Chapter 6 Backtracking

远大前程每章英文梗概1到10章Chapter 1: The protagonist, Pip, lives with his abusive sister and her husband, Joe Gargery, a blacksmith. One evening, Pip encounters a frightening encounter with an escaped convict, who demands food and a file to remove his shackles. Pip complies, but feels a sense of unease.Chapter 2: Pip visits his parents' graves and is startled by the arrival of Miss Havisham, a wealthy but eccentric woman who lives in isolation. She requests Pip's company to play with her adopted daughter, Estella, who treats Pip with disdain and insults his humble background.Chapter 3: Pip continues to visit Miss Havisham's decaying mansion, where he becomes more infatuated with Estella. Miss Havisham's relatives, Mr. Pumblechook and Mr. Wopsle, visit for a reading of Pip's sister's achievements, creating a sense of embarrassment for Pip.Chapter 4: Pip's sister, Mrs. Joe, throws a dinner party where Pip and Joe Gargery are expected to entertain the guests. Pip feels uncomfortable in this setting and longs for a different life. Later that same evening, Pip is summoned by a lawyer, Mr. Jaggers, who brings news that Pip has been selected as a recipient of a mysterious benefactor's fortune.Chapter 5: Pip travels to London accompanied by Mr. Jaggers and his clerk, Wemmick. He is enchanted by the bustle and grandeur of the city. They arrive at a law office, Jaggers & Wemmick, where Pip meets his roommate, Herbert Pocket.Chapter 6: Pip begins his new life in London, receiving weekly allotments and expecting great fortune. He befriends Herbert Pocket, who reveals that Miss Havisham is his benefactor and has been plotting to raise Estella as a tool of revenge against men.Chapter 7: Pip attends a theater performance with Mr. Wopsle and encounters an impulsive young man named Bentley Drummle. Later, Pip goes on a clandestine visit to his childhood home, where he is furious about his sister's abusive treatment towards Joe.Chapter 8: Pip returns to London and continues his erratic behavior. He runs into Estella, who hints at experiencing sadness in her own life. Pip becomes even more infatuated with her, despite knowing that she views him as inferior.Chapter 9: Pip observes the financial irresponsibility of his roommate, Herbert Pocket. They both agree to secretly work towards improving their financial situations. Herbert introduces Pip to Clara, his fiancée, who has a strained relationship with her father.Chapter 10: Pip begins to accumulate debt in an attempt to elevate his social standing. He receives a letter from Joe, who visits and pays off Pip's debts, reminding him of their bond. Pip feels more guilty for distancing himself from his roots.。

BacktrackingGeneral method•Useful technique for optimizing search under some constraints•Express the desired solution as an n-tuple(x1,...,x n)where each x i∈S i,S i being afinite set•The solution is based onfinding one or more vectors that maximize,minimize,or satisfy a criterion function P(x1,...,x n)•Sorting an array a[n]–Find an n-tuple where the element x i is the index of i th smallest element in a–Criterion function is given by a[x i]≤a[x i+1]for1≤i<n–Set S i is afinite set of integers in the range[1,n]•Brute force approach–Let the size of set S i be m i–There are m=m1m2···m n n-tuples that satisfy the criterion function P–In brute force algorithm,you have to form all the m n-tuples to determine the optimal solutions •Backtrack approach–Requires less than m trials to determine the solution–Form a solution(partial vector)and check at every step if this has any chance of success–If the solution at any point seems not-promising,ignore it–If the partial vector(x1,x2,...,x i)does not yield an optimal solution,ignore m i+1···m n possible test vectorseven without looking at them•All the solutions require a set of constraints divided into two categories:explicit and implicit constraintsDefinition1Explicit constraints are rules that restrict each x i to take on values only from a given set.–Explicit constraints depend on the particular instance I of problem being solved–All tuples that satisfy the explicit constraints define a possible solution space for I–Examples of explicit constraints∗x i≥0,or all nonnegative real numbers∗x i={0,1}∗l i≤x i≤u iDefinition2Implicit constraints are rules that determine which of the tuples in the solution space of I satisfy the criterion function.–Implicit constraints describe the way in which the x i s must relate to each other.•Determine problem solution by systematically searching the solution space for the given problem instance –Use a tree organization for solution space•8-queens problem–Place eight queens on an8×8chessboard so that no queen attacks another queen123456781Q 2Q 3Q 4Q 5Q 6Q 7Q 8Q –Identify data structures to solve the problem∗First pass:Define the chessboard to be an 8×8array∗Second pass:Since each queen is in a different row,define the chessboard solution to be an 8-tuple (x 1,...,x 8),where x i is the column for i th queen–Identify explicit constraints∗Explicit constraints using 8-tuple formulation are S i ={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8},1≤i ≤8∗Solution space of 888-tuples–Identify implicit constraints∗No two x i can be the same,or all the queens must be in different columns·All solutions are permutations of the 8-tuple (1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8)·Reduces the size of solution space from 88to 8!tuples∗No two queens can be on the same diagonal–The solution above is expressed as an 8-tuple as 4,6,8,2,7,1,3,5•Sum of subsets–Given n positive numbers w i ,1≤i ≤n ,and m ,find all subsets of w i whose sums are m–For example,n =4,w =(11,13,24,7),and m =31,the desired subsets are (11,13,7)and (24,7)–The solution vectors can also be represented by the indices of the numbers as (1,2,4)and (3,4)∗All solutions are k -tuples,1≤k ≤n–Explicit constraints∗x i ∈{j |j is an integer and 1≤j ≤n }–Implicit constraints∗No two x i can be the same ∗ w x i =m∗x i <x i +1,1≤i <k (total order in indices)·Helps in avoiding the generation of multiple instances of same subset;(1,2,4)and (1,4,2)are the same subset–A better formulation of the problem is where the solution subset is represented by an n -tuple (x 1,...,x n )such that x i ∈{0,1}∗The above solutions are then represented by (1,1,0,1)and (0,0,1,1)–For both the above formulations,the solution space is 2n distinct tuples•n -queen problem–A generalization of the 8-queen problem–Place n queens on an n ×n chessboard so that no queen attacks another queen–Solution space consists of all n !permutations of the n -tuple (1,2,...,n )–Permutation tree with 4-queen problem∗Represents the entire solution space∗n!permutations for the n-tuple solution space∗Edges are labeled by possible values of x i∗Solution space is defined by all paths from root to leaf nodes∗For4-queen problem,there are4!=24leaf nodes in permutation tree•Sum of subsets problem–Possible tree organizations for the two different formulations of the problem–Variable tuple size formulation∗Edges labeled such that an edge from a level i node to a level i+1node represents a value for x i∗Each node partitions the solution space into subsolution spaces∗Solution space is defined by the path from root node to any node in the tree–Fixed tuple size formulation∗Edges labeled such that an edge from a level i node to a level i+1node represents a value for x i which iseither0or1∗Solution space is defined by all paths from root node to a leaf node∗Left subtree defines all subsets containing w1;right subtree defines all subsets not containing w1∗2n leaf nodes representing all possible tuples•TerminologyProblem state is each node in the depth-first search treeState space is the set of all paths from root node to other nodesSolution states are the problem states s for which the path from the root node to s defines a tuple in the solution space –In variable tuple size formulation tree,all nodes are solution states–Infixed tuple size formulation tree,only the leaf nodes are solution states–Partitioned into disjoint sub-solution spaces at each internal nodeAnswer states are those solution states s for which the path from root node to s defines a tuple that is a member of the set of solutions–These states satisfy implicit constraintsState space tree is the tree organization of the solution spaceStatic trees are ones for which tree organizations are independent of the problem instance being solved –Fixed tuple size formulation–Tree organization is independent of the problem instance being solvedDynamic trees are ones for which organization is dependent on problem instanceLive node is a generated node for which all of the children have not been generated yetE-node is a live node whose children are currently being generated or exploredDead node is a generated node that is not to be expanded any further–All the children of a dead node are already generated–Live nodes are killed using a bounding function to make them dead nodes•Backtracking is depth-first node generation with bounding functions•Backtracking on4-queens problem–Bounding function:。

《骆驼祥子》读书笔记第六章Chapter Six of "骆驼祥子" Reading NotesChapter Six of "骆驼祥子" continues to delve into the life of Xiangzi, the camel boy. This chapter highlights his struggle and challenges in the city, particularly his encounter with an old woman named Xia Ma. Xia Ma, a former prostitute, takes Xiangzi under her wing and teaches him the tricks of the trade. This encounter marks a turning point in Xiangzi's life, as he considers whether to follow the path of ease and quick money or to continue with his honest labor.The chapter also explores the social realities of the time, with Xiangzi's observations on the rich and powerful, and how they treat those who are weaker. Through this, the author presents a critical view of society, calling for a more equal and just system.Overall, Chapter Six of "骆驼祥子" is a profound exploration of Xiangzi's character and the challenges he faces in a world that often seems unfair and unforgiving. It is a testament to the author's skill in creating a compelling narrative that not only entertains but also educates.《骆驼祥子》第六章读书笔记《骆驼祥子》的第六章继续深入描绘了骆驼祥子的生活。

CHAPTER 7NETWORK OPTIMIZATION PROBLEMS Review Questions7.1-1 A supply node is a node where the net amount of flow generated is a fixed positive number.A demand node is a node where the net amount of flow generated is a fixed negativenumber. A transshipment node is a node where the net amount of flow generated is fixed at zero.7.1-2 The maximum amount of flow allowed through an arc is referred to as the capacity of thatarc.7.1-3 The objective is to minimize the total cost of sending the available supply through thenetwork to satisfy the given demand.7.1-4 The feasible solutions property is necessary. It states that a minimum cost flow problemwill have a feasible solution if and only if the sum of the supplies from its supply nodesequals the sum of the demands at its demand nodes.7.1-5 As long as all its supplies and demands have integer values, any minimum cost flowproblem with feasible solutions is guaranteed to have an optimal solution with integervalues for all its flow quantities.7.1-6 Network simplex method.7.1-7 Applications of minimum cost flow problems include operation of a distribution network,solid waste management, operation of a supply network, coordinating product mixes atplants, and cash flow management.7.1-8 Transportation problems, assignment problems, transshipment problems, maximum flowproblems, and shortest path problems are special types of minimum cost flow problems. 7.2-1 One of the company’s most important distribution centers (Los Angeles) urgently needs anincreased flow of shipments from the company.7.2-2 Auto replacement parts are flowing through the network from the company’s main factoryin Europe to its distribution center in LA.7.2-3 The objective is to maximize the flow of replacement parts from the factory to the LAdistribution center.7.3-1 Rather than minimizing the cost of the flow, the objective is to find a flow plan thatmaximizes the amount flowing through the network from the source to the sink.7.3-2 The source is the node at which all flow through the network originates. The sink is thenode at which all flow through the network terminates. At the source, all arcs point awayfrom the node. At the sink, all arcs point into the node.7.3-3 The amount is measured by either the amount leaving the source or the amount entering thesink.7.3-4 1. Whereas supply nodes have fixed supplies and demand nodes have fixed demands, thesource and sink do not.2. Whereas the number of supply nodes and the number of demand nodes in a minimumcost flow problem may be more than one, there can be only one source and only onesink in a standard maximum flow problem.7.3-5 Applications of maximum flow problems include maximizing the flow through adistribution network, maximizing the flow through a supply network, maximizing the flow of oil through a system of pipelines, maximizing the flow of water through a system ofaqueducts, and maximizing the flow of vehicles through a transportation network.7.4-1 The origin is the fire station and the destination is the farm community.7.4-2 Flow can go in either direction between the nodes connected by links as opposed to onlyone direction with an arc.7.4-3 The origin now is the one supply node, with a supply of one. The destination now is theone demand node, with a demand of one.7.4-4 The length of a link can measure distance, cost, or time.7.4-5 Sarah wants to minimize her total cost of purchasing, operating, and maintaining the carsover her four years of college.7.4-6 When “real travel” through a network can end at more that one node, a dummy destinationneeds to be added so that the network will have just a single destination.7.4-7 Quick’s management must consider trade-offs between time and cost in making its finaldecision.7.5-1 The nodes are given, but the links need to be designed.7.5-2 A state-of-the-art fiber-optic network is being designed.7.5-3 A tree is a network that does not have any paths that begin and end at the same nodewithout backtracking. A spanning tree is a tree that provides a path between every pair of nodes. A minimum spanning tree is the spanning tree that minimizes total cost.7.5-4 The number of links in a spanning tree always is one less than the number of nodes.Furthermore, each node is directly connected by a single link to at least one other node. 7.5-5 To design a network so that there is a path between every pair of nodes at the minimumpossible cost.7.5-6 No, it is not a special type of a minimum cost flow problem.7.5-7 A greedy algorithm will solve a minimum spanning tree problem.17.5-8 Applications of minimum spanning tree problems include design of telecommunicationnetworks, design of a lightly used transportation network, design of a network of high- voltage power lines, design of a network of wiring on electrical equipment, and design of a network of pipelines.Problems7.1a)b)c)1[40] 6 S17 4[-30] D1 [-40] D2 [60] 5 8S2 6[-30] D37.2a)supply nodestransshipment nodesdemand nodesb)[200] P1560 [150]425 [125][0] W1505[150]490 [100]470 [100][-150]RO1[-200]RO2P2 [300]c)510 [175]600 [200][0] W2390 [125]410[150] 440[75]RO3[-150]7.3a)supply nodestransshipment nodesdemand nodesV1W1F1V2V3W2 F21P1W1RO1RO2P2W2RO3[-50] SE3000[20][0]BN5700[40][0]HA[50]BE 4000 6300[40][30] [0][0]NY2000[60]2400[20]3400[10] 4200[80][0]5900[60]5400[40]6800[50]RO[0]BO[0]2500[70]2900[50]b)c)7.4a)LA 3100 NO 6100 LI 3200 ST[-130] [70] [30] [40] [130]1[70]11b)c) The total shipping cost is $2,187,000.7.5a)[0][0] 5900RONY[60] 5400[0] 2900 [50]4200 [80][0] [40] 6800 [50]BO[0] 2500LA 3100 NO 6100 LI 3200 ST [-130][70][30] [40][130]b)c)SEBNHABERONYNY(80) [80] (50) [60](30)[40] ROBO (40)(50) [50] (70)[70]11d)e)f) $1,618,000 + $583,000 = $2,201,000 which is higher than the total in Problem 7.5 ($2,187,000). 7.6LA(70) NO[50](30)LI (30) ST[70][30] [40]There are only two arcs into LA, with a combined capacity of 150 (80 + 70). Because ofthis bottleneck, it is not possible to ship any more than 150 from ST to LA. Since 150 actually are being shipped in this solution, it must be optimal. 7.7[-50] SE3000 [20] [0] BN 5700 [40][0] HA[50] BE4000 6300[40][0] NY2000 [60] 2400 [20][30] [0]5900RO [60]17.8 a) SourcesTransshipment Nodes Sinkb)7.9 a)AKR1[75]A [60]R2[65] [40][50][60] [45]D [120] [70]B[55]E[190]T [45][80] [70][70]R3CF[130][90]SE PT KC SL ATCHTXNOMES S F F CAb)Oil Fields Refineries Distribution CentersTXNOPTCACHATAKSEKCME c)SLSFTX[11][7] NO[5][9] PT[8] [2][5] CA [4] [7] [8] [7] [4] [6][8] CH [7][5][9] [4] ATAK [3][6][6][12] SE KC[8][9][4][8] [7] [12] [11]MESL [9]SF[15][7]d)3Shortest path: Fire Station – C – E – F – Farming Community 7.11 a)A70D40 60O60 5010 B 20 C5540 10 T50E801c)Shortest route: Origin – A – B – D – Destinationd)Yese)Yes7.12a)31,00018,000 21,00001238,000 10,000 12,000b)17.13a) Times play the role of distances.B 2 2 G5ACE 1 31 1b)7.14D F1. C---D: Cost = 14.E---G: Cost = 5E---F: Cost = 1 *choose arbitrarilyD---A: Cost = 4 2.E---G: Cost = 5 E---B: Cost = 7 E---B: Cost = 7 F---G: Cost = 7 E---C: Cost = 4 C---A: Cost = 5F---G: Cost = 7C---B: Cost = 2 *lowestF---C: Cost = 3 *lowest5.E---G: Cost = 5 F---D: Cost = 4 D---A: Cost = 43. E---G: Cost = 5 B---A: Cost = 2 *lowestE---B: Cost = 7 F---G: Cost = 7 F---G: Cost = 7 C---A: Cost = 5F---D: Cost = 46.E---G: Cost = 5 *lowestC---D: Cost = 1 *lowestF---G: Cost = 7C---A: Cost = 5C---B: Cost = 2Total = $14 million7.151. B---C: Cost = 1 *lowest 4. B---E: Cost = 72. B---A: Cost = 4 C---F: Cost = 4 *lowestB---E: Cost = 7 C---E: Cost = 5C---A: Cost = 6 D---F: Cost = 5C---D: Cost = 2 *lowest 5. B---E: Cost = 7C---F: Cost = 4 C---E: Cost = 5C---E: Cost = 5 F---E: Cost = 1 *lowest3. B---A: Cost = 4 *lowest F---G: Cost = 8B---E: Cost = 7 6. E---G: Cost = 6 *lowestC---A: Cost = 6 F---G: Cost = 8C---F: Cost = 4C---E: Cost = 5D---A: Cost = 5 Total = $18,000D---F: Cost = 57.16B 34 2E HA D 2 G I K3C F 12J34B41E6A C41G2 FD1. F---G: Cost = 1 *lowest 6. D---A: Cost = 62. F---C: Cost = 6 D---B: Cost = 5F---D: Cost = 5 D---C: Cost = 4F---I: Cost = 2 *lowest E---B: Cost = 3 *lowestF---J: Cost = 5 F---C: Cost = 6G---D: Cost = 2 F---J: Cost = 5G---E: Cost = 2 H---K: Cost = 7G---H: Cost = 2 I---K: Cost = 8G---I: Cost = 5 I---J: Cost = 33. F---C: Cost = 6 7. B---A: Cost = 4F---D: Cost = 5 D---A: Cost = 6F---J: Cost = 5 D---C: Cost = 4G---D: Cost = 2 *lowest F---C: Cost = 6G---E: Cost = 2 F---J: Cost = 5G---H: Cost = 2 H---K: Cost = 7I---H: Cost = 2 I---K: Cost = 8I---K: Cost = 8 I---J: Cost = 3 *lowestI---J: Cost = 3 8. B---A: Cost = 4 *lowest4. D---A: Cost = 6 D---A: Cost = 6D---B: Cost = 5 D---C: Cost = 4D---E: Cost = 2 *lowest F---C: Cost = 6D---C: Cost = 4 H---K: Cost = 7F---C: Cost = 6 I---K: Cost = 8F---J: Cost = 5 J---K: Cost = 4G---E: Cost = 2 9. A---C: Cost = 3 *lowestG---H: Cost = 2 D---C: Cost = 4I---H: Cost = 2 F---C: Cost = 6I---K: Cost = 8 H---K: Cost = 7I---J: Cost = 3 I---K: Cost = 85. D---A: Cost = 6 J---K: Cost = 4D---B: Cost = 5 10. H---K: Cost = 7D---C: Cost = 4 I---K: Cost = 8E---B: Cost = 3 J---K: Cost = 4 *lowestE---H: Cost = 4F---C: Cost = 6F---J: Cost = 5G---H: Cost = 2 *lowest Total = $26 millionI---H: Cost = 2I---K: Cost = 8I---J: Cost = 37.17a) The company wants a path between each pair of nodes (groves) that minimizes cost(length of road).b)7---8 : Distance = 0.57---6 : Distance = 0.66---5 : Distance = 0.95---1 : Distance = 0.75---4 : Distance = 0.78---3 : Distance = 1.03---2 : Distance = 0.9Total = 5.3 miles7.18a) The bank wants a path between each pair of nodes (offices) that minimizes cost(distance).b) B1---B5 : Distance = 50B5---B3 : Distance = 80B1---B2 : Distance = 100B2---M : Distance = 70B2---B4 : Distance = 120Total = 420 milesHamburgBostonRotterdamSt. PetersburgNapoliMoscowA IRFIELD SLondonJacksonvilleBerlin RostovIstanbulCases7.1a) The network showing the different routes troops and supplies may follow to reach the Russian Federation appears below.PORTSb)The President is only concerned about how to most quickly move troops and suppliesfrom the United States to the three strategic Russian cities. Obviously, the best way to achieve this goal is to find the fastest connection between the US and the three cities.We therefore need to find the shortest path between the US cities and each of the three Russian cities.The President only cares about the time it takes to get the troops and supplies to Russia.It does not matter how great a distance the troops and supplies cover. Therefore we define the arc length between two nodes in the network to be the time it takes to travel between the respective cities. For example, the distance between Boston and London equals 6,200 km. The mode of transportation between the cities is a Starlifter traveling at a speed of 400 miles per hour * 1.609 km per mile = 643.6 km per hour. The time is takes to bring troops and supplies from Boston to London equals 6,200 km / 643.6 km per hour = 9.6333 hours. Using this approach we can compute the time of travel along all arcs in the network.By simple inspection and common sense it is apparent that the fastest transportation involves using only airplanes. We therefore can restrict ourselves to only those arcs in the network where the mode of transportation is air travel. We can omit the three port cities and all arcs entering and leaving these nodes.The following six spreadsheets find the shortest path between each US city (Boston and Jacksonville) and each Russian city (St. Petersburg, Moscow, and Rostov).The spreadsheets contain the following formulas:Comparing all six solutions we see that the shortest path from the US to Saint Petersburg is Boston → London → Saint Petersburg with a total travel time of 12.71 hours. The shortest path from the US to Moscow is Boston → London → Moscow with a total travel time of 13.21 hours. The shortest path from the US to Rostov is Boston →Berlin → Rostov with a total travel time of 13.95 hours. The following network diagram highlights these shortest paths.-1c)The President must satisfy each Russian city’s military requirements at minimum cost.Therefore, this problem can be solved as a minimum-cost network flow problem. The two nodes representing US cities are supply nodes with a supply of 500 each (wemeasure all weights in 1000 tons). The three nodes representing Saint Petersburg, Moscow, and Rostov are demand nodes with demands of –320, -440, and –240,respectively. All nodes representing European airfields and ports are transshipment nodes. We measure the flow along the arcs in 1000 tons. For some arcs, capacityconstraints are given. All arcs from the European ports into Saint Petersburg have zero capacity. All truck routes from the European ports into Rostov have a transportation limit of 2,500*16 = 40,000 tons. Since we measure the arc flows in 1000 tons, the corresponding arc capacities equal 40. An analogous computation yields arc capacities of 30 for both the arcs connecting the nodes London and Berlin to Rostov. For all other nodes we determine natural arc capacities based on the supplies and demands at the nodes. We define the unit costs along the arcs in the network in $1000 per 1000 tons (or, equivalently, $/ton). For example, the cost of transporting 1 ton of material from Boston to Hamburg equals $30,000 / 240 = $125, so the costs of transporting 1000 tons from Boston to Hamburg equals $125,000.The objective is to satisfy all demands in the network at minimum cost. The following spreadsheet shows the entire linear programming model.HamburgBoston Rotterdam St.Petersburg+500-320Napoli Moscow A IRF IELDSLondon -440Jacksonville Berlin Rostov+500-240Istanbul The total cost of the operation equals $412.867 million. The entire supply for SaintPetersburg is supplied from Jacksonville via London. The entire supply for Moscow is supplied from Boston via Hamburg. Of the 240 (= 240,000 tons) demanded by Rostov, 60 are shipped from Boston via Istanbul, 150 are shipped from Jacksonville viaIstanbul, and 30 are shipped from Jacksonville via London. The paths used to shipsupplies to Saint Petersburg, Moscow, and Rostov are highlighted on the followingnetwork diagram.PORTSd)Now the President wants to maximize the amount of cargo transported from the US tothe Russian cities. In other words, the President wants to maximize the flow from the two US cities to the three Russian cities. All the nodes representing the European ports and airfields are once again transshipment nodes. The flow along an arc is againmeasured in thousands of tons. The new restrictions can be transformed into arccapacities using the same approach that was used in part (c). The objective is now to maximize the combined flow into the three Russian cities.The linear programming spreadsheet model describing the maximum flow problem appears as follows.The spreadsheet shows all the amounts that are shipped between the various cities. The total supply for Saint Petersburg, Moscow, and Rostov equals 225,000 tons, 104,800 tons, and 192,400 tons, respectively. The following network diagram highlights the paths used to ship supplies between the US and the Russian Federation.PORTSHamburgBoston Rotterdam St.Petersburg+282.2 -225NapoliMoscowAIRFIELDS-104.8LondonJacksonvilleBerlin Rostov +240 -192.4Istanbule)The creation of the new communications network is a minimum spanning tree problem.As usual, a greedy algorithm solves this type of problem.Arcs are added to the network in the following order (one of several optimal solutions):Rostov - Orenburg 120Ufa - Orenburg 75Saratov - Orenburg 95Saratov - Samara 100Samara - Kazan 95Ufa – Yekaterinburg 125Perm – Yekaterinburg 857.2a) There are three supply nodes – the Yen node, the Rupiah node, and the Ringgit node.There is one demand node – the US$ node. Below, we draw the network originatingfrom only the Yen supply node to illustrate the overall design of the network. In thisnetwork, we exclude both the Rupiah and Ringgit nodes for simplicity.b)Since all transaction limits are given in the equivalent of $1000 we define the flowvariables as the amount in thousands of dollars that Jake converts from one currencyinto another one. His total holdings in Yen, Rupiah, and Ringgit are equivalent to $9.6million, $1.68 million, and $5.6 million, respectively (as calculated in cells I16:K18 inthe spreadsheet). So, the supplies at the supply nodes Yen, Rupiah, and Ringgit are -$9.6 million, -$1.68 million, and -$5.6 million, respectively. The demand at the onlydemand node US$ equals $16.88 million (the sum of the outflows from the sourcenodes). The transaction limits are capacity constraints for all arcs leaving from thenodes Yen, Rupiah, and Ringgit. The unit cost for every arc is given by the transactioncost for the currency conversion.Jake should convert the equivalent of $2 million from Yen to each US$, Can$, Euro, and Pound. He should convert $1.6 million from Yen to Peso. Moreover, he should convert the equivalent of $200,000 from Rupiah to each US$, Can$, and Peso, $1 million from Rupiah to Euro, and $80,000 from Rupiah to Pound. Furthermore, Jake should convert the equivalent of $1.1 million from Ringgit to US$, $2.5 million from Ringgit to Euro, and $1 million from Ringgit to each Pound and Peso. Finally, he should convert all the money he converted into Can$, Euro, Pound, and Peso directly into US$. Specifically, he needs to convert into US$ the equivalent of $2.2 million, $5.5 million, $3.08 million, and $2.8 million Can$, Euro, Pound, and Peso, respectively. Assuming Jake pays for the total transaction costs of $83,380 directly from his American bank accounts he will have $16,880,000 dollars to invest in the US.c)We eliminate all capacity restrictions on the arcs.Jake should convert the entire holdings in Japan from Yen into Pounds and then into US$, the entire holdings in Indonesia from Rupiah into Can$ and then into US$, and the entire holdings in Malaysia from Ringgit into Euro and then into US$. Without the capacity limits the transaction costs are reduced to $67,480.d)We multiply all unit cost for Rupiah by 6.The optimal routing for the money doesn't change, but the total transaction costs are now increased to $92,680.e)In the described crisis situation the currency exchange rates might change every minute.Jake should carefully check the exchange rates again when he performs thetransactions.The European economies might be more insulated from the Asian financial collapse than the US economy. To impress his boss Jake might want to explore other investment opportunities in safer European economies that provide higher rates of return than US bonds.。

Chapter 061.The changes in a firm's future cash flows that are a direct consequence of accepting a project arecalled _____ cash flows.A. i ncrementalB. s tand-aloneC. o pportunityD. n et present valueE. e rosion2.The annual annuity stream of payments with the same present value as a project's costs is calledthe project's _____ cost.A. i ncrementalB. s unkC. o pportunityD. e rosionE. e quivalent annual3. A cost that has already been paid, or the liability to pay has already been incurred, is a(n):A. s alvage value expense.B. n et working capital expense.C. s unk cost.D. o pportunity cost.E. e rosion cost.4.The most valuable investment given up if an alternative investment is chosen is a(n):A. s alvage value expense.B. n et working capital expense.C. s unk cost.D. o pportunity cost.E. e rosion cost.5. A decrease in a firm’s current cash flows resulting from the implementation of a new project isreferred to as:A. s alvage value expenses.B. n et working capital expenses.C. s unk costs.D. o pportunity costs.E. e rosion costs.6.The depreciation method currently allowed under U.S. tax law governing the accelerated write-offof property under various lifetime classifications is called _____ depreciation.A. F IFOB. M ACRSC. s traight-lineD. s um-of-years digitsE. c urvilinear7.The cash flow tax savings generated as a result of a firm's tax-deductible depreciation expense iscalled the:A. a ftertax depreciation savings.B. d epreciable basis.C. d epreciation tax shield.D. o perating cash flow.E. a ftertax salvage value.8.The cash flow from a project is computed as the:A. n et operating cash flow generated by the project, less any sunk costs and erosion costs.B. s um of the incremental operating cash flow and aftertax salvage value of the project.C. n et income generated by the project, plus the annual depreciation expense.D. s um of the incremental operating cash flow, capital spending, and net working capital cashflows incurred by the project.E. s um of the sunk costs, opportunity costs, and erosion costs of the project.9.Interest rates or rates of return on investments that have been adjusted for the effects of inflationare called _____ rates.A. r ealB. n ominalC. e ffectiveD. s trippedE. c oupon10.The increase you realize in buying power as a result of owning an investment is referred to as the_____ rate of return.A. i nflatedB. r ealizedC. n ominalD. r ealE. r isk-free11.The pro forma income statement for a cost reduction project:A. w ill reflect a reduction in the sales of the firm.B. w ill generally reflect no incremental sales.C. h as to be prepared reflecting the total sales and expenses of the entire firm.D. c annot be prepared due to the lack of any project related sales.E. w ill always reflect a negative project operating cash flow.12.One purpose of identifying all of the incremental cash flows related to a proposed project is to:A. i solate the total sunk costs so they can be evaluated to determine if the project will add valueto the firm.B. e liminate any cost which has previously been incurred so that it can be omitted from theanalysis of the project.C. m ake each project appear as profitable as possible for the firm.D. i nclude both the proposed and the current operations of a firm in the analysis of the project.E. i dentify any and all changes in the cash flows of the firm for the past year so they can beincluded in the analysis.13.Sunk costs include any cost that:A. w ill change if a project is undertaken.B. w ill be incurred if a project is accepted.C. h as previously been incurred and cannot be changed.D. w ill be paid to a third party and cannot be refunded for any reason whatsoever.E. w ill occur if a project is accepted and once incurred, cannot be recouped.14.You spent $500 last week fixing the transmission in your car. Now, the brakes are acting up andyou are trying to decide whether to fix them or trade the car in for a newer model. In analyzing the brake situation, the $500 you spent fixing the transmission is a(n) _____ cost.A. o pportunityB. f ixedC. i ncrementalD. s unkE. r elevant15.Erosion can be explained as the:A. a dditional income generated from the sales of a newly added product.B. l oss of current sales due to a new project being implemented.C. l oss of revenue due to employee theft.D. l oss of revenue due to customer theft.E. l oss of cash due to the expenses required to fix a parking lot after a heavy rain storm.16.Which one of these is an example of erosion that should be included in project analysis?A. T he anticipated loss of current sales when a new product is launched.B. T he expected decline in sales as a new product ages.C. T he reduction in your sales that occurs when a competitor introduces a new product.D. T he sudden loss of sales due to a major employer in your community implementing massivelayoffs.E. T he reduction in sales price that will most likely be required to sell inventory that has aged.17.Which one of the following should be excluded from the analysis of a project?A. e rosion costsB. i ncremental fixed costsC. i ncremental variable costsD. s unk costsE. o pportunity costs18.All of the following are anticipated effects of a proposed project. Which of these should be considered when computing the cash flow for the final year of a project?A. o perating cash flow and salvage valuesB. s alvage values and net working capital recoveryC.operating cash flow, net working capital recovery, salvage valuesD. n et working capital recovery and operating cash flowE.operating cash flow only19.Changes in the net working capital:A. c an affect the cash flows of a project every year of the project's life.B. o nly affect the initial cash flows of a project.C. a re included in project analysis only if they represent cash outflows.D. a re generally excluded from project analysis due to their irrelevance to the total project.E. a ffect the initial and the final cash flows of a project but not the cash flows of the middle years.20.The net working capital of a firm will decrease if there is:A. a decrease in accounts payable.B. a n increase in inventory.C. a decrease in accounts receivable.D. a n increase in the firm's checking account balance.E. a decrease in fixed assets. working capital:A. c an be ignored in project analysis because any expenditure is normally recouped by the end ofthe project.B. r equirements generally, but not always, create a cash inflow at the beginning of a project.C. e xpenditures commonly occur at the end of a project.D. i s frequently affected by the additional sales generated by a new project.E. i s the only expenditure where at least a partial recovery can be made at the end of a project.22.A company which uses the MACRS system of depreciation:A. w ill have equal depreciation costs each year of an asset's life.B. w ill expense the largest percentage of the cost during an asset’s first year of life.C. c an depreciate the cost of land, if it so desires.D. w ill write off the entire cost of an asset over the asset's class life.E. c annot expense any of the cost of a new asset during the first year of the asset's life.23.Champion Toys just purchased some MACRS 5-year property at a cost of $230,000. TheMACRS rates are 20 percent, 32 percent, 19.2 percent, 11.52 percent, 11.52 percent, and 5.76 percent for Years 1 to 6, respectively. The book value of the asset as of the end of Year 2 can be calculated as:A. $230,000 × (1 −.20 −.32).B. $230,000 × ([1 - (.20 × .32)].B. $230,000 × (1 - .20) × (1 - .32).C. $230,000 / (1 - .20 - .32).D. $230,000 - ($230,000 × .20 × .32).24.Pete’s Garage just purchased some equipment at a cost of $650,000. What is the propermethodology for computing the depreciation expense for Year 3 if the equipment is classified as 5-year property for MACRS? The MACRS rates are 20 percent, 32 percent, 19.2 percent, 11.52 percent, 11.52 percent, and 5.76 percent for Years 1 to 6, respectively.A. $650,000 ×(1 − .20) ×(1 −.32) ×(1 −.192)B. $650,000 ×(1 − .20) ×(1 −.32)C. $650,000 ×(1 − .20) ×(1 − .32) × .192)D. $650,000 ×(1 −.192)E. $650,000 ×.19225.The book value of an asset is primarily used to compute the:A. a nnual depreciation tax shield.B. a mount of cash received from the sale of an asset.C. a mount of tax saved annually due to the depreciation expense.D. a mount of tax due on the sale of an asset.E. c hange in depreciation needed to reflect the market value of the asset.26.The salvage value of an asset creates an aftertax cash flow in an amount equal to the:A. s ales price of the asset.B. s ales price minus the book value.C. s ales price minus the tax due based on the sales price minus the book value.D. s ales price plus the tax due based on the sales price minus the book value.E. s ales price plus the tax due based on the book value minus the sales price.27.The pretax salvage value of an asset is equal to the:A. b ook value if straight-line depreciation is used.B. b ook value if MACRS depreciation is used.C. m arket value minus the book value.D. b ook value minus the market value.E. m arket value.28.A project's operating cash flow will increase when the:A. d epreciation expense increases.B. s ales projections are lowered.C. i nterest expense is lowered.D. n et working capital requirement increases.E. e arnings before interest and taxes decreases.29.The cash flows of a project should:A. b e computed on a pretax basis.B. i nclude all sunk costs and opportunity costs.C. i nclude all incremental and opportunity costs.D. b e applied to the year when the related expense or income is recognized by GAAP.E. i nclude all financing costs related to new debt acquired to finance the project.30.Assume a firm has no interest expense or extraordinary items. Given this, the operating cash flow can be computed as:A. E BIT - Taxes.B. E BIT × (1 - Tax rate) + Depreciation × Tax rate.C. (Sales - Costs) × (1 - Tax rate).D. E BIT - Depreciation + Taxes.E.Net income + Depreciation.31.The bottom-up approach to computing the operating cash flow applies only when:A. b oth the depreciation expense and the interest expense are equal to zero.B. t he interest expense is equal to zero.C. t he project is a cost-cutting project.D. n o fixed assets are required for the project.E. t axes are ignored and the interest expense is equal to zero.32.The top-down approach to computing the operating cash flow:A. i gnores all noncash items.B. a pplies only if a project produces sales.C. c an only be used if the entire cash flows of a firm are included.D. i s equal to Sales −Costs −Taxes + Depreciation.E. i ncludes the interest expense related to a project.33.For a profitable firm, an increase in which one of the following will increase the operating cashflow?A. e mployee salariesB. o ffice rentC. b uilding maintenanceD. d epreciationE. e quipment rental34.Tax shield refers to a reduction in taxes created by:A. a reduction in sales.B. a n increase in interest expense.C. n oncash expenses.D. a project's incremental expenses.E. o pportunity costs.35.A project which is designed to improve the manufacturing efficiency of a firm but will generate noadditional sales revenue is referred to as a(n) _____ project.A. s unk costB. o pportunityC. c ost-cuttingD. r evenue-cuttingE. r evenue-generating36.Toni's Tools is comparing machines to determine which one to purchase. The machines sell fordiffering prices, have differing operating costs, differing machine lives, and will be replaced when worn out. These machines should be compared using:A. n et present value only.B. b oth net present value and the internal rate of return.C. t heir equivalent annual costs.D. t he depreciation tax shield approach.E. t he replacement parts approach.37.The equivalent annual cost method is useful in determining:A. t he annual operating cost of a machine if the annual maintenance is performed versus whenthe maintenance is not performed as recommended.B. t he tax shield benefits of depreciation given the purchase of new assets for a project.C. o perating cash flows for cost-cutting projects of equal duration.D. w hich one of two machines to acquire given equal machine lives but unequal machine costs.E. w hich one of two machines to purchase when the machines are mutually exclusive, havedifferent machine lives, and will be replaced once they are worn out.38.Marshall's purchased a corner lot five years ago at a cost of $498,000 and then spent $63,500 ongrading and drainage so the lot could be used for storing outdoor inventory. The lot was recently appraised at $610,000. The company now wants to build a new retail store on the site. Thebuilding cost is estimated at $1.1 million. What amount should be used as the initial cash flow for this building project?A. $1,661,500B. $1,100,000C. $1,208,635D. $1,710,000E. $1,498,00039.Samson's purchased a lot four years ago at a cost of $398,000. At that time, the firm spent$289,000 to build a small retail outlet on the site. The most recent appraisal on the propertyplaced a value of $629,000 on the property and building. Samson’s now wants to tear down the original structure and build a new strip mall on the site at an estimated cost of $2.3 million. What amount should be used as the initial cash flow for new project?A. $2,987,000B. $2,242,000C. $2,058,000D. $2,300,000E. $2,929,00040.Jamestown Ltd. currently produces boat sails and is considering expanding its operations toinclude awnings. The expansion would require the use of land the firm purchased three years ago at a cost of $142,000 that is currently valued at $137,500. The expansion could use someequipment that is currently sitting idle if $6,700 of modifications were made to it. The equipment originally cost $139,500 six years ago, has a current book value of $24,700, and a current market value of $39,000. Other capital purchases costing $780,000 will also be required. What is the amount of the initial cash flow for this expansion project?A. $953,400B. $962,300C. $948,900D. $927,800E. $963,20041.The Boat Works currently produces boat sails and is considering expanding its operations toinclude awnings. The expansion would require the use of land the firm purchased three years ago at a cost of $197,000 that is currently valued at $209,500. The expansion could use someequipment that is currently sitting idle if $7,500 of modifications were made to it. The equipment originally cost $387,500 five years ago, has a current book value of $132,700, and a current market value of $139,000. Other capital purchases costing $520,000 will also be required. What is the value of the opportunity costs that should be included in the initial cash flow for theexpansion project?A. $425,000B. $485,000C. $329,700D. $348,500E. $537,20042.Walks Softly sells customized shoes. Currently, it sells 14,800 pairs of shoes annually at anaverage price of $59 a pair. It is considering adding a lower-priced line of shoes that will be priced at $39 a pair. Walks Softly estimates it can sell 6,000 pairs of the lower-priced shoes but will sell 3,500 less pairs of the higher-priced shoes by doing so. What annual sales revenue should be used when evaluating the addition of the lower-priced shoes?A. $27,500B. $24,000C. $31,300D. $789,100E. $900,70043.Foamsoft sells customized boat shoes. Currently, it sells 16,850 pairs of shoes annually at anaverage price of $79 a pair. It is considering adding a lower-priced line of shoes which sell for $49a pair. Foamsoft estimates it can sell 5,000 pairs of the lower-priced shoes but will sell 1,250 lesspairs of the higher-priced shoes by doing so. What is the estimated value of the erosion cost that should be charged to the lower-priced shoe project?A. $138,750B. $146,250C. $98,750D. $52,000E. $123,24044.Sue purchased a house for $89,000, spent $56,000 upgrading it, and currently had it appraised at$212,900. The house is being rented to a family for $1,200 a month, the maintenance expenses average $200 a month, and the property taxes are $4,800 a year. If she sells the house she will incur $20,000 in expenses. She is considering converting the house into professional officespace. What opportunity cost, if any, should she assign to this property if she has been renting it for the past two years? A. $178,500A. $120,000B. $185,000C. A NSD. $192,900D. $232,90045.Jamie's Motor Home Sales currently sells 1,100 Class A motor homes, 2,200 Class C motorhomes, and 2,800 pop-up trailers each year. Jamie is considering adding a mid-range camper and expects that if she does so she can sell 1,500 of them. However, if the new camper is added, Jamie expects that her Class A sales will decline to 850 units while the Class C camper sales decline to 2,000. The sales of pop-ups will not be affected. Class A motor homes sell for anaverage of $140,000 each. Class C homes are priced at $59,500 and the pop-ups sell for $5,000 each. The new mid-range camper will sell for $42,900. What is the erosion cost of adding the mid-range camper?A. $54,250,000B. $46,900,000C. $53,750,000D. $63,150,000E. $78,750,00046.Ernie's Electrical is evaluating a project which will increase sales by $50,000 and costs by$30,000. The project will cost $150,000 and will be depreciated straight-line to a zero book value over the 10-year life of the project. The applicable tax rate is 34 percent. What is the operating cash flow for this project?A. $19,200B. $15,000C. $21,300D. $17,900E. $18,30047.Kurt's Cabinets is looking at a project that will require $80,000 in fixed assets and another$20,000 in net working capital. The project is expected to produce sales of $110,000 withassociated costs of $70,000. The project has a 4-year life. The company uses straight-line depreciation to a zero book value over the life of the project. The tax rate is 35 percent. What is the operating cash flow for this project?A. $7,000B. $13,000C. $27,000D. $33,000E. $40,00048.Peter's Boats has sales of $760,000 and a profit margin of 5 percent. The annual depreciationexpense is $80,000. What is the amount of the operating cash flow if the company has no long-term debt?A. $34,000B. $86,400C. $118,000D. $120,400E. $123,90049.Samoa's Tools has sales of $760,000 and a profit margin of 8 percent. The annual depreciationexpense is $50,000. What is the amount of the operating cash flow if the company has no long-term debt?A. $50,000B. $60,800C. $110,800D. $810,000E. $930,00050.Le Place has sales of $439,000, depreciation of $32,000, and net working capital of $56,000. Thefirm has a tax rate of 34 percent and a profit margin of 6 percent. The firm has no interestexpense. What is the amount of the operating cash flow?A. $49,384B. $52,616C. $54,980D. $58,340E. $114,34051.The By-Way has sales of $435,000, costs of $254,000, depreciation of $35,000, interest expenseof $22,000, and taxes of $43,400. What is the amount of the operating cash flow?A. $115,600B. $157,900C. $137,600D. $322,100E. $114,34052.Ben's Border Café is considering a project that will produce sales of $16,000 and increase cashexpenses by $10,000. If the project is implemented, taxes will increase from $23,000 to $24,500 and depreciation will increase from $4,000 to $5,500. What is the amount of the operating cash flow using the top-down approach?A. $4,000B. $4,500C. $6,000D. $7,500E. $8,50053.Camille's Café is considering a project that will not produce any sales but will decrease cashexpenses by $12,000. If the project is implemented, taxes will increase from $23,000 to $24,500 and depreciation will increase from $4,000 to $5,500. What is the amount of the operating cash flow using the top-down approach?A. $15,000B. $10,500C. $5,500D. $17,500E. $13,50054.Ronnie's Coffee House is considering a project which will produce sales of $6,000 and increasecash expenses by $2,500. If the project is implemented, taxes will increase by $1,300. The additional depreciation expense will be $1,000. An initial cash outlay of $2,000 is required for net working capital. What is the amount of the operating cash flow using the top-down approach?A. $200B. $1,500C. $2,200D. $3,500E. $4,20055.A project will increase sales by $60,000 and cash expenses by $51,000. The project will cost$40,000 and will be depreciated using straight-line depreciation to a zero book value over the 4-year life of the project. The company has a marginal tax rate of 35 percent. What is the operating cash flow of the project using the tax shield approach?A. $5,850B. $8,650C. $9,350D. $9,700E. $10,35056.A project will increase sales by $140,000 and cash expenses by $95,000. The project will cost$100,000 and will be depreciated using the straight-line method to a zero book value over the 4-year life of the project. The company has a marginal tax rate of 34 percent. What is the value of the depreciation tax shield?A. $8,500B. $17,000C. $22,500D. $25,000E. $37,75057.Lee's Furniture just purchased $24,000 of fixed assets that are classified as 5-year MACRSproperty. The MACRS rates are 20 percent, 32 percent, 19.2 percent, 11.52 percent, 11.52 percent, and 5.76 percent for Years 1 to 6, respectively. What is the amount of the depreciation expense for the third year?A. $2,304B. $2,507C. $2,765D. $4,608E. $4,80058.Lew just purchased $67,600 of equipment that is classified as 5-year MACRS property. TheMACRS rates are 20 percent, 32 percent, 19.2 percent, 11.52 percent, 11.52 percent, and 5.76 percent for Years 1 to 6, respectively. What will the book value of this equipment be at the end of four years should he decide to resell the equipment at that point in time?A. $11,681.28B. $18,280.20C. $17,040.00D. $19,468.80E. $22,672.0059.Northern Enterprises just purchased $1,900 of fixed assets that are classified as 3-year MACRSproperty. The MACRS rates are 33.33 percent, 44.44 percent, 14.82 percent, and 7.41 percent for Years 1 to 4, respectively. What is the amount of the depreciation expense for Year 2?A. $562.93B. $633.27C. $719.67D. $844.36E. $1,477.6360.The Galley purchased some 3-year MACRS property two years ago at a cost of $19,800. TheMACRS rates are 33.33 percent, 44.44 percent, 14.82 percent, and 7.41 percent. The firm no longer uses this property so is selling it today at a price of $13,500. What is the amount of the pretax profit on the sale?A. $11,140.48B. $9,098.46C. $10,500.00D. $8,016.67E. $10,702.4061.Three years ago, you purchased some 5-year MACRS equipment at a cost of $135,000. TheMACRS rates are 20 percent, 32 percent, 19.2 percent, 11.52 percent, 11.52 percent, and 5.76 percent for Years 1 to 6, respectively. You sold the equipment today for $82,500. Which of these statements is correct if your tax rate is 34 percent?A. T he tax due on the sale is $14,830.80.B. T he book value today is $40,478.C. T he book value today is $37,320.D. T he taxable amount on the sale is $47,380.E. T he tax refund from the sale is $13,219.20.62.Custom Cars purchased some $39,000 of fixed assets two years ago that are classified as 5-yearMACRS property. The MACRS rates are 20 percent, 32 percent, 19.2 percent, 11.52 percent,11.52 percent, and 5.76 percent for Years 1 to 6, respectively. The tax rate is 34 percent. If theassets are sold today for $19,000, what will be the aftertax cash flow from the sale?A. $16,358.88B. $17,909.09C. $18,720.00D. $18,904.80E. $19,000.0063.Winslow Motors purchased $225,000 of MACRS 5-year property. The MACRS rates are 20percent, 32 percent, 19.2 percent, 11.52 percent, 11.52 percent, and 5.76 percent for Years 1 to 6, respectively. The tax rate is 34 percent. If the firm sells the asset after five years for $10,000, what will be the aftertax cash flow from the sale?A. $8,993.60B. $8,880.20C. $11,006.40D. $7,770.40E. $12,892.0064.A project is expected to create operating cash flows of $26,500 a year for four years. The initialcost of the fixed assets is $62,000. These assets will be worthless at the end of the project. An additional $3,000 of net working capital will be required throughout the life of the project. What is the project's net present value if the required rate of return is 12 percent?A. $19,208.11B. $14,028.18C. $15,306.09D. $17,396.31E. $21,954.1765.A project will produce operating cash flows of $45,000 a year for four years. During the life of theproject, inventory will be lowered by $30,000 and accounts receivable will increase by $15,000.Accounts payable will decrease by $10,000. The project requires the purchase of equipment at an initial cost of $120,000. The equipment will be depreciated straight-line to a zero book value over the life of the project. The equipment will be salvaged at the end of the project creating a $25,000 aftertax cash inflow. At the end of the project, net working capital will return to its normal level. What is the net present value of this project given a required return of 15 percent?A. $23,483.48B. $16,117.05C. $24,909.09D. $22,037.86E. $19,876.0266.A project will produce an operating cash flow of $7,300 a year for three years. The initialinvestment for fixed assets will be $11,600, which will be depreciated straight-line to zero over the asset’s 4-year life. The project will require an initial $500 in net working capital plus an additional $500 every year with all net working capital levels restored to their original levels when the project ends. The fixed assets can be sold for an estimated $2,500 at the end of the project, the tax rate is 34 percent, and the required rate of return is 12 percent. What is the net present value of the project?A. $7,532.27B. $9,896.87C. $7,072.72D. $6,353.41E. $8,398.2967.Matty's Place is considering the installation of a new computer system that will cut annualoperating costs by $12,000. The system will cost $42,000 to purchase and install. This system is expected to have a 5-year life and will be depreciated to zero using straight-line depreciation.What is the amount of the earnings before interest and taxes for each year of this project?A. −$20,400B. $5,400C. $3,600D. $12,000E. $8,400。

远大前程黑布林英语翻译第六章My dream had come true. Miss Havisham was making me rich！我的梦想变成了现实，郝薇香小姐正在让我富有起来！Now，Mr Pip，continued the lawyer，there are two conditions．喂，匹普先生，这位律师接着说，有两个条件：The first is that you always use the name of Pip．首先，你永远使用匹普这个名字。

The second is that the name of the person who has heen so ge nerous to you must remain a secret，until that person chooses to tell you．第二，对你如此慷慨的那个人的名字必须保秘，直到时机成熟了，那个人会告诉你的。

You are forbidden to ask any questions or try to discover who the person is．Do you accept these conditions？禁止你问任何问题，或想发现这个人是谁，你接受这些条件吗？My heart was beating fast as I whispered，Yes '.当我小声说接受时，我的心脏快跳出来了。

Now，to details．I have been given enough money for you to live the life of a gentleman in London while you are studying.喂，讲点细节问题，当你正在学习时，我要给你在伦敦过一个绅士生活的足够费用，You will come to me to ask for whatever you need.你无论需要什么都来向我要。

专业音频术语中英文对照AAAC automatic ampltiude control 自动幅度控制AB AB制立体声录音法Abeyancd 暂停，潜态A-B repeat A-B重复ABS absolute 绝对的，完全的，绝对时间ABS american bureau of standard 美国标准局ABSS auto blank secrion scanning 自动磁带空白部分扫描Abstime 绝对运行时间A.DEF audio defeat 音频降噪，噪声抑制，伴音静噪ADJ adjective 附属的，附件ADJ Adjust 调节ADJ acoustic delay line 声延迟线Admission 允许进入，供给ADP acoustic data processor 音响数据处理机ADP(T) adapter 延配器，转接器ADRES automatic dynamic range expansion system 动态范围扩展系统ADRM analog to digital remaster 模拟录音、数字处理数码唱盘ADS audio distribution system 音频分配系统A.DUB audio dubbing 配音，音频复制，后期录音ADV advance 送入，提升，前置量ADV adversum 对抗ADV advancer 相位超前补偿器Adventure 惊险效果AE audio erasing 音频（声音）擦除AE auxiliary equipment 辅助设备Aerial 天线AES audio engineering society 美国声频工程协会AF audio fidelity 音频保真度AF audio frequency 音频频率AFC active field control 自动频率控制AFC automatic frequency control 声场控制Affricate 塞擦音AFL aside fade listen 衰减后（推子后）监听A-fader 音频衰减AFM advance frequency modulation 高级调频AFS acoustic feedback speaker 声反馈扬声器AFT automatic fine tuning 自动微调AFTAAS advanced fast time acoustic analysis system高级快速音响分析系统After 转移部分文件Afterglow 余辉，夕照时分音响效果Against 以……为背景AGC automatic gain control 自动增益控制AHD audio high density 音频高密度唱片系统AI advanced integrated 预汇流AI amplifier input 放大器输入AI artificial intelligence 人工智能AI azimuth indicator 方位指示器A-IN 音频输入A-INSEL audio input selection 音频输入选择Alarm 警报器ALC automatic level control 自动电平控制ALC automatic load control自动负载控制Alford loop 爱福特环形天线Algorithm 演示Aliasing 量化噪声，频谱混叠Aliasing distortion 折叠失真Align alignment 校正，补偿，微调，匹配Al-Si-Fe alloy head 铁硅铝合金磁头Allegretto 小快板，稍快地Allegro 快板，迅速地Allocation 配置，定位All rating 全（音）域ALM audio level meter 音频电平表ALT alternating 震荡，交替的ALT alternator 交流发电机ALT altertue 转路ALT-CH alternate channel 转换通道，交替声道Alter 转换，交流电，变换器AM amperemeter 安培计，电流表AM amplitude modulation 调幅（广播）AM auxiliary memory 辅助存储器Ambience 临场感，环绕感ABTD automatic bulk tape degausser磁带自动整体去磁电路Ambient 环境的Ambiophonic system 环绕声系统Ambiophony 现场混响，环境立体声AMLS automatic music locate system 自动音乐定位系统AMP ampere 安培AMP amplifier 放大器AMPL amplification 放大AMP amplitude 幅度，距离Amorphous head 非晶态磁头Abort 终止，停止（录制或播放）A-B TEST AB比较试听Absorber 减震器Absorption 声音被物体吸收ABX acoustic bass extension 低音扩展AC accumulator 充电电池AC adjustment caliration 调节-校准AC alternating current 交流电，交流AC audio coding 数码声，音频编码AC audio center 音频中心AC azimuth comprator 方位比较器AC-3 杜比数码环绕声系统AC-3 RF 杜比数码环绕声数据流（接口）ACC Acceleration 加速Accel 渐快，加速Accent 重音，声调Accentuator 预加重电路Access 存取，进入，增加，通路Accessory 附件（接口），配件Acryl 丙基酰基Accompaniment 伴奏，合奏，伴随Accord 和谐，调和Accordion 手风琴ACD automatic call distributor 自动呼叫分配器ACE audio control erasing 音频控制消磁A-Channel A（左）声道Acoumeter 测听计Acoustical 声的，声音的Acoustic coloring 声染色Acoustic image 声像Across 交叉，并行，跨接Across frequency 交叉频率，分频频率ACST access time 存取时间Active 主动的，有源的，有效的，运行的Active crossover 主动分频，电子分频，有源分频Active loudsperker 有源音箱Armstrong MOD 阿姆斯特朗调制ARP azimuth reference pulse 方位基准脉冲Arpeggio 琶音Articulation 声音清晰度，发音Artificial 仿……的，人工的，手动（控制）AAD active acoustic devide 有源声学软件ABC auto base and chord 自动低音合弦Architectural acoustics 建筑声学Arm motor 唱臂唱机Arpeggio single 琶音和弦，分解和弦ARL aerial 天线ASC automatic sensitivity control 自动灵敏度控制ASGN Assign 分配，指定，设定ASP audio signal processing 音频信号处理ASS assembly 组件，装配，总成ASSEM assemble 汇编，剪辑ASSEM Assembly 组件，装配，总成Assign 指定，转发，分配Assist 辅助（装置）ASSY accessory 组件，附件AST active servo techonology 有源伺服技术A Tempo 回到原速Astigmatism methord 象散法专业音频术语中英文对照BB band 频带 B Bit 比特，存储单元B Button 按钮Babble 多路感应的复杂失真BZ buzzer 蜂音器Back clamping 反向钳位Back drop 交流哼声，干扰声Background noise 背景噪声，本底噪声Backing copy 副版Backoff 倒扣，补偿Back tracking 补录Back up 磁带备份，支持，预备Backward 快倒搜索Baffle box 音箱BAL balance 平衡，立体声左右声道音量比例，平衡连接Balanced 已平衡的Balancing 调零装置，补偿，中和Balun 平衡=不平衡转换器Banana jack 香蕉插头Banana bin 香蕉插座Banana pin 香蕉插头Banana plug 香蕉插头Band 频段，Band pass 带通滤波器Bandwidth 频带宽，误差，范围Band 存储单元Bar 小节，拉杆BAR barye 微巴Bargraph 线条Barrier 绝缘（套）Base 低音Bass 低音，倍司（低音提琴）Bass tube 低音号，大号Bassy 低音加重BATT battery 电池Baud 波特（信息传输速率的单位）Bazooka 导线平衡转接器BB base band 基带BBD Bucket brigade device 戽链器件（效果器） B BAT Battery 电池BBE 特指BBE公司设计的改善较高次谐波校正程度的系统BC balanced current 平衡电流BC Broadcast control 广播控制BCH band chorus 分频段合唱BCST broadcast （无线电）广播BD board 仪表板Beat 拍，脉动信号Beat cancel switch 差拍干扰消除开关Bel 贝尔Below 下列，向下Bench 工作台Bend 弯曲，滑音Bender 滑音器BER bit error rate 信息差错率BF back feed 反馈BF Backfeed flanger 反馈镶边BF Band filter 带通滤波器BGM background music 背景音乐Bias 偏置，偏磁，偏压，既定程序Bidirectional 双向性的，8字型指向的Bifess Bi-feedback sound system 双反馈系统Big bottom 低音扩展，加重低音Bin 接收器，仓室BNG BNC连接器（插头、插座），卡口同轴电缆连接器Binaural effect 双耳效应，立体声Binaural synthesis 双耳合成法Bin go 意外现象Bit binary digit 字节，二进制数字，位Bitstream 数码流，比特流Bit yield 存储单元Bi-AMP 双（通道）功放系统Bi-wire 双线（传输、分音）Bi-Wring 双线BK break 停顿，间断BKR breaker 断电器Blamp 两路电子分音Blanking 关闭，消隐，断路Blaster 爆裂效果器Blend 融合（度）、调和、混合Block 分程序，联动，中断Block Repeat 分段重复Block up 阻塞Bloop （磁带的）接头噪声，消音贴片BNC bayonet connector 卡口电缆连接器Body mike 小型话筒Bond 接头，连接器Bongo 双鼓Boom 混响，轰鸣声Boomy 嗡嗡声（指低音过强）Boost 提升（一般指低音），放大，增强Booth 控制室，录音棚Bootstrap 辅助程序，自举电路Bond 接头，连接器Bongo 双鼓Boom 混响，轰鸣声Boomy 嗡嗡声（指低音过强）Boost 提升（一般指低音），放大，增强Booth 控制室，录音棚Bootstrap 辅助程序，自举电路Bottoming 底部切除，末端切除Bounce 合并Bourclon 单调低音Bowl 碗状体育场效果BP bridge bypass 电桥旁路BY bypass 旁通BPC basic pulse generator 基准脉冲发生器BPF band pass filter 带通滤波器Both sides play disc stereo system双面演奏式唱片立体声系统Bottoming 底部切除，末端切除Bounce 合并Bourclon 单调低音Bowl 碗状体育场效果BP bridge bypass 电桥旁路BY bypass 旁通BPC basic pulse generator 基准脉冲发生器BPF band pass filter 带通滤波器BPS band pitch shift 分频段变调节器BNC bayonet connector 卡口电缆连接器Body mike 小型话筒BPS band pitch sh ift 分频段变调节器BR bregister 变址寄存器BR Bridge 电桥Break 中止（程序），减弱Breathing 喘息效应 B.Reso base resolve 基本解析度Bridge 桥接，电桥，桥，（乐曲的）变奏过渡Bright 明亮（感）Brightness 明亮度，指中高音听音感觉Brilliance 响亮BRKRS breakers 断路器Broadcast 广播BTB bass tuba 低音大喇叭BTL balanced transformer-less 桥式推挽放大电路BTM bottom 最小，低音BU backup nuit 备用器件Bumper 减震器Bus 母线，总线Busbar 母线Buss 母线Busy 占线BUT button 按钮，旋钮BW band width 频带宽度，带度BYP bypass 旁路By path 旁路专业音频术语中英文对照CCan 监听耳机，带盒CANCL cancel 删除CANCL Cancelling 消除Cancel 取消Cannon 卡侬接口Canon 规则Cap 电容Capacitance Mic 电容话筒Capacity 功率，电容量CAR carrier 载波，支座，鸡心夹头Card 程序单，插件板Cardioid 心型的CATV cable television 有线电视Crispness 脆声Category 种类，类型Cartridge 软件卡，拾音头Carrkioid 心型话筒Carrier 载波器Cart 转运Cartridge 盒式存储器，盒式磁带Cascade 串联Cassette 卡式的，盒式的CAV constant angular velocity 恒角速度Caution 报警CBR circuit board rack 电路板架CC contour correction 轮廓校正CCD charge coupled device 电荷耦合器件CD compact disc 激光唱片CDA current dumping amplifier 电流放大器CD-E compact disc erasable 可抹式激光唱片CDG compact-disc plus graphic 带有静止图像的CD唱盘CDV compact disc with video 密纹声像唱片CE ceramic 陶瓷Clock enable 时钟启动Cell 电池，元件，单元Cellar club 地下俱乐部效果Cello 大提琴CENELEC connector 欧洲标准21脚AV连接器Cent 音分Central earth 中心接地CES consumer electronic show（美国）消费电子产品展览会CF center frequency 中心频率Cross fade 软切换CH channel 声道，通道Chain 传输链，信道Chain play 连续演奏Chamber 密音音响效果，消声室CHAN channel 通道Change 交换Chapter 曲目Chaper skip 跳节CHAE character 字符，符号Characteristic curve 特性曲线Charge 充电Charger 充电器Chase 跟踪Check 校验CHC charge 充电CH - off 通道切断Choke 合唱Choose 选择Chromatic 色彩，半音Church 教堂音响效果CI cut in 切入CIC cross interleave code 交叉隔行编码CIRC circulate 循环Circuit 电路CL cancel 取消Classic 古典的Clean 净化CLR clear 归零Click 嘀哒声Clip 削波，限幅，接线柱CLK clock 时钟信号Close 关闭，停止CLS 控制室监听Cluster 音箱阵效果CLV ceiling limit value 上限值CMP compact 压缩CMPT compatibility 兼容性CMRR common mode rejection ratio 共模抑制比CNT count 记数，记数器CNTRL central 中心，中央CO carry out 定位输出Coarse 粗调Coax 同轴电缆Coaxial 数码同轴接口Code 码，编码Coefficient 系数Coincident 多信号同步Cold 冷的，单薄的Color 染色效果COM comb 梳状（滤波）COMB combination 组合音色COMBI combination 组合，混合COMBO combination 配合，组合Combining 集合，结合COMM communication 换向的，切换装置Command 指令，操作，信号COMMON 公共的，公共地端Communieation speed 通讯速度选择COMP comparator 比较器COMP compensate 补偿Compact 压缩Compander 压缩扩展器Compare 比拟Compatibility 兼容Compensate 补偿Complex 全套设备Copmoser 创意者，作曲者Compressor 压缩器CON concentric cable 同轴电缆COMP-EXP 压扩器Compromise （频率）平衡Computer 计算机，电脑Concentric 同轴的，同心的CON console 操纵台CON controller 控制器Concert 音乐厅效果Condenser Microphone 电容话筒Cone type 锥形（扬声器）CONFIG 布局，线路接法Connect 连接，联络CORR correct 校正，补偿，抵消Configuration 线路布局Confirmation 确认Consent 万能插座Console 调音台Consonant 辅音Constant 常数CONT continuous 连续的（音色特性）CONT control 控制，操纵Contact 接触器Content 内容Continue 连续，继续Continue button 两录音卡座连续放音键Contour 外形，轮廓，保持Contra 次八度Contrast 对比度CONV convert 变换Contribution 分配Controlled 可控的Controller 控制器CONV conventional 常规的CONV convertible 可转换的Copy 复制Correlation meter 相关表Coupler 耦合Cover 补偿Coverage 有效范围CP clock pulse 时钟脉冲CP control program 控制程序CPU 中央处理器Create 建立，创造CR card reader 卡片阅读机CRC cyclic redundancy check 循环冗余校验Crescendo 渐强或渐弱Crispness 清脆感CRM control room 控制室CROM control read only memory 控制只读存储器Crossfader 交叉渐变器Cross-MOD 交叉调制Crossover 分频器，换向，切断Cross talk 声道串扰，串音Crunch 摩擦音CU counting unit 计数单元C/S cycle/second 周/秒CSS content scrambling system 内容加密系统CST case style tape 盒式磁带CT current 电流CTM close talking microphone 近讲话筒Cue 提示，选听Cue clock 故障计时钟Cueing 提示，指出Cursor 指示器，光标Curve （特性）曲线Custom 常规CUT 切去，硬切换early warning 预警专业音频术语中英文对照DE earth 真地，接地 E error 错误，差错（故障显示）EA earth 地线，真地EAR early 早期（反射声）Earphone 耳机Earth terminal 接地端EASE electro-acooustic simulators for engineers Eat 收取信号工程师用电声模拟器，计算机电声与声学设计软件EBU european broadcasting union 欧洲广播联盟EC error correction 误差校正ECD electrochomeric display 电致变色显示器Echo 回声，回声效果，混响ECL extension zcompact limitter 扩展压缩限制器Edge tone 边棱音ECM electret condenser microphone 驻极体话筒Edit 编辑ECSL equivalent continuous sound level 等级连续声级ECT electronec controlled transmission 电控传输ED edit editor 编辑，编辑器EDTV enhanced definition television增强清晰度电视（一种可兼容高清晰度电视）E-DRAW erasable direct after write 可存可抹读写存储器EE errors excepted 允许误差EFF effect efficiency 效果，作用Effector 操纵装置，效果器Effects generator 效果发生器EFM 8/14位调制法EFX effect 效果EG envelope generator 包络发生器EIA electronec industries association （美国）电子工业协会EIAJ electronic industries association Japan 日本电子工业协会EIN einstein 量子摩尔（能量单位）EIN equivalent input noise 等效输入噪声EIO error in operation 操作码错误Eject 弹起舱门，取出磁带（光盘），出盒EL electro luminescence 场致发光ELAC electroacoustic 电声（器件）ELEC electret 驻极体Electret condenser microphone 驻极体话筒ELF extremely low frequency 极低频ELEC electronec 电子的Electroacoustics 电声学EMI electro magnetic interference 电磁干扰Emission 发射EMP emphasispo 加重EMP empty 空载Emphasis 加重EMS emergency switch 紧急开关Emulator 模拟器，仿真设备EN enabling 启动Enable 赋能，撤消禁止指令Encoding 编码End 末端，结束，终止Ending 终端，端接法，镶边ENG engineering 工程Engine 运行，使用ENG land 工程接地Enhance 增强，提高，提升ENS ensemble 合奏ENS envelope sensation 群感Envelopment 环绕感EQ equalizer 均衡器，均衡EQ equalization 均衡EQL equalization 均衡EOP end of program 程序结束EOP end output 末端输出EOT end of tape 磁带尾端EP extend playing record 多曲目唱片EP extended play 长时间放录，密录EPG edit pulse generator 编辑脉冲发生器EPS emergency power supply 应急电源Equal-loudness contour 等响曲线Equipped 准备好的，已装备Equitonic 全音Equivalence 等效值ER erect 设置ER error 错误，误差ERA earphone 耳机Eraser 抹去，消除Erasing 擦除，清洗Erasure 抹音Erase 消除，消Er early 早期的ERCD extended resolution CD 扩展解析度CD EREQ erect equalizer均衡器（频点）位置（点频补偿电路的中点频率）调整ERF early reflection 早期反射（声）Ernumber 早期反射声量Error 错误，出错，不正确ES earth swith 接地开关ES electrical stimulation 点激励Escqpe 退出ETER eternity 无限Euroscart 欧洲标准21脚AV连接器Event 事件EVF envelope follower包络跟随器（音响合成装置功能单元）EX exciter 激励器EX exchange 交换EX expanding 扩展EXB expanded bass 低音增强EXC exciter 激励器EXCH exchange 转换Exclusive 专用的Excursion 偏移，偏转，漂移，振幅EXP expender 扩展器，动态扩展器EXP export 输出Exponential horn tweeter 指数型高音号角扬声器Expression pedal表达踏板（用于控制乐器或效果器的脚踏装置）EXT extend 扩展EXT exterior 外接的（设备）EXT external 外部的，外接的EXT extra 超过EXTN extension 扩展，延伸（程控装置功能单元）Extract 轨道提出EXTSN extension 扩展，延伸（程控装置功能单元）专业音频术语中英文对照K-M K key 按键Karaoke 卡拉OK，无人伴奏乐队KB key board 键盘，按钮Kerr 克耳效应，（可读写光盘）磁光效应Key 键，按键，声调Keyboard 键盘，按钮Key control 键控，变调控制Keyed 键控Key EQ 音调均衡kHz Kiloherts 千赫兹Kikll 清除，消去，抑制，衰减，断开Killer 抑制器，断路器Kit 设定Knee 压限器拐点Knob 按钮，旋钮，调节器KP key pulse 键控脉冲KTV karaoke TV 拌唱电视（节目）KX key 键控Lesion 故障，损害Leslie 列斯利（一种调相效果处理方式）LEV level 电平LEVCON level control 电平控制Level 电平，水平，级LF low frequency 低频，低音LFB local feedback 本机反馈，局部反馈LFE lowfrequency response 低频响应LFO low frequency oscillation 低频振荡信号LGD long delay 长延时LH low high 低噪声高输出LH low noise high output 低噪声高输出磁带L.hall large hall 大厅效果Lift 提升（一种提升地电位的装置）Lift up 升起Labial 唇音L left 左（立体声系统的左声道）L line 线路L link 链路L long 长（时间）LA laser 激光（镭射）Lag 延迟，滞后Lamp 灯，照明灯Land 光盘螺旋道的肩，接地，真地Lap dissolve 慢转换Lapping SW 通断开关Large 大，大型Large hall 大厅混响Larigot 六倍音Laser 激光（镭射）Latency 空转，待机。

ECON0010: Data StructureCourse Outline, 2020-2021 (Term 2)LecturerTeaching FellowClass TeachersAims"Data Structure”is a specialized and fundamental knowledge for college students majoring in computer science.This course covers the basic fundamental data structures, including linear structure, tree structure and graph structure,etc. It discusses the internal representation of basic data structure, associated algorithms (implemented by C programming language) based on data structures and analysis of algorithms, and implementations of data structures. In addition, sorting algorithm, searching algorithm and files algorithm will be introduced as well. Based on the successful experience of this course，students will master fundamental knowledge and methods of software，and improve their programming skills. Besides, students will establish a strong foundation for subsequent courses, such as Operation System, Compiling System, Principles of Data Base. The course is an examination subject for enrolling postgraduate students of Computer Science in high schools.ObjectivesThis course covers the basic fundamental data structures, they are linear structure.tree structure and graph structure;It discusses the internal representation of basic data structure、 associated algorithms (implemented by C or C++ programming language)based on data structures and analysis of algorithms, and implementations of data structures;Algorithms for sorting . searching and files will be introduced as well.At the end of the course, students should:(i) Master the basic knowledge and skills of computer programming;(ii) Establish the basic concepts and ideas of process oriented programming;(iii) skillfully use C language for general process oriented programming.Outline SyllabusChapter 1 PrefaceDefinitions of data structure,Basic concepts and terminology,Data abstraction and OOP. Chapter 2 Algorithm AnalysisDefinition of program and algorithm,Time complexities,Methods and goal of algorithm analysis.Chapter 3 List,Stacks,and QueuesDefinition of ADT,List ADT,Array implementation of lists,Linked Lists,Data structure and library of function, Applications of lists,Cursor implementation of linked lists, Stack ADT, Array implementation of lists, Linked lists implementation of stack, Applications of stacks, Postfix and infix evaluation,Circular queue,Applications of queue.Chapter 4 StringsDefinition of operations of Strings, Storage representation of Strings as sequence and linked, Algorithm implementation of associated operations.Chapter 5 Matrix And Generic ListCompression of matrix,Operations on compressed matrix,Linked implementation of generic lists,Recursive functions of generic lists,Applications of generic list.Chapter 6 TreesDefinition of tree ADT,FirstChild-NextSibling Representation, Tree traversals,Applications of trees, Definitions and properties of binary trees,Traversal of trees, Recursive functions of trees, Threaded binary trees,Binary search trees,AVL trees, Splay trees,B-trees,Application of binary trees.Chapter 7 Graph AlgorithmsDefinitions and terminology of graph,Representation of Graphs,AOV network,Topological sort,Shortest path algorithms,AOE network,Critical Path,Network flow problems,Minimum spanning tree,Applications of Depth-First Search,Biconnectivity,Breadth-first search,Euler Circuits,Problem solving in AI.Chapter 8 SearchingSearching of sequential tables and algorithms analysis,searching of tree-table and algorithms analysis,searching of hash-table and algorithms analysis.Chapter 9 SortingInsertion sort,A Slower bound for simple sorting algorithms,Shellsort,Heapsort,Mergesort, Quicksort,Sorting large structures,Bucket sort and radix sort.Required courseworkMultimedia courseware(programming assignment)Assessment50% process assessment results (10% discussion,20% Stage Test,20% homework)50%final assessment scoreRecommended reading1. TextbookKejian Xia;Data Structure +Algorithms , nd Edition; National DefenceIndustry Press，2004.2，(ISBN 7-118-02419-8 , 34 thousand characters);2. ReferencesWeimin Yan &Weimin Wu，Data Structure (C programming language),TSinghua University Press，1999;Zhuoqun Xu etc，Data Structure，High education Press，1998Course ArrangementFirst week：(4 class hours)Definitions of data structure,Basic concepts and terminology,Data abstraction and OOP. Second week: (4 class hours)Definition of program and algorithm,Time complexities,Methods and goal of algorithm analysis.The third week: (4 class hours)Definition of ADT,List ADT,Array implementation of lists,Linked Lists,Data structure and library of function, Applications of lists,Cursor implementation of linked lists.Stack ADT,Array implementation of lists,Linked lists implementation of stack,Applications ofstacks,Postfix and infix evaluation,Circular queue,Applications of queue.The fourth week: (4 class hours)Definition of operations of Strings,storage representation of Strings as sequence and linked,algorithm implementation of associated operations.The fifth week: (4 class hours)Compression of matrix,Operations on compressed matrix,Linked implementation of generic lists,Recursive functions of generic lists,Applications of generic list.The six week: (4 class hours)Definition of tree ADT,FirstChild-NextSibling Representation,Tree traversals,Applications of trees,Definitions and properties of binary trees,Traversal of trees.The seven week: (4 class hours)Recursive functions of trees,Threaded binary trees,Binary search trees.The eight week: (4 class hours)AVL trees,Splay trees,B-trees,Application of binary trees.The nine week: (4 class hours)Definintions and terminology of graph,Representation of Graphs,AOV network,Topological sort,Shortest path algorithms.The ten week (4 class hours)AOE network,Critical Path,Network flow problems,Minimum spanning tree,Applications of Depth-First Search,Biconnectivity,Breadth-first search,Euler Circuits,Problem solving in AI.The eleven week(4 class hours)Searching of sequential tables and algorithms analysis,searching of tree-table and algorithms analysis,searching of hash-table and algorithms analysis.The twelve week(4 class hours)Insertion sort,A Slower bound for simple sorting algorithms,Shellsort,Heapsort,Mergesort, Quicksort,Sorting large structures,Bucket sort and radix sort.Assignments to be given in1.Homework, by assigning corresponding homework to the learning content of each chapter.2.Pre-class test to evaluate students' mastery of the previous class.Evaluate students' hands-on operation mastery by assigning exercise questions on the computer3.Test for different knowledge modules.prehensive homework at the end of the semester to test students' cognition of the course.The specific content of the assessment includes the following points:(i) Essential basic knowledge in programmingUnderstand the composition of computer system, number system and its conversion,concept of algorithm and description method of algorithm(ii) C language basisMaster constants, operators, variables and input, output of C or C++ language. (iii) algorithm design techniquesGreedy algorithms,divide and conquer,dynamic programming,backtracking algorithms.。

AAAC automatic ampltiude control 自动幅度控制AB AB制立体声录音法Abeyancd 暂停，潜态A-B repeat A-B重复ABS absolute 绝对的，完全的，绝对时间ABS american bureau of standard 美国标准局ABSS auto blank secrion scanning 自动磁带空白部分扫描Abstime 绝对运行时间A.DEF audio defeat 音频降噪，噪声抑制，伴音静噪ADJ adjective 附属的，附件ADJ Adjust 调节ADJ acoustic delay line 声延迟线Admission 允许进入，供给ADP acoustic data processor 音响数据处理机ADP(T) adapter 延配器，转接器ADRES automatic dynamic range expansion system 动态范围扩展系统ADRM analog to digital remaster 模拟录音、数字处理数码唱盘ADS audio distribution system 音频分配系统A.DUB audio dubbing 配音，音频复制，后期录音ADV advance 送入，提升，前置量ADV adversum 对抗ADV advancer 相位超前补偿器Adventure 惊险效果AE audio erasing 音频（声音）擦除AE auxiliary equipment 辅助设备Aerial 天线AES audio engineering society 美国声频工程协会AF audio fidelity 音频保真度AF audio frequency 音频频率AFC active field control 自动频率控制AFC automatic frequency control 声场控制Affricate 塞擦音AFL aside fade listen 衰减后（推子后）监听A-fader 音频衰减AFM advance frequency modulation 高级调频AFS acoustic feedback speaker 声反馈扬声器AFT automatic fine tuning 自动微调AFTAAS advanced fast time acoustic analysis system 高级快速音响分析系统 After 转移部分文件Afterglow 余辉，夕照时分音响效果Against 以……为背景AGC automatic gain control 自动增益控制AHD audio high density 音频高密度唱片系统AI advanced integrated 预汇流AI amplifier input 放大器输入AI artificial intelligence 人工智能AI azimuth indicator 方位指示器A-IN 音频输入A-INSEL audio input selection 音频输入选择Alarm 警报器ALC automatic level control 自动电平控制ALC automatic load control自动负载控制Alford loop 爱福特环形天线Algorithm 演示Aliasing 量化噪声，频谱混叠Aliasing distortion 折叠失真Align alignment 校正，补偿，微调，匹配Al-Si-Fe alloy head 铁硅铝合金磁头Allegretto 小快板，稍快地Allegro 快板，迅速地Allocation 配置，定位All rating 全（音）域ALM audio level meter 音频电平表ALT alternating 震荡，交替的ALT alternator 交流发电机ALT altertue 转路ALT-CH alternate channel 转换通道，交替声道Alter 转换，交流电，变换器AM amperemeter 安培计，电流表AM amplitude modulation 调幅（广播）AM auxiliary memory 辅助存储器Ambience 临场感，环绕感ABTD automatic bulk tape degausser 磁带自动整体去磁电路 Ambient 环境的Ambiophonic system 环绕声系统Ambiophony 现场混响，环境立体声AMLS automatic music locate system 自动音乐定位系统 AMP ampere 安培AMP amplifier 放大器AMPL amplification 放大AMP amplitude 幅度，距离Amorphous head 非晶态磁头Abort 终止，停止（录制或播放）A-B TEST AB比较试听Absorber 减震器Absorption 声音被物体吸收ABX acoustic bass extension 低音扩展AC accumulator 充电电池AC adjustment caliration 调节-校准AC alternating current 交流电，交流AC audio coding 数码声，音频编码AC audio center 音频中心AC azimuth comprator 方位比较器AC-3 杜比数码环绕声系统AC-3 RF 杜比数码环绕声数据流（接口）ACC Acceleration 加速Accel 渐快，加速Accent 重音，声调Accentuator 预加重电路Access 存取，进入，增加，通路Accessory 附件（接口），配件Acryl 丙基酰基Accompaniment 伴奏，合奏，伴随Accord 和谐，调和Accordion 手风琴ACD automatic call distributor 自动呼叫分配器 ACE audio control erasing 音频控制消磁A-Channel A（左）声道Acoumeter 测听计Acoustical 声的，声音的Acoustic coloring 声染色Acoustic image 声像Across 交叉，并行，跨接Across frequency 交叉频率，分频频率ACST access time 存取时间Active 主动的，有源的，有效的，运行的Active crossover 主动分频，电子分频，有源分频 Active loudsperker 有源音箱Armstrong MOD 阿姆斯特朗调制ARP azimuth reference pulse 方位基准脉冲 Arpeggio 琶音Articulation 声音清晰度，发音Artificial 仿……的，人工的，手动（控制）AAD active acoustic devide 有源声学软件ABC auto base and chord 自动低音合弦 Architectural acoustics 建筑声学Arm motor 唱臂唱机Arpeggio single 琶音和弦，分解和弦ARL aerial 天线ASC automatic sensitivity control 自动灵敏度控制 ASGN Assign 分配，指定，设定ASP audio signal processing 音频信号处理ASS assembly 组件，装配，总成ASSEM assemble 汇编，剪辑ASSEM Assembly 组件，装配，总成Assign 指定，转发，分配Assist 辅助（装置）ASSY accessory 组件，附件AST active servo techonology 有源伺服技术A Tempo 回到原速Astigmatism methord 象散法BB band 频带B Bit 比特，存储单元B Button 按钮Babble 多路感应的复杂失真Back 返回Back clamping 反向钳位Back drop 交流哼声，干扰声Background noise 背景噪声，本底噪声Backing copy 副版Backoff 倒扣，补偿Back tracking 补录Back up 磁带备份，支持，预备Backward 快倒搜索Baffle box 音箱BAL balance 平衡，立体声左右声道音量比例，平衡连接 Balanced 已平衡的Balancing 调零装置，补偿，中和Balun 平衡=不平衡转换器Banana jack 香蕉插头Banana bin 香蕉插座Banana pin 香蕉插头Banana plug 香蕉插头Band 频段，Band pass 带通滤波器Bandwidth 频带宽，误差，范围Band 存储单元Bar 小节，拉杆BAR barye 微巴Bargraph 线条Barrier 绝缘（套）Base 低音Bass 低音，倍司（低音提琴）Bass tube 低音号，大号Bassy 低音加重BATT battery 电池Baud 波特（信息传输速率的单位）Bazooka 导线平衡转接器BB base band 基带BBD Bucket brigade device 戽链器件（效果器）B BAT Battery 电池BBE 特指BBE公司设计的改善较高次谐波校正程度的系统 BC balanced current 平衡电流BC Broadcast control 广播控制BCH band chorus 分频段合唱BCST broadcast （无线电）广播BD board 仪表板Beat 拍，脉动信号Beat cancel switch 差拍干扰消除开关Bel 贝尔Below 下列，向下Bench 工作台Bend 弯曲，滑音Bender 滑音器BER bit error rate 信息差错率BF back feed 反馈BF Backfeed flanger 反馈镶边BF Band filter 带通滤波器BGM background music 背景音乐Bias 偏置，偏磁，偏压，既定程序Bidirectional 双向性的，8字型指向的Bifess Bi-feedback sound system 双反馈系统Big bottom 低音扩展，加重低音Bin 接收器，仓室BNG BNC连接器（插头、插座），卡口同轴电缆连接器 Binaural effect 双耳效应，立体声Binaural synthesis 双耳合成法Bin go 意外现象Bit binary digit 字节，二进制数字，位Bitstream 数码流，比特流Bit yield 存储单元Bi-AMP 双（通道）功放系统Bi-wire 双线（传输、分音）Bi-Wring 双线BK break 停顿，间断BKR breaker 断电器Blamp 两路电子分音Blanking 关闭，消隐，断路Blaster 爆裂效果器Blend 融合（度）、调和、混合Block 分程序，联动，中断Block Repeat 分段重复Block up 阻塞Bloop （磁带的）接头噪声，消音贴片BNC bayonet connector 卡口电缆连接器Body mike 小型话筒Bond 接头，连接器Bongo 双鼓Boom 混响，轰鸣声Boomy 嗡嗡声（指低音过强）Boost 提升（一般指低音），放大，增强Booth 控制室，录音棚Bootstrap 辅助程序，自举电路Both sides play disc stereo system 双面演奏式唱片立体声系统 Bottoming 底部切除，末端切除Bounce 合并Bourclon 单调低音Bowl 碗状体育场效果BP bridge bypass 电桥旁路BY bypass 旁通BPC basic pulse generator 基准脉冲发生器BPF band pass filter 带通滤波器BPS band pitch shift 分频段变调节器BNC bayonet connector 卡口电缆连接器Body mike 小型话筒Bond 接头，连接器Bongo 双鼓Boom 混响，轰鸣声Boomy 嗡嗡声（指低音过强）Boost 提升（一般指低音），放大，增强Booth 控制室，录音棚Bootstrap 辅助程序，自举电路Bottoming 底部切除，末端切除Bounce 合并Bourclon 单调低音Bowl 碗状体育场效果BP bridge bypass 电桥旁路BY bypass 旁通BPC basic pulse generator 基准脉冲发生器BPF band pass filter 带通滤波器BPS band pitch shift 分频段变调节器BR bregister 变址寄存器BR Bridge 电桥Break 中止（程序），减弱Breathing 喘息效应B.Reso base resolve 基本解析度Bridge 桥接，电桥，桥，（乐曲的）变奏过渡 Bright 明亮（感）Brightness 明亮度，指中高音听音感觉Brilliance 响亮BRKRS breakers 断路器Broadcast 广播BTB bass tuba 低音大喇叭BTL balanced transformer-less 桥式推挽放大电路 BTM bottom 最小，低音BU backup nuit 备用器件Bumper 减震器Bus 母线，总线Busbar 母线Buss 母线Busy 占线BUT button 按钮，旋钮BW band width 频带宽度，带度BYP bypass 旁路By path 旁路BZ buzzer 蜂音器CC cathode 阴极，负极C Cell 电池C Center 中心C Clear 清除C Cold 冷（端）CA cable 电缆Cable 电缆Cabinet 小操纵台CAC coherent acoustic coding 相干声学编码 Cache 缓冲存储器Cal calando 减小音量CAL Calendar 分类CAL Caliber 口径CAL Calibrate 标准化CAL Continuity accept limit 连续性接受极限 Calibrate 校准，定标Call 取回，复出，呼出Can 监听耳机，带盒CANCL cancel 删除CANCL Cancelling 消除Cancel 取消Cannon 卡侬接口Canon 规则Cap 电容Capacitance Mic 电容话筒Capacity 功率，电容量CAR carrier 载波，支座，鸡心夹头Card 程序单，插件板Cardioid 心型的CATV cable television 有线电视Crispness 脆声Category 种类，类型Cartridge 软件卡，拾音头Carrkioid 心型话筒Carrier 载波器Cart 转运Cartridge 盒式存储器，盒式磁带Cascade 串联Cassette 卡式的，盒式的CAV constant angular velocity 恒角速度Caution 报警CBR circuit board rack 电路板架CC contour correction 轮廓校正CCD charge coupled device 电荷耦合器件CD compact disc 激光唱片CDA current dumping amplifier 电流放大器CD-E compact disc erasable 可抹式激光唱片CDG compact-disc plus graphic 带有静止图像的CD唱盘CD constant directional horn 恒定指向号角CDV compact disc with video 密纹声像唱片CE ceramic 陶瓷Clock enable 时钟启动Cell 电池，元件，单元Cellar club 地下俱乐部效果Cello 大提琴CEMA consumer electronics manufacturer'sassociation（美国）消费电子产品制造商协会 CENELEC connector 欧洲标准21脚AV连接器Cent 音分Central earth 中心接地CES consumer electronic show （美国）消费电子产品展览会CF center frequency 中心频率Cross fade 软切换CH channel 声道，通道Chain 传输链，信道Chain play 连续演奏Chamber 密音音响效果，消声室CHAN channel 通道Change 交换Chapter 曲目Chaper skip 跳节CHAE character 字符，符号Characteristic curve 特性曲线Charge 充电Charger 充电器Chase 跟踪Check 校验CHC charge 充电CH - off 通道切断Choke 合唱Choose 选择Chromatic 色彩，半音Church 教堂音响效果CI cut in 切入CIC cross interleave code 交叉隔行编码CIRC circulate 循环Circuit 电路CL cancel 取消Classic 古典的Clean 净化CLR clear 归零Click 嘀哒声Clip 削波，限幅，接线柱CLK clock 时钟信号Close 关闭，停止CLS 控制室监听Cluster 音箱阵效果CLV ceiling limit value 上限值CMP compact 压缩CMPT compatibility 兼容性CMRR common mode rejection ratio 共模抑制比 CNT count 记数，记数器CNTRL central 中心，中央 CO carry out 定位输出 Coarse 粗调Coax 同轴电缆Coaxial 数码同轴接口Code 码，编码Coefficient 系数Coincident 多信号同步Cold 冷的，单薄的Color 染色效果COM comb 梳状（滤波）COMB combination 组合音色COMBI combination 组合，混合COMBO combination 配合，组合Combining 集合，结合COMM communication 换向的，切换装置Command 指令，操作，信号COMMON 公共的，公共地端Communieation speed 通讯速度选择COMP comparator 比较器COMP compensate 补偿Compact 压缩Compander 压缩扩展器Compare 比拟Compatibility 兼容Compensate 补偿Complex 全套设备Copmoser 创意者，作曲者Compressor 压缩器COMP-EXP 压扩器Compromise （频率）平衡Computer 计算机，电脑CON concentric cable 同轴电缆CON console 操纵台CON controller 控制器Concentric 同轴的，同心的Concert 音乐厅效果Condenser Microphone 电容话筒Cone type 锥形（扬声器）CONFIG 布局，线路接法Connect 连接，联络CORR correct 校正，补偿，抵消Configuration 线路布局Confirmation 确认Consent 万能插座Console 调音台Consonant 辅音Constant 常数CONT continuous 连续的（音色特性）CONT control 控制，操纵Contact 接触器Content 内容Continue 连续，继续Continue button 两录音卡座连续放音键 Contour 外形，轮廓，保持Contra 次八度Contrast 对比度Contribution 分配Controlled 可控的Controller 控制器CONV conventional 常规的CONV convert 变换CONV convertible 可转换的Copy 复制Correlation meter 相关表Coupler 耦合Cover 补偿Coverage 有效范围CP clock pulse 时钟脉冲CP control program 控制程序CPU 中央处理器CR card reader 卡片阅读机CRC cyclic redundancy check 循环冗余校验 Create 建立，创造Crescendo 渐强或渐弱Crispness 清脆感CRM control room 控制室CROM control read only memory 控制只读存储器 Crossfader 交叉渐变器Cross-MOD 交叉调制Crossover 分频器，换向，切断Cross talk 声道串扰，串音Crunch 摩擦音C/S cycle/second 周/秒CSS content scrambling system 内容加密系统CST case style tape 盒式磁带CT current 电流CTM close talking microphone 近讲话筒CU counting unit 计数单元Cue 提示，选听Cue clock 故障计时钟Cueing 提示，指出Cursor 指示器，光标Curve （特性）曲线Custom 常规CUT 切去，硬切换DD double 双重的，对偶的D drum 鼓，磁鼓DA delayed action 延迟作用D/Adigital/analog 数字/模拟DAB digital audio broadcasting 数字音频广播Damp 阻尼DASH digital audio stationar head 数字固定磁头Dashpot 缓冲器，减震器DAT digital audio tape 数字音频磁带，数字录音机DATA 数据DATAtron 数据处理机DATE 日期DB(dB) decibel 分贝DB distribution 分线盒DBA decibel asolute 绝对分贝DBA decibel adjusted 调整分贝DBB dynamic bass boost 动态低音提升DBK decibels referred to one kilowatt 千瓦分贝DBm decibel above one milliwatt in 600 ohms 毫瓦分贝DBS direct broadcast satellite 直播卫星DBX 压缩扩展式降噪系统DC distance controlled 遥控器DCA digital command assembly 数字指令装置DCE data circuit terminating equipment 数据通讯线路终端设备 DCF digital comb filter 数字梳状滤波器DCH decade chorus 十声部合唱DCP date central processor 数据中心处理器DD direct drive 直接驱动DD dolby digital 数字杜比DDC direct digital control 直接数字控制DDS digital dynamic sound 数字动态声DDT data definition table 数据定义表Dead 具有强吸声特性的房间的静寂DEC decay 衰减，渐弱，余音效果Decibel 分贝Deck 卡座，录音座，带支加的，走带机构Deemphasis 释放Deep reverb 纵深混响De-esser 去咝声器DEF defeat 消隐，静噪Delete 删除Delivery end 输入端DEMO demodulator 解调器Demo 自动演奏Demoder 解码器Density 密度，声音密度效果Detune 音高微调，去谐DepFin 纵深微调Depth 深度Denoiser 降噪器Design 设计Destroyer 抑制器DET detector 检波器Deutlichkeit 清晰度DEV device 装置，仪器DEX dynamic exciter 动态激励器DF damping factor 动态滤波器DFL dynamic filter 动态滤波DFS digital frequency synthesizer 数字频率合成器 DI data input 数据输入Diagram 图形，原理图Dial 调节度盘Difference 不同，差别DIFF differential 差动Diffraction 衍射，绕射Diffuse 传播Diffusion 扩散DIG digit 数字式Digital 数字的，数字式，计数的Digitalyier 数字化装置DIM digital input module 数字输入模块DIM diminished 衰减，减半音Dimension 范围，密度，尺寸，（空间）维，声像宽度 Din 五芯插口（德国工业标准）DIN digital input 数字输入DIR direct 直接的，（调音台）直接输出，定向的 Direct box 指令盒，控制盒Direct sound 直达声Directory 目录Direction 配置方式Directional 方向，指向的Directivity 方向性DIS display 显示器DISC disconnect 切断，开路DISC discriminator 鉴相器Disc 唱盘，唱片，碟Disc holder 唱片抽屉Disc recorder 盘片式录音机Dischage 释放，解除Disco 迪斯科，迪斯科音乐效果Discord 不谐和弦Disk 唱盘，碟DISP display 显示器，显示屏Dispersion 频散特性，声音分布Displacement 偏转，代换Distortion 失真，畸变DIST distance 距离，间距DIST district 区间Distributer 分配器，导向装置DITEC digital television camera 数字电视摄像机Dim 变弱，变暗，衰减DIV divergence 发散DIV division 分段DIV divisor 分配器Diversity 分集（接收）Divider 分配器Divx 美国数字视频快递公司开发的一种每次观看付费的DVDDJ Disc Jocker 唱片骑士DJ dust jacket 防尘罩DJ delay 延迟DLD dynamic linear drive 动态线性驱动DLLD direct linear loop detector 直接线性环路检波器DME digital multiple effector 数字综合效果器DMS date multiplexing system 数据多路传输系统DMS digital multiplexing synchronizer数字多路传输同步器DMX data multiplex 数据多路（传输）DNL dynamic noise limiter 动态噪声抑制器DNR dynamic noise reduction 动态降噪电路DO dolly out 后移DO dropout 信号失落DOB dolby 杜比DOL dynamic optimum loudness 动态最佳响度Dolby 杜比，杜比功能Dolby Hx Pro dolby Hx pro headroom extension system 杜比Hx Pro动态余量扩展系统 Dolby NR 杜比降噪Dolby Pro-logic 杜比定向逻辑Dolby SR-D dolby SR digital 杜比数字频谱记录Dolby Surround 杜比环绕Dome loudspeaker 球顶扬声器Dome type 球顶（扬声器）DOP doppler 多普勒（响应）Double 加倍，双，次八度Doubler 倍频器，加倍器Double speed 倍速复制D.OUT direct output 直接输出Down 向下，向下调整，下移，减少DPCM differential pulse code modulation 差动脉冲调制DPD direct pure MPX decoder 直接纯多路解调器DPL dolby pro logic 杜比定向逻辑DPL duplex 双工，双联DPLR doppler 多普勒（系统）D.Poher effect 德.波埃效应Dr displacement corrector 位移校准器，同步机DR distributor 分配器DR drum 磁鼓Drain 漏电，漏极DRAM direct read after write 一次性读写存储器Drama 剧场效果DRAW 只读追忆型光盘Dr.Beat 取字时间校准器DRCN dynamic range compression and normalization 动态范围压缩和归一化 Drive 驱动，激励Dr.Rhythm 节奏同步校准器DRPS digital random program selector 数字式节目随机选择器DDrum 鼓Drum machine 鼓机Dry 干，无效果声，直达声DS distortion 失真DSC digital signal converter 数字信号转换器DSL dynamic super loudness 低音动态超响度，重低音恢复DSM dynamic scan modulation 动态扫描速度调制器DSP digital signal processor 数字信号处理器DSP display simulation program 显示模拟程序DSP digital sound processor 数字声音处理器DSP digital sound field processor 数字声场处理器DSP dynamic speaker 电动式扬声器DSS digital satellite system 数字卫星系统DT data terminal 数据终端DT data transmission 数据传输DTL direct to line 直接去线路DTS digital theater system 数字影剧院系统DTS digital tuning system 数字调谐系统DTV digital television 数字电视Dual 对偶，双重，双Dub 复制，配音，拷贝，转录磁带Dubbing mixer 混录调音台Duck 按入，进入Dummyload 假负载DUP Duplicate 复制（品）Duplicator 复制装置，增倍器Duration 持续时间，宽度Duty 负载，作用范围，功率Duty cycle 占空系数，频宽比DUX duplex 双工DV device 装置，器件DVC digital video cassette 数字录象带DVD digital video disc 数字激光视盘DX 天线收发开关，双重的，双向的DYN dynamic 电动式的，动态范围，动圈式的Dynamic filter 动态滤波（特殊效果处理）器Dynamic Microphone 动圈话筒Dynamic range 动态范围Dynode 电子倍增器电极EE early warning 预警E earth 真地，接地E error 错误，差错（故障显示）EA earth 地线，真地EAR early 早期（反射声）Earphone 耳机Earth terminal 接地端EASE electro-acooustic simulators for engineers 工程师用电声模拟器，计算机电声与声学设计软件Eat 收取信号EBU european broadcasting union 欧洲广播联盟EC error correction 误差校正ECD electrochomeric display 电致变色显示器Echo 回声，回声效果，混响ECL extension zcompact limitter 扩展压缩限制器ECM electret condenser microphone 驻极体话筒ECSL equivalent continuous sound level 等级连续声级ECT electronec controlled transmission 电控传输ED edit editor 编辑，编辑器Edit 编辑Edge tone 边棱音EDTV enhanced definition television 增强清晰度电视（一种可兼容高清晰度电视）E-DRAW erasable direct after write 可存可抹读写存储器EE errors excepted 允许误差EFF effect efficiency 效果，作用Effector 操纵装置，效果器Effects generator 效果发生器EFM 8/14位调制法EFX effect 效果EG envelope generator 包络发生器EIA electronec industries association （美国）电子工业协会EIAJ electronic industries association Japan 日本电子工业协会EIN einstein 量子摩尔（能量单位）EIN equivalent input noise 等效输入噪声EIO error in operation 操作码错误Eject 弹起舱门，取出磁带（光盘），出盒EL electro luminescence 场致发光ELAC electroacoustic 电声（器件）ELEC electret 驻极体Electret condenser microphone 驻极体话筒ELF extremely low frequency 极低频ELEC electronec 电子的Electroacoustics 电声学EMI electro magnetic interference 电磁干扰Emission 发射EMP emphasispo 加重EMP empty 空载Emphasis 加重EMS emergency switch 紧急开关Emulator 模拟器，仿真设备EN enabling 启动Enable 赋能，撤消禁止指令Encoding 编码End 末端，结束，终止Ending 终端，端接法，镶边ENG engineering 工程Engine 运行，使用ENG land 工程接地Enhance 增强，提高，提升ENS ensemble 合奏ENS envelope sensation 群感Eensemble 合奏Eensemble 合奏ENT enter 记录Enter 记入，进入，回车Entering 插入，记录Entry 输入数据，进入ENV envelope 包络线Envelopment 环绕感EOP electronic overload protection 电子过载保护EOP end of program 程序结束EOP end output 末端输出EOT end of tape 磁带尾端EP extend playing record 多曲目唱片EP extended play 长时间放录，密录EPG edit pulse generator 编辑脉冲发生器EPS emergency power supply 应急电源EQ equalizer 均衡器，均衡EQ equalization 均衡EQL equalization 均衡Equal-loudness contour 等响曲线Equipped 准备好的，已装备Equitonic 全音Equivalence 等效值ER erect 设置ER error 错误，误差ERA earphone 耳机Eraser 抹去，消除Erasing 擦除，清洗Erasure 抹音Erase 消除，消Er early 早期的ERCD extended resolution CD 扩展解析度CDEREQ erect equalizer 均衡器（频点）位置（点频补偿电路的中点频率）调整 ERF early reflection 早期反射（声）Ernumber 早期反射声量Error 错误，出错，不正确ES earth swith 接地开关ES electrical stimulation 点激励Escqpe 退出ETER eternity 无限Euroscart 欧洲标准21脚AV连接器Event 事件EVF envelope follower 包络跟随器（音响合成装置功能单元）EX exciter 激励器EX exchange 交换EX expanding 扩展EXB expanded bass 低音增强EXC exciter 激励器EXCH exchange 转换Exclusive 专用的Excursion 偏移，偏转，漂移，振幅EXP expender 扩展器，动态扩展器EXP export 输出Exponential horn tweeter 指数型高音号角扬声器Expression pedal 表达踏板（用于控制乐器或效果器的脚踏装置）EXT extend 扩展EXT exterior 外接的（设备）EXT external 外部的，外接的EXT extra 超过EXTN extension 扩展，延伸（程控装置功能单元）Extract 轨道提出EXTSN extension 扩展，延伸（程控装置功能单元）SSAF Safety 安全装置，保险装置，保护装置Safeguard by 防护器SALT symmetry air load technique 对称空气负载技术Samba 桑巴Sample 声音信号样品，采样，取样，抽样Sampling 抽样，脉冲调制SAP second audio program 第二套音频节目SAT saturate 饱和效果处理Save 贮存Save 存储，保存Saxphone 萨克司管Saxophome 顶馈直线天线SC set clock 置位时钟SC sigmal control 信号控制SC subcarrier 副载波SC system controller 系统控制器SC scan 扫描Scale 音阶，刻度尺标Scale unit 标度单位，分频器Scan 搜索，记录，扫描Scar 激光唱片上的缺陷SCART connector欧洲标准21脚AV接口Scattering 散射Scene 实况，场面SCH search 搜索，寻找Scheme 设计图，原理图SCMS serial copy management system 成套复制管理系统Screw 螺丝钉Scrollback 回找SCH stereochrous 立体声合唱Schmidt trigger 施密特触发器Scintillation 闪烁，调制引起的载频变化SCMS successive copy manage system 连续复制管理系统（DAT设备中防止多次转录节目的系统）Scoop 戽斗，收集器Scope 范围，显示器Scoring 音乐录音SCR signal to clutter ratio 信噪比SCR silicon controlled rectifier 晶闸管整流器Scraper 刮声器Screen 屏蔽SD space division 空间分布S-DAT stationary head DAT 固定磁头DAT机SDDS sony dynamic digital sound 索尼动态数字环绕声系统 SDI standard data interface 标准数据接口SDLC synchronous data link control 同步数据链控制器 SE single end 单端的SE sound effect 音响效果SE storage element 存储元件SE support equipment 支援设备SEA soond effect amplifier 音响效果放大器SEA special effects amplifier 特殊效果放大器Search 搜索，扫描Searcher 扫描器SEC Second 秒，第二SECAM sequential color and memory 调频行轮换彩色制式 Section 单元，环节Sectoral horm 扇形号筒Security 保险，加锁SED system effectiveness demonstration 系统效果演示 Seek 搜索SEL selector 选择装置，寻线器，转换开关Select 选择Selectivity （收音机）选择性Semi- 半-Semibreve 全音符Semioctave 半个八度音Semit 半音SEN sensor 传感器Send 送出，发送，发射SENS Sensitivity 灵敏度Sense 分辨率Sensor 传感器Sentinel 发射器，传送器SEP standard electronic package 标准电子组件SEP system engineering process 系统工程处理Separator 分离器，分解器Septieme 七倍音SEQ sequencer 音序器，定序器SEQ Stereo equalizer 立体声均衡器Sequence 排序，序列Series 系列，串连Service 维修，服务Servo 伺服机构，随机系统Servo motor 伺服马达SES spatial effect system 立体声空间效果系统Session 跟随自动伴奏Set 调整，设定，装置，定位，接收机Setout 开始，准备Setup 设定，构成，菜单，组合，调整SFC sound field composer 声场合成装置SFL stereo flange 立体声法兰镶边SFS sound field synthesis 声场合成SG signal generator 信号发生器SGL signal 信号S-hall small hall 小型厅堂效果Shake 震动Shape 波形，轮廊Shaper 整形器，脉冲成形Share drum 小军鼓Sharpness 清晰度，鲜明度，锐度Shelving 滤除，滤波处理SHG sub harmonic generator 次（分）谐波发生器Shield 保护，屏蔽Shift 转换，变调，移频，漂移Shock 冲击Short 短的Short gate 短时选通门（混响效果）Shower 指示器，显示器SHUF Shuffle 随机顺序节目播放Shunt 分路，并联SHUTT shuttle 变速搜索，往复SI sneak in 淡入Sibilance 齿音，咝音Sibilant 咝音Sibilation 咝音，高频声畸变SICS sound image control system 声像控制系统Side 边，面，侧面，方面Side chain 旁链SIG signal 声音信号Signature 特征，音乐的调号SIF 伴音中频Silencer 静噪器Silent 静噪调谐Simple tone 纯音Simplex 单工Simulate 模拟的Simultaneous 同步，联立SINAD signal to noise and distortion ratio 信号对噪声和失真比 Sine wave 正弦波Single 单，单次的，单独的，单碟SIP solo in place 独奏入位SIP standard information package 标准信息包Siren 旋笛Size 尺寸Skew control 扭曲校正，菱形失真器Skip 跳跃，省略SL signal level 信号电平Slap 拍打效果Slap back 山谷回声Slap reverb 山谷混响效果Slate 预定，标记，（录音调音台）标记开关Slave 从属的，从机，从动的Sleep 睡眠定时开关，静止Sleeve(SLE) 接地点，袖端，套Slew rate 瞬态率Sliding tone 滑音Slope 斜率，坡度，跨导Slow 慢速SLP super long play 超长（三倍）时间播放Sliding tone 滑音SLS studio listen 演播室监听SM sequential machine 时序机 SM signal meter 信号强度计SM storage mark 存储标志S/M speech/music 语言/音乐S/N signal-to-noise radio 信噪比Small club 小俱乐部效果Smear 曳尾，拖尾，浑浊不清Smear correction 拖尾校正SMF Standard MIDI File 标准SMP sampler 取样器SMPTE society of motion picture television engineers （美国）电影及电视工程师学会 S/N signal/noise 信号/噪声，信噪比SND sound 声音，音响，伴音Snake 集体线Snapshot 片段，场景状态设置Snubber 缓冲器，减震器SO sneak out 淡出Socket 插座，插口Soft 软的，柔和的Soft click 柔性箝位Soft knee 软拐点（压限器）Soft-touch 轻触式Software 计算机软件Solo 独唱，独奏 / 监听Sone 宋（响度单位）Song 乐曲Sound colum 声柱Sound field 声场Sound image 声像Sound intensity 声强Sound shadow region 声影区Sound cousole desk 调音台Source 声源SOS sound on sound 叠加录音SP speaker 扬声器SP speed 速度SP standard-play 标准走带速度录放SPA stereo pan allochthonous 立体声声像漂移Space 间隙，空间效果Spaciousness 空间感ST stereo 立体声，立体STI speech transmission index 语言传输系统Sticks 操作杆，安置，卡子Still 静止STM send test massage 发送测试信号STO stand point 位置STO stereo 立体声STO stop 停止STO store 存储，存储器STP shielded twisted pnir 屏蔽双绞线Strike note 击弦音，撞击声String instrument 弦乐器Strip 卸下附属设备，轨道，类别Strobe 选通脉冲，频闪放电管Strong 有力的Structure 装置，结构STU Studio 演播室效果SUB 副，辅助，附加，低音Subgroup 副，（调音台的通道集中控制网络）编组Suboctave 次八度Subsonic 次声，超低音Subwoofer 超低音Sum 和，总和，总数SUP Supply 电源Supper 超Super bass 超低音Super over drive 超激励Suppressor 抑制器Support programs 支援程序SUR Surround 环绕声，环绕，包围Sustain 保持，维持SVP surge voltage protector 浪肖电压保护器SW signal wire 信号线SW S-Wite 塞套引线SW switch 开关，切换SW short wave 短波S/W specification of wiring 布线规格Swap 交换，调动（等量齐观），调换Sweep 扫描，曲线Swell 增音器Swing 摆幅，摇摆舞Swishing 飕飕声SX simplex 单工SXE stereo exciter 立体声激励器Symphobass 调谐低音系统Symphonic 交响，谐音SPD speed 调制速度SPDIF sony/philips digital interface 索尼/飞利浦数字接口 SPE speaker 扬声器，音箱Special 临时（装置），特设的Specificatin 性能Spectrum 音域，频谱Speech 语言，语音Speed 速度，调制速度Speed select （录音机）带速选择SPG severo pulse generator 伺服脉冲发生器SPH single phase 单相SPL sound pressure level 声压级Split 分割，分配，等信号区SPM spiral modulation 螺旋调制Spot effects 现场效果Spring 弹簧效果，弹簧混响器SPS stereo pitch shift 立体声变调SPSS self program search system 自动节目搜索系统Sport 运动场效果SQ squelch 静噪，噪声抑制（电路）SQ stereo quadraphonic record 四声道立体声唱片Square 广场音响效果Squawker 中音扬声器Squeal 啸叫Squegger 间歇振荡器Squib drivers 电爆激励器SR 遥控操作SR speed ratio 转换速率SR stabilizeation receiver 稳定接收机SRL standard recording level 标准录音电平SRS sound retrieval system 声音归真（恢复）系统，是一种利用双声道产生环绕声场的虚拟环绕声方式。