine/weaken (the arguer’s contention /conclusion that) …(1)A threshold problem with the argument invloves the statistical reliability ofthe survey because the size of the sample is too small to be sufficient.Also,the sample might be unrepresentative of … as a whole.Without a sufficiently representative sample,the author cannot draw any conclusion whatsoever on the basis of the study. (小样本、代表性)(2) …are rarely sufficient to establisha general conclusion. From the survey quotedinthis argument,we findnosignof suchprocedures for randomsamplingsand have good reasons to doubt if the sample is representative enough to reflect the general situation as a whole.Besides,…provides no information about what percentage of … responded to the surveys.The lower the percentage,the less reliable the results of the surveys/study ’s conclusion. (随机性、代表性)结尾总结用author’s conclusion depends,I would need more information about the size/randomness of the study ’s sample.The author provides no information concerning/omits to inform us about A,B,C and D.It is impossible to conclude without comparing the two groups subjects.For example, ….Without evidence of the study ’s methodological (and statistical) reliability, the author cannot rely on the study to draw any firm conclusion.(1)A is not necessarily due to B.Perhaps ….Since the argument fails to account for this alternative explanation for …,the author cannot …(2)The author unfairly attributes A to B/assumes that A were attributable tocking evidence to confirm this assumption,it is entirely possible that ….Or,perhaps ….After all,the autho r provides no evidence that ….PE.(1)A does not necessarily indicate that B.Perhaps …., ….PE.(2)The argument relies/depends on the (unsubstantiated) assumption that …/ Based on the fact that A the author infers that B.However,/Yet this is not necessarily the case.Perhaps ….If so,this fact would significantly undermine …(3)The fact that … lends no/little credible/scant support to …(4)A probleminvolves the definitionof ….The author fails todefine this critical term.If … is defined as … ,then … .In short, without a clear definition of … it is impossible to assess the strength of the argument.The arguer uses previous experience to illustrate that now …,ignoring t he factor of time which perhaps can change everything including … .Eg:The economic situation becomes worse;The worsening economic situationOne problemwhy I disagree with the argument is that it is unwarranted toinfer from the success of B that A will also succeed by following the same format. Perhaps … .In short,lacking evidence that conditions on the … are relevantly similar,the author cannot convince me on the basis of A’s experience that the action would be effective in B. Eg:economic situation,regionThe argument suffers from “either-or ” reasoning.Based on t he fact that … ,the author unfairly concludes that … .However,the author overlooks the possibility …Another problemwiththe argument is that it overlooks other factors that /the possibility that A is not the only factor affectingB.For instance,perhaps entirely possible that …does in fact serve to ….PE.……/ItisThe author appreciates sb’s strong commitment to sth to some extent. However,we know the fact that to make a commitment is one thing,to achieve it is far more difficult.There is no indication that they might fulfill their promise.结尾： In sum,the argument is unconvincing as it stands/not well supported.To bolster it,the author must provide clear evidence that …The author must also show that ….To better assess/evaluate the argument we would need figures …/more information about ….We should also need to know …。

ARGUMENT写作ARGUMENT作文写作关键问题：识别题目中的推理/论证缺陷和谬误从2～3个方面证明题目在那些逻辑链条上出了问题，梳理推理/论证过程中各个逻辑链条的可靠性与合理性，从题目中论者运用的推理/论证方法的切入，以求发现论证过程各个环节的缺陷和谬误ARGUMENT的分析和写作步骤：1、识别ARGUMENT题目中论者采用的论证方法（十大论证技巧中的某种）2、从每个ARGUMENT论证发的逻辑起点入手，发现每个推理/论证过程在各个逻辑链条上出现的推理/论证缺陷和谬误3、对每个推理/论证缺陷和谬误只展开具体的分析和论证，说明为什么可以认定它们是推理/论证的缺陷和谬误，及其是如何影响题目中论点和结论的有效性十大论证技巧及反驳切入点：1、演绎推理论证将一个具体的事例运用到一个一般性原则而得出结论反驳切入点：其一，该演绎推理的总原则（大前提）是否成立。

其二，该演绎推理的论据（小前提）是否成立。

二者只要一个不成立，则无效2、定义法界定一个概念的关键内涵，或认定某个事物符合某个定义，从而得出结论反驳切入点：该定义反应了问题本质吗？没有例外情况吗？3、因果关系论证法将一个判断放入一个因果关系中，指出它是原因还是结果反驳切入点：是否有其他原因导致了这一结果？是否有其他更重要的原因与所讨论的原因共同导致该结果?4、归纳推理论证法从若干个体事例中推出具有共性的一般结论反驳切入点：归纳所依据的数量足够多吗？具有代表性吗？有没有特殊情况？5、列举特征式论证法指出某事物发生或存在的征候或迹象反驳切入点：有没有其他原因导致同样的征候或迹象？6、类比论证法用已知、熟悉的食物同未知、不熟悉的食物进行比较，并用前者的情况解释后者的情况。

A、纵向类比（过去的事物同现在的同一类食物的类比）反驳切入点：历史会重演吗？B、横向类比（同一时期、同一类事物之间的类比）反驳切入点：比较的对象之间有足够的可比性吗？C、比喻式类比（不同类别事物之间的类比）反驳切入点：一事物和其被比喻成的事物之间有足够的相似性吗？7、引用权威论证法引用工人的权威，或论证自己就是权威从而对自己的观点加以论证反驳切入点：所引用的权威可信吗？8、诉诸常识法利用人们的常识（普遍性的价值观念、人们的普遍动机、生活常识）进行论证A、诉诸普遍性的价值观念反驳切入点：论者强调的价值果真那么重要吗？有没有其他更重要的价值？论者强调的价值的含义明确吗？B、诉诸普遍动机反驳切入点：论者强调的动机果真是大家最需要的吗？这些动机果真能像论者所说的那样得到实现D、诉诸生活常识反驳切入点：论者依据的生活常识成立吗？有无例外？9、反证法假设一个观点是正确的，然而推出荒谬的结论反驳切入点：推导出的这个结果果真荒谬么？10、统计数据论证法提供数据，以资论证反驳切入点：这些数据由谁调查的？这些调查的方案设计（如调查样本的选择、调查问卷的设计、调查数据的处理、调查结果的合适和验证等）和实施过程是严格按照科学程序进行的吗？其结论是客观、中立、可信的吗？调查的实施者没有受其行业及其他利益相关方面的影响吗？独立第三方的相关数据是否支持相同/相似的结论？AGUMENT题目经常在两个地方引用数据论证，须注意：其一，调查统计对于一般的调查统计，如果是随机抽样调查，注意挑选的样本是否足够多、样本空间是否有很大的误差、样本是否具备代表性。

新GRE写作Argument 模板——By Jason Lee﹡审题+提纲：2min﹡开头+结尾模板：5min﹡中间三段：7min*3=21min﹡补完结尾（检查润色）：2min一、开头-In this argument, the author concludes that...-To bolster this conclusion, the author points out that…-Close scrutiny of these supporting evidences, however, reveals that none of them lend any credibility to the author’s conclusion.二、主体段落展开段落一：-Firstly, the author has tried to reach the conclusion that…by pointing out that…but this argument has failed to see some significant factors.-For instance,-Or, another scenario can be that …展开段落二：-Secondly, by analyzing the conclusion of this argument, we can find the unstated assumption that…-However, the validity of this assumption is challenged by some other possibilities.-It is likely that…-It is of equal probability that..展开段落三：-Finally, even if the foregoing assumptions were all confirmed valid, there remain doubts that render the author’s whole reasoning logically flawed.-To be more specific,-Absent evidence to confirm this assumption, it is entirely possible that…1. Assumptions◆First of all, the author unfairly assumes that…◆After all, the author provides no evidence that…2. Specific Evidences◆The author fails to offer any evidence to warrant this crucial assumption.◆Only if the author could provide the evidence that…can this argument be confirmed valid.◆The assumption cannot be substantiated until the author could provide that…◆As long as the evidence(that/of…) could be offered, the author’s view might be reasonably justified.3. Questions◆The first question of vital prominence could be whether…◆Only if the answer were positive, can the argument be substantiated. In contrast, if the answer were negative, the argument would be considered logically flawed.4. Alternative Explanations◆The explanation offered by the author does not suffice to be evaluated as justifiable based on the given evidence. Alternative explanation could involve that …or that…◆The author’s conclusion unfairly ignores… so a better explanation might be…◆Without considering and ruling out other possible reasons, the author cannot successfully convince me that…*5. 补充一些攻击Flaw的句型(1)样本不足或不具代表性/调查不可靠◆The author provides no evidence that the survey is statistically reliable.◆Perhaps the survey’s sample is not sufficient in size or representative of the quality of…◆The survey methodology might be problematic in several respects:◆As a result, the author cannot justifiably draw any conclusion in light of the survey until adequate evidence is given to lend credibility to it.(2)错误类比（忽略个体差异）◆The author is drawing a false analogy between A and B. It is entirely possible that A and B own divergent situations. Perhaps…Without taking such differences into consideration, it is unconscionable to claim that…(3)方案并非最佳◆The argument fails to consider other possible options for…Perhaps by…or by…◆In short, without weighing the given suggestion against alternatives, it is unconscionable to claim that…(4)非充分/非必要条件、◆The validity of the view that…is never equivalent to the justifiability of the deduction that…(5)时间顺序混淆为因果关系/普通关联混淆为因果关系◆However, the conclusion that A is exclusively responsible for B based on the fact that B occurred after/ at the same time of A is unjustifiable.◆Yet the correlation alone amounts to scarce evidence of the claimed cause-and-effect relationship.(6)错误推论Absent evidence to warrant this deduction, it is entirely possible thatAny of these scenarios, if true, would serve to undermine the author’s claim that…The fact (that…) accomplishes nothing towards bolstering the recommendation.*6. 段内/段间承接Absent the evidence,If this is the case,Perhaps,Even assuming/Even if……does not necessarily indicate that…三、结尾-In sum, the argument not only is logically unsound but also relies on several doubtful assumptions.-To reinforce the argument, the author must qualify the recommendation by accounting for possible alternatives and providing comprehensive evidence.-To better assess the argument, we would expect the author to provide adequate information with respect to…。

GRE的argument写作万能模板为了帮助大家备考gre。

了解更多关于gre的知识，打有准备的仗，下面小编给大家带来GRE 的argument写作万能模板，希望大家喜欢。

GRE 的argument写作万能模板一. 背景介绍-----万能123的诞生它的优势在于：让你用最快的时间找出攻击点，不仅解决攻击语言还解决攻击顺序，还能节省你考试时列提纲的时间我刚开始复习时也是很苦恼，但是当我对着北美范文写了十几篇并日日思索之后，发现了一个万能找茬法。

它的精髓就在于教你写一套属于自己的万能123模板，这个模板不仅解决你语言，攻击顺序，更你提高你的效率，即给你一个找茬的火眼金睛，又给你一个呼之欲出的思路。

我考前一天把我自己的模板背了又背了一遍，考的那篇文章我虽没写过，但是我在issue和argument 中场休息的1分钟之内把我的万能123找茬写在草稿纸上，题目出来后仅仅花了1分钟在万能123找茬勾出题目中题目中的错误点，这样连提纲都省了，还非常有条理。

我考之前把这个提纲发给我一同学让她好好背。

现在拿出来和大家分享，还准备发一份给那个作文老师，以提高他的教学质量。

二. 精华部分---万能123找茬1. 从整体来说：开头结尾不是最重点，中间部分才是重中之重2. 就中间部分来说：具体的语言不是最重点，攻击思路才是重中之重结论就是，攻击思路是重中之重，所以万能123找茬才是重中之重，比万能123模板(语言文字)及开头结尾给重要。

三.精华部分的注释这里是注释：(对照序号看)① 一因为此调查或研究没有提到样本sample，所以可以攻击其样本可能不具代表性，例如1。

样本太小不具代表性2。

样本特殊不具代表性二有了样本仍然可攻击样本没有代表性，例如1。

样本太小不具代表性2。

样本的倾向性问题，即某类人群比其他多数人更愿意参加调查或研究三没有论据的声称其实是很万能的，多用于攻击一些不是调查也不是研究的论据(具体可参照我的例文)② 一这个嘛虽然被某些新东方老师分为3大类，其实本质还是一样的，就是一个群体的特征推到另一个群体身上。

GRE驳论文写作提纲如何拟定第一篇：GRE驳论文写作提纲如何拟定GRE驳论文写作提纲如何拟定对于GRE驳论文(Argument)而言，熟悉题库更为重要。

很多人觉得一个题目拿过来随便就能挑出五六个错误。

正常情况下是这样的，但的确有些难题若不事先好好准备，五分钟之内能找出两个错误就不错了。

在第一次考试时，我正是因为在准备时放掉了一道我只找出两个错误的题目，而在正式考试时恰恰碰到了这道题目，所以写得很不好。

虽然逻辑作文满分只有6分，可千万别小看了它的重要性。

从某种程度上来说，它是GRE的精华——因为GRE考的就是逻辑，用英语写两篇作文只是形式而已，主要目的就是考察你的逻辑分析水平。

写驳论文有很多小窍门，如需要锻炼出区别“事实”和“观点”的能力，不论题目中所给的事实有多夸张都需认为它是对的，不能攻击，只能攻击观点中的逻辑漏洞;凡是跟统计数字、统计方法有关的逻辑错误都尽量不要攻击，最多只能一笔带过等等。

至于GRE作文的语言，其实不是很重要，只要通顺、没有语法错误就可以了，掌握了这些就可以更好地备考GRE作文。

以上就是关于手拟GRE作文提纲的一些基本介绍，考生们需要重视提纲的作用，在准备和复习新GRE写作时候非常有用处，也是提高GRE作文技巧之一。

希望考生们能够认真准备GRE作文，考出理想成绩。

第二篇：如何拟定议论文写作提纲作文三：学会写提纲[学习目标]通过讲授示范，让学生学会写议论文的提纲。

[指导过程]一、讲述写提纲在作文写作之前的重要意义；二、讲述《谈骨气》一文的结构提纲谈骨气（一）中心论点：我们中国人是由骨气的；（二）分析：骨气的含义（道理论证）（三）举例论证：1.文天祥拒绝降元；2.廉者不食嗟来之食；3.闻一多怒斥国民党反动派。

（四）联系现实，重申论点。

三、反馈练习：请以“才能来自勤奋”为题写一则提纲。

四、作业：请以“谈恒心”为题写一则提纲。

附：才能来自勤奋才能来自勤奋（横式A）一、中心论点：才能来自勤奋。

7、98、99提纲1.论者的论述不能充分说明，M书店应该在店内开一个咖啡厅。

首先，论者提到竞争对手R 店开了咖啡馆，M也应该开。

二者背景不同，各方面条件不同，直接这样类比是缺乏合理性的。

R开咖啡馆可能是因为其卖书的收入过低，依靠开咖啡馆来增加其收入。

其次，R开了咖啡馆以后，果真带来了更多的顾客了吗？论者未能提供证据。

2.论者说可以通过撤掉书店里的儿童图书区来为咖啡馆腾地方。

并且依据“the most recent national census indicated a significant decline in the percentage of the population under age ten.”推出“the children’s book section will probably become less popular”。

但这个因果推理很成问题。

首先，总人口中十岁以下儿童所占百分比缩小可能是由其他年龄段的人口在增加而引起的，并不一定是十岁以下儿童数量减少而引起的。

即使儿童的绝对数量在减少，也推不出儿童读物不再受欢迎这一趋势，较少的顾客也可能有更大的需求。

更何况，论者提到，M书店的一个传统优势是its wide selection of books on all subjects.如果撤掉儿童图书区，有可能会削弱自身的优势，影响读者来购书的愿望。

3.如果开咖啡馆以后，饮料和食物的气味以及产生的嘈杂环境可能会使顾客产生反感，破坏M店原有的宁静气氛，赶走一部分潜在的顾客。

习作1In this argument,the author claims that Monarch Books should open a cafe in its store and opening the cafe would attract more customers.To support this claim,the author point out that Monarch having in business at the same location for more than twenty years,has a large customer base because it is known for its wide selection of books on all subjects.He also cites various other evidences that opening a cafe will allow Monarch to attract more customers and better compete with Regal Books and so on. Careful examination of this supporting evidences ,however , reveals that it lends little credible support to the author’s claim.In the first place,the author mentioned that Regal Books,the competitor with Monarch Books,has opened its own cafe,hence, Monarch Books should do the same thing.But the author ignored the differences between these two book stores.Under distinct circumstances,the analogy between Monarch Books and Regal Books is definitely problematic.Regal Books may be in poor condition by selling books only,therefore,to make ends meet,it have to opened its own cafe. Besides,the author didn’t provides ample evidence to convinced that the opening could bring more customers.In the second place,the author claimed that space could be made for the cafe by discontinuing the children’s book section,for the most recent national census indicated a significant decline in the percentage of the population under age ten. The reasoning is also questionable. First,other factors are able to give rise to the same outcome that the significant decline in the percentage of population under age ten such as the increasing in population over age ten. Without eliminating this possibility ,the author cannot rely on the national census to conclude that children’s book will become less popular. What’s more,the author had mentioned that Monarch is known for its wide selection of books on all subjects.Discontinuing the children’s books section may weaken its advantages and lose many potential young customers.In the third place,the opening of cafe is likely to make more noise hence customers may developaversion.Therefore,the cafe would expel customers those who attracted by its serene ambience.In conclusion, the argument is unpersuasive as it stands.The writer has done nothing more than state an opinion with some anecdotal included that proves noting.习作2In this argument, the author claims that Monarch should open a cafe in its store and the opening of cafe would attract more customers. To support his claims, the author mentions that space could be made for the cafe by discontinuing the children’s book section. The author also mentions that Monarch’s competer, Regal Books recently opened its own cafe. At first glance, the argument might be somehow reasonable, but close scrutiny reveals that it contains several unconvincing assumptions and is therefore unpersuasive.First of all, the author mentions that Monarch has a long history and a high prestige because of its wide selection of books on all subjects. Under this premise, Monarch seems never worry about its quantity of customers. Now that, it is absurd to open a cafe to attract more customers.Second, the author observes a correlation between the most recent national census and a significant decline in the percentage of the population under age ten. The author fails to consider that a national census can hardly represent the condition in this town. It is possible that the population under age ten is increasing in the town where the Monarch Books located. Even if we concede that the quantity of children is decreasing, we cannot conclude that the children’s book are not popular anymore. It is possible that the children are attracted by books much more than ever before.Third, the recommendation is based on a false analogy. The author simply assumes that Regal Books and Monarch are similar but he doesn’t provide any evidence. Under different circumstances including the history, the range of book selection and the group of customers, these two stores are indeed incomparable. Therefore, even though opening cafe proved effective in Regal Books, there is no guarantee that it will work just as well for Monarch Books. As a result, the recommendation remains problematic.In conclusion, the argument is unpersuasive as it stands. The writer has done nothing more than state an opinion with some anecdotal included that proves noting.。

提纲17:G附近的拥堵可能由于车道刚修好,BG两个车道上的commuters不均衡,大家都挤到新车道上来,长时间后两车道上的乘客平衡就好了.Moreover,G上的congestion正说明修一个车道不够,应该多修很多市民是keen bicyclist, 可能他们平时骑车锻炼休闲旅游,但是为上班节省体力所以不会骑车上班; 另外骑车速度慢,更容易拥堵.提纲18:A虽然有luxurious的设施,但arguer没有给出证据说明A profitable,可能这样并不能吸引顾客。

另外，R可能结构过于古老，不适于翻新（renovate）。

此外，向A学习refurnish剧院，成本增加，进一步提高票价，来的人更少。

剧院at risksurvey有问题，可能顾客并不全认为票价贵。

同时考虑到R有地理优势，历史悠久有群众基础，并不一定比A弱。

提纲19：没有给出两公司规模（scale，number of workers），可能P规模小，事故多，这样本公司本来就安全。

就算本公司事故多，也不一定是由于员工fatigue造成，可能员工不够skillful和proficient，可能公司机器操作起来本来就更危险。

另外，P公司事故少不一定是因为休息多，有可能公司本身生产食品，员工危险低，也可能设备先进不需要员工much work。

减少员工工作时间可能并不有效。

员工可能利用休息时间打牌泡妞而不去休息，即使休息也不一定保证profitable，提纲20：沙滩的腐蚀可能不是因为游客，可能因为storm，或者海水污染，减少游客数目不一定能保护沙滩。

即使减少游客可以保护沙滩，由于收入减少可能没钱填充沙滩。

B和T位置不同、沙子数量不同、沿岸房子结构材料不同，不能用同样的方法保护建筑物。

即使海滩和建筑保护好了，能否提高旅游业还要看service facility以及climate等因素。

提纲21：arguer草率的认为学生成绩提高是因为老师因为评估而给高分，可能是学生更努力，或者老师因为考虑学生意见讲课更好了，因此没有理由取消评估措施，需要proof。