华中师范大学中外文学史部分考研真题

华中师大历年世界史真题汇集一、世界古代中世纪史（一）、名词解释1.金字塔（2003）2.埃赫那吞改革（2004、2005）3.埃及象形文字（2004）4.汉谟拉比法典（2003）5.楔形文字（2005）6.琐罗亚斯德教（2005）7.巴比伦之囚（2014）8.波斯帝国（2003）9.哈拉巴文明（2003）10.吠陀时代（2014）11.印度种姓制度（2005）12.印度教（2004）13.荷马史诗（2014）14.希腊化时代（2004）15.西欧城市自治运动（2003）16.伊斯兰教五功（2003）17.查士丁尼（2004）18.日本大化改新（2005）19..幕府统治（2004）20.德里苏丹国（2005）（二）、简答题1.简要说明原始宗教产生的基本原因和基本表现形式。

（2001）2.法老建造金字塔基本原因（2001）3.根据汉谟拉比法典的主要内容分析其所反映的古巴比伦王国的社会状况（2004）4.简述大流士改革的主要内容，并分析其实质（2004）5.古代印度种姓制度的基本特征及其在古代的发展变化（2003）6. 简述早期佛教的基本主张及佛教在东南亚的传播（2004）7.简要归纳古希腊城邦基本特征。

（2001）8.简述雅典民主政治特点（2005）9.试述斯巴达的社会结构和政治制度（2003）10. 简述斯巴达的政治制度（2005）11. 试分析共和国时代罗马扩张的影响（2003）12.简述格拉古兄弟改革的主要内容（2005）13.概述早期基督教教义的演变，并分析基督教成为罗马国教的原因（2004）14.十字军东侵的历史背景和影响（2014问答）15.试分析阿拉伯文化繁荣的原因及其历史地位（2004）16.阿拉伯伊斯兰文化的历史地位（2014问答）17.概述莫斯科公国反抗蒙古统治的斗争及俄罗斯统一国家形成的过程（2004）18.简述莫斯科中央集权国家的形成过程（2005）19.试述日本大化改新的基本内容（2003）20.试析古代史上生产力较为落后的民族常能征服较先进地区的原因，并举两个以上例子加以说明。

2019年华中师范大学新闻传播学院825中外新闻史考研真题（回忆版，含部分答案）一、文史哲选择填空（30分）抱歉，本题未提供试题。

二、名词解释（30分）1．定本制度2．拒检运动3．哈瓦斯社4．循环日报5．掏粪运动三、简答题（50分）1．民初报业怪象。

2．北洋政府新闻控制。

3．第一次办报高潮。

4．普利策办报活动及其评价。

四、论述题（40分）1．简述《实践是检验真理的唯一标准》的文章对改革开放的作用。

2．世界共产主义运动中党和党报的关系。

参考答案：一、文史哲选择填空（30分）抱歉，本题未提供试题。

二、名词解释（30分）1．定本制度答：定本制度是指宋代实行的新闻预检制度，也是中国最早的新闻检查制度。

“定本”，是指根据进奏官采集来的各种发报材料，经本院监官编好，送请枢密院或当权的宰相们审查通过后产生的“邸报”样本，进奏官们必须根据这一样本进行发报。

其目的是为加强“邸报”传报活动的管理，使有关限制传报的禁令得到贯彻。

“定本”制度的制定和执行，加强了当局对“邸报”的控制，迫使进奏官们只能按照当局允许发布的内容进行传报活动，使“邸报”能够更好地贯彻皇帝和当权派宰辅们的意图，为巩固他们的统治秩序服务。

2．拒检运动答：“拒检运动”是国统区新闻界争取新闻出版自由的一场斗争。

1945年8月7日，重庆国讯书店在其他进步出版机构的支持下，不送国民党当局审查而自行出版了黄炎培撰写的《延安归来》一书，揭开了“拒检运动”的序幕。

不久，重庆16家杂志社联合发表声明，宣布不再送检。

这一行动得到重庆各界人士的支持，在社会上引起巨大反响，重庆杂志界联谊会声明所属33家杂志社一致拒检。

“拒检”运动的蓬勃兴起，成为国统区民主运动的重要组成部分。

在“拒检”运动的冲击下，9月22日，国民党中央第10次常会通过了废止新闻出版检查制度的决定与办法。

国统区新闻文化界为之奋斗多年的取消新闻出版检查制度的斗争，终于获得了巨大的胜利。

3．哈瓦斯社答：哈瓦斯社是世界上最早的通讯社，同时也是二战前法国最有实力的通讯社。

华中师范大学1998年中外文学史试题一、填空：（40分）1、现存最早的《诗经》注是“毛传郑笺”，“郑”指的是郑玄。

2、屈原的作品有《离骚》、《九歌》、《天问》、《九章》、《招魂》等。

3、“汉赋四大家”指的是司马相如、扬雄、班固、张衡。

4、《古诗十九首》最早为萧统《昭明文选》收录。

5、西晋太康时期作家中“二陆”是指陆机和陆云。

6、魏晋时期的文论著作有曹丕的《典论·论文》、陆机的《文赋》和挚虞的《文章流别论》。

7、沈宋的作品是我国诗歌中（近体、格律、律）诗成熟的标志。

8、陈子昂在《东方左史虬修竹篇序》中提出了诗歌革新主张。

9、唐传奇《霍小玉传》的作者是蒋防。

10、宋周邦彦的词集名《清真集》。

11、辛弃疾的词集名《稼轩长短句》。

12、由四部杂剧组成的《四声猿》的作者是徐渭。

13、南戏《琵琶记的作者是高明。

14、明代反对拟古主义、和公安派同时的有以钟惺、谭元春为代表的竟陵派。

15、“桐城派”散文主要作家方苞、刘大櫆、姚鼐等。

16、近代从理论和创作实践上给“诗界革命”开辟道路的是黄遵宪。

17、中国新文学的开端以1917年胡适发表《文学改良刍议》和陈独秀发表《文学革命论》作为标志。

18、被鲁迅誉为“杰出的抒情诗人”的诗人是冯至。

19、《手推车》的作者是艾青。

20、《给亡妇》是朱自清的散文名篇。

21、蒋纯祖出自路翎的笔下。

22、梅春是叶紫所著中篇小说《星》中的人物。

23、《西线轶事》的作者是徐怀中。

24、区桃是欧阳山所著长篇小说《三家巷》中的人物。

25、“双百方针”提出时间是1956年。

26、古代希腊的两部史诗《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》合称为“荷马史诗”。

27、意大利人但丁是中世纪的最后一位诗人，同时又是新时代的最初一位诗人。

28、莎士比亚的四大悲剧是《哈姆莱特》、《麦克白》、《李尔王》、《奥瑟罗》。

29、《伪君子》是法国古典主义作家莫里哀的喜剧代表作、主人公是达尔杜弗。

30、夏洛蒂·勃朗特的代表作是《简爱》；31、艾米莉·勃朗特的代表作是《呼啸山庄》。

华中师范大学2003年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题（答案必须写在答题纸上，写在本试题纸上无效）招生专业:新闻学研究方向考试科目:中外新闻史考试时间:元月19日上午一填空（每空2分，共40分）1 世界上最早的一批通讯社是_______、________、_________和_________。

2 法国大革命时期最重要的启蒙思想家有______、_______、_______等。

3 在二十世纪二十年代，日本三大报______、______、_______就开始形成三足鼎立的局面。

4 《时务报》的主笔是_______，经理是______。

5 1918年10月14日________的成立，标志着我国新闻教育事业的开端。

6 新华社的前身是_______。

7 《晋察冀日报》的总编是_______。

8 《申报》的副刊是_______。

9 “四社”指的是______、________、________和_______四个新闻机构组成的联合办报处。

二名词解释（每题5分，共40分）1 《新华日报》2 黄远生3 《立报》4 反“客里空”运动5 《人道报》6 普利策7 BBC8 廉价报纸三简述题（每题10分，共40分）1 为什么说中国古代报纸诞生于唐代？2 简述并评价19世纪外国人在中国的办报活动。

3 二战时期法西斯国家新闻宣传的特点。

4 当代世界主要的广播电视事业体制及其特点。

四论述题（每题15分，共30分）1 谈谈邹韬奋的办报理念、办报特点以及给你的启示。

2 结合现实谈谈你对黄色新闻的理解。

1。

华中师范大学文学院2014年考研真题（完整版）中国语言文学基础名词解释：1、韵腹2、通假3、异体字4、《论语》5、骈体文6、“双百”方针简答1.汉字的作用2.古代汉语中被动句的几种句式3.汉乐府民歌的艺术特点4.老舍《茶馆》的艺术特征5.《一千零一夜》的商人形象论述1、论述苏轼的词的艺术特点及其词史的历史地位。

2、论述张爱玲小说的风格特征3、论述陀思妥耶夫斯基《罪与罚》的艺术特色。

语言理论和文学理论名词解释：1、语义场2、字符3、语法形式4、文学的主体性5、体裁6、共鸣简答1、音位变体2、举例说明屈折语3、举例说明指示语4、现代主题文学的基本特征和形成原因5、刘勰《文心雕龙·声律》“音以律文”，请你谈谈看法6、如何理解文学创作和文学接受的互动关系。

辨析题：有人认为文学批评的前提是:“让作家死去”,这种主张表现了一种什么样的文学观?谈谈你对这种文学观的看法?论述（文学类）1、卢卡契认为“艺术反映现实的客观性在于正确反映总体性，因此一个细节在艺术上的准确性与这个细节是否对应现实中的细节没有关系。

”谈谈看法2、“三分春色描来易，一段伤心难画出”谈谈你的看法2013年真题语言文学基础（文学部分）一、名词解释：1、普通话2、形声字3、词类活用4、《古诗十九首》5、性灵说6、问题小说（五四时期）二、简答：1、说明轻声的用法及作用。

2、“瓦、虫、谤、诛、响”的今义与古义相比，有何不同？（一共七个字，还有两个不记得了）3、论述韩孟诗派的理论主张。

4、试析孙犁小说的风格。

5、论印度史诗《罗摩衍那》的艺术特征。

三、论述1、试析《三国演义》中曹操的“奸雄”性格。

2、“新女性小说”有何艺术特征？你对此有何看法？3、试论劳伦斯《虹》的艺术特征。

语言理论与文学理论（文学部分）一、名词解释：1、文化意义2、语法范畴3、意境4、创作动机5、象征（还有一个不记得了）二、简答：1、举例说明组合与聚合关系。

2、举例说明非音质音位。

2015年华中师范大学新闻传播学院825中外新闻史考研真题（回忆版）及详解考试科目：825中外新闻史一、名词解释1．台湾“报禁”2．《论出版自由》3．黄远生的“四能”4．李普曼5．《大清报律》二、简答题1．史量才的办报活动。

2．技术在媒介形态变化中的作用。

3．前苏联新闻体制的特征。

三、论述题1．建立国际新闻传播新秩序口号的提出的背景和意义，以及发展中国家为此所作出的努力，谈谈你的认识。

2．北洋军阀和国民党统治时期的新闻法律制度的异同，请联系历史和现实，谈谈对我国当前新闻法制建设的认识。

参考答案：一、名词解释1．台湾“报禁”答：台湾“报禁”是指台湾当局为加强对新闻事业特别是报刊的控制，于20世纪50年代作出的“限证、限张、限印”的规定。

“限证”即当局严格控制登记证，压制新闻事业规模；“限张”即限制报纸的张数，控制其内容和业务的发展；“限印”即控制其印刷地点和发行场所。

以上“三限”被台湾新闻界称为“一报三禁”，这构成了“报禁”的具体内容。

这以后的三十多年中，除了1952年10月10日批准创办了一份由台湾“国防部总政治部”主办的《青年战士报》之外，台湾当局没有再批准过任何一份创办新报的申请。

直到1988年，“报禁”才宣告解除。

2．《论出版自由》答：《论出版自由》是1644年英国诗人、政治家弥尔顿提出的主张思想、出版自由的文章。

弥尔顿的这篇文章提出了反对封建集权主义强化控制出版言论自由的有力论点，强烈谴责了当时整个封建检查制度的理论和实践。

正是从弥尔顿的这些思想里面逐步形成了西方资本主义新闻自由思想中两个最重要的概念，这就是“观点的公开市场”以及真理具有“自我修正”的属性。

这篇文章被后世誉为“世界上第一本提出出版自由，反对封建传统书刊检查制度的著作”，也是关于思想自由、传播自由的最为重要的文献之一。

3．黄远生的“四能”答：黄远生的“四能”是他的主要新闻思想。

黄远生是民国初年出现的名记者中最杰出的代表，被戈公振先生称为“报界之奇才”。

2010文学史一、名词解释乐府临川四梦流浪汉小说湖畔派诗歌德先生与赛先生反思文学二、简答1、《诗经》产生的时间、领域、采诗、编诗2、李清照《词论》的内容3、对《哈姆莱特》戏中戏的理解4、《骆驼祥子》中祥子性格特点与意义华中师范大学09 中外文学史一、名词解释(5分/题6题/30分)1、九歌2、上官体3、爱美剧4、政治抒情诗5、美国南方文学6、自然派二、简答题(15分/题4题/60分)1、简述鲍照诗歌的艺术成就?2、金瓶梅在中国小说史上的地位?3、巴金《家》的主题思想?4、存在主义文学的基本艺术特征?三、论述题(20分/题3题/60分)1、李白行路难(其一)艺术特点,并解释诗题及诗中用典?2、论“干预生活”小说艺术成就?3、神曲的主题思想?2010年文学理论一、名词解释文学形象的间接性（文学文本）意蕴超现实主义原型二、材料题感物说：锺嵘说的“嘉会寄诗以亲……”三、简答1、左拉的实验小说反映了一种怎样的小说理论2、文学构思活动中想象活动受什么制约四、1、以一篇作品为例，说明叙述者与作者的关系2、分析评价物质生产与艺术之间的不平衡性09 文学理论一、名词解释1、诗灵神授2、语感3、以禅入诗4、期待视野5、现代主义文学6、文学体裁二、略三、分析题1、苏轼“论画以形似见与儿童邻赋诗必此诗定知非诗人”2、巴赫金的复调小说理论四、问答题1、福斯特在《小说面面观》中说:“国王死了,后来王后也死了”这是一个故事。

“国王死了,后来王后也因为悲伤过度死了”这是一段情节。

根据这段说明情节与故事的区别?2、艾青诗:“你的耳朵在侦察,你的眼睛在倾听”这是一种什么样的修辞手法,其特点是什么?五、论述题1、有人认为文学批评的前提是:“让作家死去”,这种主张表现了一种什么样的文学观?谈谈你对这种文学观的看法?2、谈谈现代传媒技术对当代文学活动的影响和冲击。

华中师范大学MTI真题Multiple Choice (30 points, 1 point for each)1. The American approach to teaching may seem unfamiliar to many people because there is lessemphasis on learning facts than _______ true in the systems of any other countries.a) is b) it is c) it being d) to be2. Cinema-goers hate _______long queues before all cinemas.a) there being b) there to be c) there is d) there are3. _______ had a passion for walking, we started off by car.a) when b) as c) after d) while4. The opposition parties are planning to bring _______ a No-Confidence Motion against the Prime Minister.a) up b) forward c) out d) about5. India is one of the several countries which are _______ affected by widespread deforestation and steady destruction of natural watersheds.a) critically b) remarkably c) superficially d) strongly6. If you take care of the pence, the _______ will take care of themselves.a) dollars b) cents c) pounds d) money7. Over the course of centuries, the river Ganges has _______ its course many a times.a) altered b) deviated c) recovered d) adjusted8. A notable patriot and revolutionary _______ lost-to India in the death of Subhash Chandra Bose.a) was b) were c) had d) have9. The dacoits attacked the village and every man, woman and child _______ put to death.a)was b) were c) is d) are10 They tried to reassure me but I was still not able to _______ my fears.a) annul b) prevent c) reduce d) curtail11. always preferred the _______ of the big city.a) anonymity b) obscurity c) distinctiveness d) none of these12. The opposition _______ the Minister by furious criticism.a) ascribed b) hailed c) treated d) assailed13. His jokes failed to ________ even the faintest of smites from her.a) invoke b) elicit c) attract d) make14. Credit card crime is reaching _______ proportions.a) endemic b) epidemic c) unbelievable d) great15. The visitor was welcomed _______ and introduced to the Governor.a) ceremoniously b) ceremonially c) affectionately d) perfectly16. She showed great _______ and finesse in dealing with the troublesome situation.a) tact b) trick c) ability d) power17. She _______ her disapproval of the show by leaving the auditorium.a) engaged b) saw c) envisaged d) evinced18. Coaching classes often act as the _______ to success in competitive examinations.a) way b) means c) door d) window19. The poor woman has _______ many hardships after her husband died many years ago.a) born b) bore c) borne d) boar20. We partook _______ the humble meal provided by the villagers.a) with b) of c) at d) from21. This is similar to the other tune, but quite _______ from it.a) distinctive b) distinct c) diverge d) divergent22. A leading chemist believes that many scientists have difficulty with stereochemistry because much of the relevant nomenclature is _______ . in that it combines concepts that should be kept a) obscure. . . interrelated b) specialized. . . intactc) imprecise. . . discrete d) descriptive. . . separate23. A misconception frequently held by novice writers is that sentence structure mirrors thought:the more convoluted the structure, the more _______ the ideas.a) complicated b) inconsequential c) elementary d) fanciful24. A war, even if fought for individual liberty and. democratic rights, usually requires that these principles be _______ , for they are _______ the regimentation and discipline necessary for militaryefficiency.a) rejected. . . inherent in b) suppressed fulfilled throughc) suspended. . . incompatible with d) followed. . . disruptive of25. A number of writers who once greatly _______ the literary critic have recently recanted, substituting _______ for their former criticism.a) lauded. . . censure b) influenced. . . analysisc) simulated. . . ambivalence d) honored. . . adulation26. A human being is quite _______ creature, for the gloss of rationality that covers his or her fears and _______ is thin and often easily breached.a) a logical. . . problems b) a ludicrous. . . laughterc) a valiant. . . phobias d) an ambitious. . . morality27. The diplomat, selected for her demonstrated patience and skill in conducting such delicate negotiations, ________ to make a decision during the talks because any sudden commitment at thattime would have beena) resolved. . . detrimental b) refused. . . aproposc) declined. . . inopportune d) struggled. . . unconscionable28. Because the monkeys under study are _______ the presence of human beings, they typically _______ human observers and go about their business.a) ambivalent about . . . welcome b) habituated to . . . disregardc) pleased with . . . snub d) unaware of avoid29 He had expected gratitude for his disclosure, but instead he encountered _______ bordering on hostility.a) patience b) discretion c) indifference d) ineptitude30. Nonviolent demonstrations often create such tensions that a community that Inns constantlyrefused to_______ its injustices is forced to correct them: the injustices can no longer be _______ .a) acknowledge. . . ignored b) decrease. . . verifiedc) tolerate. . . accepted d) address. . . eliminated?. Reading Comprehension (40 points, 2 points for each)Read the following passages carefully and choose one best answer for each question in Passage 1,2and 3, and answer the questions in passage 4 based on your understanding of the passage. (1)Scattered around the globe are more than one hundred regions of volcanic activity known as hotspots (hot spot: a place in the upper mantle of the earth at which hot magma from the lower mantleupwells to melt through the crust usually in the interior of a tectonic plate to form a volcanic feature;also: a place in the crust overlying a hot spot). Unlike most volcanoes, hot spots are rarely found alongthe boundaries of the continental and oceanic plates that comprise the Earth's crust; most hot spots liedeep in the interior of plates and are anchored deep in the layers of the Earth's surface. Hot spots arealso distinguished from other volcanoes by their lavas, which contain greater amounts of alkali metalsthan do those from volcanoes at plate margins.In some cases, plates moving past hot spots have left trails of extinct volcanoes in much the sameway that wind passing over a chimney carries off puffs of smoke. It appears that the Hawaiian Islandswere created in such a manner by a single source of lava, welling up from a hot spot, over which thePacific Ocean plate passed on a course roughly from the east toward the northwest, carrying off a lineof volcanoes of increasing age. Two other Pacific island chains梩he Austral Ridge and the Tuamotu Ridge梡arallel the configuration of the Hawaiian chain; they are also aligned from the east towardthe northwest, with the most recent volcanic activity near their eastern terminuses.That the Pacific plate and the other plates are moving is now beyond dispute; the relative motionof the plates has been reconstructed in. detail. However, the relative motion of the plates with respectto the Earth's interior cannot be determined easily. Hot spots provide the measuring instruments forresolving the question of whether two continental plates are moving in opposite directions or whetherone is stationary and the other is drifting away from it. The most compelling evidence that a continental plate is stationary is that, at some hot spots, lavas of several ages are superposedinstead ofbeing spread out in chronological sequence. Of course, reconstruction of plate motion from the tracksof hot-spot volcanoes assumes that hot spots are immobile, or nearly so. Several studies support suchan assumption, including one that has shown that prominent hot spots throughout the world seem notto have moved during the past ten million years.Beyond acting as frames Of reference, hot spots apparently influence the geophysical processes that propel the prates across the globe. When a continental plate comes to rest over a hot spot, materialwelling up from deeper layers forms abroad dome that, as it grows, develops deep fissures. In someinstances, the continental plate may rupture entirely along some of the fissures so that the hot spotinitiates the formation of a new ocean. Thus, just as earlier theories have explained the mobility of thecontinental plates, so hot-spot activity may suggest a theory to explain their mutability.1. The primary purpose of the passage is to ______ .(A) describe the way in which hot spots influence the extinction of volcanoes(B) describe and explain the formation of the oceans and continents(C) explain how to estimate the age of lava flows from extinct volcanoes(D) describe hot spots and explain how they appear to influence and record the motion of plates2. According to the passage, hot spots differ from most voicanoes in that hot spots _____ .(A) can only be found near islands(B) have greater amounts of alkali metals in their tarns(C) are situated closer to the earth's surface(D) can be found along the edges of the plates3. It can be inferred from the passage that evidence for the apparent course of the Pacific plate has been provided by the ______ .(A) configurations of several mid-ocean island chains(B) dimensions of ocean hot spotsC) concurrent movement of two hot spots(D) pattern of fissures in the ocean floor4. The passage suggests which of the following about the Hawaiian Islands, the Austral Ridge, and the Tuamotu Ridge?(A) The three chains of islands are moving eastward.(B) The three island chains are a result of the same plate movement.(C) The Hawaiian Islands are receding from the other two island chains at a relatively rapid rate.(D) The Austral Ridge and the Tuamotu Ridge chains have moved closer together whereas the Hawaiian Islands have remained stationary.5. Which of the following, if tree, would best support the author's statement that hot-spot activitymay explain the mutability of continental plates?(A) Hot spots move more rapidly than the continental and oceanic plates.(B) Hot spots are reliable indicators of the age of continental plates.(C) Hot spots are regions of volcanic activity found only in the interiors of the continental plates(D) The coastlines of Africa and South America suggest that they may once have constituted a single continent that raptured along a line of hot spots.(2)"They treat us like mules," the guy installing my washer tells me, his eyes narrowing as he wipes his hands. I had just complimented him and his partner on the speed and assurance of their work. Heexplains that it's rare that customers speak to him this way. I know what he's talking about. My motherwas a waitress all her life, in coffee shops and fast-paced chain restaurants. It was hard work, but sheliked it, liked "being among the public," as she would say. But that work had its sting too--the customer who would treat her like a servant or, her biggest complaint, like she was not that bright.There's a lesson here for this political season: the subtle and not-so-subtle insults that blue-collarand service workers endure as part of their working lives. And those insults often have to do with intelligence.We like to think of the United States as a classless society. The belief in economic mobility is central to the American Dream, and we pride ourselves on our spirit of egalitarianism. But we alsohave a troubling streak of aristocratic bias in our national temperament, and one way it manifests itselfis in the assumptions we make about people who work with their hands. Working people sense thisbias and react to it when they vote. The common political wisdom is that hot-button social issues havedriven blue-collar voters rightward. But there are other cultural dynamics at play as well, And Democrats can be as oblivious to these dynamics as Republicans梩hough the Grand Old Party didappeal to them in St. Paul.Let's go back to those two men installing my washer and dryer. They do a lot of heavy lifting quickly梞ine was the first of 15 deliveries梐nd efficiently, to avoid injury. Between them there is ongoing communication, verbal and nonverbal, to coordinate the lift, negotiate the tight fit, move inrhythm with each other. And all the while, they are weighing options, making decisions and solvingproblems梐s when my new dryer didn't match up with the gas outlet.Think about what a good waitress has to do in the busy restaurant: remember orders and monitorthem. attend to a dynamic, quickly changing environment, prioritize tasks and manage the flowofwork, make decisions on the fly. There's the carpenter using a number of mathematical concepts ymmetry proportion, congruence, the properties of angles梐nd visualizing these concepts while building a cabinet, a flight of stairs, or a pitched roof.The hairstylist's practice is a mix of technique, knowledge about the biology of hair, aesthetic judgment and communication skill. The mechanic, electrician, and plumber are troubleshooters andproblem solvers Even the routinized factory floor calls for working smarts. When has any of this madeits way into our political speeches? From either party. Even on Labor Day. Last week, the GOP masterfully invoked some old cultural suspicions: country folk versus city and east-coast versusheartland education. But these are symbolic populist gestures, not the stuff of true engagement. Judgments about intelligence carry great weight in our society, and we have a tendency to make sweeping assessments of people's intelligence based on the kind of work they do.Political tributes to labor over the next two months Will render the muscled arm, sleeve rolled tight against biceps. But few will also celebrate the thought bright behind the eye, or offer an imagethat links hand and brain. It would be fitting in a country with an egalitarian vision of itself to have atruer, richer sense of all that is involved in the wide range of work that surrounds and sustains us. Those politicians who can communicate that sense will tap a deep reserve of neglected feeling. And those who can honor and use work in explaining and personalizing their policies will find a welcome reception.6. To illustrate the intelligence of the working class, the author cites the examples of all of the following EXCEPT ______ .(A) hairstylist and waitress (B) carpenter and mechanic(C) electrician and plumber (D) street-cleaner and shop-assistant7. In the sentence "we pride ourselves on our spirit of egalitarianism" (para. 3), the word "egalitarianism" can be replaced by ______ .(A) individualism (B) enlightenment(C) equality (D) liberalism8. We can conclude from the passage that ______ .(A) in America, judgments about people's intelligence are often based on the kind of work they do(B) the subtle and not so subtle insults towards, blue-collars are a daily phenomenon in America(C) the United States is a. classless society(D) the old cultural suspicions, of country folk versus city and east-coast versus heartland education show the Republican's true engagement9. One of the major groups of targeted readers of the author should be ______ .(A) blue-collar American workers(B) middle-class American businessmen(C) American politicians(D) American company leaders10. Which of the following summarizes the main idea of the passage?(A) The Democratic Party and the Republican Party should stop symbolic populist gestures.(B) Political tributes should mind the subtle bias against the intelligence of the working class.(C) The ruling party should acknowledge the working smarts of blue-collars.(3)Joy and sadness, are experienced by people in all cultures around the world, but how can we tell when other people are happy or despondent? It turns out that-the expression of many emotions may beuniversal. Smiling is apparently a universal sign of friendliness and approval. Baring the teeth in a hostile way, as noted by Charles Darwin in the nineteenth century, may be a universe sign of anger.As the originator of the theory of evolution, Darwin believed that the universal recognition of facialexpressions would have survival value. For example, facial expressions could signal the approach ofenemies (or friends) in the absence of language.Most investigators concur that certain facial expressions suggest the same emotions in a people. Moreover, people in diverse cultures recognize the emotions manifested by the facial expressions. Inclassic research Paul Ekman took photographs of people exhibiting the emotions of anger, disgust,fear happiness, and sadness. He then asked people around the world to indicate what emotions werebeing depicted in them. Those queried ranged from European college students to members of the Fore,a tribe that dwells in the New. Guinea highlands. All groups including the Fore, who had almost nocontact with Western culture, agreed on the portrayed emotions. The For also displayed familiar facialexpressions when asked how they would respond if they were the characters in stories that called forbasic emotional responses. Ekman and his colleagues more recently obtained similar results in a studyof ten cultures in which participants were permitted to report that multipie emotions were shown byfacial expressions. The participants generally agreed on which two emotions were being shown andwhich emotion was more intense.Psychological researchers generally recognize that facial expressions reflect emotional states. In fact, various emotional states give rise to certain patterns of electrical activity in the facial muscles andin the brain. The facial-feedback hypothesis argues, however, that the causal relationship betweenemotions and facial expressions can also work in the opposite direction. According to thishypothesis,signals from the facial muscles ("feedback") are sent back to emotion centers of the brain, and so aperson's facial expression can influence that person's emotional state. Consider Darwin's words: "Thefree expression by outward signs of an emotion intensifies it. On the other hand, the repression, as faras possible, of all outward signs softens our emotions. " Can smiling give rise to feelings of good will,for example, and frowning to anger?Psychological research has given rise to some interesting findings concerning the facial-feedback hypothesis. Causing participants in experiments to smile, for example, leads them to report more positive feelings and to rate cartoons (humorous drawings of people or situations) as being more humorous. When they are caused to frown, they rate cartoons as being more aggressive.What are the possible links between facial expressions and emotion? One link is arousal, which isthe level of activity or preparedness for activity in an organism, intense contraction of facial muscles,such as those used in signifying fear, heightens arousal. Self-perception of heightened arousal thenleads to heightened emotional activity. Other links may involve changes in brain temperature and therelease of neurotransmitters (substances that transmit nerve impulses. ) The contraction of facial muscles both influences the internal emotional state and reflects it. Ekman has found that the so-calledDuchenne smile, which is characterized by "crow's feet" wrinkles-around the eyes and a subtle drop inthe eye cover fold so that the skin above the eye moves down slightly toward the eyeball, can lead topleasant feelings.Ekman's observation may be relevant to the British expression "keep a stiff upper lip" as a recommendation for handling stress. It might be that a "stiff" lip suppresses emotional response 梐slong as the lip is not quivering with fear or tension. But when the emotion that leads to stiffening thelip is more intense, and involves strong muscle tension, facial feedback may heighten emotional response.11. The word "despondent" in the passage is closest in meaning to ______ .(A) curious(B) unhappy(C) thoughtful(D) uncertain12. The author mentions "Baring the teeth in a hostile way" in order to ______ .(A) differentiate one possible meaning of a particular facial expression from other meanings of it(B) upport Darwin's theory of evolution(C) provide an example of a facial expression whose meaning is widely understood(D) contrast a facial expression that is-easily understood with other facial expressions13. The word "concur" in the passage is closest in meaning to ______ .(A) estimate(B) agree(C) expect(D) understand14. According to paragraph 2, which of the following was true of the Eore people of New Guinea?(A) They did not want to be shown photographs.(B) They were famous for their story telling skills.(C) They knew very little about Western culture.(D) They did not encourage the expression of emotions.15. According to the passage, what did Darwin believe would happen to human emotions that were not expressed?(A) They would become less intense.(B) They would last longer than usual.(C) They would cause problems later.(D) They would become more negative.(4)BANKS mimic other banks. They expose themselves to similar risks by making the same sorts of loans. Each bank's appetite for lending rises and falls in sync. What is safe for one institution becomesdangerous if they all do the same, which is-often how financial trouble starts. The scope for nasty spillovers is increased by direct linkages. Banks lend to each other as well as to customers, so one firm's failure can quickly cause others to fall over, too.Because of these connections, rules to ensure the soundness of each bank are not enough to keepthe banking system safe. Hence the calls for "macroprudential" regulation to prevent failures of thefinancial system as a whole. Although there is wide agreement that macropmdential policy is neededto limit systemic risk, there has been very little detail about how it might work. Two new reports helpfill this gap. One is a discussion paper from the Bank of England, which sketches out the elements of amacroprudential regime and identifies what needs to be decided before it is put into practice. Theother paper by the Warwick Commission, a group of academics and experts on finance from aroundthe world, advocates specific reforms.The first step is to decide an objective for macroprudential policy. A broad aim is to keep the financial system working well at all times. The bank's report suggests a more precise goal: to limitthechance of bank -failure to its "social optimum". Tempering the boom-bust credit cycle and taking some air out of asset, price bubbles may be necessary to meet these aims, but both reports agree thatshould not be the main purpose of regulation. Making finance safer is ambitious enough. Policymakers then have to decide on how they might achieve their goal. The financial system is too willing to provide credit in good times and too shy to do so in bad times. In upswings banks arekeen to extend loans because write-offs seem unlikely. The willingness of other banks to do the sameonly reinforces the trend. Borrowers seem less likely to default because with lots of credit around, thevalue of their assets is rising. As the boom gathers pace, even banks that are wary of making fresh loans carry on for fear of ceding ground to rivals. When recession hits, each bank becomes fearful ofmaking loans partly because other banks are also reluctant. Scarce credit hurts asset prices and leavesborrowers prey to the cash-flow troubles of customers and suppliers.Since the cycle is such an. -influence on banks, macroprudential regulation should make it harder for all banks to lend so freely in booms and easier for them to lend in recessions. It can do this by tailoring capital requirements to the credit cycle. Whenever overall credit growth looks too frothy, themacroprudential body could increase the minimum capital buffer that supervisors make each bankhold. Equity capital is relatively dear for banks, which benefit from an implicit state guarantee on theirdebt finance as well as the tax breaks on interest payments enjoyed by all firms. Forcing banks to holdmore capital when exuberance reigns would make it costlier for them to supply credit. It would alsoprovide society with an extra cushion against bank failures.Each report adds its own twist to this prescription. The Bank of England thinks extra capital may be needed for certain sorts of credit. If capital penalties are not targeted, it argues, banks may simplycut back on routine loans to free up capital for more exotic lending. The Warwick report says eachbank's capital should also vary with how long-lived its assets are relative to its tunding. Firms with bigmaturitiy mismatches are more likely to cause systemic problems and should be penalised. The ease ofraising cash against assets and of rolling over debt varies over the cycle, and capital rules need to reflect this. Regulators should also find ways to match different risks with the firms which can bestbear them. Ranks are the natural bearers of credit risk since they know about evaluatingborrowers.Pension funds are less prone to sudden withdrawals of cash and are the best homes for illiquid assets.The Warwick group is keen that macroprudential policy should be guided by rules. if credit, assetprices and GDP were all growing above their long-run average rates, say, the regulator would be forced to step in or explain why it is not doing so. Finance is a powerful lobby. Without such a triggerfor intervention, regulators may be swayed by arguments that the next credit boom is somehow different and poses few dangers. The bank frets about regulatory capture, too, but doubts that any rulewould be right for all circumstances. It favours other approaches, such as frequent public scrutiny, tokeep regulators honest.When banks attack, no regulatory system is likely to be fail-safe. That is why Bank of England officials stress that efforts to make bank failures less costly for society must he part of regulatory reform. That includes making banks' capital structures more flexible, so that some kinds of debt turninto loss-bearing equity in a crisis. Both reports favour making systemically important banks hold extra capital, as they pose bigger risks when they fail.The Warwick group also thinks cross-border banks should abide by the rules of their host countries, so that macroprudential regulation fits local credit conditions. That would require that foreign subsidiaries be independently capitalised, which may also be necessary for a cross-border bank to have a credible "living will", a guide to its orderly resolution. This. advice will chafe most inthe European Union, where standard rules are the basis of the single market. But varying rules on capital could also be used as a macroeconomic tool in the euro area, where monetary policy cannot betailored to each country's needs. Regulation to address negative spillovers that hurt financial stabilitymight then have a positive spillover for economic stability.Answer the following questions in your own words according to the requirements. The answers should be as clear and relevant as possible.16. What is the situation facing banks and why?17. Based on your understanding of the passage, what might be the meaning of "boom-bust credit cycle" and "asset price bubbles" in the 3rdparagraph?18. How do The Bank of England and the Warwick group respond to the "macroprudential" regulation?19. Why does the Bank of England emphasize taking efforts to make bank failures less costly for society should be part 9f regulatory reform? What measure(s) does it suggest to achieve this goal.20. Why will the European Union feel annoyed about the advice of the Warwick group put forward in the last paragraph of this passage??. Essay Writing (30 points)。

华中师范大学
二○○三年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题
（答案必须写在答题纸上，写在本试题纸上无效）
招生专业：世界史
考试科目：世界古代中世纪史
一、解释名词(每个8分,共48分)
1金字塔2汉谟拉比法典3哈拉巴文明4波斯帝国5伊斯兰教五功6西欧城市自治运动
二、简答题(每题13分,共52分)
1古代印度种姓制度的基本特征及其在古代的发展变化.
2试述斯巴达的社会结构和政治制度.
3试分析共和国时代罗马扩张的影响.
4试述日本大化改新的基本内容.
三、论述题(每题25分,共50分)
1雅典民主是怎样产生的与近代民主比较它有哪些特点
2试论述14—15世纪英法两国政治发展的基本特征.。