Sequential changes of main components in different kinds of milk powders

软件工程介绍--英文版Software Engineering IntroductionSoftware engineering is a discipline that focuses on the design, development, maintenance, and testing of software systems It plays a crucial role in today's digital age, where software is an integral part of almost every aspect of our lives, from communication and entertainment to business and healthcareThe importance of software engineering cannot be overstated In a world that increasingly relies on technology, software needs to be reliable, efficient, and userfriendly Poorly developed software can lead to significant problems, such as system crashes, security breaches, and user dissatisfaction This is where software engineers come in – they apply scientific and engineering principles to ensure that software meets the highest standards of qualityOne of the key aspects of software engineering is the software development life cycle （SDLC) This is a structured process that typically includes several phases, such as requirements gathering, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance During the requirements gathering phase, software engineers work closely with stakeholders to understand their needs and expectations for the software This involves identifying the functions the software should perform, the users it will serve, and any constraints or limitationsThe design phase is where the overall architecture and structure of the software are planned This includes decisions about the software'scomponents, interfaces, and data structures A welldesigned software systemis modular, scalable, and maintainable, making it easier to add new features and fix bugs in the futureImplementation is the actual coding of the software Software engineers use programming languages and tools to translate the design into working code They also need to follow best practices in coding, such as writing clear and understandable code, using proper naming conventions, and adding comments to explain the logicTesting is an essential part of the SDLC to ensure that the software functions correctly and meets the specified requirements Different types of tests are performed, including unit testing （testing individual components)，integration testing （testing how components work together)， and system testing （testing the entire software system) Bug fixes and optimizations are made based on the test resultsMaintenance is the ongoing process of supporting and improving the software after it has been deployed This may involve fixing bugs, addingnew features, adapting the software to changes in the environment or user needs, and ensuring its compatibility with new technologiesAnother important concept in software engineering is software design patterns These are reusable solutions to common software design problemsBy using design patterns, software engineers can improve the quality and efficiency of their code Some common design patterns include the singleton pattern, factory pattern, and observer patternAgile methodologies have also become popular in recent years in software engineering Unlike traditional waterfall models, which follow a sequential process, agile approaches emphasize flexibility and collaboration Teams work in short iterations, delivering working software frequently and responding quickly to changes in requirementsSoftware engineering also involves managing projects effectively This includes tasks such as scheduling, budgeting, resource allocation, and risk management Good project management skills are essential to ensure that software projects are completed on time and within budgetIn addition, software engineers need to be aware of ethical and legal considerations They must ensure that the software they develop respects privacy, security, and intellectual property rights They also have a responsibility to create software that is accessible to all users, regardless of their abilitiesFinally, the field of software engineering is constantly evolving New technologies, programming languages, and development paradigms emerge regularly Software engineers need to keep learning and staying updated to remain competent in their professionIn conclusion, software engineering is a complex and diverse field that requires a combination of technical skills, problemsolving abilities, and teamwork It is a discipline that has a significant impact on our modern society and will continue to play a crucial role in shaping the future of technology。

计算机专业英语测试题一、词汇测试题（每小题1分，共20分）(一)．Translate the following words and expressions into Chinese (共10分，每题1分)1．Cyber cafe2．microcomputer3．ROM4．Object-oriented programming5．utility program6．system specification7．database administrator8．modulator-demodulator9．client/server model10．spreadsheet program(二)．Translate the following terms or phrases from Chinese into English (共10分，每题1分)1．中央处理器2．广域网3．超级计算机4．电子商务5．计算机安全6．计算机文化7．网站8．域名9．数据库管理系统10．软件工程二、完型填空题（每空1分，共20分）Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the list following each paragraph, making changes if necessary:1. Computer hardware is the involved in the of a computer and consists of the that can be physically handled. The function of these components is typically divided into three main categories: , , and . Components in these categories connect to , specifically, the computer’s central unit (CPU), the electronic that provides the computational ability and control of the computer, via wires or circuitry called bus.microprocessors component processing functionoutput equipment input circuitry storage2.In the relational model, data is organized in two-dimensionalcalled . There is no or structure imposed on the data. The tables or relations are, however, related to each other. The database management system (RDBMS) the data so that its external is a of relation or tables. This does not mean that data is stored as tables: the physical of the data is independent of the way in which the is logically organized.hierarchical set organize relational relationdata storage view network table三、英译汉题（每题10分，共20分）Translate the following passage from English into Chinese:1.The field of computer science has grown rapidly since the1950s due to the increase in their use. Computer programs have undergone many changes during this time in response to user need and advances in technology. Newer ideas in computing such as parallel computing, distributed computing, and artificial intelligence, have radically altered the traditional concepts that once determined program form and function. In parallelcomputing parts of a problem are worked on simultaneously by different processors, and this speed up the solution of the problem. Another type of parallel computing called distributed computing use CPUs from many interconnected computers to solve problems. Research into artificial intelligence (AI) has led to several other new styles of programming.2.High-level languages are commonly classified asprocedure-oriented, functional, objected-oriented, logic languages. The most common high-level languages today are procedure-oriented languages. In these languages, one or more related blocks of statements that perform some complete function are grouped together into a program module, or procedure, and given a name such as “procedure A”. If the same sequence of operations is needed elsewhere in the program, a simple statement can be used to refer back to the procedure. In essence, a procedure is just a mini-program. A large program can be constructed by grouping together procedures that perform different tasks.四、汉译英题（20分）最著名的互联网例子是因特网。

Atmel AVR1019: Migration fromATxmega128A1/64A1 to ATxmega1281U/64A1UFeatures• Enhancements and added functions • Reset sources • I/O ports• DAC – digital to analog converter •AC – analog comparator1 IntroductionThis application note is a guide to assist users of ATxmega128A1/64A1 in converting designs to Atmel ATxmega128A1U/64A1U. For complete device details, always refer to the most recent version of the ATxmega128A1U/64A1U datasheet and the Atmel ® AVR ® XMEGA ® AU manual. Errata differences between ATxmega128A1/64A1 and ATxmega128A1U/64A1U are not listed in this document, only in the device datasheet.In addition to the differences described in this document, other typical characteristics could be different. Please check the latest datasheet for details. ATxmega128A1U/64A1U also includes new configuration options and functions. As far as possible these are implemented as a superset of existing ATxmega128A1/64A1 functions, so existing code for these devices will work on the new devices without changing existing configuration or enabling new functions. The new options and functions are listed in the application note for customers who in addition to a pure migration also wish to see an overview to consider use of the new functions.8-bit AtmelMicrocontrollersApplication NoteRev. 8415A-AVR-07/112Atmel AVR10198415A-AVR-07/112 Enhancements and added functionsIn this section, we summarize the enhancements or added features in Atmel ATxmega128A1U/64A1U compared with Atmel ATxmega128A1/64A1. For pure migration, you can skip the section and start from the next section.2.1 USB• One USB 2.0 full speed (12Mbps) and low speed (1.5Mbps) device compliant interface is added2.2 Clock system• A divide-by-two option for the PLL output that enables output frequency down to 10MHz• PLL lock failure detection with optionally Non-Maskable Interrupt (NMI), for improved safety and robustness• Non-prescaled Real Time Counter clock source options: External clock from TOSC1, 32.768kHz from TOSC, and the 32.768kHz from the 32.768kHz Internal Oscillator• The 32MHz Internal Oscillator can be tuned to run at any frequency between 30MHz and 55MHz2.3 I/O ports• Alternate pin locations for Timer/Counter 0 Compare Channels, USART0 and SPI • Alternate pin locations for the Peripheral Clock and Event output functions2.4 Analog to digital converter• Automatic input channel scan • VCC/2 voltage reference option• 1/2x (divide by two) gain stage setting•Internal ground can be used as negative input in differential mode (with gain)2.5 Analog comparator• A constant current source2.6 CRC16/CRC32 generator• A CRC16/CRC32 Generator Module that supports CRC16 (RC-CCITT) and CRC-32 (IEEE 802.3)2.7 16-bit timer/counter0• Split mode that enable two 8-bit Timer/Counters with 4PWM channels each2.8 High resolution extension• Hi-Res+ option to allow PWM resolution to be increased with 8x (3-bit)Atmel AVR10193 8415A-AVR-07/112.9 Power management•Possibility to enable sequential start of the components used for analog modulesADC and Analog Comparator in order to reduce start-up current4Atmel AVR10198415A-AVR-07/113 Reset sources3.1 Brown-out detectionThe programmable BODLEVEL settings are different in Atmel ATxmega128A1U/64A1U. See Table 3-1 below for details. Please refer to the device datasheet regarding tolerance for the Brown-out levels. Table 3-1. Brown-out levels.BODLEVELVBOT – XMEGA AUVBOT – XMEGA A111 1.6V 1.6V 110 1.8V 1.9V 101 2.0V 2.1V 011 2.4V 2.6V 010 2.6V 2.9V 000 3.0V 3.4VAtmel AVR10195 8415A-AVR-07/114 I/O portsThe I/O port pins are LVTTL and LVCMOS compatible for AtmelATxmega128A1U/64A1U devices. The minimum “Input High Voltage” is never higherthan 2.0V for VCC > 2.7V.In Atmel ATxmega128A1/64A1, the minimum “Input High Voltage” is 0.7VCC, andcould be higher than 2.0V for VCC>2.86V.6Atmel AVR10198415A-AVR-07/115 DAC – digital to analog converterThe Atmel ATxmega128A1U/64A1U DAC has two continuous output channels, and not a sample and hold circuit as Atmel ATxmega128A1/64A1 devices. This gives continuous time output and higher sample rate for each channel. There is separate calibration (offset/gain) for each DAC channel in ATxmega128A1U/64A1U.When DACA0OFFCAL (in Production Signature Row) is written to CH0OFFSETCAL in DACA, CH1OFFSETCAL is also written with this value. The details of this operation are shown below. The first step,• read DACA0OFFCAL from production signature row • write DACA0OFFCAL to DACA.CH0OFFSETCAL This will result in:• DACA.CH0OFFSETCAL = DACA0OFFCAL • DACA.CH1OFFSETCAL = DACA0OFFCAL The second step,• read DACA1OFFCAL from production signature row • write DACA1OFFCAL to DACA.CH1OFFSETCAL This will result in:• DACA.CH1OFFSETCAL = DACA1OFFCALAfter that, any further writing to DACA.CH0OFFSELCAL does not change DACA.CH1OFFSELCAL until the next reset. The same is implemented for both OFFSET and GAIN calibration registers in DACA and DACB. This ensure that customers using the ATxmega128A1/64A1 DAC can continue and use the same calibration sequence and still calibrate both channels.TIMCTRL register does not exist in ATxmega128A1U/64A1U, so there are no timing constraints on DAC operation.Atmel AVR10197 8415A-AVR-07/116 AC – analog comparatorIn Atmel ATxmega128A1U/64A1U, there is a two-cycle delay from writing a new MUXsetting until it takes effect.8Atmel AVR10198415A-AVR-07/117 Registers7.1 Removed registers and bitsThe below table lists register bits, which exist in Atmel ATxmega128A1/64A1 but not in Atmel ATxmega128A1U/64A1U.Table 7-1. Register bits and functionality that does not exist in ATxmega128A1U/64A1U.Register nameRegister bit FunctionFUSEBYTE2 BODACT[1:0](1)BOD functionality when in active mode CONINTVAL[2:0]DAC Conversion IntervalTIMCTRL REFRESH[3:0]DAC Channel Refresh Timing ControlNote:1. BODACT fuses are now located in FUSEBYTE5 for all devices.Atmel AVR10199 8415A-AVR-07/118 Table of contentsFeatures (1)1 Introduction (1)2 Enhancements and added functions (2)2.1 USB (2)2.2 Clock system (2)2.3 I/O ports (2)2.4 Analog to digital converter (2)2.5 Analog comparator (2)2.6 CRC16/CRC32 generator (2)2.7 16-bit timer/counter0 (2)2.8 High resolution extension (2)2.9 Power management (3)3 Reset sources (4)3.1 Brown-out detection (4)4 I/O ports (5)5 DAC – digital to analog converter (6)6 AC – analog comparator (7)7 Registers (8)7.1 Removed registers and bits (8)8 Table of contents (9)8415A-AVR-07/11Atmel Corporation 2325 Orchard Parkway San Jose, CA 95131 USATel: (+1)(408) 441-0311 Fax: (+1)(408) 487-2600 Atmel Asia Limited Unit 01-5 & 16, 19FBEA Tower, Milennium City 5 418 Kwun Tong Road Kwun Tong, Kowloon HONG KONGTel: (+852) 2245-6100 Fax: (+852) 2722-1369Atmel Munich GmbH Business Campus Parkring 4D-85748 Garching b. Munich GERMANYTel: (+49) 89-31970-0 Fax: (+49) 89-3194621Atmel Japan9F, Tonetsu Shinkawa Bldg. 1-24-8 ShinkawaChou-ku, Tokyo 104-0033 JAPANTel: (+81) 3523-3551 Fax: (+81) 3523-7581© 2011 Atmel Corporation. All rights reserved .Atmel ®, Atmel logo and combinations thereof, AVR ®, XMEGA ®, and others are registered trademarks or trademarks of Atmel Corporation or its subsidiaries. Other terms and product names may be trademarks of others.Disclaimer: The information in this document is provided in connection with Atmel products. No license, express or implied, by estoppel or otherwise, to any intellectual property right is granted by this document or in connection with the sale of Atmel products. EXCEPT AS SET FORTH IN THE ATMEL TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF SALES LOCATED ON THE ATMEL WEBSITE, ATMEL ASSUMES NO LIABILITY WHATSOEVER AND DISCLAIMS ANY EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY WARRANTY RELATING TO ITS PRODUCTS INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, OR NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL ATMEL BELIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE, SPECIAL OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, DAMAGES FOR LOSS AND PROFITS, BUSINESS INTERRUPTION, OR LOSS OF INFORMATION) ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THIS DOCUMENT, EVEN IF ATMEL HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. Atmel makes no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this document and reserves the right to make changes to specifications and product descriptions at any time without notice. Atmel does not make any commitment to update the information contained herein. Unless specifically provided otherwise, Atmel products are not suitable for, and shall not be used in, automotive applications. Atmel products are not intended, authorized, or warranted for use as components in applications intended to support or sustain life.。

高等教育自学考试文学类模拟题2020年(72)(总分100, 做题时间150分钟)一、单项选择题1.________ is concerned with all the sounds that occur in theworld’s languages． ( )SSS_SINGLE_SELAPhonologyBPhoneticsCMorphologyDPhonemics分值: 2.4答案:B本题主要考查语音学的主要研究对象。

语音学的主要研究对象是世界上所有的语言中出现过的一切声音。

2.________ transcription is really the transcription required and used by the phoneticians in their study of speech sounds． ( )SSS_SINGLE_SELABroadBDetailedCWideDNarrow分值: 2.4答案:D本题主要考查严式标音法。

严式标音法才真正是语言学家们在对语音的研究中所需要和使用的标音方法。

** theory of grammar must provide a complete characterization of linguistic ________ that speakers implicitly consider well-formed，or grammatical sequences． ( )SSS_SINGLE_SELAspeechesButterancesCeventsDsentences分值: 2.4答案:B本题主要考查语法理论所引起的作用。

语法理论必须要给说话人认为明显属于合格句或者说是合乎语法的句子提供话语特征描述。

** can be defined as the study of ________． ( )SSS_SINGLE_SELAnamingBmeaningCcommunicationDcontext分值: 2.4答案:B本题主要考查语义学的定义。

Chapter 3 Nucleic Acid1. Physical and chemical structure of DNA●Double-stranded helix● Major groove and minor groove● Base pairing● The two strands are antiparallel● G+C content (percent G+C)● Satellite DNASatellite DNA consists of highly repetitive DNA and is so called because repetitions of a short DNA sequence tend to produce a different frequency of the nucleotides adenine, cytosine， guanine and thymine， and thus have a different density from bulk DNA — such that they form a second or ’satellite’ band when genomic DNA is separated on a density gradient。

2。

Alternate DNA structureTwo bases have been extruded from base stacking at the junction. The white line goes from phosphate to phosphate along the chain。

O is shown red, N blue， P yellow and C grey.3. Circular and superhelical DNADNA can also form a double-stranded, covalently-closed circle。

陶瓷介绍英语作文50Title: Introduction to Ceramics。

Ceramics, one of the oldest human-made materials, have played a significant role in human history and culture for millennia. From ancient pottery to modern high-tech applications, ceramics encompass a wide range of materials and uses. In this essay, we will delve into the world of ceramics, exploring their history, composition, manufacturing processes, and contemporary applications.History of Ceramics:Ceramics have been part of human civilization since ancient times. The earliest known ceramic artifacts date back to around 25,000 BCE, found in the form of figurines and vessels. Ancient civilizations such as the Chinese, Greeks, Romans, and Egyptians all made extensive use of ceramics for practical, decorative, and ritualistic purposes. The development of pottery techniques, such aswheel-throwing and glazing, marked significant advancements in ceramic craftsmanship.Composition of Ceramics:Ceramics are broadly defined as inorganic, non-metallic materials typically composed of metallic and non-metallic elements bonded together through ionic or covalent bonds. The primary components of traditional ceramics are clay, silica, and various additives. Clay, a naturally occurring material, provides plasticity and shape to the ceramic body, while silica acts as a flux, facilitating the fusion of particles during firing. Additives such as fluxes, stabilizers, and colorants are incorporated to modify properties like color, strength, and thermal stability.Manufacturing Processes:The manufacturing of ceramics involves several sequential processes, including raw material preparation, shaping, drying, firing, and finishing. 。

《PROGRAMMING IN C++》试卷（ A ）Part Ⅰ. Multiple Choice (40 points)1. Which one of the following is not one of the three major phases in the life cycle of a computerprogram?A) the problem-solving phase B) the management phase C) the implementation phase D) the maintenance phase2. Given that x is a float variable and num is an int variable containing the value 5, what will x contain after execution of the following statement: x = num + 2;A) 7 B) 7.0 C) 5 D) nothing; a compile-time error occurs 3. Which of the following translates a program written in a high-level language into machinecode?A) a mouse B) a compiler C) an operating system D) an editor4. One of the following statements does not show a proper use of the sqrt library function.Which one is the wrong statement? (Assume all variables are float variables.) A) y = 3.85 * sqrt(x + 4.2); B) cout << sqrt(x);C) sqrt(25.0 * x); D) y = sqrt(sqrt(x)) - x;5. Of the following components of a computer, which one stores data and instructions? A) input device B) output device C)arithmetic/logic unit D) memory unit6. If plant is a string variable and the statementplant = "Dandelion";is executed, then the value of the expression plant.find('d') is A) 0 B) 1 C) 3 D) 4 7. Given the three lines of input data 111 222 333 444 555 666 777 888 999what value is read into gamma by the following code? (All variables are of type int.) cin >> alpha;cin.ignore(500, '\n'); cin >> beta >> gamma;A) 333 B) 444 C) 555 D 7778. Given the following code:string name1; string name2;name1 = "Mark"; name2 = "Mary";what is the value of the relational expression string1 < string2 ? A) true B) falseC) none; it causes a compile-time error D) none; it causes a run-time error9. Which assignment statement could be used to store the letter A into the char variablesomeChar?A) someChar = "A"; B) someChar = A; C) someChar = 'A'; D) a, b, and c above10. What is the missing If condition in the following code fragment? The program issupposed to halt if the input file does not exist. ifstream inFile;inFile.open("myfile.dat"); if ( ){ cout << "Cannot open input file." << endl; return 1; }A) inFile B) myfile.dat C) !inFile D) !myfile.dat11. If x is a float variable containing a positive value, which of the following statementsoutputs the value of x, rounded to the nearest integer?A) cout << int(x); B) cout << int(x) + 0.5; C) cout << int(x + 0.5); D) cout << x + int(0.5);12. In order to test the boundaries of the following condition, what data values wouldyou use for the variable alpha? ( alpha is of type int.) alpha >= 1A) 0, 1, and INT_MAX B) 1, 2, and INT_MAXC) INT_MIN, 1, and INT_MAX D) INT_MIN, 0, 1, and INT_MAX 13. A value can be stored into a variable by execution of:A) an input statement B) an output statement C) an assignment statement D) a and c above14. Which of the following is not a reason why programmers write their own functions? A) to help organize and clarify programsB) to make programs execute faster than they would with sequential flow of control C) to allow the reuse of the same code (function) within the same program D) to allow the reuse of the same code (function) within another program15. If p is a Boolean variable, which of the following logical expressions always has thevalue false? A) p && p B) p || p C) p && !p D) p || !p班级： 姓名： 学号：答 题 不 允 许 超 越 边 线 否 则 无 效16. Which of the following is the correct function heading for a parameterless function namedPrintStars?A) void PrintStars B) void PrintStars; C)void PrintStars( ) D)void PrintStars( );17.Given the function prototypebool IsGreater( int, int );which of the following statements use valid calls to the IsGreater function? (The data types of the variables are suggested by their names.)A) someBoolean = IsGreater(someInt, 8);B) if (IsGreater(5, someInt)) intCounter++;C) while (IsGreater(inputInt, 23)) cin >> inputInt;D) all of the above18. Given the function headingvoid GetNums( int howMany, float& alpha, float& beta )which of the following is a valid function prototype for GetNums?A) void GetNums( int howMany, float& alpha, float& beta );B) void GetNums( int, float&, float& );C) void GetNums( int, float, float );D) A and B above19. If the int variables i, j, and k contain the values 10, 3, and 20, respectively, what is the value of the following logical expression: j < 4 || j == 5 && i <= kA) 3 B) false C) 20 D) true20. If an ampersand (&) is not attached to the data type of a parameter, then the correspondingargument can be:A) a constant B) a variable nameC) an arbitrary expression D) all of the above21. Which type of loop would be most appropriate for solving the problem "Calculate the sumof all the odd integers in a data file of unknown length"?A) a count-controlled loop B) a flag-controlled loopC) a sentinel-controlled loop D) an EOF-controlled loop22.What is the output of the following code fragment if the input value is 4? (Be careful here.)int num; int alpha = 10;cin >> num;switch (num){ case 3 : alpha++;case 4 : alpha = alpha + 2;case 8 : alpha = alpha + 3;default : alpha = alpha + 4;}cout << alpha << endl;A) 10 B) 14 C) 12 D) 19 23. What is the value of someInt after control exits the following loop?someInt = 273;while (someInt > 500)someInt = someInt - 3;A) 270 B) 273 C) 497 D) 50024. If a variable alpha is accessible only within function F, then alpha is eitherA) a global variable or a parameter of F.B) a local variable within F or a parameter of F.C) a global variable or an argument to F.D) a local variable within F or an argument to F.25. What is the output of the following C++ code fragment? (Be careful here.)int1 = 120;cin >> int2; // Assume user types 30if ((int1 > 100) && (int2 = 50))int3 = int1 + int2;elseint3 = int1 - int2;cout << int1 << ' ' << int2 << ' ' << int3;A) 120 30 150 B) 120 30 90 C) 120 50 170 D) 120 50 7026. What is the output of the following code fragment? (loopCount is of type int.)for (loopCount = 1; loopCount > 3; loopCount++)cout << loopCount << ' ';cout << "Done" << endl;A) Done B) 1 Done C) 1 2 Done D) 1 2 3 Done27. Given the input data25 10 6 -1what is the output of the following code fragment? (All variables are of type int.) sum = 0;cin >> number;while (number != -1){ cin >> number;sum = sum + number;}cout << sum << endl;A) 15 B) 41 C) 16 D) no output--this is an infinite loop28. What is the output of the following code fragment? (All variables are of type int.)n = 2;for (loopCount = 1; loopCount <= 3; loopCount++)don = 2 * n;while (n <= 4);cout << n << endl;A) 4 B) 8 C) 16 D) 3229. In C++, a function prototype isA) a declaration but not a definition. B) a definition but not a declaration.C) both a declaration and a definition. D) neither a declaration nor a definition.30.Given the declarationsstruct BrandInfo{ string company;string model;};struct DiskType{ BrandInfo brand;float capacity;} myDisk;what is the type of pany[2] ?A) char B) string C) BrandInfo D) none of the above31. A function SomeFunc has two parameters, alpha and beta, of type int. The data flow foralpha is one-way, into the function. The data flow for beta is two-way, into and out of the function. What is the most appropriate function heading for SomeFunc?A) void SomeFunc( int alpha, int beta )B) void SomeFunc( int& alpha, int beta )C) void SomeFunc( int alpha, int& beta )D) void SomeFunc( int& alpha, int& beta )32. Which of the following could cause an unexpected side effect?A) modifying a global variableB) changing the value of a value parameterC) referencing a global constantD) declaring an incoming-only parameter to be a reference parameter33. For the function definitionvoid Func( int& gamma ){ gamma = 3 * gamma;}which of the following comments describes the direction of data flow for gamma?A) /* in */ B) /* out */ C) /* inout */34. 2. Inside a computer, a single character such as the letter A usually is represented by a:A)bit B) byte C) nibble D) Word35. Suppose the first few lines of a function are as follows:void Calc( /* in */ float beta ){alpha = 3.8 * beta;Then the variable alpha must beA) a local variable. B) a global variable.C) a parameter. D) an argument. 36. Given the declarationsfloat x[300]; float y[75][4]; float z[79];which of the following statements is true?A) x has more components than y.B) y has more components than x.C) y and z have the same number of components.D) x and y have the same number of components.37. Which of the following stores into min the smaller of alpha and beta?A) if (alpha < beta)min = alpha;elsemin = beta;B) min = (alpha < beta) ? beta : alpha;C) min = (alpha < beta) ? alpha : beta;D) a and c above38.Which line of the following program fragment contains a syntax error?struct StatType // Line 1{ float height; // Line 2int weight; // Line 3} // Line 4StatType stats; // Line 5A) line 1 B) line 2 C) line 4 D) line 539. In C++, which of the following is not allowed as an aggregate operation on structs?A) assignment B) I/OC) argument passage by value D) argument passage by reference40.Given the recursive functionint Sum( /* in */ int n ){if (n < 8) return n + Sum(n + 1);else return 2;}what is the value of the expression Sum(5) ?A) 5 B) 13 C) 20 D) 28Part Ⅱ. Fill in-1 (20 points)1 . A general solution, or algorithm, is written during the ____________________ phase of acomputer program's life cycle.2. A(n) ________________ is a location in memory, referenced by an identifier, in which a datavalue that can be changed is stored.3 . ____________________ is the written text and comments that make a program easier forothers to understand, use, and modify.4. A(n) _______________ is a specific set of data values along with a set of operations on thosevalues.5. A sequence of 8 bits is known as a(n) ____________________.6. In C++ systems, names appearing in #include directives are called ___________ files.7 . A(n) ____________________ is a program that translates a high-level language program intomachine code.8. The expression int(someFloat) is an example of a(n) _______________ operation.9. In a C++ function, the statements enclosed by a { } pair are known as the____________________ of the function.10. A(n) _______________ is a printed message that explains what the user should enter as input.Part Ⅲ.Fill in -2 (20 points)1. (4 points)What is printed by the following program fragment, assuming the input value is 0?(All variables are of type int)cin>>n;i=1;do{cout<<i; i++;}while(i<=n);______________ ______2. (4 points)What is printed by the following program ?#include<iostream.h>#define F1(a,b) a+b#define F2(a,b) a-b#define CAL(a,b) a*b+a+3void main( ){ cout<<CAL(F1(1,2),F2(3,4));}3．(4 points)What is printed by the following program fragment?#include<iostream.h>void main( ){ char a[ ]=“language”, b[]= “program”;char *p1, *p2;int i;p1=a; p2=b;for(i=0; i<7; i++)if ( *(p1+i)!=*(p2+i) )cout<<*(p2+i);}______________ ______4 . (8 points) Fill in the blanks in the following program, which should input any values into the array a[2][3], and find out the max of the array elements and its indexs.#include <iostream>using namespace std;void main(){ long int a[2][3], i, j;srand(100);for (i=0;i<2;i++)for ( ) a[i][j]= ;int h,l,Max= ;for (i=0;i<2;i++)for ()if (Max a[i][j] ){ ;; ; }cout<<"Max: "<<"a["<<h<<"]["<<l<<"]="<<a[h][l]<<endl;}Part Ⅳ. Programming Problems (20 points)1.(10 points) Write a C++ program that implements the formula:Fib(n)=Fib(n-1)+Fib(n-2)with base bases Fib(0)=1 and Fib(1)=1, produces the preceding 40 items of this sequence.(1)Using iterative. (迭代)(2)Using recursion. (递归)2. (10 points)Sorting the components of the list into order, the list exists in the array elements stu[0] through stu[9]. (for instance , stu[ ].s.aver into ascending order.Using the straight selection sort (选择法排序) . There are the first parts of the program, complete it.5. D 10. C 15. C 20. D 25. C 30. A 35. B 40. C .试卷标准答案及评分标准课程名称：高级语言程序设计（双语PROGRAMMING IN C++）任课教师：丁学钧《PROGRAMMING IN C++》试卷（A）PartⅠ. Multiple Choice (40 points)评分标准：每小题1分1. B 6. C 11. C 16. C 21. D 26. A 31. C 36. D .2. B 7. C 12. D 17. D 22. D 27. A 32. D 37. D .3. B 8. A 13. D 18. D 23. B 28. D 33. C 38. C .4. C 9. C 14. B 19. D 24. B 29. A 34. B 39. B .#include <iostream.h>#include <string.h>#include <iomanip.h>struct Grade{ int s1, s2, int s3;float aver;};struct StudentRec{ int num;string name;Grade s;};typedef struct StudentRecSTUDENT;STUDENT inputstu( int );void sort( STUDENT stu[ ], int );void main( ){ ……PartⅡ. Fill in-1 (20 points)评分标准：每空2分1. Probem-solving2.variable3. documentation4. data type5. byte6. header7. compiler 8. type cast 9. body10. promptPartⅢ. Fill in-2 (20 points)评分标准：第1、2题每小题3分, 第3小题4分，第4小题每空1分。

Demand-Side Reserve Offers in Joint Energy/Reserve Electricity MarketsJing Wang,Nuria Encinas Redondo,and Francisco D.Galiana ,Fellow,IEEEAbstract—We propose a market model that includes de-mand-side reserve offers and where energy and reserve are jointly dispatched.Generators and consumers can submit offers and bids on five distinct products–energy,upspinning reserve,downspinning reserve,and two kinds of standby reserve.The resources are scheduled and dispatched in a joint auction through a mixed-integer optimization program.The extra scheduling flexibility introduced by demand-side reserve offers can lead to significant gains in economic efficiency.Thus,the results suggest that not only do the consumers increase their profits but,in addition,the market power of the generators is reduced.Index Terms—Ancillary services,demand side bids and offers,electricity pools,reserve markets,unit commitment.N OMENCLATUREA.Parametersgenerating unit to provide upspinningreserve generating unit to provide downspinningreservegenerating unit to provide standby-onreservegenerating unit to provide standby-offreserve.Lower bound on curtailed levelofconsumer to provide upspinningreserveconsumer to provide downspinningreserveRate in dollars per megawatt-hour offered by the consumer to provide standbyreserve.Cost function in dollars per megawatt-hour of-fered by thegenerating unit toproduce Benefit function in dollars per megawatt-hour bidby theconsumer toconsumeproducer.producer.producer.producer when it ison.producer when it isoff.producer iscommitted and 0otherwise.generator.consumer.consumer by reducing its consumption down to a lower limitofBasic profit derived by the consumer.Combined generator and demand upward spinning reserve inmegawatts.grangeMultipliersLagrange multiplier of the downspinning re-serve constraint.Also,the price in dollars per megawatt-hour paid to both loads and generators toprovide downspinningreserve.Vector of all decision variables.I.I NTRODUCTIONTHE possibility of random failure of any of the main components of a power system as well as the unpre-dictable behavior of the demand necessitates the introduction of reserve as a way of reducing the risk of blackouts.In many established electricity markets,energy and reserve are often traded and scheduled in separate markets [1].In such cases,only the generators submit reserve offers from which the system operator allocates the required amounts;usually in a sequential manner after the energy market has been cleared.In order to avoid the market inefficiencies created by this type of sequential model,a number of proposals have been introduced for the joint scheduling of generation and reserve [2]–[5].In terms of reserve products,these efforts have for the most part emphasized the supply side.In addition to their natural response to energy prices (elas-ticity),consumers may also have the capability to curtail or in-crease their normal consumption in order to participate in the energy market,as exemplified in the work reported in [6].This research however does not examine the possibility of offers to sell demand-side reserve.In the present paper,we propose and analyze a market model in which both generators and loads are participants in a joint en-ergy and reserve market.In this auction,the products are energy as well as the different reserve margins required by the system security criteria,principally spinning and standby reserves.From the point of view of the producers,standby-on reserve is provided by those generating units that are committed,while standby-off is provided by the uncommitted generators.Standby-off reserve is usually offered at a higher price because the generator has to be ready to turn on at any moment.On the other hand,for the standby-on generators,the reserve cost is lower as these are already on.From the perspective of the consumers,the fact that the demands are elastic within some limits offers some degree of intrinsic natural reserve.However,for impending emergency states,under which the system operator would have to rebalance power,either up or down,some loads may be willing to curtail or increase their consumption beyond their elasticity limits,albeit at a price.This willingness provides additional spinning and standby reserve.In this paper,we assume that for a price,the loads will provide such emergency reserve by offering to alter their consumption anywhere from a minimum of zero upto(3)(4)(5)(7)(9)(20),a limitthat can be set to zero if total curtailment is possible.In termsof energy dispatch,the load is limited below by the elasticlimit,wheredenotesthe lower limit to whichthedenotes the upper consumption limit to whichtheis the difference between thecombined revenues at the marginal prices for the sale of thevarious products minus the offered costs of energy andreserveis also the difference betweenits benefit plus revenues at the marginal prices for the sale of thethree reserve products minus the energy cost plus the costs forthe reserves offered,thatis.The net profitof each agent will depend on how this amount is allocated.Sinceall agents benefit from the higher reliability obtained by reservemargins,one possible approach is to allocate the total reservecost among loads and generators in a pro-rata manner accordingto the energy consumed or produced by each agent.III.S OLUTION A LGORITHMMixed-integer linear programs such as those available inGAMS[7]can find the solution of the problem formulatedabove quite efficiently.However,since the objective in(1)isa mixed integer and nonlinear functionofFig.1.Piece-wise linear approximation of the generating cost function.where is the slope of the cost curve at the pointandandD ATA FOR G ENERATING AND L OAD UNITSTABLE IIN UMBER OF G ENERATORS C OMMITTED IN T ERMS OF D EMAND -S IDE U PSPINNING R ESERVE O FFERS IN D OLLARS P ER MEGAWATTHOURimum output.Thus,in order to meet the reserve requirements,some expensive units operate at their minimum output.Asand ),which change from 69.9and 37.5U.S.$/MWh to 36.8and 0.0U.S.$/MWh,respectively.Initially with ahigheven thoughthe generator reserveoffersisthe dollars per hour collected by the loads and generators for providing the necessary reserve.As mentioned earlier,how toO PTIMUM S OLUTION FOR q[5]J.M.Arroyo and A.J.Conejo,“Optimal response of a power generatorto energy,AGC,and reserve pool-based markets,”IEEE Trans.Power Syst.,vol.17,pp.404–410,May2002.[6] A.Borghetti,G.Gross,and C.A.Nucci,“Auction with explicit de-mand-side bidding in competitive electricity markets,”in The Next Gen-eration of Electric Power Unit Commitment Models,B.F.Hobbs,M.H.Rothkopf,R.P.O’Neill,and H.P.Chao,Eds.Norwell,MA:Int.Se-ries on Operations Research and Management Science,Kluwer,2001, pp.53–74.[7] A.Brooke,D.Kendrick,A.Meeraus,and R.Raman,GAMS:A User’sGuide,1998.[8]RTS Task Force of APM Subcommittee IEEE,“The IEEE reliabilitytest system—1996,”IEEE Trans.Power Syst.,vol.14,pp.1010–1020, Aug.1999.[9]California Independent System Operaror.(1999,May)Weekly MarketWatch Rep..Available.[Online]//[10]Compañía Operadora del Mercado Español de Electricidad.(2001,June)Resultados del Mercado.Available.[Online]//www.omel.es[11]K.W.Cheung,P.Shamsollahi,D.Sun,ligan,and M.Potishnak,“Energy and ancillary service dispatch for the interim ISO New England electricity market,”IEEE Trans.Power Syst.,vol.15,pp.968–974,Aug.2000.Jing Wang received the B.E.degree in electrical engineering from Huazhong University of Science and Technology,China.She is currently pursuing the M.E. degree in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at McGill University,Montreal,QC,Canada.Her research interests include deregulation of power markets.Nuria Encinas Redondo was born in Mallorca.She received the ingeniero in-dustrial degree in electrical engineering from the Universidad Politécnica de Valenica,Spain,in2002.She visited the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at McGill University,Montreal,QC,Canada,in2002.Her research interests include power markets.Francisco D.Galiana(F’92)received the B.Eng.(Hon.)degree from McGill University,Montreal,QC,Canada,and the S.M.and Ph.D.degrees from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology,Cambridge.Currently,he is Professor of electrical engineering at McGill University, where his research interests include the analysis of power systems under competition.He was with the Brown Boveri Research Center and at the University of Michigan,Ann Arbor.。