Vector Error Correction and Cointergration Theory1

quadrature error correction 中文-概述说明以及解释1.引言概述部分的内容：1.1 概述在现代科学和工程领域中，误差校正是一个重要的问题。

其中，对于干涉测量等一些特定应用场景中的误差校正尤为关键。

本文将重点讨论一种名为“quadrature error correction”的方法，该方法可用于干涉测量仪器中的误差校正。

干涉测量技术在许多领域中都发挥着重要作用，例如光学测量、雷达测距、天文观测等等。

然而，由于各种因素的干扰，这些测量中常常存在着误差。

其中，干扰信号的相位误差是导致干涉测量误差的主要原因之一。

干涉测量仪器通常使用两个或多个传感器进行相位测量，从而得到目标信号的相位信息。

然而，由于传感器之间的位置差异、灵敏度不一致等原因，会引入所谓的象限误差（quadrature error），即误差信号在实部和虚部上的不平衡。

这种不平衡性导致了相位测量的误差，并进一步影响了最终的测量结果的准确性。

因此，为了提高干涉测量仪器的测量精度，减小相位测量误差，需要对象限误差进行校正。

quadrature error correction方法正是为了解决这一问题而提出的一种有效手段。

该方法通过对干涉信号进行数字处理和校正，实现了对象限误差的补偿，从而提高了干涉测量的准确性和可靠性。

本文将系统介绍quadrature error correction方法的原理、实现步骤和应用效果。

通过对现有研究成果的综述和分析，总结出该方法的优点和局限性。

最后，展望了quadrature error correction方法在干涉测量领域中的未来发展方向，并提出了一些建议，以期能够进一步推动该方法的应用和研究。

1.2文章结构文章结构部分的内容可以写为:文章结构的设计与安排是为了使读者能够清晰地了解整篇文章的内容和组织结构。

本文主要分为引言、正文和结论三部分。

引言部分旨在引出本文的研究主题，并提供一个对该主题的概述，使读者能够了解文章的背景和意义。

股指期货与股指现货之间价格发现与波动溢出效应研究--基于沪深300股指期货高频数据的实证分析杨东晓【摘要】Stock index future is one of the most important financial derivatives in capital market,so it becomes the center of attention among many researchers in this field.In order to study its ability to resolve new information and the risk spill-over effect between stock index and the stock market, using 5-min high frequency data,we test for the co-integration relationship between HS300 stock index future and HS300 stock index,and then we use vector error correction model to test for the Lead-lag relationship between them.The results show that stock index futures have stronger price discover ability.In addition,by using BEKK-GARCH model,it is proved that there are significant volatility spill-over effect between these two markets.%股指期货不仅是当今资本市场上最受关注的金融产品，也是最有活力的风险管理工具之一。

2An unbeatable solutionThe high-performance HP 8753E RF network analyzer brings together an unbeatable com-bination of speed, performance and ease-of-use features to solve your measurement needs,whether on the production floor or in R&D. With an integrated S-parameter test set that covers 30 kHz to 3 or 6 GHz, up to 110 dB of dynamic range, and both frequency and power sweeps,the HP 8753E accurately and quickly characterizes the linear and nonlinear behavior of active and passive components.Highly evolved for test successThe HP 8753E vector network analyzer provides both magnitude and phaseinformation, as well as, gain compression, group delay and time domain measurements —all with vector error correction to minimize measurement uncertainty.Superb speed, accuracy, and productivity features The HP 8753E extends the performance of the industry-standard HP 8753D with an impressive 300% speedimprovement in measurement sweep, data transfer,instrument-state recall and time-domain analysis. Interface and code compatability with the HP 8753D makes the transition to the HP 8753E fast and easy.Superb measurement accuracy as well as numerous calibration techniques for coaxial, on-wafer and in-fixture measurements enhance product yields. In addition, the world’s most popular RF network analyzer now offers four-parameterdisplay, VGA output, numerous productivity enhancements, and a smaller size.Enhancements formanufacturing includemore calibration techniques,four-parameter display, VGA output for enhanced visability, and smaller size.Impressive 300% speedimprovement in measurement sweep, data transfer,instrument-state recall andtime-domain analysis.1981Feature highlightsFaster measurement speed Exceptional sweep speed, register recall and data-transfer rate.´Faster tuning/testingSimultaneously display all four S-parameters while tuning devices.Quickly record or print all four S-parameters for record keeping. Enhance yourproduct throughputImproved measurement accuracy for noninsertable devices with adapter-removal calibration.Maximize measurement speed with fast sweep list mode.Flexible fitto your environmentVGA output for enhanced pact size to maximize space and ease transport.Reduced support effortMake firmware upgrades quickly using built-in disk drive.Backward compatibility Backward compatibility with HP 8753D makes leveraging your investment in software fast and easy.Built-in data storageConvenient storage of instrument states, calibrations, data, and test sequences via floppy disk and nonvolatile memory.Test sequencingInternally configure and automate measurements easily and quickly with keystroke recording.A winning combination ofperformance and productivity featuresMeasurement speed improvements for the HP 8753EFunction 8753D 8753E % increase in speed 201 points, two-port calibration.510.145352Recall 201 points.740.138536Time domain 201 points.350.046760Trace dump 201 points.061.021290List frequency 201 points.795.104764Powerful options customize your measurementsExtended frequency coverage• Option 006 for characterizing components to 6 GHz.Time-domain analysis• Locate and resolve discontinuities in your test device or fixture versus distance. Gain more insight into the behavior of your device by displaying the step response or by gating to remove unwanted responses such as connector mismatch. Quickly and accurately locate cable faults or resolve multiple discontinuities.Harmonic measurement capability • Swept second and third harmonic levels can be displayed directly or relative to the fundamental carrier (dBc) by using the harmonic-measurement capability. Measure amplifier harmonics as low as –40 dBc with a simple press of a button.Configuration flexibility• Use a dedicated HP test set or delete the built-in test set with Option 011.Enhance performanceFaster measurement speed• New CPU provides exceptional sweep speed, register recall and data transfer rate.•10 Hz to 6 KHz IF filters optimize speed versus accuracy trade-offs.Four-parameter display•Increase your tuning speed with simul-taneous display of all four S-parameters.Now it’s easy and convenient to record and print all four S-parameters.VGA output•Add an external monitor to enhance the visibility of displayed data.Smaller size•More compact and lighter, the HP 8753E maximizes test-station space and is easier to move.Backwards compatable with 8753D •Easy transition from previous model with compatible HP-IB and front-panel features.Greater productivity•Improve the measurement accuracy of noninsertable devices using the new adapter-removal calibration technique.•Reduce measurement time by selecting swept list mode. Choose frequency ranges with independent IF bandwidths and power levels.• Touchstone ©-compatible S2P data format. Flash memory•Use the built-in disk drive to quickly and easily upgrade firmware, and reduce support efforts.Standard features provide solid valueBuilt-in disk drive•Allows convenient storage of instrument states, data, and test sequences.Nonvolatile memory•Allows internal storage of calibration data, as well as up to 31 instrument states.Wide dynamic range•110 dB dynamic range (30 kHz to 3 GHz)and 105 dB dynamic range (3 GHz to 6 GHz).TRL*/LRM* calibration•Allows convenient calibration for in-fixture environments such as microstrip.Serial, parallel and HP-IB interfaces •Supports modern printers and plotters. Make direct color or black-and-white hardcopies of data.Test sequencing•Internally configure and automatemeasurements with an enhanced form of keystroke recording.Real-time clock•Convenient time-stamping of data printouts and files.Fast, accurate measurements are essential in today’s fast paced, competitive environment whether you are in manufacturing or R&D. When you have an HP 8753E vector network analyzer, you have the best measurement tool available for characterizing the performance of high-frequency components and devices. The HP 8753E provides a host of capabilities including magnitude, phase, and group-delay measurements. It also performs power sweeps, providing gain compression and AM-to-PM conversion measurements, shows impedances on a Smith chart, and with the time-domain option, shows the distance from the test port to an impedance mismatch or cable fault. So whether your application is manufacturing components for the wireless market or designing a state-of-the-art RF filter or amplifier,the HP 8753E helps you maximize your measurement throughput and designs.Powerful analysis of RF componentsSuperb speed and performance The HP 8753E provides quick,high-performance measure-ments for a broad range ofintegrated and discrete devicessuch as filters, duplexers,amplifiers, mixers, modulators,cables and antennas. Thesemeasurement capabilities areideally suited for today’s R&Dand high volume manufacturersin the RF communication,aerospace/defence and consumer electronics industries. 1-Hz frequency resolutionallows accurate crystal filter measurements of both passband transmission response andgroup delay.SAW device measurementsCompletely characterize surfaceacoustic wave (SAW) deviceswith high-resolution return loss,insertion loss, and group-delaymeasurements. Measurepassband ripple with 0.001-dBmagnitude resolution and0.01-picosecond delay resolution.Gain additional insight aboutyour device’s unwanted timeresponses, such as RF leakageand triple transit, with optionaltime-domain capabilty. Applygating (a time-domain selectivefilter) to the main lobe response,and view your device’s responseindependently of matchingnetworks and connectors.Simultaneously viewboth the frequency responseand the time responseof your SAW device.Filter measurementsHigh resolution, a stable sourceand wide-dynamic-range recieversare essential for transmissionand reflection measurements ofnarrowband devices such asresonators, filters and duplexers.The HP 8753E synthesizedsource provides 1-Hz resolutionwith uncompromisingmeasurement speed, while thesensitive tuned receivers provideup to 110 dB of dynamic range.Optimize the measurementdynamic range with the 10-Hzbandwith IF filter or choose thenew 6-KHz IF filter for maximummeasure ment speed.Minimize adjustment time withmarker functions that providemultiple marker values simul-taneously and give on-screeninformation about your device’s3-dB point, passband ripple,and maximum or minimumvalue. The marker-trackingfunction provides fast, updatedmagnitude and frequencyinformation during tuning ofyour device.Amplifier measurements Measuring an amplifier that has a high gain and high reverse isolation with a low input signal requires a test system with wide dynamic range and high sensitivity. The HP 8753E is ideal for these measurements with up to –100 dBm sensitivity,110 dB of dynamic range, 0.05 dB dynamic accuracy, and theability to set the test-port power level exactly over a 95 dB range.In addition, the use of swept power to simplify gain-compression measurements and power-meter calibration forimproving source power level as well as receiver-measurement accuracy, make the HP 8753E one of the most productive tools available.Mixer measurementsTraditionally, vector network analyzers have operated over a single stimulus-and-response frequency range, and therefore,could not test the transmission characteristics of mixers. 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Available Q298Simultaneously view all four S-parameters for faster tuning/testingHP 8753E productivity featuresspeed and simplify your measurementsPass/fail testingReduce test times by letting the network analyzer determine if measurement results are within user-defined limits. You can easily choose any combination of single-point, horizontal or sloping line limits from thefront-panel. Pass/fail is indicated visually from the display, audibly with a beep, over HP-IB, or from a BNC rear-panel TTL e rear-panel TTL output as an input for automated part handlers.Automate repetitive tasks,without a computerIn test-sequencing mode, you make the measurement once and the network analyzerrecords the keystrokes. Complex measurements can be stored in a sequence and recalled rapidly and consistently with the touchof a button. Since a sequence is created by the same front-panel keystrokes used during manual operation, no additional pro-gramming expertise is required.Display user prompts for tuning and other manual adjustments or make go/no-go decisionsduring sequence execution. You can even control other HP-IB instruments, or use the parallel port to control part handlers.User-definedfrequency testingSpeed up your testing bymeasuring your device at only selected frequencies. You can specify up to 30 arbitrary CW frequencies or frequency sweep segments at which to test your device. Set test-port power levels and IF bandwidth independently for each segment. Reduce test time and increase measurement throughput by optimizing each segment to your specific test requirements.Test sequence flowchartExample of "fast swept list"output.Transfer datato your CAE program Store ASCII disk files inconformance to the CITIFILE standard with the HP 8753E.Touchstone ©-compatible (S2P)format provides component data files describing frequency-dependent two-port S-parameters.Measured data can then be read by electronic design automation applications, including HP EEsof design software, and used for circuit simulation. These pro-grams can also access datadirectly via HP-IB.StartSet stimulus & test limits Connect device Measure parameters Passed test limits Tune devicePlot data & limits Next device StopYNIncrease throughput using automated pass/fail.Change frequenciesand remain calibratedSave time and avoid recalibration when changing frequencies by using the interpolative error-correction mode. Perform a broadband calibration with up to 1,601 points and then adjust your frequency span or number of measurement points for the particular device under test. The HP 8753E will automatically recalculate the error terms based on the new values of either parameter. This allows you the flexibility of investigating your device’s performance over any portion of the calibratedfrequency range while main-taining full display resolution. RF limiterAchieve solid, reliable network analyzer protection for high power applications. The HP 11930RF limiter externally attaches to one or both ports of the analyzer, in essence creating an external fuse. This optional accessory provides an inexpen-sive, quick method of ensuring against potential high-power transients from external devices that can cause hardware failures.RF electroniccalibrationAchieve fast, consistent, high-accuracy calibrations auto-matically with HP’s optionalRF electronic calibration(RF ECal) products. The easy-to-use PC/Windows based solution provides 30 kHz to 6 GHz electronic calibration, which reduces user calibration errors, connector damage and main-tenance. HP ECal provides accurate calibrations for non-insertable and mixed connector devices for improved product yeilds. Designed for high-volume manufacturing environments, HP RF ECal provides the means to optimize your productionmeasurement environment. Reduce measurementcalibration time withHP’s RF ECal.Hewlett-Packard service and supportThe reliability of the HP 8753E has been proven throughextensive environmental testing of shock, vibration, and extreme temperature cycling. Further improvements in reliability have been realized by applying improvements gained fromcareful analysis of the entire HP RF network analyzer family.HP literature Number HP 8753ETechnical Specifications 5966-0054E HP 8753EConfiguration Guide5966-0055EData Subject to Change Copyright © 1997Hewlett-Packard Company Printed in U.S.A. 12/975966-0053EApplications and test expertise at your service Our Systems and Service Division is ready to help you with test process analysis,consulting, and softwaredevelopment. Take advantage of HP’s wide variety of technical training offered around the world, even customized to fit your specific needs.24-hour telephone support HP offers telephone technical and applications support 24hours a day in most countries served by HP .One-year warranty Hewlett-Packard offers astandard one-year, return-to-HP warranty with the HP 8753E.At a low, fixed cost, you can order support options to extend warranty or cover periodic calibrations.Test fixturesFor more information on test fixtures, ask for HP literature number 5091-4254E, or contact:Inter-Continental Microwave 1515 Wyatt DriveSanta Clara, Ca 95054, USA Telephone: (408) 727-1596Fax: (408 727-0105HP on lineFor more information about Hewlett-Packard test and measurement products,applications, services, and for a current sales office listing, visit our web site,/go/tmdir.Quality and reliability by designThe HP 8753E is manufactured in ISO 9002 -registered facilities in concurrence with HP’s commitment to quality.。

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spherical lens球面像差 aberration of sphericity球面像差 spherical aberration球面像差 sphericity aberration球面直角坐标 rectangular spherical coordinates球面坐标 spherical coordinates球磨机 ball mill球体圆 circle of the sphere球窝关节 ball and socket joint球窝基座 ball socket base球谐函数 spherical harmonics球形定心器 ball-centring-device球形快门 spherical shutter球柱面透镜 spherocylindrical lens球状地图投影，全球投影 globular map projection球状投影 globular projection球状转轴 ball-bearing曲柄 crank曲度 degree of curve曲管气压计，虹吸气压计 siphon barometer 曲管水平仪 bent tubular level曲流 meander曲流半径 meander radius曲流带 meander belt曲流河道 meander line曲流河道 meandering stream曲流沙州 meander bar曲流山脚 meander spur曲流崖 meander scarp曲率 curvature曲率半径 radius of curvature曲率比 ratio of curvature曲率点 point of curvature曲率改正 curvature correction曲率角 angle of curvature"曲率容许?" allowance for curvature曲率中心 center of curvation曲线 curve曲线板 circular-arc rule曲线板 irregular curve曲线笔 contour pen曲线笔 swivel pen曲线测设，曲线放样 arrangement of curve 曲线超高 super-elevation curve曲线敷设法 curve setting曲线高程比 altitude-contour ratio曲线规 flexible curve曲线计 curvimeter曲线计 opisometer曲线加宽 curve widening曲线加宽，弯道加宽 widening on curve 曲线起点 beginning of curve (B.C.)曲线起点 tangent to curve ，TC曲线器 edging machine曲线斜率 slope of curve曲线终点 point of tangent曲线坐标 curvilinear coordinates曲线坐标 curvometer曲折点，河流 inflexion point曲折电导 bent course曲折定线 crooked alignment屈亮度检测计 pioptometer屈光学 dioptrics区段征收 zonal expropriation区划图 zoning plan区位化 localization区域，区带 region区域地形学业 regional geomorphology区域改正 block correction区域公园 regional parks区域航空测量 area aerial survey区域航图 regional chart区域划分 regional division区域计划 area planning区域计尽 regional planning区域界址点 section corner区域略图，测绘兵要略图 block plot区域密度图 choropleth map区域密度图 dasymetric dot map区域平差 area adjustment区域平差 block adjustment区域三角测量 area triangulation区域三角测量 block triangulation区域时 zone time区域标识符 area identifying number 分区图 area charts分区图，航空 local chart区域消除法 block elimination区域重力 regional gravity区域组合及平差 block formatio and adjustment趋近图 approach chart趋向，走向 trend渠闸，运河水闸 canal lock取土炕 borrow pit取土区 borrowing area全部扫描 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全像摄影测量立体模型 hologrammetric stereomodel全像摄影术 holograph全影 panorama全圆角 full angle全增进雷达预报 omni-gain radar prediction 全自动纠正仪 fullautomatic rectifier泉水，大潮 spring权 weight权倒数 weight reciprocal权系数 coefficient of weight确定点 point of certainty裙礁 shore reef裙礁，附礁 fringing reef群波长 group wavelength群岛 archipelago群速 group velocity群体分布，人口分布 population distribution 群折射指数 group refraction index染料调色法 dye toning染色 allochromatic color染色 dying染色，高层设色表 tints染色促进剂 dye well染色剂 toner绕射 diffraction绕射对称 diffraction symmetry绕射光圈 diffraction ring绕射线 differential rays热补偿，温度补偿 thermal compensation热差解像力 thermal resolution热传测定器 thermocoductometer热带 torrid zone 热带 tropical zone热带气候 tropical climate热带气旋 tropical cyclone热带沙漠 tropical desert热带雨林 selvas热带雨林 tropical rainforest热辐射 calorific radiation热辐射成像仪 radiometric mapper热辐射计 thermal radiometer热固性胶 thermosetting cement热固性塑料印版 thermosetting plate热红外线 thermal infrared热红外线成像仪 thermal mapper热检波器 thermal detector热力潮 thermal tide热量扫描仪 thermal scanner热流量异常带 thermal anomaly belt热流闪烁 heat shimmer热圈型油墨 heat set inks热扫瞄影像 thermal scanning image热式组版 hot type热塑料立体图复制 thermoplastic reproduction热显像 thermal development热源形像系统 thermal imaging人差 observer's error人差 subjective error人差方程式 personal equation人差修正 personal correction人差仪 personal equation machine人工标石，参考标石 artificial monument人工标志点 artificial point人工标志点，地面对空标志 artificially marked point人工打样 hand proof人工地物 artificial features人工立体观测 artificial stereoscopy人工渠 men-made ditch人工管道 artificial stream人工下纸 hand feeding人工下纸橡印械 hand feed single-color人工组版 hand setting人口普查数据 census data人体测量学 anthropometry人为海岸线 man-made shorelines人为视差 personal parallax人为误差 personal error人文版 culture board人文地物 cultural features人行天桥 elevated pedestrian crossing人眼调节 accommodation of human eye人造标 artificial target人造磁 artificial magnet人造地球卫星 artificial earth satellite人造地物 man-made features人造光源 artificial light source人造金钢砂 manufactured abrasives人造卫星 artificial satellite人造卫星场检定器 artificial starfield calibrator人造卫星摄影测量 satellite photogrammetry 人造小行星 articulated asteroid人造重力 artificial gravity刃脊 knife-edge crest任务编号 mission number任务数据，空照 mission data任意大小点纲目屏 random dot grainscreen 任意角 arbitrary angle任意原点 arbitrary origin任意坐标格 arbitrary grid韧性油墨 flexographic inks日变 diurnal change日差率 daily rate日长波动 fluctuation in length日潮差 daily inequality日潮差 diurnal range日潮差 great diurnal range日承，环地平弧 circumhorizonal arc日地抚动 solar terrestrial disturbances日地关系 solar terrestrial relation日地距 solar distance日珥 solar prominence日光计 sunshine recorder日光晒图 sunlight print日光晒印 day light printing日规 sun compass日晷 gnomon日晷 sundial 日晷，刻度盘 dial日晷，日赤纬表 analemma日晷罗盘 dial compass日晷投影 gnomonic map projection日晷图 gnomonic chart日际变化 interdiurnal variability日间标志 day mark日历线 calendar line日冕 corona日冕 solar crown日冕 solarcorona日面坐标 heliographic coordinates日平均 diurnal mean日期字标 day letter日射，日照 insolation日射测量法，幅射测量学 actinometry 日射温度计 solar-radiation thermometer 日蚀 solar eclipse日蚀限 solar ecliptic limits日下点 subsolar point日向仪 sky compass日心 heliocenter日心经度 heliocentric longitude日心距离 heliocentric distance日心视差 heliocentric parallax日心纬度 heliocentric latitude日心系统 heliocentric system日心学说 heliocentric theory日心坐标 heliocentric coordinates日焰效应 solar flare effect日月潮 lumic solar tide日月潮 lunar solar tide日月抚动 lunisolar perturbation日月合成潮 lunisolar tide日月岁差 lunisolar precession日月效应 lunisolar effect日晕 solar halo日照极光 sunlit aurora日照计 pyrheliometer日照计 sunshine autograph日照累积器 sunshine integrator日照时 sunshine-hour日照温度 solar temperature日照系数 daylight ratio日柱 sun pillar容积区 bulk district容量维数 capacity dimension"容许?" allowable value容许?公差，容许t allowance"容许~差 admissible error容许~差 allowable error容许~差 prmissible error容许a貌变化 admissible relief variation "容许谝?" permissible accuracy"容许重?" tolerance limit容许重?公差范围 tolerance range"熔合双焦镜片 fused bifocals熔硅透镜 fused silica lenses熔岩，岩浆，火山岩 lava融化测量仪(测量冰川融化速度用) ablatograph柔光镜，片 soft-focus attachment柔和色调 tone down肉眼观察 unaided viewing铷汽磁力计 rubidium vapour magnetometer 儒略纪元 Julian era儒略历，阳历 Julian calendar儒略年 Julian year儒略日 Julian day儒略日序 Julian day series乳白光 opalescence乳化 emusifide乳化作用 emulsification乳剂 emulsion入潮口 tidal inlet入口 inlet入射 incidence入射顶点 incident vertex入射光 incident light入射光线 incident light ray入射角 angle of incidence入射角 incident angle入射能 incorning energy入射平面 incident plane入射视野 entrance window 入射瞳孔 entrance pupil入射线 incident ray入掩，天文 immersion软版压平版 pressure back软调 soft gradation软调底片 soft negative软调底片，平调底片 flat negative软调颗影液 lugh louver shouter软流圈 asthenosphere胶卷暗盒 film cartridge胶卷暗匣 film magazine胶卷包暗匣 film pack magazine胶卷变形 film distortion胶卷尺寸 film size胶卷带 film胶卷架 film or plate holder胶卷卷 film roll胶卷卷架 film carrier胶卷前移 forward movement of the film 胶卷清洁剂 film cleaner胶卷摄影机 film camera胶卷伸缩 shrinkage of film胶卷收缩 film contraction胶卷镶嵌 film negative mosaic胶卷影像器 film plate developing tank 胶卷指示器 film indicator胶卷掷轴 film spool软铁 soft iron软性显影液 soft-working developer锐角 acute angle闰年 bissextile闰年 bissextile year闰年 leap year闰日 intercalary day润湿剂 wetting agent弱性凡尼斯油 thin warnish萨姆纳氏法 Sumner method萨姆纳氏线 Sumner line塞纳-马恩省费尔德 allois senefolder赛璐珞 cellulose赛璐珞 celotype赛璐珞胶片 system赛璐珞模片 celluloid template赛因福录条件 Schermpflug condition三臂分度器 three-arm protractor三边裁切 tri-cut三边测量 trilateration三边测量纲 trilateration net三层金属板 treimetallic plate三次螺旋线 cubic spiral三等 third-order三等点 tertiary point三等三角测量 tertiary triangulation三等水平测量 leveling third order三点定位法 three-point fox method三点断面 three-level section三点法，后方交会法 three-point method三点法，三向定位法 trilinear surveying三点控制法 three point control三轨转辙器 three rail point三角矮座 trivet三角测量 triangulation三角测量 trigonometrical survey三角测量觇标 triangulation signal三角测量成果表 trig dossier三角测量成果表 trig list三角测量等级 triangulation classification三角测量分类 class of triangualtion三角测量高标 triangulation tower三角测量系统 triangulation system三角测量选点 triangulation reconnaissance 三角测量氧球 triangulation galloon三角测站 triangulation station三角测站 trigonometric station三角点 triangulation point三角点 trig point三角点 trigonometrical point三角法基线延长 base extension triangulation 三角纲 triangulation net三角纲空间数字滤波器 twist of triangulation 三角高程测量 trigonometric leveling三角函数 trigonometric function三角基座 tribrach三角基座片 tribrach plate三角岬洲 cuspate foreland bar三角架 tripod三角三边测量 triangulateration三角锁 arc of triangulation 三角锁 chain of triangles三角锁测量 chain of triangulation三角图根测量 topographical triangulation三角湾 negative delta三角网 net of triangulation三角误差 triangular error三角形闭合差 closure error of triangle三角形闭合差 error of closure of triangle三角形闭合差 triangle closing error三角形闭合差 triangle error of closure三角洲 delta三角洲冲积扇 delta fan三角洲平原 delta plain三角洲平原 deltaic plain三脚架顶 head of tripod三脚架下沈 settlement of tripod三节曝光 three stops system三镜摄影之左擅像片 left tri-metrogon三棱尺 measuring scale三氯化铁 ferric chloride三氯甲烷 chloroform三片立体图 stereo triplet三色版 tricolor separation三色版法 three colour process三色分色负片 three separation negative三色滤色镜 three color filter三四五法，勾股弦法 three-four-five rule三物镜航摄 trig-metrogon aerial photography 三物镜摄影 tricamera photography三物镜摄影机 camera trimetrogon三物镜摄影制图 tri-metrogon mapping三线水平仪测量 three-wire modulation三向坐转换，立体坐标转换 three dimensional coordinate transformation三像片盘立体坐标仪 three-stage stereocomparator三斜法，三边法(求面积) area by traingles三原色比色计 trichromtric colorimeter三圆测角计 three-circle goniometer三支点雕刻器 rigid graver三指内径规 three-fingered caliper三轴椭球体 triaxial ellipsoid三足放大镜 tripod magnifying glass散点检查法 random spot test散光，像散 astigmatism散光镜头 diverging lens散开星云 open clusters散流星 sporadic meteor散乱反射，微波测距 stray reflection散射 scatter散射光 scattered light散射角 scatter angle散射圈 circle of diffusion散射系数 scattering coefficient散岩 scattered rock散页胶卷包 film pack扫测 sweep扫测杆 sweep bar扫海，带动 drag扫海测量 wire drag survey扫描像位差 scan positional distorton扫描转换器 scan converter扫瞄 scanning扫瞄臂 scanning arm扫瞄机头 scanning head扫瞄器 scanner色版 tint board色比 color ratio色玻璃色镜 color glass filter色彩感应度 color sensitivity色彩强度 intensity of color色彩校正，图片，色差改正，镜头 chromatic correction色彩型 color pattern色彩指数 chromatic index色彩组成部份 chromatic component色层 color layer色层 layering色层表 hypsometric tint diagram色差 chromatic defect色差 colour equation色差曲线 chromatic curve色差透镜 chromatic lens色调 shading of color色调 tone色调，彩度 chroma色调标度 tone scale色调等级 tonal scale 色调特征 tone signature色调线法 tone-line technique色调修整 color & tone correction 色调值 tonal value色度 color chroma色度表 gradient tint diagram色度图 chromaticity diagram色度坐标 chromaticity coordinate 色纲 color screen色光 color light色觉 chromatic sensation色球 chromosphere色素 dye色温 color temperature色温计 color temperature mater 色像差 chromatic aberration色样 tint guide色印墨 color lithographic ink色折射 chromatic refraction色值 colour value色指数 index of precision铯钟 caesium clock森林版 woodland board森林测量 forest surveying森林防火道 fire break森林图 forestry map沙 sand沙岸 sandy coast沙滨 sanding沙滨 sandy shore沙堤 sand levee沙海 sand sea沙颈岬，连岛沙洲 tombolo沙涟 sand ripple沙流 sand flow沙罗周期 saros pirier沙漠 desert沙盘 sand map沙瀑 sand fall沙丘 sand dune沙滩 sandy beach沙滩，海滩，湖滩 beach沙滩沟道 swashway沙岩 sandstone沙洲 band沙洲 key沙洲，礁 Kay沙洲，珊瑚礁 cay沙洲浮 bar buoy沙洲航漕，冲击滩 swash沙嘴 sand spit沙嘴 spit砂漠 sand desert砂目铝版 mill run aluminum plate砂丘长湖 bajir砂石 sand and gravel晒版 burn晒版险片 resulting negative晒图机，晒版机 copy board晒图纸 diazo paper晒像机，印像机 printer晒像框 photographic printing frame 晒像框 printing frame山 mount山部浑渲 hill shading山峰 mountain peak山峰 peak山根，理论 roots of mountain theory 山谷 mountain valley山脊，峰顶，波峰，顶峰 crest山脊线 ridge line"山肩，谷?" replat"山肩，谷?" shoulder山涧雨裂 ravine山口 mountain pass山口，山隘 corfe山麓冲积扇 bahads山麓冲积扇 bajada山麓平原 piedmont plain山麓崖 backing scarp山脉，山岭 mountain range山系 cordillera山系 mountain chain山系 mountain system山阴 ubac珊瑚环礁 coral 珊瑚礁 bank reef珊瑚礁 coral reef珊瑚礁岸 coast of coral reef珊瑚丘 coral knoll闪灯曝光 flash exposure闪光板 flash plate闪光灯 flash lamp闪光灯 flash light闪光法 flash method闪光法 flicker device method闪光法，闪视法 blinking method闪光粉 flash powder闪光泡 flash bulb闪光器 flash apparatus闪光器 flickering device闪光三角测量 flare triangulation闪光摄影 flash shot闪视法，闪光法 flicker principle闪视器，闪光器 blinking device闪烁计测量 scintinometer survey闪烁误差 shimmer error闪烁现象 scintillation扇形法 sector method扇形光弧 sector light扇形快门 sector shutter扇形摄影机 fan cameras膳清底图 fair sheet商潮间隙，潮候时 vulgar establishment 商业印刷 commercial printing上风 upwind上风潮 weather tide上风潮 windward tide上光机 glazing machine上海，涌升流 upwelling上胶 gumming上墨 inking上盘 upper circle上盘制动螺旋 alidade clamp上偏光镜 upper nicol上升，隆起 uplift上升地块 uplifted block上升地垒 uplifted horst上升礁 uplifted reef上升坡 acclivity上升差 ascensional difference上升角 angle of climb上视图 top riew上图廓 northerly limit上下垂线对准器 roof and ground plummet 上下导坑法 top and bottom heading method 上弦月 first quarter上限 superior limit上涌，冲急流 uprush上游 headwater上游 upstream上缘 upper limb上中天 superior transit上中天 upper culmination上中天 upper transit上子午线 upper branch烧焦 burning绍南 Shoran绍南化算法 Shoran reduction绍南三边测量 Shoran trilateration绍南三角测量 Shoran triangulation蛇夫座 Ophinchus蛇夫座 Serpent holder蛇腹 bellows蛇腹 extension bellows射击指挥图 fire control map射束孔径 beam aperture射束零线(重力仪) beam null line射束黏附(重力仪) beam sticking涉水标尺，测深杆 wading rod设备图表 facility chart设定子午圈 prime fictitious meridian设计测量 design survey设站 occupy摄动 perturbation摄动函数 disturbing function摄动力 disturbing force摄动力 perturbing force摄动势能 disturbing potential摄动体 disturbed body摄动因素 perturbing factors摄传感器 photographic sensor摄轨道 perturbed orbit摄谱仪 spectrograph 摄氏温度计 Celsius scale摄氏温度计 Celsius thermometer 摄氏温度计 Thermometer摄像管 vidicon picture tube。

Vector Error Correction ModelsThe vector autoregressive (VAR) model is a general framework used to describe the dynamic interrelationship among stationary variables. So, the first step in time-series analysis should be to determine whether the levels of the data are stationary. If not, take the first differences of the series and try again. Usually, if the levels (or log-levels) of your time series are not stationary, the first differences will be.If the time series are not stationary then the VAR framework needs to be modified to allow consistent estimation of the relationships among the series. The vector error correction (VEC) model is just a special case of the VAR for variables that are stationary in their differences (i.e., I(1)). The VEC can also take into account any cointegrating relationships among the variables.Consider two time-series variables, t y and .t x Generalizing the discussion about dynamic relationships to these two interrelated variables yields a system of equations:1011112120211221yt t t t xt t t t y y x v x y x v −−−−=β+β+β+=β+β+β+ The equations describe a system in which each variable is a function of its own lag, and the lag of the other variable in the system. In this case, the system contains two variables y and x . Together the equations constitute a system known as a vector autoregression (VAR). In this example, since the maximum lag is of order one, we have a VAR(1).If y and x are stationary, the system can be estimated using least squares applied to each equation. If y and x are not stationary in their levels, but stationary in differences (i.e., I(1)), then take the differences and estimate:111121211221yt t t t xt t t t y y x v x y x v ∆−−∆−−∆=β∆+β∆+∆=β∆+β∆+ using least squares.If y and x are I(1) and cointegrated, then the system of equations is modified to allow for the cointegrating relationship between the I(1) variables. Introducing the cointegrating relationship leads to a model known as the vector error correction (VEC) model.ESTIMATING A VEC MODELIn the first example, data on the Gross Domestic Product of Australia and the U.S. are used to estimate a VEC model. We decide to use the vector error correction model because (1) the time series are not stationary in their levels but are in their differences (2) the variables are cointegrated. Our initial impressions are gained from looking at plots of the two series.To get started, change the directory to the one containing your data, open a new log file, and load your data. In this exercise we’ll be using the gdp.dta data.use gdp, clearThe data contain two quarterly time series: Australian and U.S. GDP from 1970q1 to 2004q4. As usual, create a sequence of quarterly dates:gen date = q(1970q1) + _n - 1format %tq datetsset datePlotting the levels and differences of the two GDP series suggests that the data are nonstationary in levels, but stationary in differences. In this example, we used the tsline command with an optional scheme. A scheme holds saved graph preferences for later use. You can create your own or use one of the ones installed with Stata. At the command line you can use determine which schemes are installed on your computer by typingtsline aus usa, name(levels, replace)tsline D.aus a, name(difference, replace)Neither series looks stationary in its levels. They appear to have a common trend, an indication that they may be cointegrated.Unit root tests are performed using the augmented Dickey-Fuller regressions, which require some judgment about specification. The user has to decide whether to include a constant, trend or drift, and lag lengths for the differences that augment the regular Dickey-Fuller regressions. The differences are graphed and this gives some clues about specification. The graph below shows little evidence of trend or drift.Lag lengths can be chosen using model selection rules or by starting at a maximum lag length, say 4, and eliminating lags one-by-one until the t-ratio on the last lag becomes significant.dfuller aus, regress lags(1) dfuller usa, regress lags(3)Through process of elimination the decision is made to include the constant (though it looks unnecessary) and to include 1 lag for aus and 3 for the usa series. In none of the ADF regressions the author estimated was either ADF statistic even close to being significant at the 5% level. Satisfied that the series are nonstationary in levels, their cointegration is explored.In each case, the null hypothesis of nonstationarity cannot be rejected at any reasonable level of significance.Next, estimate the cointegrating equation using least squares. Notice that the cointegrating relationship does not include a constant.MacKinnon approximate p-value for Z(t) = 0.9991Z(t) 2.658 -3.503 -2.889 -2.579 Statistic Value Value Value Test 1% Critical 5% Critical 10% Critical Interpolated Dickey-Fuller Augmented Dickey-Fuller test for unit root Number of obs = 122MacKinnon approximate p-value for Z(t) = 0.9981Z(t) 1.691 -3.503 -2.889 -2.579 Statistic Value Value Value Test 1% Critical 5% Critical 10% Critical Interpolated Dickey-Fuller Augmented Dickey-Fuller test for unit root Number of obs = 120. dfuller usa, regress lags(3)regress aus usa, noconstThe residuals are saved in order to conduct an Engle-Granger test of cointegration and plotted.predict ehat, residualtsline ehat, name(resids, replace)The residuals have an intercept of zero and show little evidence of trend. Finally, the saved residuals areused in an auxiliary regression1ˆˆt t t e ev −∆=φ+The Stata command is:usa .9853495 .0016566 594.79 0.000 .9820703 .9886288 aus Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] Total 526197.09 124 4243.52492 Root MSE = 1.2194 Adj R-squared = 0.9996 Residual 182.885542 123 1.48687433 R-squared = 0.9997 Model 526014.204 1 526014.204 Prob > F = 0.0000 F( 1, 123) = . Source SS df MS Number of obs = 124. reg aus usa, noconstregress D.ehat L.ehat, noconstantThe t-ratio is equal to −2.89. The 5% critical value for a cointegrating relationship with no intercept is −2.76 and so this falls within the rejection region of the test. The null hypothesis of no cointegration is rejected at the 5% level of significance.To measure the one quarter response of GDP to economic shocks we estimate the vector error correction model by least squares.regress D.aus L1.ehat regress a L1.ehatThe VEC model results the Australian GDP are:The significant negative coefficient on 1ˆt e− indicates that Australian GDP responds to disequilibrium between the U.S. and Australia. For the U.S.:L1. -.1279366 .0442792 -2.89 0.005 -.2155916 -.0402816 ehatD.ehat Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] Total 46.6909601 123 .379601302 Root MSE = .5985 Adj R-squared = 0.0564 Residual 43.7006336 122 .358201914 R-squared = 0.0640 Model 2.99032657 1 2.99032657 Prob > F = 0.0046 F( 1, 122) = 8.35 Source SS df MS Number of obs = 123. reg D.ehat L.ehat, noconst_cons .4917059 .0579095 8.49 0.000 .3770587 .606353L1. -.0987029 .0475158 -2.08 0.040 -.1927729 -.0046329 ehatD.aus Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] Total 51.4701178 122 .421886212 Root MSE = .64088Adj R-squared = 0.0265 Residual 49.697821 121 .410725793 R-squared = 0.0344 Model 1.77229686 1 1.77229686 Prob > F = 0.0399 F( 1, 121) = 4.32 Source SS df MS Number of obs = 123_cons .5098843 .0466768 10.92 0.000 .4174752 .6022934L1. .0302501 .0382992 0.79 0.431 -.0455732 .1060734 ehata Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] Total 32.4544011 122 .266019681 Root MSE = .51657Adj R-squared = -0.0031 Residual 32.2879333 121 .266842424 R-squared = 0.0051 Model .166467786 1 .166467786 Prob > F = 0.4312 F( 1, 121) = 0.62 Source SS df MS Number of obs = 123The U.S. does not appear to respond to disequilibrium between the two economies; the t-ratio on 1ˆt e− is insignificant. These results support the idea that economic conditions in Australia depend on those in the U.S. more than conditions in the U.S. depend on Australia. In a simple model of two economy trade, the U.S. is a large closed economy and Australia is a small open economy.。

《C++ Primer 第四版》英文版一流，但中文版的翻译质量只能说一般，如同书评区某位兄弟说的：感觉是译者懂的一部分地方翻译得还可以，不懂的许多地方就硬翻或不求甚解。

结果导致有些译文严重不通，甚至无法理解。

建议对照英文版一起阅读，或者对照以下个人作出的勘误。

以下为本人读书过程中做的笔记和个人勘误（针对06年6月第2次印刷的版本），更多笔记和勘误在个人博客，喜欢C++编程的朋友欢迎到：/hzm共同进步。

－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－《C++ Primer第四版》勘误：P13（第13页）“不是所有编译器都有这一要求”后半句应翻译为“都满足这一标准”。

影响阅读程度：严重说明：“编译器”如何能“要求”C++标准？原英文版中的“enforce”应翻译为“满足”而不是“有”，动宾关系才不会搞反。

P52 “仅允许const引用绑定到需要临时使用的值”应翻译为“仅允许const引用绑定到需要临时值中转来完成绑定过程的对象”影响程度：严重说明：译者对宾语的主体理解错误。

原英文版中的“临时使用的值”是用来修饰value（对象）的，不是最终的宾语。

因为对于程序员来说，编译器做的中转工作是透明的，const引用最终还是绑定到对象，虽然结果相同。

P43 “有多个初始化式时不能使用复制初始化”前半句应翻译为“有多个初始化参数时”。

影响程度：一般P45 “如果定义某个类的变量时没有提供初始化式….”这句和后一句应翻译为“如果定义某个类的变量时没有提供初始化参数，那么系统会调用该类的’缺省构造函数’。

”影响程度：一般P50 有三处的“const变量”翻译为“const常量”或“const对象”比较好，虽然原英文版有两处也是用const variable。

影响程度：轻微P65 “word（字）机器上的自然的整型计算单元”应翻译为“word （字）是在给定机器上进行整型计算的原始单元”影响程度：一般P79 “v4含有值初始化的元素”这句应翻译为“v4含有n个用缺省构造函数中的值初始化的元素”影响程度：严重P79 “动态地添加元素”这句应翻译为“当元素值已知时，最好是通过动态地向它添加元素，来让它增长。