地理信息系统专业英语课后习题

《地理信息系统》双语课程辅导题一、Define the following terms (total marks are 15, and 3 marks of everyone)1. Geographic Information SystemGIS is much more than a container of maps in digital form.A GIS is also a computerized tool for solving geographic problems,A GIS is a mechanized inventory of geographically distributed features and facilitiesA GIS is a tool for revealing what is otherwise invisible in geographic information A GIS is a tool for performing operations on geographic data that are too tedious or expensive or inaccurate if performed by hand2. Tobler's First Law of GeographyEverything is related to everything else, but near things are more related than distant things.3. Spatial autocorrelationis a term referring to the degree of relationship that exists between two or more spatial variables, such that when one changes, the other(s) also change. This change can either be in the same direction, which is a positive autocorrelation, or in the opposite direction, which is a negative autocorrelation.4. Data modelA data model is an essential ingredient of any operational GIS, and the heart of any GIS is the data model, which is a set of constructs for representing objects and processes in the digital environment of the computer.There is no single type of GIS data model that is best for all circumstances.5. MetadataData about data and usage aspects of it. This information will often include some of the following:What it is about? Where it is to be found? Who one needs to ask to get it? How much it costs? Who can access it? In what format it is available? What is the quality of the data for a specified purpose? What spatial location does it cover and over what time period? When and where the data were collected and by whom and what purposes the data have been used for, by whom and what related data sets are available? etc.Metadata are needed for:To enable the process of search and discovery over distributed archives;To assess the fitness of a dataset for a given use;To provide the information needed to handle the dataset effectively; and To provide useful information on the dataset’s contents.6. Spatial analysisSpatial analysis is analytical techniques associated with the study of locations of geographic phenomena together with their spatial dimensions and their associated attributes.Spatial analysis is useful for evaluating suitability, for estimating and predicting, and for interpreting and understanding the location and distribution of geographic features and phenomena.Spatial analysis can reveal things that might otherwise be invisible - it can make what is implicit or implicit.Spatial analysis is the crux of GIS, the means of adding value to geographic data, and of turning data into useful information.Effective spatial analysis requires an intelligent user, not just a powerful computer.Spatial analysis helps us in situations when our eyes might otherwise deceive us. Spatial analysis is a set of methods whose results are not invariant under changes in the locations of the objects being analyzed.Spatial analysis is a set of methods whose results change when the locations of the objects being analyzed change.7. ClassificationClassification is a method of generalisation. In the process of classification, an attempt is made to group data into classes according to some common characteristics thereby reducing the number of data elements. Classification tends to be based upon the attributes or characteristics of data rather than their geometry. In digital image processing, images are usually classified according to the spectral properties of the pixels composing the image. In spatial analysis, a map can be classified according to any attribute value, for example, soil types, population density, unemployment etc. The result of performing classification is a thematic derived map.8. BufferBuffer — returns a geometry that represents all the points whose distance from the geometry is less than or equal to a user-defined distance. Given a geometry and a buffer distance, the buffer operator returns a polygon that covers all points whose distance from the geometry is less than or equal to the buffer distance.9. DEMThe term DEM can refer to one of the following: 1. A digital representation of a continuous variable over a two- dimensional surface by a regular array of z values referenced to a common datum. Digital elevation models are typically used to represent terrain relief and frequently comprise a foundational layer in any archaeological GIS database. 2. An elevation database for elevation data by map sheet from the National Mapping Division of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS).3. The format of the USGS digital elevation data sets (ESRI 1996)10. NetworkAn interconnected set of arcs or lines representing possible paths for the movement of resources from one location to another.A group of computers that are linked, and are able to share peripherals, software and data. The Internet is probably the most well known example of a computernetwork.A type of database structure. A network data model is based upon the idea of explicit links between related entities.二、Cloze( total marks are 20, and 1mark for each blank)1.Many roots of GIS come from principles of geography.2.Canada Geographic Information System is developed in 1963 by Roger Tomlinsonand colleagues for Canadian Land Inventory.3.Arclnfo was the first major commercial GIS software system. Designed forminicomputers and based on the vector and relational database data model, it set a new standard for the industry.ponents of a GIS includes: Computer hardware, GIS software, People, Data,Network, Procedures.5.Geographical data link place, time and attributes.6.Geographical attributes are classified as nominal, ordinal, interval andratio.7.GIS software systems deal with the three-tier architecture to a GIS: userinterfaces, tools, and data management.8.Types of GIS software includes: Desktop GIS, Professional GIS, Server / InternetGIS, Developer / Component GIS, Hand-held GIS, Others(Raster-based GIS, CAD-based GIS)9.Spatial autocorrelation is determined both by similarities in position, andby similarities in attributes.10.Raster data model uses an array of cells, or pixels, to represent real-worldobjects. Features are vector objects of type point, polyline, or polygon.11.To improve storage efficiency, many types of raster compression technique havebeen developed such as run-length encoding, block encoding, Chain Codes, and quadtrees.12.Three key hallmarks of object orientation: Polymorphism, Encapsulation,Inheritance.13.Three key aspects of resolution are: spatial, spectral, and temporal.14.Expressions of DBMS structure can be defined as Flat file, Hierarchical datastructure, Network data structure, Relational data structure.15.DBMS can be classified according to the way they store and manipulate data.3 main types of DBMS: relational (RDBMS), object (ODBMS) and object-relational(ORDBMS).16.According to this ISO/OGC standard, nine methods to test spatial relationsbetween geometries: Equals, Disjoint, Intersects, Touches, Crosses, Within, Contains, Overlaps, Relate.17.A network can be represented digitally by nodes and links.三、The left column contains a list of explanation or interpretation of GIS terms. Write the term in the box to the right side. (Total marks are 10, and 2 mark for everyone)四、Write the meaning of these abbreviations listed below both in English and inChinese, total marks are 10 and 1 mark for each.1.FGDC = Federal Geographic Data Committee2.NSDI: National Spatial Data Infrastructure3.TIGER = Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing4.AM/FM=Automated Mapping and Facilities Management5.TIN = Triangulated irregular network6.APIs = application programming interfaces7.GPS = Global Positioning System8.GUIs = graphical user interfaces9.SDI= spatial data infrastructure initiativesGS = United States Geologic Survey11.NASA = National Aeronautics and Space Administration12.DEM = Digital Elevation Model13.BIL (Band Interleaved)14.EPS = US Environmental Protection Agency15.FEMA = Federal Emergency Management Agency16.OGC = Open Geospatial Consortium17.ISO = International Standards Organization18.TC 211 = technical committees 21119.DBMS = database BSQ (Band Sequential)20.BIP (Band Interleaved by Pixel)21.DIME : Dual Independent Map Encoding五、Answer the questions briefly (Total marks are 30)1. Where Is a GIS From? (2 marks)2. What are the relative advantages and disadvantages of raster and vector representation? In other word, describe the comparison between raster and vector approaches please. (10 marks)3. Traditional geographical analysis procedure (10 marks)Establish the objectives and criteria for the analysis.Prepare the data for spatial operations.Perform the spatial operations.Prepare the derived data for tabular analysis.Perform the tabular analysis.Evaluate the interpret the results.Refine the analysis as needed.4. List GIS application areas (3 marks) .CartographySurveying and engineeringRemote sensingResource managementUrban and regional planning and managementFacilities management (AM/FM)Science and researchCommercial applicationsPublic service5. What are the advantages and disadvantages of storing geographic data in a DBMS?(15 marks)The database approach to storing geographic data offers a number of advantages over traditional file- based datasets.Assembling all data at a single location reduces redundancy.Maintenance costs decrease because of better organization and reduced data duplication.Applications become data independent so that multiple applications can use the same data and can evolve separately over time..User knowledge can be transferred between applications more easily because thedatabase remains constant..Data sharing is facilitated and a corporate view of data can be provided to all managers and users.Security and standards for data and data access can be established and enforced.DBMS are better suited to managing large numbers of concurrent users working with vast amounts of data.Disadvantages to using databases when compared to filesThe cost of acquiring and maintaining DBMS software can be quite high.A DBMS adds complexity to the problem of managing data, especially in smallprojectsSingle user performance will often be better for files, especially for more complex data types and structures where specialist indexes and access algorithms can be implemented.六、Translations (Total marks are 15)1. The two fundamental ways of representing geography are discrete objects and continuous fields. The discrete object view represents the world as objects with well-defined boundaries in empty space. The continuous field view represents the real world as a finite number of variables, each one defined at every possible position. (5 marks)2. 数据中的不确定性导致分析结果的不确定性。

Chapter 8 Review Questions1. Explain the difference between location errors and topological errors. Location errors such as missing polygons or distorted lines relate to the geometric inaccuracies of spatial features, whereas topological errors such as dangling lines and unclosed polygons relate to the logical inconsistencies between spatial features.2. What are the primary data sources for digitizing?Global positioning systems (GPS) and remote sensing imagery provide the primary data sources for digitizing. These data sources can bypass printed maps and the practice of various methods of map generalization.3. A digitized map from a secondary data source such as a USGS quadrangle map is subject to more location errors than a primary data source. Why?A secondary data source such as a USGS quadrangle map is subject to more location errors because the map has undergone simplification, generalization, and other practices during the mapmaking process.4. Although the U.S. National Map Accuracy Standard adopted in 1947 is still printed on USGS quadrangle maps, the standard is not really applicable to GIS data. Why?A GIS uses digital spatial data, which can be easily manipulated and output to any scale. The U.S. National Map Accuracy Standard, on the other hand, is scale dependent.5. According to the new National Standard for Spatial Data Accuracy, a geospatial data producer is encouraged to report a RMS statistic associated with a data set. In general terms, how does one interpret and use the RMS statistic? One can first multiply the RMS by 1.7308 to get the NSSDA (National Standard for Spatial Data Accuracy) statistic. This statistic represents the standard error of the mean at the 95 percent confidence level. In other words, one can be sure that, 95 percent of the time, the accuracy of a point or a line is within the NSSDA statistic.6. Suppose a point location is recorded as (575729.0, 5228382) in data set 1 and (575729.64, 5228382.11) in data set 2. Which data set has a higher data precision? In practical terms, what does the difference in data precision in this case mean?Data set 2 has a higher data precision than data set 1. If the measurement unit is meters, the recording of a point location in data set 2 is down to one hundredth of a meter and the recording in data set 1 is rounded off at meters.7. The ArcGIS Desktop Help has a poster illustrating topology rules in the geodatabase data model (ArcGIS Desktop Help > Editing in ArcMap > Editing Topology > Topology rules). View the poster. Can you think of an example (other than those on the poster) that can use the polygon rule of “Must be covered by feature class of”?[The poster illustrates the polygon rule with the example of “States are covered by counties.” By extension, counties must be covered by census tracts, census tracts by block groups, and block groups by blocks.]8. Give an example (other than those on the poster) that can use the polygon rule of “Must not overlap with.”[The poster illustrates the polygon rule with the example of “Lakes and land parcels from two different feature classes must not overlap.” The Census Administrative Boundaries Data Model poster that can be downloaded from the ESRI website has two other examples: the feature class of American Indian Reservation must not overlap with the feature class of Place:city, and the feature class of American Indian Reservation must not overlap with the feature class of Place:town.]9. Give an example (other than those on the poster) that can use the line rule of “Must not intersect or touch interior.”[The poster illustrates the line rule with the example of “Lot lines cannot intersect or overlap and must connect to one another only at the endpoint of each line feature.”Like lot lines, road center lines cannot intersect or overlap.]10. Use a diagram to illustrate how a large nodesnap for editing can alter the shape of line features.Node a is supposed to be snapped to node b. But a large nodesnap can snap node a to node c instead.11. Use a diagram to illustrate how a large cluster tolerance for editing can alter the shape of line features.A large cluster tolerance can incorrectly snap the two lines in the center of the diagram indicating a small stream channel.12. Explain the difference between a dangling node and a pseudo node.A dangling node is at the end of a dangling arc, whereas a pseudo node appears along a continuous line and divides the line unnecessarily into separate lines.13. What is a map topology?A map topology is a temporary set of topological relationships between the parts of features that are supposed to be coincident.14. Describe the three basic steps in using a topology rule.Step 1: create a new topology by defining the participating feature classes, the ranks for each feature class, the topology rule(s), and a cluster tolerance.Step 2: evaluate the topology rule and creates errors indicating those features that have violated the topology rule.Step 3: fix errors or accepts errors as exceptions.15. Some nontopological editing operations can create features from existing features. Give two examples of such operations.[Examples include merge features, buffer features, union features, and intersect features.]16. Edgematching requires a source layer and a target layer. Explain the difference between these two types of layers.Features, typically vertices, on the source layer are moved to match those on the target layer during the edgematching process.17. The Douglas-Peucker algorithm typically produces simplified lines with sharp angles. Why?The Douglas-Peucker algorithm connects trend lines to create simplified lines. Because the trend lines are straight lines, they form sharp angles when connected.。

Mastering ArcGIS参考答案Mastering ArcGIS参考答案ArcGIS is a powerful geographic information system (GIS) software developed by Esri. It allows users to analyze and visualize spatial data, making it an essential tool for professionals in various fields such as urban planning, environmental management, and emergency response. Mastering ArcGIS, a comprehensive guidebook, provides users with the necessary skills to effectively utilize ArcGIS and its various components. In this article, we will explore some key concepts and techniques covered in Mastering ArcGIS.Data Management and AnalysisOne of the fundamental aspects of ArcGIS is data management. The software allows users to import, organize, and manipulate various types of spatial data, including shapefiles, raster images, and geodatabases. Mastering ArcGIS provides step-by-step instructions on how to create and edit these datasets, ensuring data integrity and accuracy.Spatial analysis is another crucial component of ArcGIS, allowing users to derive meaningful insights from spatial data. Mastering ArcGIS covers a range of analysis techniques, including buffering, overlaying, and interpolation. These techniques enable users to identify patterns, make informed decisions, and solve complex spatial problems.Cartography and VisualizationArcGIS offers a wide range of tools and functionalities for cartography andvisualization. Mastering ArcGIS delves into the principles of map design, teaching users how to create visually appealing and informative maps. It covers topics such as symbolization, labeling, and layout design, ensuring that users can effectively communicate their spatial data.In addition to traditional 2D maps, ArcGIS also supports 3D visualization. Mastering ArcGIS provides guidance on creating and manipulating 3D scenes, allowing users to explore their data in a more immersive and interactive manner. This capability is particularly useful for urban planners and architects, as it enables them to visualize proposed developments and assess their impact on the surrounding environment.Geoprocessing and AutomationArcGIS includes a powerful geoprocessing framework that allows users to automate repetitive tasks and streamline their workflows. Mastering ArcGIS introduces users to ModelBuilder, a graphical interface that enables the creation of complex geoprocessing models. These models can be shared and reused, saving time and effort for users.Furthermore, Mastering ArcGIS covers Python scripting, a programming language widely used in the GIS community. Python scripting allows users to extend the functionality of ArcGIS and automate tasks that are not supported by the graphical interface. By mastering Python scripting, users can unlock the full potential of ArcGIS and customize it to suit their specific needs.Spatial Analysis and Decision MakingArcGIS is not just a tool for data visualization; it also empowers users to make informed decisions based on spatial analysis. Mastering ArcGIS provides guidance on how to perform suitability analysis, site selection, and network analysis, among others. These techniques are invaluable for urban planners, environmental scientists, and business analysts, as they enable them to identify optimal locations, assess environmental impacts, and optimize transportation routes.ConclusionMastering ArcGIS is an essential resource for anyone seeking to harness the power of ArcGIS and unlock its full potential. By providing comprehensive guidance on data management, cartography, geoprocessing, and spatial analysis, it equips users with the necessary skills to effectively utilize ArcGIS in their respective fields. Whether you are a GIS professional or a student, Mastering ArcGIS will undoubtedly enhance your proficiency in this powerful software and enable you to tackle complex spatial challenges with confidence.。

中考英语地理信息系统的应用案例单选题40题1. In the process of urban planning, GIS (Geographic Information System) can help planners to ____ the distribution of population density most effectively.A. analyzeB. createC. ignoreD. forget答案：A。

解析：在城市规划中，地理信息系统（GIS）的一个重要作用就是分析人口密度分布等各类地理数据，“analyze”有分析的意思，符合GIS在城市规划中的应用；“create”是创造，GIS主要不是用于创造人口密度分布，而是分析它，所以B错误；“ignore”是忽视，“forget”是忘记，这两个词与GIS在城市规划中的功能相悖，不符合题意。

这题主要考查词汇的理解与GIS在城市规划中的基本功能相关的词汇运用。

2. When using GIS for urban planning, it is very useful for finding suitable areas for ____.A. building parksB. making noiseC. causing pollutionD. wasting resources答案：A。

解析：在城市规划中利用GIS是为了做有益的规划，像寻找适合建造公园的区域，“building parks”符合积极的城市规划目的；“making noise”制造噪音、“causing pollution”造成污染、“wasting resources”浪费资源都是负面的，不是GIS在城市规划中所支持的，不符合题意。

本题考查对GIS在城市规划中的积极应用相关的词汇理解。

3. GIS can provide accurate ____ about the terrain in urban planning.A. informationB. storiesC. liesD. dreams答案：A。

中考英语地理信息技术应用单选题40题1. The abbreviation "GPS" stands for _.A. Global Positioning SystemB. General Public ServiceC. Great Place Sensor答案：A。

解析：GPS是全球定位系统的缩写，英文全称为Global Positioning System。

选项B“General Public Service”的意思是公共服务，与GPS概念完全不同。

选项C“Great Place Sensor”这种表达不存在于地理信息技术概念中。

2. Which technology can be used to collect information about the earth's surface from a distance?A. GISB. RSC. GPS答案：B。

解析：RS（Remote Sensing，遥感技术）是用于从远距离收集地球表面信息的技术。

GIS Geographic Information System，地理信息系统）主要是对地理数据进行管理、分析等功能，选项A不符合题意。

GPS Global Positioning System）主要用于定位，选项C 也不符合。

3. "GIS" is mainly used for _.A. positioningB. managing and analyzing geographical dataC. remote sensing答案：B。

解析：GIS（Geographic Information System）地理信息系统主要用于管理和分析地理数据。

选项A定位是GPS的功能。

选项C遥感是RS的功能。

4. The English term for "遥感技术" is _.A. RSB. GISC. GPS答案：A。

1.Where does the word Geomatics come from? GEODESY+GEOINFORMATICS =GEOMATICS or GEO –for earth and –MATICS for mathematical or GEO- for Geoscience and –MATICS for informatics. It has been said that geomatics is many things to many people . The term geomatics emerged first in Canada and as an academic discipline; it has been introduced worldwide in a number of institutes of higher education during the past few years, mostly by renaming what was previously called “geodesy” or “surveying”, and by-adding a number of computer science- and/ or GIS-oriented courses.地质这个词在哪里地质从何而来?大地测量+教育或地理=地球,地球和-双语对照查看数学或地理-双语对照查看地质灾害与信息学。

有人说地球对于许多人来说意味许多东西。

地球这个词作为学术纪律第一次出现在加拿大; 在过去几年中，现已引进大量的在全球高等教育学院,大多数是被重命名以前被称为“大地测量”或“测量”,双语对照查看，许多计算机科学,和/或GIS-导向课程。

2.Data acquisition techniques include field surveying, global positioningsystem (GPS), satellite positioning, and remotely sensed imagery obtained through aerial photography and satellite imagery. It also includes the acquisition of database material scanned from older maps and plans and data collected by related agencies.数据采集技术包括野外调查、全球定位系统(GPS)、卫星定位、遥感图像得到,通过空中摄影和卫星图像。

Chapter 7 Review QuestionsI.Explain map-to-map transformation.Map-to-map transformation is one type of geometric transformation that converts the newly digitized map into projected coordinates.2.Explain image-to-map transformation.Image-to-map transformation is one type of geometric transformation that converts the rows and columns (i.e.，the image coordinates) of a satellite image into projected coordinates.3.An image-to-map transformation is sometimes called an image-to-world transformation. Why?An image-to-map transformation is also called an image-to-world transformation because the process converts a satellite image into real-world coordinates.4.The affine transformation allows rotation，translation，skew, and differential scaling. Describe each of these transformations.Rotation can rotate a map’s x- and y-axis from the origin. Translation can shift its origin to a new location. Skew can allow a nonperpendicularity (or affinity) between the axes，thus changing its shape to a parallelogram with a slanted direction. And differential scaling can change the scale by expanding or reducing in the x and/or y direction.5.Operationally, an affine transformation involves three sequential steps. What are these steps?Step 1: update the x- and ^-coordinates of selected control points to real-world coordinates.Step 2: run an affine transformation on the control points and examines the RMS error. Step 3: use the estimated coefficients and the transformation equations to compute the x- and ^-coordinates of map features in the digitized map or pixels in the image.6.Explain the role of control points in an affine transformation.The control points are used to estimate the coefficients of the affine transformation and to compute the root mean square (RMS) error. Therefore，the control points play a key role in the transformation process.7.How are control points selected for a map-to-map transformation?Control points are selected directly from the source map. A USGS 1:24,000 scale quadrangle map has 16 points with known longitude and latitude values: 12 points along the border，and 4 additional points within the quadrangle. These 16 points are potential control points for a map-to-map transformation.8.How are ground control points chosen for an image-to-map transformation? Ground control points (GCPs) are selected from a satellite image. GCPs are points where both image coordinates (in rows and columns) and real-world coordinates can be identified.9.Define the root mean square (RMS) error in geometric transformation.The root mean square (RMS) error measures the deviation between the actual (true) and estimated (digitized) locations of the control points. In other words，the RMS error measures the goodness of the control points.10.Explain the role of the RMS error in an affine transformation.The RMS error is a measure of the accuracy of an affine transformation. If the RMS error is within the acceptable range, then the assumption is that this same level of accuracy based on the control points can also apply to the entire map or image.IL Describe a scenario in which the RMS error may not be a reliable indicator of the goodness of a map-to-map transformation.Suppose the control points are located at the four corner points of a USGS quadrangle map. Even if the control points are shifted from their true locations，the RMS error remains unchanged as long as the object formed by the control points retains the shape of a parallelogram.12.Why do we have to perform the resampling of pixel values following an image-to-map transformation?Because the new image created from an image-to-map transformation has no pixel values，resampling must be followed to fill each pixel of the new image with a value or a derived value from the original image.13.Describe three common resampling methods for raster data.Three common resampling methods are nearest neighbor, bilinear interpolation，andcubic convolution. The nearest neighbor resampling method fills each pixel of the new image with the nearest pixel value from the original image. The bilinear interpolation method uses the average of the four nearest pixel values from three linear interpolations. And the cubic convolution method uses the average of the 16 nearest pixel values from five cubic polynomial interpolations.14.The nearest neighbor method is recommended for resampling categorical data. Why?The nearest neighbor method is recommended for resampling categorical data because it can preserve the original pixel values.15.What is pyramiding?Pyramiding is a technique commonly used for displaying large raster data sets. Pyramiding builds different pyramid levels to represent reduced or lower resolutions of a large raster. When viewing the entire raster，we view it at the highest pyramid level. And，as we zoom in，we view more detailed data at a finer resolution (i.e.，a pyramid level of closer to 0).。

（完整版）地理信息系统课后习题部分答案地理信息系统概论课后习题部分答案第一章1、什么是地理信息系统（GIS）？它与一般计算机应用系统有哪些异同点？答：地理信息系统：是由计算机硬件、软件和不同的方法组成的系统，该系统设计支持空间数据的采集、管理、处理、分析、建模和显示，以便解决复杂的规划和管理问题。

GIS 脱胎于地图学，是计算机科学、地理学、测绘遥感学、环境科学、城市科学、空间科学、信息科学和管理科学等众多学科交叉融合而成的新兴学科。

但是，地理信息系统与这学科和系统之间既有联系又有区别: （1）GIS 与机助制图系统机助制图是地理信息系统得主要技术基础，它涉及GIS 中的空间数据采集、表示、处理、可视化甚至空间数据的管理。

地理信息系统和数字制图系统的主要区别在于空间分析方面。

一个功能完善的地理信息系统可以包含数字制图系统的所有功能，此外它还应具有丰富的空间分析功能。

（2）GIS 与DBMS(数据库管理系统) GIS 除需要功能强大的空间数据的管理功能之外，还需要具有图形数据的采集、空间数据的可视化和空间分析等功能。

因此，GIS 在硬件和软件方面均比一般事务数据库更加复杂，在功能上也比后者要多地多。

（3）GIS 与CAD 系统二者虽然都有参考系统，都能描述图形，但CAD 系统只处理规则的几何图形、属性库功能弱，更缺乏分析和判断能力。

（4）GIS 与遥感图像处理的系统遥感图像处理的系统是专门用于对遥感图像数据处理进行分析处理的软件。

它主要强调对遥感栅格数据的几何处理、灰度处理和专题信息提取。

这种系统一般缺少实体的空间关系描述，难以进行某一实体的属性查询和空间关系查询以及网络分析等功能。

2、地理信息系统有哪几个主要部分组成？它的基本功能有哪些？试举目前广泛应用的两个基础地理信息系统软件为例，列出它们的功能分类表，并比较异同点？（1）系统硬件:包括各种硬件设备，是系统功能实现的物质基础；（2）系统软件:支持数据采集、存储、加工、回答用户问题的计算机程序系统；（3）空间数据:系统分析与处理的对象，构成系统的应用基础；（4）应用人员:GIS 服务的对象，分为一般用户和从事建立、维护、管理和更新的高级用户；（5）应用模型:解决某一专门应用的应用模型，是GIS 技术产生社会经济效益的关键所在。

参考答案1.Explanation of nouns1)Animaging line on the ground with all points at the same elevation above or below aspecified reference surface.2)An error is the difference between a measured value for any quantity and its true value.3)The signals transmitted from the satellites bounce off a reflective surface before gettingto the GPS receiver.2.translation from Chinese to English1)Geomatics2)geodesy3)Geoinformatics4)Surveying and mapping5)Geographical information system6)Plumb line7)photogrammetry8)contour 9)geoid10)GPS receiver11)constellation12)accuracy/precision13)systematicerror14)global navigation satellite system15)spatial entity3.Translation from English to Chinese (word)1)卫星定位2)航片3)卫片4)高程5)精度6)平均海水面7)地形测量8)视距测量法9)海洋测量10)精密量剧11)视距丝12)放样13)全站仪14)仪器误差15)三角高程水准测量16)惯性定位系统17)伪距18)民用码19)拓扑学20)随机误差，偶然误差4.Translation from English to Chinese (sentence)1)这样，测绘学在地球科学，各种工程学，计算机科学，空间规划，土地开发和环境科学之间架起了广泛的桥梁。

中考英语地理信息技术应用单选题40题1.Which technology is often used to track the movement of wild animals?A.GPSB.RSC.GISD.BDS答案：A。

GPS 即全球定位系统，常被用来跟踪野生动物的移动位置。

RS 是遥感，主要用于获取大面积的地理信息。

GIS 是地理信息系统，用于分析和管理地理数据。

BDS 是北斗卫星导航系统，和GPS 类似但本题强调通用的跟踪野生动物的技术一般是GPS。

2.What technology can be used to analyze the land use changes in a city?A.GPSB.RSC.GISD.BDS答案：C。

GIS 地理信息系统可以对城市的土地利用变化进行分析。

GPS 用于定位。

RS 遥感用于获取图像信息。

BDS 北斗卫星导航系统主要用于导航定位。

3.Which technology is useful for obtaining images of the earth's surface from space?A.GPSB.RSC.GISD.BDS答案：B。

RS 遥感可以从太空获取地球表面的图像。

GPS 定位。

GIS 分析管理数据。

BDS 导航定位。

4.What technology can help us find the shortest route from one place to another?A.GPSB.RSC.GISD.BDS答案：A 或D（ 如果考虑北斗卫星导航系统也有导航功能）。

GPS 和BDS 都可以帮助找到从一个地方到另一个地方的最短路线，通过导航功能实现。

RS 遥感获取图像。

GIS 分析数据不是直接找路线。

5.Which technology is mainly used for mapping and surveying?A.GPSB.RSC.GISD.BDS答案：A。