土木工程英文参考文献

Introduction to Civil Engineering Papers

Civil Engineering for the development of a key role, first as a material foundation for the

civil engineering construction materials, followed by the subsequent development of the

design theory and construction technology. Every time a new quality of building materials,

civil engineering will be a leap-style development.

People can only rely on the early earth, wood and other natural materials in the

construction activities, and later appeared in brick and tile that artificial materials, so that

the first human to break the shackles of natural building materials. China in the eleventh

century BC in the early Western Zhou Dynasty created the tile. The first brick in the fifth

century BC to the third century BC, when the tomb of the Warring States Period. Brick and

tile better than the mechanical properties of soil, materials, and easy to manufacture.

The brick and tile so that people began to appear widely, to a large number of housing

construction and urban flood control project, and so on. This civil engineering technology

has been rapid development. Up to 18 to the 19th century, as long as two thousand years,

brick and tile has been a major civil engineering construction materials, human civilization

has made a great contribution to the even was also widely used in the present.

The application of a large number of steel products is the second leap in civil engineering.

Seventeen 1970s the use of pig iron, the early nineteenth century, the use of wrought iron

bridges and the construction of housing, which is a prelude to the emergence of steel.

From the beginning of the mid-nineteenth century, metallurgical industry, smelting and

rolling out high tensile and compressive strength, ductility, uniformity of the quality of

construction steel and then produce high-strength steel wire, steel cables. As a result of

the need to adapt to the development of the steel structure have been flourishing. In the structure of network, cable structures to promote the gradual emergence of the

structure of Yan in the form of flowers.

From the brick building long-span structures, stone structures, a few meters of wood, steel

structure to the development of tens of meters, a few hundred meters, until modern km

above. So in the river, cross the bridge from shelves, on the ground since the construction

of skyscrapers and high-rise tower, even in the laying of underground railway, to create an

unprecedented miracle.

In order to meet the needs of the development of steel works, on the basis of Newton's

mechanics, material mechanics, structural mechanics, structural engineering design

theory came into being, and so on. Construction machinery, construction technology and

construction organization design theory also development, civil engineering from the

experience of rising to become science, engineering practice and theoretical basis for

both is a different place, which led to more rapid development of civil engineering.

During the nineteenth century, 20, made of Portland cement, concrete has come out.

Concrete can aggregate materials, easy-to-concrete structures forming, but the tensile

strength of concrete is very small, limited use. By the middle of the nineteenth century, the

surge in steel production, with the emergence of this new type of reinforced concrete

composite construction materials, which bear the tension steel, concrete bear the

pressure and play their own advantages. Since the beginning of the 20th century,

reinforced concrete is widely used in various fields of civil engineering.

From the beginning of the 1930s, there have been pre-stressed concrete. Pre-stressed

concrete structure of the crack resistance, rigidity and carrying capacity, much higher than

the reinforced concrete structure, which uses an even wider area. Civil Engineering into

the reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete dominant historical period. Concrete engineering, civil engineering so that a new construction technology and engineering

design of the structure of the theory. This is another leap in the development of civil

engineering.

A project to build the facilities in general to go through the investigation, design and

construction in three stages, require the use of geological prospecting projects,

hydro-geological survey, engineering survey, soil mechanics, mechanical engineering,

engineering design, building materials, construction equipment, engineering machinery,

building the economy , And other disciplines and construction technology, construction

and other fields of knowledge, as well as computer and mechanical testing techniques.