托福阅读要掌握的逻辑关系词

托福口语阅读中7大类常见逻辑关系信号词汇总介绍托福口语阅读中7大类常见逻辑关系信号词汇总介绍托福口语阅读部分信号词一览阅读为通知，政策等表示要求的词require, decide,ask, demand, announce, be supposed to, should, be ought to etc.托福口语阅读逻辑类信号词：并列,递进and, also, as well, besides, what’s more, in addition,托福口语阅读逻辑类信号词：列举，增加and, in addition to, one more thing, also, plus托福口语阅读逻辑类信号词：顺序first, to begin with, first of all, initially,first thing first, second, apart from that, on top of that, more than that,another factor should be taken into consideration is that, finally, last butnot least, 托福口语阅读逻辑类信号词：转折but, however, nevertheless, yet, although托福口语阅读逻辑类信号词：解释That is, in particular, I mean, In this way,To put it another way, In other words, That is to say, …so to speak, …let’ssay 托福口语阅读逻辑类信号词：因果As a result, As a consequence, Consequently, Therefore, Due to, Thanks to, On account of, since托福口语备考之独立口语：用新建筑取代旧建筑独立话题Should old buildings be replaced by new buildings?I think the old buildings should be preserved. I have two reasons to support my opinion. Firstly, old buildings are precious property of human being. We will lose those valuable historical buildings permanently if we don't preserve them. Once ahistorical building is destroyed, we can never restore it. Secondly, old buildings are a symbol of a city and a valuable tourist resource. Think about the Forbidden City and The Summer Palace in Beijing. They are the relics of the city and carrying great historical and cultural information. Every year they attract visitors from all over the world, which generates profound tourist income.More information1. Old buildings attract people.America’s downtown revivals suggest that people like old buildings. Whether the feeling is patriotic, homey, warm, or reassuring, older architecture tends to fit the bill. Regardless of how they actually spend their lives, Americans prefer to picture themselves living around old buildings. Some eyes glaze over when preservationists talk about “historic building stock,” bu t what they really mean is a community’s inventory of old buildings ready to fulfill new uses.2. Old buildings are reminders of a city’s culture and complexity.By seeing historic buildings — whether related to something famous or recognizably dramatic —tourists and longtime residents are able to witness the aesthetic and cultural history of an area. Just as banks prefer to build stately, old-fashioned facades, even when located in commercial malls, a city needs old buildings to maintain a sense of permanency and heritage.托福口语备考之独立口语：哪个职业应该高薪Who should be paid more: a nurse, a teacher, or an officer?From my perspective, nurse should receive the highest salary among these three. First of all, nurse has a great deal of responsibility. They provide hands on care to patients, make patients feel more comfortable, and assist in many aspects ofpatient care from dispensing medicine to drawing blood to simply talking with patients. Secondly, nurses have educational requirements. Depending on the type of nurse, their schooling may involve 6-8 years of education, which means they have to spend a lot of money and efforts in finishing their school. Therefore, nurses should definitely receive a higher pay.More informationThe must-know cons of being a nurseYou will be exposed to all types of germs and viruses. If you are squeamish, nursing is probably not your best career choice. Nurses deal with blood and other bodily fluids. They are also exposed to all types of viruses and other pathogens.Some days will be overwhelming. The job can be stressful for a variety of reasons. For example, there may be times you are short staffed or get a sudden increase in new patients to treat.Patients do not always want or appreciate help. It would be great if all your patients thanked you and were polite. But that is not how it works in the real world. Some patients are easy to work with and others are not.You will see sad situations. There will be times in your nursing career where you witness sad or tragic situations. Patients do not all make it, and watching someone die can be tough.You may have to work holidays, nights and weekends. Working as a nurse is not a 9-5 job Monday through Friday. Nurses who work in hospitals and nursing homes are needed around the clock.You may have to work varied shifts including nights.。

托福阅读准确判断句子段落间逻辑关系5大类信号词想要快速理解托福阅读的文章，考生需要学会把握文章句子和段落之间存在的各类逻辑关系。

下面小编就和大家分享托福阅读准确判断句子段落间逻辑关系5大类信号词汇总一览 ,希望能够帮助到大家，来欣赏一下吧。

【精选资料】托福阅读准确判断句子段落间逻辑关系5大类信号词汇总一览1.显示相同信息的信号词There has been an upsurge of interest in chamber music. Likewise opera is receiving a boost from increased record sales.“likewise”这一信号词显示了前面所提到的idea后面还要再一次出现。

因此，阅读时见到这样的信号词无须放慢阅读速度。

这样的信号词还包括：and, furthermore, more, than, that, also, likewise, moreover, in addition, what is more, for instance, for example2.显示思路转折的信号词I'd like to go but I'm too busy.“but”前后是完全不同的信息描述，它向读者显示了作者的思路在这里有了转折。

阅读时，碰到这样的信号词我们需放慢阅读速度，以准确获取作者真正想要说明的意思。

这类信号词还有：although, however, on the contrary, but, in spite of, otherwise, despite, nevertheless, yet3.显示因果关系的信号词As a result of the pilots'strike, all flights have had to be cancelled.All flights have had to be cancelled as a result of the pilots'strike.所有航班被取消的原因是因为飞行员们的罢工;飞行员们的罢工导致了所有的航班不得不被取消。

托福阅读句子要点题把握逻辑关系稳抓同义替换句子简化题的出题思路一般分为两类：一是对长难句的化繁为简，即原句比较长，规律关系简单，选项只保留了原句的主要信息，下面我就和大家共享托福阅读句子要点题,盼望能够关心到大家，来观赏一下吧。

托福阅读句子要点题：把握规律关系，稳抓同义替换托福阅读句子要点题又称托福阅读句子简化题，顾名思义是对长难句的简化筛出句子最精华的要点，一般出题形式是在文章中高亮标示出一个句子，要求考生选择与原文基本信息最接近的选项，这类题目的提问方式一般为：“Which is the following best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.”句子简化题的出题思路一般分为两类：一是对长难句的化繁为简，即原句比较长，规律关系简单，选项只保留了原句的主要信息，而省略了原句的次要信息(犹如位语、例子)等;二是对相对简洁的句子的同义改写，即原句难度不大，规律关系简洁，选项是原句的同义改写。

从做题方法上来说，对于其次种出题思路的题目，考生应当采纳通读的方法，在理解原句意思的基础上再答题。

而针对第一种出题思路的题目，考生一般把握住原句的几个关键点就可以见微知著，找到破句子简化题的良方。

对于句子简化题，有一些题目假如句子不长，我们做题的基本原则就是：同义替换。

找到原句中的关键词在选项当中进行同义替换。

如：In evolutionary history, the development of language set humans apart from the rest of the animal kingdom. Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in thepassage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. Humans evolved as the most powerful species after they are developed language.B. The creation of human language has its origins in the language of animals.C. The emergence of language distinguished early humans from other animals.D. Humans and animals developed completed different systems of communication.先来看题干：Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.该题要求从选项中选择一个能够表达原文阴影句子核心信息的句子。

托福阅读的成败很大程度上取决于考生对词汇和句子之间逻辑关系的把握。

关于托福词汇的学习策略在本书前面已经有详细论述，所以这里只讨论句子之间逻辑关系的把握。

由于句子简化题、句子插入题、推理题等几乎所有托福阅读题型都与句子之间逻辑关系有密切联系，在讨论各种题型时都会详细阐述句子之间逻辑关系及其把握策略，因此这里只概要地罗列托福阅读中涉及的主要逻辑关系以及它们与解题的关系。

托福阅读主要涉及五大逻辑关系：因果关系、对比转折关系、比较关系、否定关系与并列递进关系。

不同的逻辑关系以不同的词汇表达，这些词汇既包含关联词，像while, but(表示对比转折关系)等，也包含一些实词，如lead to (表示因果关系)。

表示上述五大逻辑关系的常见词汇如下：一)因果关系1. 显性因果：因：because, because of, for, as, since, in that, on account of, with(由于，随着)果：so, so that, therefore, thereby, as a result, hence, thus, consequently, accordingly2. 隐性因果：a. 导致(因—果)：cause, reason(推断), lead to, give rise to, result in, render, make, let, ask, support, push, stimulate, spark, spur, fuel, produce, be responsible forb. 由……而来(果—因)：result from, derive from, originate from, initiate from, stem from, be responsive to, be attributable toc. 反映/体现(果—因)：reflect, present, demonstrate, suggest, imply, showd. 考虑到，依赖于(果—因)：given, considering, concerning, in view of, thanks to; rely on, depend on, resort to, according toe. 条件关系：when, once, as soon as, as long asf. 被动语态(by之后为原因)g. 分词短语、不定式、独立主格做状语二)对比转折关系1. 对比：while, whereas; on the other hand, conversely, on the contrary, in contrast; unlike, different from; differ; before, prior to, after2. 转折：but, although, despite, in spite of, nevertheless, notwithstanding, however三)比较关系2. 最高级a. 本身有最高级含义：maximum, minimum, peak, outstanding, topb. 本身程度比较深：amazing, surprising, astonishing, prohibitively highc. 否定+比较=最高级3.a. 变化：change, alter, vary, modify, revise, increase, decrease, enhance, diminish, develop, progress, advance, improve, retreat, degenerate, continue, remainb. 差异：different, distinct, distinguish, separate, same, similar, comparable, compare … toc. 超越：surpass, exceed, excel, over四) 否定关系1. 显性否定：no, not, never, nor, none, neither2. 隐性否定：fail to, refuse, remove, miss, reject, absence of, lack of3. 否定前缀：a-, ab-, dis-, il-, im-, in-, non-, un-4. 双重否定：not fail to, not illegal=legal, not uncommon=common五) 并列递进关系and, furthermore, moreover, in addition, beyond that, as well as下面以对比转折关系为例说明如何根据逻辑关系破解阅读问题。

解析托福阅读文章结构据了解，在托福考试中，托福阅读是相对来说难度比较大的，想要拿到托福阅读的高分，不但要掌握基础知识还要找到适合自己的托福阅读文章技巧。

下面，编辑给大家整理了托福阅读文章结构详解的相关内容，供大家参考。

一、句间关系为了清晰的把握学术性的结构框架，考生首先应该具备分清句子与句子之间关系的能力。

托福阅读文章中句子之间的关系从逻辑和段落结构角度总的来看，重点需要考生把握并列关系，概述与详述（或抽象与具体）关系，转折关系，以及因果关系。

其中在把握文章结构与理解文章主要观点当中，以前三者最重要。

可以从句子的两个方面来判断句子之间的关系：1. 主要意思方面；2. 关联词。

a. 并列关系并列关系的两句话主要意思方面不同，并且有时会有表示并列的关联词出现。

b. 概述与详述（抽象与具体）关系概述与详述（抽象与具体）关系的两句话意思方面相同，但前后两句是概述与详述的关系，或抽象与具体的关系。

一般概述性或抽象内容涵盖内容广，但已引起歧义，可以让人们不禁问出how, what, why等问题。

详述性或具体的句子相对于概述性或抽象句子具体且明确。

c. 转折关系转折关系的两句话总的来说一般用表示转折关系的关联词连接，意思方面来看有两种关系，（1）意思的方面相同但意思相反；（2）意思的方面不同。

d. 因果关系因果关系的典型特征：出现因果关联词或表达因果含义的动词。

二、段落结构在托福阅读文章的段落内部，句子和句子并非出于同一个层次，因此需要运用以上讲解的句间关系，辨析段落中句子的地位。

对于单独的一个段落，不考察在文章中的地位（或与其他段落的段落关系）时，段落内部主要有Main Idea及Detail.1. 显性Main Idea及Topic Sentence的位置。

1. Main Idea: 主要思想，分为段落层面Main Idea和篇章层面Main Idea.Main Idea分为显性和隐性。

显性的Main Idea: 作者在文章中明确给出表达主要思想的概括性句子。

1.转折关系but, however, yet(然而), on the contrary, contrary to, contrarily, by(in) contrast (to), whereas, rather than, instead of, unlike, in fact(effect), actually 弱转, conversely2.让步关系although, much as, though, even though(if), even, despite, in spite of, nevertheless, anyhow(anyway), as, while(虽然、尽管、即使), still(尽管如此)3.总分关系(举例&总结)举例：for example、for instance、such as、including总结：in sum，in general, overall, to sum up，on the whole, generally4.因果关系Because，in that，due to，thanks to ，owing toSince，now that， ever since ，because of，on account of (表示原因)lead tocontribute toresult in+名词 (前因后果)so thatsuch thatin order that+句子 (强调目的、结果的因果)thushencethereforeconsequently (as a consequence/ as a result) +句子 (因此)5.递进关系递进词：still、also、indeed、furthermore(进一步)、moreover(而且、此外)、highlighting(突出、强调)、even(甚至、更)、besides(注意区分except), additionally, in addition, what’s more6.条件关系连词：if, provided/providing that, suppose, supposing, in case (of), in the event of, assume, presumably, so long as, unless, only if, when7.并列关系并列词：and(和)、as well as(也)、likewise(同样的)、while(与此同时)、similarly(类似地)、or(或者)、simultaneously(同时发生地)、meanwhile(同时 )、in the meantime、neither…nor, either…or, not only…but also。

托福阅读常见4种长难句逻辑关系分析托福阅读长难句, 常见4种长难句逻辑关系分析。

今天给大家带来托福阅读常见4种长难句逻辑关系分析托福阅读长难句常见4种长难句逻辑关系分析一.托福阅读长难句运用其实长难句在考试中最直接的运用就是考察插入句子题和解释句子题。

对于这样的题目，我们在不能读懂句子的情况下，能够把握的就是句子的内在关系，即逻辑。

逻辑在解释句子题中的运用尤为重要，以前有学生反映，在考试中其实句子根本就不能读懂，而利用逻辑就能迅速排除选项，从而找到正确的答案。

所以说，逻辑是我们托福阅读中的隐形解题帮手，考生们一定要尤为关注。

下面是托福阅读中经常出现的四大逻辑关系，把握了它们就等于掌握了托福阅读解题技巧的一个重要部分。

二.托福阅读长难句常见逻辑关系分析1.因果关系因：because，because of，for，as，since，in that，on account of，with果：so，so that，therefore，thereby，as a result，hence，thus，coequently，accordingly因果关系除了传统意义上的显性因果表达词外，隐性的因果同样是不可忽略的一个重要部分。

隐性因果：A 导致(因-果)：cause，reason，lead to，give rise to，result in，render，make，let，ask，push，stimulate，ark，ur，fuel，produce，be reoible for如：The increased presures of expanding population have led to the removal of woody plants so that many cities and tow are surrounded by large areas completely lacking in trees.在这段话中，有lead to，表示了导致的意思，即结果;而so that 更进一步表示了后面的结果，所以可以充分判定这段话有因果关系的逻辑。

托福阅读指代题四大类代词关系梳理托福阅读指代题虽然考的是代词，却暗含着对指代关系、语篇逻辑的深层考察，并非单纯词汇层面的考察。

根据代词的不同类别，我们把托福阅读指代题分成四大类型：人称代词类、指示代词类、关系代词类和不定代词类。

具体请看下文!托福阅读指代题四大类代词关系梳理托福阅读考试中指代题是不可忽视的一大题型，虽然考的是代词，却暗含着对指代关系、语篇逻辑的深层考察，并非单纯词汇层面的考察。

通常的提问形式体现为“The word they/their/it/its/some in the passage refers to______”，然后给出四个选项，这四个词通常都是原文中出现过的生词，并且往往都是在they/their/it/its/some这几个词的附近，需要考生经过严密思考推测，选出一个既符合行文逻辑又符合上下文意思的选项。

那么我们如何明确判断代词所指代的对应内容呢?我们可以根据代词的不同类别，把指代题分成四大类型：人称代词类、指示代词类、关系代词类和不定代词类。

然后就可以根据不同类别的代词特征一一解答了。

下面我们来具体看一下四大类代词的特征及辅助解答托福阅读指代题的策略。

第一类，人称代词人称代词主要包括：I，you，he，she，it，we，they，me，him，them，yours，his，her，its，their等。

此类题型应在做题时根据代词的单复数及其所能指代的名词来判断，通常是往前找最近的核心名词。

例如：“An auction is a po pular way of buying and selling. It is a useful way of deciding the value of things。

”The word It in the passage refers to __________。

A. theoryB. priceC. processD. auction往前追溯单数形式的核心名词，并且能用在第二句的主语位置的词，就只能是第一句中出现的auction一词了，所以正确答案选D。

托福综合写作常用词语及句型给在准备托福考试的同学分享一些干货托福综合写作常用词语及句型1. 常用词语提示逻辑顺序：First of all, First, to start with, Second, Also, Besides, Furthermore, Moreover, Another, in addition to, Finally, Lastly, Third阅读文章指代：The reading passage, the writer, the author, writer of the reading, the reading material听力材料指代：Professor, lecturer, speaker, instructor, presenter, lecture, speech, talk, the listening, the presentation 表转折类关系词语：However, but, yet, even so, despite that, even though, although, while, whereas反驳类词语：contradicts, challenges, clashes with, conflicts with, denies, opposes, runs counter to, raises doubts about, throws …into doubt, in opposition to, in stark contrast to, in spite of, questions, cast doubt on, disagree with,研究类词语：explore, analyzes, examines, deals with, is concerned with, is about, focuses on, concentrates on, investigates(深入研究)讨论类词语：think，believes, argues, asserts, claims, contends, insists, states, indicates, discusses, raise the issue that,支持类词语：Support, confirm, back up, strengthen, bolster, advocate, reinforce观点类：Idea, view, opinion, viewpoint话题类：Issue, subject, topic证明：Proves, shows, confirms, verifies对比：Contrary to, in opposition to, in stark contrast to, in spite of2. 写作常用句型开头段1. The lecture revises the idea presented in the text that______.2. The professor actually contradicts the statement made in the passage. She is the view that ______.3. The author of the reading passage proposes _____. The lecturer, however, points to the inaccuracies in _____.(Casting-Doubt)4. The lecture and the reading passage give contradictory opinions on the topic of ________. The reading passage explains that ______ while the lecture provides several counterarguments to this view.5. The reading passage raises several doubts about _____, whereas the professor defends _____. (Casting-Doubt)6. The lecturer points out several problems with ______ in support of her claim that ________. (Casting-Doubt)7. The lecturer rejects the ideas presented in the reading passage about ______. In her opinion, _______.8. The lecturer and the reading passage hold completely different views toward ________, which is ________.9. The professor explains three aspects of _______, each of which has successfully addressed the problems mentioned in the reading passage (concerning _____, ______ and _______). (Problem-Solution)10. The reading passage argues that _________. However, the professor raises serious counterarguments against the reading by providing three aspects as listed below.主体段1. ____ dissolves as the professor explains that _______. (Problem-Solution)2. ____ is also solved in the lecture. (Problem-Solution)3. ____ is refuted by the fact that _____.4. ____ contradicts the issue of _____. She says that _____.5. The issue of ______ does not please the professor either. She says that ____.6. The professor acknowledge/admit ____, but also points out that ____. (存在承认、让步)7. The lecturer argues that _____. The reading, however,______.8. The first/second theory, that ________ is (also) rejected by the lecturer. He explains that _______.9. Regarding the ______, the lecturer contends that _____. He argues that ______.10. The lecturer challenges the first/second/final point in the reading regarding the _______. She says that ________.11. According to the professor, ________. According to the reading, however, _______.12. The reading argues that ________. The reading, however, holds that _______.13. The professor rejects the claim in the reading that_______. She says that _______.14. Although the reading suggests that _______, the professor argues that _________.15. The lecturer does not agree with the first/second/final point made in the reading --- that ______. She contends that _______.16. The lecturer states that ______. In contrast, the reading passage states that _______.17. According to the speaker, ________. This point directly contradicts what the passage indicates.18. The reading passage states that _______. The professor, however, states that _______.19. The professor opposes the reading passage by pointing out _______. The professor counters the claim made by the reading passage.20. The professor doubts _______. On the contrary to the reading passage, he/she points out that _______.扫描二维码限时获取免费视频课程。

托福阅读十类逻辑关系词梳理托福阅读十类逻辑关系词梳理1、Condition 条件/ 因为 (if )后面跟随着某种情况发生的前提或者是条件。

if // unless // whether // provided that // // Given that // for // so that // whether // depending on2、Time 时间 (when )before // since // as // until // meanwhile // at the moment // when // whenever // as soon as // just as3、Summary 总结 (in a word)作者的最后总结in conclusion // in summary // lastly // finally // to sum up // to conclude // to recapitulate 重述 // in short // in a word4、Example举例 (for example)for example // for instance // just as // in particular // such as // namely 也就是5、Reason原因 ( because)since // as // so // because (of) // due to // owing to // the reason why // in other words // leads to // cause6、And 并列关系 (and)in addition // and // similarly // likewise // as well as // besides // furthermore // also // moreover // too// not only ... but // even // besides this/that7、Sequence 顺序 (then)出现的时候表示列举first// initially // second etc. // to begin with // then // next // earlier/later // following this/that // afterwards8、Consequence 结果 (so)前面是后面的结果 // 也就是这些词后面就开始给出结论了。