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ICS 31. 020L10Record No. SJElectronic Industry Standard of the People’s Republic of ChinaSJ/T 11364－2014Replacing SJ/T 11364－2006 Marking for the restriction of the use of hazardous substances in electronic andelectrical productsIssued on July 9, 2014 Implemented on January 01, 2015 Issued by Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of the People’s Republic ofChinaSJ/T 11364－2014PrefaceThis Standard is drafted in accordance with the rules in GB/This Standard will replace and nullify SJ/T 11364—2006, Marking Requirements for Control of Pollution Caused by Electronic Information Products.The major changes of this Standard are as follows in comparison with SJ/T 11364—2006a) In Name and Scope, “electronic information products” in SJ/T 11364-2006 is changed to “electronic and electrical products”, “pollution control” to “restricted use of hazardous substances”；b) Adding explanation of reference use for logistics processes (see Section 1);c) Deleting normative reference documents GB 18455, Package Recycling Markings (See SJ/T 11364-2006, Section 2);d) Adding terms and definitions of “electronic and electrical products”, “hazardous substance” and “logistics”(see , and and deleting terms and definitions concernin g "electronic information product", “toxic and hazardous substance”, “producer”, “importer” and “packaging material” in SJ/T 11364—2006 (see SVT 11364-2006 ,, , and ;e) Adding marking for electronic and electrical products with display function with digital format marking;f) Deleting packing material name marking requirement (see SJ/T 11364—2006 Section 9).Please note that some contents of this document may involve patents. The release organization of this document shall not be responsible for identifying these patents.This Standard was proposed by the Electronic Information Product Pollution Control Standards Work Group of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology.This Standard is under the jurisdiction of the China Electrical Standardization InstituteChina Electrical Standardization Institute and Motorola (China) Solutions Co., Ltd. were responsible for the drafting of the standard.The units that participated in drafting of this Standard: see Appendix A.The main drafters for this Standard: Meng Yang，Shuoxiang Han and Xinjian Zhang.This Standard was first released in 2006.SJ/T 11364－2014IntroductionDue to the needs of technologies and product functions, some electronic and electrical product materials contain hazardous substances such as lead, mercury, cadmium, hexavalent chromium, polybrominated biphenyls, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers, etc. In order to prevent the adverse effects of products that contain the these substances on human health and the environment after their use and being discarded and to further standardize the markings for electronic and electrical products, based on Management Methods for the Control of Pollution from Electronic Information Product (Order No. 39 of the former Ministry of Information Industry) and by referencing related international standards and industrial practices, the former Ministry of Information Industry released SJ/T 111364—2006, Marking for Control of Pollution Caused by Electronic Information Product, .With the need for revision of the Management Methods for the Control of Pollution from Electronic Information Products and the needs of enterprises for image display markings and markings for logistics processes during the standard's use for their products, SJ/T 111364—2006 has gradually become inadequate in fully application. The goal of the formulation of this Standard is to solve the these problems and provide further elaborate and perfect the marking requirements for electronic and electrical products in order to improve the environment, facilitate application, implement national policies and regulations, and reduce enterprise management costs.SJ/T 11364－2014 Marking for the restriction of the use of hazardous substances in electronic and electrical products1. ScopeThis Standard defines the marking requirements for hazardous substances in electronic and electrical products, the environmental protection use period and recyclability.This Standard is applicable to the electronic and electrical products that are sold within the People’s Republic of China and also can be used for reference for electronic and electrical product logistics.2. Normative Reference DocumentThe following documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For the dated reference documents, only the dated versions are applicable to this document; for the undated reference documents, only the latest versions (including all the revisions) are applicable to this document.GB/T 26572 the limit requirement for hazardous substances in electronic and electrical products.3. Terms and DefinitionsThe following terms and definitions are applicable to this Standard.Electronic and electrical productsEEPDevices and accessories with rated working electrical voltages that do not exceed 1500V direct current and do not exceed 1000V alternating current and work by means of current or electromagnetic fields or with the aim of generating, transmitting and measuring currents and electromagnetic fields.Hazardous SubstancesRefer to lead and its compounds，mercury and its compounds, cadmium and its compounds，hexavalent chromium compounds, polybrominated biphenyls, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers that are contained in the electronic and electrical products.Note: “contained” in this Standard means that the contents of hazardous substances exceed the limit requirements set forth in GB/T 26572.Environmentally Friendly Use PeriodRefers to the period during which the hazardous substances contained in the electronic and electrical products do not leak or mutate suddenly under normal operating conditions and will not result in serious environmental pollution or cause serious damage to the users' body or their assets during the normal use by the user of the electronic and electrical products. RecoveryRefers to the process of treatment of discarded products so that they can meet their original use purpose or be used for other purposes, including the recovery and utilization of energy.SJ/T 11364－2014[GBBT 20861-2007, definition ]LogisticsRefers to the entity flow process of goods from the supplying place to the receiving place. It is the dynamic integration of transportation, storage, loading and unloading, packaging, circulation processing, dispatching, information processing and other basic functions based on actual needs.[GBZT 18354-2006, definition ]4. General RulesAll electronic and electrical products that are sold within the People’s Republic of China shall be marked with logos for restricting the use of hazardous substances in electronic and electrical products according to the requirements in this Standard. If it can not be marked on the products due to the restrictions of size, shape, substance material or functions, it shall be indicated in the product instructions.For the electronic and electrical products that are purchased for manufacturing，the supplier need not provide these markings but shall provide the purchaser all necessary information for marking. Correspondingly, the purchaser shall mark the electronic and electrical products that they manufactured and the scope of marking shall include that for the electronic and electrical products purchased for manufacturing.When product instructions are used for markings，the markings can be in paper instructions，and instruction disc (CD/DVD)，or packaging material; in addition to the these methods，the product instructions for electronic and electrical products purchased for manufacturing can also be provided on the company website. For the product instructions only in company website, the product instructions shall include clarification of the steps for looking up the related marking information.Electronic and Electrical Product Restricted Substance Use RestrictionLogosPlease refer to Figure 1 and Figure 2 for marking for the design of the markings for the restricted use of hazardous substances in electronic and electrical products.Note: The number in Figure 2 only serves as examples and will be replaced with the corresponding environmental protection use period of the product.Figure 1: Logo 1 Figure 2: Logo 2Meaning of the LogosThe contents of the logos for the restricted use of hazardous substances in electronic and electrical products include three components: the content of hazardous substances in the electronic and electrical products ， the environmental protection use period of the electronic and electrical products ， and the recyclability of the electronic and electrical products.Figure 1 is generally green, indicating the environmental protection characteristic, namely the product does not contain any hazar dous substance. The artistic style “e” in the middle of the logo stands for “electrical”, “electronic” and“environmental”, symbolizing a green and environmental electronic and electrical product; the outer line with arrows forms a circle, indicating that the electronic and electrical product can be recycled. The entire logo indicates that the electronic and electrical product does not contain any hazardous substance and is a green environmentally friendly product ， and can be recycled after being discarded and shall not be discarded at will.Figure 2 is generally orange, highlighting its warning characteristic, . the product contains certain hazardous substances. The replaceable number in the middle of the image indicates the environmental protection use period for the electronic and electrical product; the image’s outer circle is also a circulating circle formed by lines with arrows, indicating that the electronic and electrical product can be recovered. The meaning of the entire logo is: the electronic and electrical product contains certain hazardous substances andSJ/T 11364－2014 can be used safely during environmental protection use period and should enter into the recycling system after itsenvironmental protection use period.ColorsGreen color is recommended for the logo in Figure 1 (C: 85, M: 30, Y: 85, K: 20).Orange color is recommended for the logo in Figure 2 (C: 0, M: 75, Y: 100, K: 0).. SpecificationsSpecifications for LogosThe proportion for the lines in Figure 1 and Figure 2 is shown in Figures 3 and 4 (number of grids is 100x100). The font for the number in Figure 2 is Impact, and the ratio of its height to the inner and outer diameters of the circle is 5:8:12. Note: the “Impact ” font can be obtained in office or word processing software.Figure 3: Image specification of logo IFigure 4: Image specification of logo IIMarking SpecificationsManufacturers or importers shall choose suitable specifications for the logo according to the sizes of the electronic and electrical products and components; however, its smallest area shall not be smaller than 5mmx5mm.SJ/T 11364－20146. Marking RequirementsGeneral RequirementsAn electronic and electrical product shall use the marking for the restricted use of hazardous substances in the electronic and electrical product in accordance with the standard's requirements, and the marking shall be clear, distinguishable, visible, fade resistant and difficult to remove.If an electronic and electrical product satisfies one of the following conditions ， the logo for the restricted use of hazardous substances in the electronic and electrical product may not be marked directly on the product but shall be marked according to the method specified in or be specified in the product instructions:a) A maximum surface area equal to or larger than 5×103 mm 2。

Unit 1 MathematicsSection C Post-reading TaskVocabulary and Structure1. Word-buildingDirections: Give the correct form of the word according to the indication in the brackets. Then complete the sentences using the right form for each word. Use each word once.discover— (suffix) symbol—(suffix)logic— (suffix) form—(suffix)correspond—(suffix) develop—(suffix)describe—(suffix) able—(prefix)contradict—(suffix) equal—(suffix)1) The math may not have been new, but Duchin enjoyed the process of_________, and she got towork collaboratively with half a dozen other math whizzes.( discovery)2) Packages can be sealed and can contain personal _________if it relates to the contents of thepackage.(correspondence)3) New research indicates that the brain region may prefer_________ notation to other numericrepresentations .(symbolic)4) To do this, an ideal model based on the _________ paradigm was constructed and then comparedwith a neutral model reflecting the further education system as it existed before the Act tookeffect.( equality)5) Is this not in flagrant _________to Einstein's rule that signals do not travel faster than the velocityof light?( contradiction)6) Sequential organization has the major advantage that the records are stored in a _________order, presumably that sequence to which the records are normally required for printing and for soft copy reports.( logical)7) The mathematical _________ of a zero-sum two-person game is not difficult to construct, anddetermining the optimal strategies and the value of the game is computationallystraightforward.( description)8) The proof we now know required the_________ of an entire field of mathematics that wasunknown in Fermat's time.( development)9) Williams adds that ma ny courses in geometry, ―the one high school class that demands_________ reasoning,‖ have already been ―gutted‖ and are no longer proof-based.( formal)10) The concept of total aircraft ownership will become increasingly important should the traditionaltrade structure be _________to cover the expanse of technologies economically.( unable)2. Directions: Complete the sentences with the words given in the brackets. Change the form ifnecessary.1) The key to unraveling such apparent paradoxes is to characterize the initial set of possibilities("initial" meaning before you receive any extra information) and then to eliminate possibilities based on that extra information. (base)2) Indeed, this separation of meaning is reflected by the definition of "weak" in the OALD, with adistinct sense reserved for its use when pertaining to that of solutions (definition)3) The resulting radical pollution control programme outlined by Nixon, calling for a 90 per centreduction in vehicle emissions by 1980, not only led to him being credited (albeit briefly) as policy initiator of an environmental clean-up but also provided him with the chance to deal a blow to one of his most important opponents in the 1972 elections, Edmund Muskie (blow)4) Singapore's continuing investments in education and training has brought a tenfold increase in ourpool of Information Technology professionals and the Singapore worker has been consistently rated by BERI as the world's best in terms of technical skills, attitude and productivity. (term)5) In this work he was led to topology, a still new kind of mathematics related to geometry, and to thestudy of shapes (compact manifolds) of all dimensions. (lead)6) If there is no allowable string which spans the whole graph, then we can search in the same wayas described above, but wherever the required path does not exist in the tree, check if that position in the tree is flagged for end-of-word (way)7) During the past century, steps forward in physics have often come in the form of newly foundparticles; in engineering, more complex devices; in astronomy, farther planets and stars; in biology, rarer genes; and in chemistry, more useful materials and medications. (form)8) A second reason for measurements is the more theoretical, put by Love as " the discovery ofnumerical relations between the quantities that can be measured to serve as a basis for the inductive determination of the form of the intrinsic energy function. " (serve)9) Thus the optimum conditions for coastal terrace development would seem to be areas with smalltidal ranges. Finally, tidal range is an important factor in the generation of tidal currents which may locally become of geomorphological importance (become)10) The original double entrance doors to the booking hall had been replaced by an utterlyincongruous picture window as had adjacent booking hall and waiting room windows. (replace)3. Directions: Reorder the disordered parts of a sentence to make a complete sentence.1) A simple way to describe topology is as a 'rubber sheet geometry' — topologists study thoseproperties of shapes that remain the same when the shapes are stretched or compressed.2) Since the mid-1990s scientists have floated the idea that representations of numeric quantities,whether expressed as digits or as written words, are codified by the parietal cortex, a higher-processing region in the brain located just above the forehead.3) As activity was monitored, located just above the forehead ,researchers noted changes under theassumption that the brain reduces activity as it becomes accustomed to a stimulus and thenreactivates when a novel stimulus is presented.4) That has not stopped physicists from devising new algorithms for the devices, which can calculatea lot faster than ordinary computers—in fact, exponentially faster, in quite a literal sense.5) Such a device would be made of metamaterial, a thicket of metal rings or other shapes that bendslight in funny ways.4. Directions: Change the following sentences into nominalized ones.1) The passage of night could be marked by the appearance of 18 of these stars.2) The full proof of Fermat's Last Theorem is contained in these two papers.3) The concept of fixed-length hours, however, did not originate until the Hellenistic period.4) There is a probability that my first sock is red because only one of the remaining three socks isred.5) The importance of accurate data in quantitative modeling is central to using Bayes's theorem tocalculate the probability of the existence of God.Reading 22. Complete the sentences based on the text.1) The term Mandelbrot set is used to refer both to a general class of _________________ and to aparticular instance of such a set. （fractal sets）2) 2.In general, a Mandelbrot set marks the set of points in the _________________ such that thecorresponding Julia set is connected and not computable. （complex plane）3) "The" Mandelbrot set is the set obtained from the _________________ z_(n+1)==z_n︿2+c withz_0==c, where points in the complex plane for which the orbit of z_n does not tend to infinity are in the set. （quadratic recurrence equation）4) Setting z_0equal to any point in the set that is not a _________________ gives the same result.（periodic point）5) The Mandelbrot set was originally called a _________________ by Mandelbrot. J. Hubbard andA. Douady proved that the Mandelbrot set is connected（molecule）Language in Use1. Match the Chinese in the left column with the English in the right column.迭代函数iterative function优先权之争priority battle分形特征fractal properties有意义make sense以越来越小的规模重复同一模式patterns repeat themselves at smaller and smaller scales混沌理论chaos theory季刊a quarterly journal数学界the mathematics community波纹线crisp lines会议公报proceedings of a conference2. Join the following short sentences into longer ones.1) In addition to coining the term "fractal" to describe objects and surfaces which are irregular atvarious dimensions of scale, he also introduced such concepts as "fractal dimensions" and the particular fractal known as the Mandelbrot set, frequently represented with the mathematical formula z → z2 + c.2) It appeared that things were settling into a pleasant and fruitful routine, with hi s school lessonssupplemented by long talks with his uncle about classical analysis, the iterative work of Pierre Fatou and the equally fascinating Julia Sets generated by Gaston Julia3) Just as the youthful Mandelbrot had passed his college entrance exams by translating algebraicproblems into geometrical problems, and solving them by intuitively deducing the "perfected"shape, he here realized there was something deeper, something mathematical, be hind these strange patterns.4) But the beauty in Mandelbrot's models was not that they generated a deceitful randomness, butthat they could generate graphed data whose visual pattern accurately mimicked the visual patterns created by real phenomena。

外文文献资料1、Software EngineeringSoftware is the sequences of instructions in one or more programming languages that comprise a computer application to automate some business function. Engineering is the use of tools and techniques in problem solving. Putting the two words together, software engineering is the systemtic application of tools and techniques in the development of computer-based applications.The software engineering process describes the steps it takes to deelop the system. We begin a development project with the notion that there is a problem to be solved via automation. The process is how you get from problem recognition to a working solution. A quality process is desirable because it is more likely to lead to a quality product. The process followed by a project team during the development life cycle of an application should be orderly, goal-oriented, enjoyable, and a learning experience.Object-oriented methodology is an approach to system lifecycle development that takes a top-down view of data objects, their allowable actions, and the underlying communication requirement to define a system architecture. The data and action components are encapsulated, that is , they are combined together, to form abstract data types Encapsulation means that if I know what data I want ,I also know the allowable processes against that data. Data are designed as lattice hierarchies of relationships to ensure that top-down, hierarchic inheritance and side ways relationships are accommodated. Encapsulated objects are constrained only to communicate via messages. At a minimum, messages indicate the receiver and action requested. Messages may be more elaborate, including the sender and data to be acted upon.That we try to apply engineering discipline to software development does not mean that we have all the answers about how to build applications. On the contrary, we still build systems that are not useful and thus are not used. Part of the reason for continuing problems in application development, is that we are constantly trying to hita moving target. Both the technology and the type of applications needed by businesses are constantly changing and becoming more complex. Our ability to develop and disseminate knowledge about how to successfully build systems for new technologies and new application types seriously lags behind technological and business changes.Another reason for continuing problems in application development is that we aren’t always free to do what we like and it is hard to change habits and cultures from the old way of doing things, as well as get users to agree with a new sequence of events or an unfamiliar format for documentation.You might ask then, if many organizations don’t use good software engineering practices, why should I bother learning them? There are two good answers to this question. First, if you never know the right thing to do, you have no chance of ever using it. Second, organizations will frequently accept evolutionary, small steps of change instead of revolutionary, massive change. You can learn individual techniques that can be applied without complete devotion to one way of developing systems. In this way, software engineering can speed changee in their organizations by demonstrating how the tools and techniques enhance th quality of both the product and the process of building a system.2、Data Base System1、IntroductionThe development of corporate databases will be one of the most important data-processing activities for the rest of the 1970s. Date will be increasingly regarded as a vital corporate resource, which must be organized so as to maximize their value. In addition to the databases within an organization, a vast new demand is growing for database services, which will collect, organize, and sell data.The files of data which computers can use are growing at a staggering rate. The growth rate in the size of computer storage is greater than the growth in the size or power of any other component in the exploding data processing industry. The more data the computers have access to, the greater is their potential power. In all walks of life and in all areas of industry, data banks will change the areas of what it is possiblefor man to do. In the end of this century, historians will look back to the coming of computer data banks and their associated facilities as a step which changed the nature of the evolution of society, perhaps eventually having a greater effect on the human condition than even the invention of the printing press.Some most impressive corporate growth stories of the generation are largely attributable to the explosive growth in the need of information.The vast majority of this information is not yet computerized. However, the cost of data storage hardware is dropping more rapidly than other costs in data processing. It will become cheaper to store data on computer files than to store them on paper. Not only printed information will be stored. The computer industry is improving its capability to store line drawing, data in facsimile form, photo-graphs, human speech, etc. In fact, any form of information other than the most intimate communications between humans can be transmitted and stored digitally.There are two main technology developments likely to become available in the near future. First, there are electromagnetic devices that will hold much more data than disks but have much longer access time. Second, there are solid-state technologies that will give microsecond access time but capacities are smaller than disks.Disks themselves may be increased in capacity somewhat. For the longer term future there are a number of new technologies which are currently working in research labs which may replace disks and may provide very large microsecond-access-time devices. A steady stream of new storage devices is thus likely to reach the marketplace over the next 5 years, rapidly lowering the cost of storing data.Given the available technologies, it is likely that on-line data bases will use two or three levels of storage. One solid-state with microsecond access time, one electromagnetic with access time of a fraction of a second. If two ,three ,or four levels of storage are used, physical storage organization will become more complex ,probably with paging mechanisms to move data between the levels; solid-state storage offers the possibility of parallel search operation and associativememory.Both the quantity of data stored and the complexity of their organization are going up by leaps and bounds. The first trillion bit on-line stores are now in use . in a few year’s time ,stores of this size may be common.A particularly important consideration in data base design is to store the data so that the can be used for a wide variety of applications and so that the way they can be changed quickly and easily. On computer installation prior to the data base era it has been remarkably difficult to change the way data are used. Different programmers view the data in different ways and constantly want to modify them as new needs arise modification , however ,can set off a chain reaction of changes to existing programs and hence can be exceedingly expensive to accomplish .Consequently , data processing has tended to become frozen into its old data structures .To achieve flexibility of data usage that is essential in most commercial situations . Two aspects of data base design are important. First, it should be possible to interrogate and search the data base without the lengthy operation of writing programs in conventional programming languages. Second ,the data should be independent of the programs which use them so that they can be added to or restructured without the programs being changed .The work of designing a data base is becoming increasing difficult , especially if it is to perform in an optimal fashion . There are many different ways in which data can be structured ,and they have different types of data need to be organized in different ways. Different data have different characteristics , which ought to effect the data organization ,and different users have fundamentally different requirements. So we need a kind of data base management system(DBMS)to manage data.Data base design using the entity-relationship model begins with a list of the entity types involved and the relationships among them. The philosophy of assuming that the designer knows what the entity types are at the outset is significantly different from the philosophy behind the normalization-based approach.The entity-relationship(E-R)approach uses entity-relationship diagrams. The E-Rapproach requires several steps to produre a structure that is acceptable by the particular DBMS. These steps are:(1) Data analysis(2) Producing and optimizing the entity model.(3) Logical schema development(4) Physical data base design process.Developing a data base structure from user requirements is called data bases design. Most practitioners agree that there are two separate phases to the data base design process. The design of a logical database structure that is processable by the data base management system(DBMS)d escribes the user’s view of data, and is the selection of a physical structure such as the indexed sequential or direct access method of the intended DBMS.Current data base design technology shows many residual effects of its outgrowth from single-record file design methods. File design is primarily application program dependent since the data has been defined and structured in terms of individual applications to use them. The advent of DBMS revised the emphasis in data and program design approaches.There are many interlocking questions in the design of data-base systems and many types of technique that one can use is answer to the question so many; in fact, that one often sees valuable approaches being overlooked in the design and vital questions not being asked.There will soon be new storage devices, new software techniques, and new types of data bases. The details will change, but most of the principles will remain. Therefore, the reader should concentrate on the principles.2、Data base systemThe conception used for describing files and data bases has varied substantially in the same organization.A data base may be defined as a collection of interrelated data stored together with as little redundancy as possible to serve on or more applications in an optimal fashion; the data are stored so that they are independent of programs which use thedata; a common and controlled approach is used in adding new data and in modifying and retrieving existing data within the data base. One system is said to contain a collection of data bases if they are entirely separate in structure.A data base may be designed for batch processing, real-time processing, or in-line processing. A data base system involve application program, DBMS, and data base.One of the most important characteristics of most data bases is that they will constantly need to change and grow. Easy restructuring of the data base must be possible as new data types and new applications are added. The restructuring should be possible without having to rewrite the application program and in general should cause as little upheaval as possible. The ease with which a data base can be changed will have a major effect on the rate at which data-processing application can be developed in a corporation.The term data independence is often quoted as being one of the main attributes of a data base. It implies that the data and the application programs which use them are independent so that either may be changed without changing the other. When a single set of data items serves a variety of applications, different application programs perceive different relationships between the data items. To a large extent, data-base organization is concerned with the representation of relationship between data items and records as well as how and where the data are stored. A data base used for many applications can have multiple interconnections between the data item about which we may wish to record. It can describes the real world. The data item represents an attribute, and the attribute must be associated with the relevant entity. We design values to the attributes, one attribute has a special significance in that it identifies the entity.An attribute or set of attribute which the computer uses to identify a record or tuple is referred to as a key. The primary key is defined as that key used to uniquely identify one record or tuple. The primary key is of great importance because it is used by the computer in locating the record or tuple by means of an index or addressing algorithm.If the function of a data base were merely to store data, its organization would be simple. Most of the complexities arise from the fact that is must also show the relationships between the various items of data that are stored. It is different to describe the data in logical or physical.The logical data base description is referred to as a schema .A schema is a chart of the types of data that one used. It gives the names of the entities and attributes, and specifics the relations between them. It is a framework into which the values of the data-items can be fitted.We must distinguish between a record type and a instance of the record. When we talk about a “personnel record”,this is really a record type.There are no data values associated with it.The term schema is used to mean an overall chart of all of the dataitem types and record types stored in a data he uses. Many different subschema can be derived from one schema.The schema and the subschema are both used by the data-base management system, the primary function of which is to serve the application programs by executing their data operations.A DBMS will usually be handing multiple data calls concurrently. It must organize its system buffers so that different data operations can be in process together. It provides a data definition language to specify the conceptual schema and most likely, some of the details regarding the implementation of the conceptual schema by the physical schema. The data definition language is a high-level language, enabling one to describe the conceptual schema in terms of a “data model” .The choice of a data model is a difficult one, since it must be rich enough in structure to describe significant aspects of the real world, yet it must be possible to determine fairly automatically an efficient implementation of the conceptual schema by a physical schema. It should be emphasized that while a DBMS might be used to build small data bases, many data bases involve millions of bytes, and an inefficient implementation can be disastrous.We will discuss the data model in the following.3、Three Data ModelsLogical schemas are defined as data models with the underlying structure of particular database management systems superimposed on them. At the present time, there are three main underlying structures for database management systems. These are :RelationalHierarchicalNetworkThe hierarchical and network structures have been used for DBMS since the 1960s. The relational structure was introduced in the early 1970s.In the relational model, the entities and their relationships are represented by two-dimensional tables. Every table represents an entity and is made up of rows and columns. Relationships between entities are represented by common columns containing identical values from a domain or range of possible values.The last user is presented with a simple data model. His and her request are formulated in terms of the information content and do not reflect any complexities due to system-oriented aspects. A relational data model is what the user sees, but it is not necessarily what will be implemented physically.The relational data model removes the details of storage structure and access strategy from the user interface. The model provides a relatively higher degree of data. To be able to make use of this property of the relational data model however, the design of the relations must be complete and accurate.Although some DBMS based on the relational data model are commercially available today, it is difficult to provide a complete set of operational capabilities with required efficiency on a large scale. It appears today that technological improvements in providing faster and more reliable hardware may answer the question positively.The hierarchical data model is based on a tree-like structure made up of nodes and branches. A node is a collection of data attributes describing the entity at that point.The highest node of the hierarchical tree structure is called a root. The nodes at succeeding lower levels are called children .A hierarchical data model always starts with a root node. Every node consists of one or more attributes describing the entity at that node. Dependent nodes can follow the succeeding levels. The node in the preceding level becomes the parent node of the new dependent nodes. A parent node can have one child node as a dependent or many children nodes. The major advantage of the hierarchical data model is the existence of proven database management systems that use the hierarchical data model as the basic structure. There is a reduction of data dependency but any child node is accessible only through its parent node, the many-to –many relationship can be implemented only in a clumsy way. This often results in a redundancy in stored data.The network data model interconnects the entities of an enterprise into a network. In the network data model a data base consists of a number of areas. An area contains records. In turn, a record may consist of fields. A set which is a grouping of records, may reside in an area or span a number of areas. A set type is based on the owner record type and the member record type. The many-to many relation-ship, which occurs quite frequently in real life can be implemented easily. The network data model is very complex, the application programmer must be familiar with the logical structure of the data base.4、Logical Design and Physical DesignLogical design of databases is mainly concerned with superimposing the constructs of the data base management system on the logical data model. There are three mainly models: hierarchical, relational, network we have mentioned above.The physical model is a framework of the database to be stored on physical devices. The model must be constructed with every regard given to the performance of the resulting database. One should carry out an analysis of the physical model with average frequencies of occurrences of the grou pings of the data elements, with expected space estimates, and with respect to time estimates for retrieving and maintaining the data.The database designer may find it necessary to have multiple entry points into a database, or to access a particular segment type with more than one key. To provide this type of access; it may be necessary to invert the segment on the keys. Thephysical designer must have expertise in knowledge of the DBMS functions and understanding of the characteristics of direct access devices and knowledge of the applications.Many data bases have links between one record and another, called pointers. A pointer is a field in one record which indicates where a second record is located on the storage devices.Records that exist on storage devices is a given physical sequence. This sequencing may be employed for some purpose. The most common pupose is that records are needed in a given sequence by certain data-processing operations and so they are stored in that sequences.Different applications may need records in different sequences.The most common method of ordering records is to have them in sequence by a key —that key which is most commonly used for addressing them. An index is required to find any record without a lengthy search of the file.If the data records are laid out sequentially by key, the index for that key can be much smaller than they are nonsequential.Hashing has been used for addressing random-access storages since they first came into existence in the mid-1950s. But nobody had the temerity to use the word hashing until 1968.Many systems analysis has avoided the use of hashing in the suspicion that it is complicated. In fact, it is simple to use and has two important advantages over indexing. First, it finds most records with only one seek and second, insertion and deletions can be handled without added complexity. Indexing, however, can be used with a file which is sequential by prime key and this is an overriding advantage, for some batch-pro-cessing applications.Many data-base systems use chains to interconnect records also. A chain refers to a group of records scatters within the files and interconnected by a sequence of pointers. The software that is used to retrive the chained records will make them appear to the application programmer as a contiguous logical file.The primary disadvantage of chained records is that many read operations areneeded in order to follow lengthy chains. Sometimes this does not matter because the records have to be read anyway. In most search operations, however, the chains have to be followed through records which would not otherwise to read. In some file organizations the chains can be contained within blocked physical records so that excessive reads do not occur.Rings have been used in many file organizations. They are used to eliminate redundancy. When a ring or a chain is entered at a point some distance from its head, it may be desirable to obtain the information at the head quickly without stepping through all the intervening links.5、Data Description LanguagesIt is necessary for both the programmers and the data administrator to be able to describe their data precisely; they do so by means of data description languages. A data description language is the means of declaring to data-base management system what data structures will be used.A data description languages giving a logical data description should perform the folloeing functions:It should give a unique name to each data-item type, file type, data base and other data subdivision.It should identify the types of data subdivision such as data item segment , record and base file.It may define the type of encoding the program uses in the data items (binary , character ,bit string , etc.)It may define the length of the data items and the range of the values that a data item can assume .It may specify the sequence of records in a file or the sequence of groups of record in the data base .It may specify means of checking for errors in the data .It may specify privacy locks for preventing unauthorized reading or modification of the data .These may operate at the data-item ,segment ,record, file or data-base level and if necessary may be extended to the contents(value) of individual data items .The authorization may , on the other hand, be separate defined .It is more subject to change than the data structures, and changes in authorization proceduresshould not force changes in application programs.A logical data description should not specify addressing ,indexing ,or searching techniques or specify the placement of data on the storage units ,because these topics are in the domain of physical ,not logical organization .It may give an indication of how the data will be used or of searching requirement .So that the physical technique can be selected optimally but such indications should not be logically limiting.Most DBMS have their own languages for defining the schemas that are used . In most cases these data description languages are different to other programmer language, because other programmer do not have the capability to define to variety of relationship that may exit in the schemas.附录 B 外文译文1、软件工程软件是指令的序列，该指令序列由一种或者多种程序语言编写，它能使计算机应用于某些事物的运用自动化。

五年前和五年后家的变化英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1My Home: Then and NowIf you had visited my home five years ago, it would have seemed like a pretty ordinary place. Just a regular house in a regular neighborhood filled with the regular trappings of family life. But a lot can change in half a decade, and I expect my home to be quite different five years from now.Five Years AgoWhen I think back to 2019, I remember our home as being a cramped but cozy place. We lived in a three-bedroom ranch house that always felt just a little too small for our family of five. My parents' bedroom was tiny, with just enough space for their double bed and two nightstands. My brother and I shared the slightly larger room across the hall, our twin beds crammed into the corners.The living room served as the main gathering area, with an old but comfortable couch facing the TV. We didn't have cable, so we relied on streaming services and a pretty slow internetconnection for our entertainment. My brother and I would often argue over what to watch or play on the family computer, which was an ancient desktop PC set up on a small desk in the corner.Our kitchen was stuck in the 1980s, with dingy white appliances, wood-paneled cabinets, and a hideous mustard yellow color on the walls. But it was functional and the dining table provided a place for us to enjoy my mom's home cooked meals together every night as a family.In the backyard, we had a pretty basic patio area with an old charcoal grill and some plastic patio furniture. The lawn was mostly crabgrass and weeds, despite my dad's efforts. We had an ancient rusting swing set that my brother and I had basically outgrown by 2019. Overall, it was a humble but comfortable home for our middle-class family.Five Years From NowFast forward to 2029 though, and I imagine my home is going to look dramatically different. For one, I don't think we'll still be living in that same little ranch house. My parents have been talking about either doing a huge renovation and addition or potentially moving to a bigger place once my brother and I have graduated high school and moved out.Whichever path they choose, I'm sure the physical structure and layout is going to be radically transformed. Maybe we'll have a huge open concept layout on the main floor with a gourmet kitchen featuring high-end stainless steel appliances, granite countertops, and a massive island for casual dining and entertaining. I could see adding a four-seasons sunroom off the back as well, creating a comfortable indoor/outdoor living space.In the living room, I bet we'll get rid of that old couch and chair set and replace it with some modern, minimalistic furniture. More of a grown-up, sophisticated look. And of course we'd have a huge 4K or even 8K flat screen TV mounted over the fireplace. We'll definitely need to upgrade our internet as well for streaming ultra high-definition video, gaming, and whatever new tech emerges in the coming years.I could definitely picture the bedrooms getting an overhaul too. My parents may redo the master suite to have a huge walk-in closet and en-suite bathroom with a luxurious glass shower and separate soaking tub. Maybe my old bedroom would get transformed into a home office or gym once I've moved out.On the technology front, I'm sure smart home devices like intelligent assistants, home automation systems, and the latest Internet of Things gadgets will be integrated throughout thehouse. Lights, climate control, security, entertainment - all of it seamlessly controlled by voice commands, apps, or even just automatically adjusting based on our routines and preferences. We'll probably have some kind of home energy management system too for monitoring and reducing our electricity and heating/cooling usage.Outside, I could see us finally landscaping the backyard properly. Maybe adding a slick composite or stone patio area along with some fancy outdoor furniture - couches, a firepit table, even an outdoor kitchen and bar area. Upscale landscaping with sculpted gardens, pathways, exterior lighting, and the perfect lush green lawn. If budget allowed, a swimming pool or hot tub wouldn't be out of the question either!For transportation, I'm sure we'll be part of the electric and self-driving vehicle revolution by 2029. Some kind of modern electric or hybrid car for my parents, maybe even a self-driving model that could whisk them off to work while they relax. And for me, assuming I'm out of college, I'd love to have an efficient and eco-friendly electric motorcycle, scooter, or maybe even a self-driving el-car for zipping around the city.That's just scratching the surface too. Who knows what other new technologies will become mainstream by then? Powerfulhome computing setups, virtual reality entertainment systems, domestic robotics, 3D printing at home, smart appliances and infrastructure... the possibilities are endless for upgrading and enhancing our home life.Of course, with all these potential upgrades and improvements, the downside is the cost. While we were a pretty typical middle-class household five years ago, we may need to be significantly more affluent to afford that kind of higher-end, high-tech lifestyle in 2029. Part of me wonders if we'll even still be in the same town and neighborhood, or if we'll need to move somewhere new to match our changed economic situation.So in many ways, I expect my home environment could shift dramatically over the next five years. While the cozy, lived-in house I grew up in was certainly humble, a new era of automation, smart technology, and modern luxury seems to be on the horizon. Only time will tell just how cutting edge and advanced my family's home ends up becoming. But I'm definitely excited to imagine all the mind-blowing possibilities! After all, my childhood home will always hold a special sense of nostalgia and fond memories for me, but who wouldn't want to take advantage of the latest in futuristic living?篇2My Home: Then, Now, and Looking AheadAs I sit here in my childhood bedroom, I can't help but reflect on how much this space has transformed over the years. When I think back to five years ago, it's almost like recalling a different lifetime. The walls were a bright, vibrant blue that myeight-year-old self had insisted on, and the floor was a constant battlefield of Lego bricks and discarded toys. But now, as a teenager on the cusp of adulthood, my room has undergone a metamorphosis that mirrors my own personal growth.Five years ago, my bed was a cozy little racecar that I would excitedly dive into each night, imagining myself as a skilled driver navigating the twists and turns of an exhilarating racetrack. Nowadays, that whimsical piece of furniture has been replaced by a more mature, albeit less thrilling, queen-sized bed. The walls have shed their bold hue in favor of a more muted, calming gray – a reflection of my newfound appreciation for minimalism and serenity.Perhaps the most significant change, however, is the addition of a desk tucked neatly into the corner of my room. This humble workspace has become the command center for my academic pursuits, playing host to countless hours of studying, writing, and the occasional bout of procrastination (we're allguilty of that, aren't we?). Its surface is a testament to theever-increasing demands of my education, with textbooks, notebooks, and the occasional energy drink can vying for real estate.But my room isn't the only thing that has transformed over the past five years; our entire home has undergone a remarkable evolution. The once-vibrant living room, where my siblings and I would engage in raucous playtime, has now become a more subdued space for family gatherings and the occasional movie night. The kitchen, once a whirlwind of culinary chaos, has been remodeled into a sleek, modern oasis where my parents can indulge their newfound passion for gourmet cooking.As I look ahead to the next five years, I can only imagine the changes that await our humble abode. Perhaps my bedroom will undergo yet another transformation, shedding its remnants of adolescence and embracing a more sophisticated, adult aesthetic. Or maybe the living room will be repurposed into a cozy home office, as remote work becomes increasingly prevalent.One thing is certain, though: our home will continue to evolve, just as our family does. The walls that have witnessed our laughter, our tears, and our growth will bear the scars of time,each scratch and dent a cherished memory etched into the very fabric of our lives.In five years, I may very well be writing this essay from the comfort of a college dorm room or a cozy apartment in a new city. But no matter where life takes me, this house – with all its quirks, its history, and its ever-changing nature – will always be my home. It is the canvas upon which the masterpiece of my life has been painted, and I can't wait to see what the next five years have in store for this remarkable place.篇3My Home: Then, Now, and In Five YearsHome is where the heart is, or so the saying goes. For me, home has always been a place of comfort, familiarity, and cherished memories. However, just as life is a constant journey of change and growth, so too does the place we call home evolve and transform over time. As I reflect on the past five years and contemplate the next five, I can't help but marvel at the remarkable metamorphosis my humble abode has undergone and the exciting prospects that lie ahead.Five Years AgoHalf a decade ago, our home was a modest two-story dwelling, nestled in a quiet suburban neighborhood. The faded beige exterior stood as a testament to the years of laughter, tears, and memories it had witnessed. Inside, the decor was a delightful fusion of hand-me-down furniture and thrift store finds, each piece holding a story of its own.The living room was the heart of our home, where we gathered for movie nights, board game battles, and lively discussions. The well-worn couches, adorned with mismatched throw pillows, invited us to sink in and let the stress of the day melt away. The rickety coffee table, with its chipped veneer and countless water ring stains, served as a canvas for our creativity, adorned with half-finished jigsaw puzzles and scattered art supplies.Down the hall, the kitchen was a symphony of organized chaos. Mismatched plates and mugs adorned the open shelves, a testament to our eclectic tastes and the many yard sales we frequented. The ancient oven, with its temperamental nature, challenged our culinary skills, but the aroma of freshly baked cookies or a sizzling Sunday roast made every effort worthwhile.Upstairs, our bedrooms were sanctuaries of self-expression. My room, with its vibrant blue walls and posters of my favoritebands, reflected my teenage spirit. My sister's domain, adorned with delicate fairy lights and an ever-growing collection of stuffed animals, was a whimsical escape from reality.Despite its quirks and imperfections, our home was a tapestry woven with love, laughter, and cherished memories. It was a place where we could be ourselves, a haven from the outside world, and a constant reminder of the unbreakable bonds that tied our family together.Present DayFast forward to the present, and our home has undergone a remarkable transformation. The once-faded exterior now boasts a fresh coat of crisp white paint, complemented by a meticulously landscaped garden that bursts with vibrant hues in every season. Inside, the decor has been given a modern facelift, blending contemporary styles with sentimental pieces from our past.The living room has shed its well-worn charm in favor of sleek, minimalist furnishings. A plush sectional sofa invites us to lounge in comfort, while a state-of-the-art entertainment system promises immersive movie experiences. Yet, amidst the modern touches, the same rickety coffee table remains, a beloved relic that anchors us to our roots.The kitchen, once a hub of chaos, has been transformed into a chef's dream. Gleaming stainless steel appliances and ample counter space make meal preparation a breeze, while theopen-concept design seamlessly connects the cooking area to the adjacent dining room, fostering a sense of togetherness during mealtimes.Upstairs, our bedrooms have evolved to reflect our changing tastes and lifestyles. My sanctuary now exudes a calming, minimalist aesthetic, with plush textiles and soft lighting creating a serene oasis for rest and rejuvenation. My sister's room, once a whimsical wonderland, has matured into a chic and sophisticated space, complete with a cozy reading nook and a meticulously organized walk-in closet.While the physical structure of our home has undergone a remarkable transformation, its essence remains unchanged. It is still a place where we can retreat from the world, a sanctuary that shelters us from life's storms, and a canvas upon which we can paint new memories and experiences.Five Years From NowAs I gaze into the proverbial crystal ball, I can't help but wonder what the next five years hold for our ever-evolving home. Will it continue to adapt to our changing needs and preferences,or will we outgrow its confines and seek a new dwelling altogether?One possibility is that our home will undergo a significant expansion or renovation to accommodate a growing family. Perhaps we'll add a cozy sunroom, perfect for lazy Sunday mornings with a steaming cup of coffee and a good book. Or maybe we'll finally tackle that long-awaited kitchen remodel, creating a gourmet haven that would make even the most seasoned chef envious.Alternatively, we may seek a fresh start in a new location, trading the familiar comforts of our current abode for the excitement of a new adventure. A charming countryside cottage, nestled amidst rolling hills and babbling brooks, could beckon us to embrace a slower, more serene pace of life. Or perhaps the allure of the city will prove irresistible, drawing us to a chic urban loft where we can immerse ourselves in the vibrant pulse of metropolitan living.Regardless of the path our home takes, one thing is certain: it will continue to be a reflection of our ever-evolving journey through life. Just as our family grows and changes, so too will the walls that shelter us, adapting to our needs, aspirations, and cherished moments.Whether we remain in our current dwelling or embark on a new adventure, our home will forever be a sanctuary, a place where memories are made and love is nurtured. It will be a canvas upon which we can paint the vibrant hues of our lived experiences, a tapestry woven with the threads of laughter, tears, and the countless moments that make life worth living.In the end, home is not merely a physical structure; it is a state of being, a feeling that transcends brick and mortar. It is the place where our hearts reside, where our souls find solace, and where we can truly be ourselves. And as I stand on the precipice of the next five years, I eagerly anticipate the transformations and adventures that await, secure in the knowledge that wherever life takes us, home will always be a constant, a grounding force amidst the ever-changing tides of time.。

2022年考研考博-考博英语-中央美术学院考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析B卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题Ten days ago the young man informed his boss of his intention to（）.问题1选项A.resignB.rejectC.retreatD.replace【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。

resign“辞职”；reject“拒绝”；retreat“撤退，后退”；replace“代替，替换”。

句意：十天前，这个年轻人告知了他的老板他要离职的打算。

A项符合题意。

2.翻译题Directions: Translate the following passage into English. Write your translation on the Answer Sheet.中国式问候吃饭时间，“你吃了吗？”是中国人最常用的问候语。

不理解这种风俗的外国人会认为这是在邀请一起吃饭。

但是，这仅仅是简单的问候，不是真的在发出邀请，所以可以回答“吃了，我吃过了。

”或者说“没有，我还没吃。

”除了“你吃了吗?”，中文中还有其他打招呼的方式，比如说“去哪儿？”、“忙吗？”、“干什么呢？”、“去上班？”等等。

我们可以发现中国人问候的时候喜欢问别人在做什么，做了什么，要做什么。

【答案】Chinese greeting“Have you eaten?” is a common greeting among Chinese when it is the time for a meal. Foreigners who do not understand this kind of custom might regard this as an invitation to have a meal together. However, this is just a simple greeting, not a real invitation, so can reply with “Yes, I have eaten.” or “No, not yet.” In addition to “Have you eaten?”, there are many other expressions for saying hello in Chinese, like “Where are you going?”, “Are you busy?”, “What are you doing?”, “Are you going to work?”, etc. We can find that when Chinese people greet each other, they like to ask about the things others are doing, just did or are going to do.3.单选题I （） on a book with him. He help me a lot with collecting materials.问题1选项A.cooperateB.operateC.collateD.collaborate【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。

EUROPEAN STANDARDEN 60335-2-77NORME EUROPÉENNEEUROPÄISCHE NORM November 2000CENELECEuropean Committee for Electrotechnical StandardizationComité Européen de Normalisation ElectrotechniqueEuropäisches Komitee für Elektrotechnische Normung Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart 35, B - 1050 Brussels© 2000 CENELEC -All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CENELEC members.Ref. No. EN 60335-2-77:2000 EICS 65.060.70English versionSafety of household and similar electrical appliancesPart 2-77: Particular requirements for pedestrian controlledmains-operated lawnmowers(IEC 60335-2-77:1996, modified)Sécurité des appareils électrodomestiqueset analoguesPartie 2-77: Règles particulières pourles tondeuses à gazon fonctionnantsur le réseau et à conducteur à pied(CEI 60335-2-77:1996, modifiée)Sicherheit elektrischer Geräte für den Hausgebrauch und ähnliche Zwecke Teil 2-77: Besondere Anforderungen an handgeführte netzbetriebene Rasenmäher (IEC 60335-2-77:1996, modifiziert)This European Standard was approved by CENELEC on 2000-01-01. CENELEC members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CENELEC member.This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CENELEC member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official versions.CENELEC members are the national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic,Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway,Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.Page 2EN 60335-2-77:2000ForewordThe text of the International Standard IEC 60335-2-77:1996, prepared by SC 61F, Safety of hand-held motor-operated electric tools, of IEC TC 61, Safety of household and similar electrical appliances, together with common modifications prepared by the Technical Committee CENELEC TC 61F, Hand-held and transportable electric motor-operated tools, was submitted to the Unique Acceptance Procedure and was approved by CENELEC as EN 60335-2-77 on 2001-01-01.The following dates were fixed:–latest date by which the EN has to be implementedat national level by publication of an identicalnational standard or by endorsement(dop)2001-05-01–latest date by which the national standards conflictingwith the EN have to be withdrawn(dow)2003-01-01This standard has to be used in conjunction with EN 60335-1, Safety of household and similar electrical appliances, Part 1: General requirements. It was established on the basis of the 1994 edition of that standard.This part 2 supplements or modifies the corresponding clauses of EN 60335-1, so as to convert it into the European Standard: Safety requirements for pedestrian controlled mains-operated lawnmowers.When a particular subclause of part 1 is not mentioned in this part 2, that subclause applies as far as is reasonable. When this standard states …addition“, …modification“ or …replacement“, the relevant text of part 1 is to be adapted accordingly.This European Standard has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN and CENELEC by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association and supports the essential health and safety requirements of the Machinery Directive.Compliance with the clauses of EN 60335-1 together with this part 2 provides one means of conforming with the essential health and safety requirements of the Directive.Specific requirements for the reduction for the risk arising from noise and vibration through the design of the tool are not given as this reflects the current state of the art. As with any standard technical progress will be kept under review so that any developments can be taken into account.Warning: Other requirements and other EC Directives can be applicable to the products falling within the scope of this standard.NOTE 1 In this standard the following print types are used:- Requirements proper;- Test specifications- Explanatory matter.Words in bold in the text are defined in clause 2. When a definition of part 1 concerns an adjective, in this part the adjective and the associated noun are also in bold.NOTE 2 Subclauses and figures which are additional to those in part 1 are numbered starting from 101. Annexes which are additional to those in part 1 are lettered AA, BB, etc.NOTE 3 The references of subclauses, notes, figures and annexes which are additional to those of IEC 60335-2-77 are prefixed with the letter Z.Page 3EN 60335-2-77:2000Endorsement noticeThe text of the International Standard IEC 60335-2-77:1996 was approved by CENELEC as a European Standard with agreed common modifications as given below.COMMON MODIFICATIONS1Scope1.1Replace the third paragraph by:This standard is not applicable to rotary lawnmowers for which the cutting means is agenerally circular central drive unit on which is mounted, either one or more non-metallicfilaments or one or more non-metallic, pivotally mounted cutting elements. Thes e cuttingelements rely on centrifugal force to achieve cutting, with the kinetic energy of a single cuttingelement not exceeding 10 joules.Delete the note at the end of the clause.2DefinitionsAdd:2.Z101 grass catcher adaptor: A device to modify a lawnmower from a non-collectingtype to a collecting type.3General requirementReplace by:This clause of part 1 is applicable.7Marking and instructions7.1Replace by:7.1 Replacement:Appliances shall be marked with the- - rated voltage or rated voltage range in volts;- - symbol for nature of supply, unless the rated frequency ismarked;- - rated power input in watts or kilowatts or rated current inamperes;- - name, trade mark or identification mark of the manufacturer orresponsible vendor;- - model or type reference;- - symbol for class II construction, for class II appliances only;- - IP number according to degree of protection against ingress ofwater, other than IPX0;- - manufacturer's address or country of origin;Page 4EN 60335-2-77:2000- - any mandatory mark showing compliance with legislation byreference to this standard.Compliance is checked by inspection.NOTE 1 The first numeral of the IP number need not be marked on the appliance.NOTE 2 Additional markings are allowed provided they do not give rise to misunderstanding.NOTE 3 If components are marked separately, the marking of the appliance and that of the components are to besuch that there can be no doubt with regard to the marking of the appliance itself.Marking giving cautionary information shall be located as close as practical to the relevanthazard. Such marking shall be in one of the official languages of the country in which themachine is to be sold or appropriate pictograms/symbols in contrasting colours shall be used.If the marking is cast, embossed or stamped, colours are not required.A warning shall be located in a position easily visible to the operator indicating (in words orpictograms/symbols):WARNING:KEEP BYSTANDERS AWAYSWITCH OFF AND REMOVE PLUG FROM MAINS BEFORE ADJUSTING, CLEANING OR IFTHE CORD IS ENTANGLED OR DAMAGED.READ THE INSTRUCTIONS SHEET.KEEP THE SUPPLY FLEXIBLE CORD AWAY FROM THE CUTTING BLADES.If pictograms are used they shall be as shown in annex ZAA for the text indicated.For rotary mowers:-the cutting means shall be marked for identification;-if a grass catcher adaptor is used, instructions shall be affixed to the lawnmower near the discharge opening and to the grass catcher adaptor stating that the lawnmowershall not be operated without either the entire grass catcher or the guard in place.7.6Delete the addition.20Stability and mechanical hazards20.2Replace by:20.2 Replacement:To prevent unexpected operation which may result in a hazard, only manually reset cut-outsand those requiring the operating control to be released are allowed.All power driven components except the cutting means and the ground-contacting parts ofpower propelled mowers shall be guarded to prevent contact with these parts during normaloperation.All apertures and safety distances shall conform to 4.5.2 and 4.5.3 of EN 294:1992 unlessotherwise specified in this standard.Rotating covers or discs shall have a continuous unbroken or smooth surface.Page 5EN 60335-2-77:2000 Guards shall be provided to prevent accidental contact with hazardous servicing points whenthe machine is serviced as recommended by the manufacturer.Where a guard is designed to be opened or removed and which exposes a hazard, a safetysign warning of the hazard shall be located on the guard or adjacent to the hazard.All guards shall be permanently attached to the machine and shall not be detachable withoutthe use of tools. The opening of guards, except for the following, shall require the use of atool:a) the opening or removal of interlocked guards which disable the protected movingparts;b)the opening of hinged, self-closing guards for grass discharge chutes.Compliance is checked by inspection and measurement.20.101.1Replace the first paragraph by:The controls shall accommodate the 5th to 95th percentile adult operator as specified inISO 3411.20.103.1.1In the second paragraph replace …(see 20.104.4)“ by …(see 20.103.4)“.Add a third paragraph:On the operator side of the mower a rear wall of the blade enclosure or a barrier shall extendat least 120 mm from the nearest point of the blade tip circle and rise by an angle of not morethan 5° from the horizontal. See figure Z101.20.103.1.2Replace by:20.103.1.2Front openingMowers may be provided with a front opening in the front wall of maximum width as shown infigures Z102 and Z103 in which case the following two conditions shall be fulfilled:a)they shall satisfy the foot probe test given in 20.103.4;b)all tangential lines from the cutting means circle, in or above the plane of the cuttingmeans circle and in the direction of rotation of the blade shall intersect the bladeenclosure structure.NOTE Figure Z104 shows an example of a structure meeting this requirement.20.103.1.3Replace by:20.103.1.3 Discharge openings (chutes)When open discharge chutes are provided, no tangential line which passes through thedischarge chute from the cutting means tip circle in or above the plane of the cuttingmeans tip circle and in the direction of rotation of the cutting means shall intersect theoperator target zone (figure 101) without first contacting the cutting means enclosure orguard.Grass catchers are not subject to the tangential line test but if the chute is not completelycovered by the grass catcher the gaps are probed.Page 6EN 60335-2-77:2000Add:20.103.1.Z101 Tangential linesThe tangential lines referred to in 20.103.1.2 and 20.103.1.3 shall be probed by means of a3 mm diameter rod applied with minimal force from the outside of the machine.20.103.2.2Replace by:20.103.2.2 Measurement of cutting means stopping timeThe stopping time of the cutting means shall be measured as detailed below during the testof 5 000 start/stop cycles, see annex ZBB for further information. The 5 000 cycles do nothave to be continuous.The cycle time shall be decided by the manufacturer but shall notexceed 100 s ‘on’ and 20 s ‘off’. Before the test is started ten operations of the test cycle shallbe carried out.The blade stopping time shall be measured for the following:-each of the first five cycles of the 5 000 cycle test sequence (i.e. not including the ten preparatory operations; and-each of the last five cycles of the 5 000 test cycles.No other stopping times shall be recorded.The stopping time is measured from the moment of release of the blade operator presencecontrol until the last time a cutting blade passes the sensing device, the time recordingmeasurement system shall have a total accuracy of 25 ms.The measured stopping time shall not be more than that specified in 20.103.2.1.20.103.3Replace the third from last and second from last paragraphs by:For cutting widths equal to and less than 1 200 mm, for each test (500 projectiles), notmore than 30 projectiles shall hit the target panels between the base and the 450 mm line(lower and middle elevation area) of which not more than six may hit the target panelsabove the 300 mm line (middle elevation area). There shall be no hits above the 450 mmline (top elevation area) and there shall be not more than two hits in the operator target areabetween the base and the 450 mm line.For cutting widths greater than 1 200 mm, for each test (500 projectiles), not more than40 projectiles shall hit the target panels between the base and the 450 mm line (lower andmiddle elevation area) of which not more than six may hit the target panels above the 300mm line (middle elevation area). There shall be no hits above the 450 mm line (top elevationarea) and there shall be not more than two hits in the operator target area between thebase and the 450 mm line.20.104.1.3Replace by:20.104.1.3 Cutting cylinders of free discharge and of rear discharge appliances shall becovered from above with a guard that extends so that its projection on the horizontal planecovers at least the projection of the cylinder on the same horizontal plane, when any grasscatcher has been removed. See figure 108.Free discharge denotes throwing out grass clippings without guiding or collecting.Rear discharge denotes throwing out grass clippings so that they will be collected in a grasscatcher which is located behind the cylinder.Page 7EN 60335-2-77:200020.104.1.4Replace by:20.104.1.4 Cutting cylinders of front discharge appliances shall be covered from the rearwith a guard that extends so that its projection on the vertical plane covers at least theprojection of the cylinder on the same vertical plane, less up to 25 mm. See figure 109.Front discharge denotes throwing out grass clippings so that they will be collected in a grasscatcher which is located in front of the cylinder.Compliance with the requirements of 20.104.1 is checked by measurement and inspection. 21Mechanical strength21.101.2Add after the note below the table:The mower shall be constrained in a suitable manner such that its specified positionrelative to the injection point is maintained throughout the test. The constraint(s) shall notobstruct the free passage of the projectiles from under the machine.Replace the text under item a) by :a)a hole in the cutting means enclosure, guard(s) or grass catcher which has allowed theball to pass through. A hole in a secondary enclosure, such as an internal baffle, shall notbe considered a failure;25Supply connection and external flexible cables and cords25.1Replace the second paragraph by:Appliance inlets shall not allow the introduction of a connector complying with the standardsheets of EN 60320 except EN 60320-2-3.25.5Replace the third indent by :-an appliance inlet. If not complying with EN 60320-2-3, it shall be supplied with the appropriate mating connector.25.7Replace by:25.7Replacement:Supply cords shall not be lighter than:-if rubber insulated, ordinary polychloroprene sheathed flexible cord (code designation H05 RN-F) ;--if polyvinyl chloride insulated, ordinary polyvinyl sheathed flexible cord (code designation H05 VV-F).Figure 102Replace by Figure Z102.Figure 103Replace by Figure Z103.Page 8EN 60335-2-77:2000Annex A Replace by:Annex A(normative)Normative referencesInternational publications with their corresponding European publications Addition:IEC standard Year Title EN/HD Year 60320-2-31998Appliance couplers for household and similarEN 60320-2-31998general purposes -- Part 2-3: Appliancecoupler with a degree of protection higherthan IPX0ISO standard Year Title EN/HD YearEN 2941992 --Safety of machinery - Safety distance toprevent danger zones being reached by theupper limbs27581983Paper - Determination of bursting strength--EN 234111988 34111982Earth-moving machinery - Human physicaldimensions of operators and minimumoperator space envelope--53951990Power lawn-mowers, lawn tractors, lawn andgarden tractors, professional mowers andlawn and garden tractors with mowingattachments – Definitions, safetyrequirements and test proceduresAnnex AA Delete the whole annex.Page 9EN 60335-2-77:2000Figure Z101 – Handle distance and rear blade enclosureFigure Z102 – Front opening restrictions for single spindle lawnmowersPage 10EN 60335-2-77:2000Figure Z103 – Front opening restrictions for multi spindle-lawnmowersFigure Z104 – Contruction for front openingAnnex ZAA(normative)Examples of pP ictograms which may be used for lawnmower markingFigure ZAA.1 – Pictogram il l ustrating …Read instruction sheet“It is recommended that the rectangular box is replaced by a sketch more closely representing the machine.Figure ZAA.2 – Pictogram illustrating …Keep bystanders away“Figure ZAA.3 - Pictogram illustrating…Beware of sharp blades – remove plug from mains before maintenance or if cord is damaged.Keep supply flexible cord away from cutting blades.“Annex ZBB(informative)Test cycle for cutting means stopping time measurementThe total test cycle t c = t s + t r + t b + t oWherem is the maximum operating speed at rated voltaget c is the total time for one start/stop cyclet s is the time taken to accelerate from rest to "m"t r is the running time at "m"t b is the time to stop from "m" to restt o is the time spent at restFigure ZBB.1 - Example of test cycleAnnex ZCC(informative)Principal hazardsHazard Solution given by this standard Contact with cutting blade during use Dealt with in 20.2, 20.101.2, 20.103.1,20.103.4,20.103.5, 20.104Contact with cutting blade during run-down Dealt with in 20.101.2, 20.103.2 Ejection of foreign objects Dealt with in 20.103.3Ejection of parts after impact with foreign object Dealt with in 21.101.1Inadvertent start-up during maintenance Dealt with in 7.12 3)Noise Not dealt withVibration Not dealt with。

opnet整理1.Process:Ethernet_mac_v2,llm_mac:接收任意source的包，停留⼀段时间⽤于表⽰服务时间，然后转发给同⼀个destination2.Projectethernet3.Packetethernet_v24.nodeppp_wkstn_adv(no mac layer),ppp_server_adv(no mac layer)，atm_wkstn,mipv6,mipv6_adv5.server对于server，对象⾯板中有专门的server config对象，⽤于对server 的硬件属性设置。

Project域的meue中，protocol→server下各种操作的意义：1)open server library:view and edit current server definitions, and create new server definitions.2)Upgrade/Downgrade Servers:打开server scaler, rapidly deploy server definitions to one or more servers in the network model. You can select multiple server definitions to deploy3)Show/Hide Server Planning Toolbar：打开server仿真，brings up a set of selections related to discrete event simulations.4)Refresh Server Data：deploy system performance data to existing servers in the Project Editor without using SCE. To use this shortcut, you must provide the performance data and an SCE job template to filter the processes into server jobs.Atm_server,6.path model(有专门的path editor)Model attributes:1)two endpoints only:set yes,则只可以产⽣单分段路径。

1.In broad terms, linguists agree to define language as a system of __arbitrary___vocal symbols used for human communication.2. In semantic studies, ___sense____ refers to the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.3.Natural languages that are used to break the barrier of communication between nations are called ___c. lingua francas4. The study of language in general is often termed general linguistics. It is based on the view that language as a system is composed of three aspects ___d. sound, structure and meaning5. Modern linguistics has been distinguished from the linguistics of the previous periods in some respects such as its focus is on __ synchronic______study of language and is __descriptive____ in nature.6. Semantics is defined as the study of ___sentence meaning_____.7. If sounds appear on the same environment, they are said to be __in contrastive distribution______.8. Features found over a segment or a sequence of two or more segment are called suprasegmental features. In Chinese, we have them all. But in English, there is no ___tone______.9. The smallest meaningful unit of language is called ---------------__morpheme____ .10. Deviational affixes are bound morphemes added to exiting form to construct new words. English affixes are divided into __ prefixes______and _suffixes___.pounding, the combination of free morphemes, is a common way to form words. In compounds, the rightmost morpheme determines ____c. part of speech____ of the word.12. The process that creates new words by putting together non-morphemic parts of existing words is termed __c. blending13. BASIC is one of recent ____b. acronyms_____ which tend to be accepted as English words.14. Among the four well-recognized grammars, ___c. transformational –generative grammar_____ can be used to account for the mental process of speaking.15. As for the systemic-functional grammar, the ideational function is realized by the _a. transitivity____ system of language.II. True or False Questions.(x 2)16.Sentences are considered grammatical if they are judged by native speakers,Tinstead of grammarians, to be well-formed sentences.F17.A regional variety of a language is intrinsically inferior to the standardvariety ofthat language.F18.There are four rules under the politeness principle---the maxim of quality,quantity, relevance and manner.T19.The speaker’s internalized system of rules refers to one’s linguisticcompetence instead of linguistics performance or communicative competence.F20. Pidgins differ from Creoles in that pidgins are used as the primary language and acquired by children as their native language while Creoles do not have native speakers.F20.It is generally believed the first language is learned, while a secondlanguage is acquired.T22. Syllabus is an official document that authoritatively determines the contentand principles of teaching and learning.T23.Intra-lingual errors are caused by mother tongue interference.F24.If a learner says “ I eated too much”, he has simplified the formation of pasttense.F25.The idea that the learners have a sense of achievement as long as theylearn is of vital importance. This kind of motivation may be termed cognitive motivation.T26.SLA may be defined as the process by which a language other than mothertongue is learnt in a natural setting.Fmunicative competence is the most general term to account for bothtacit knowledge of language and the ability to use it.T28. It is observed that there is more meaning than what is said if the maxims are violated by the speaker. This kind of implicit, non-conventional meaning is called conversational relevance.F29.The act of communicating intention through utterance is termedperlocutionary act.F30.The deixis that replaces the initial expression is called anaphora, and theinitial expression called cataphora.FIII. Definition Questions.(x 4)32. principle of relevance:In verbal communication, the speaker must attract the hearer’s attention. To succeed, the communicator necessarily chooses the most relevant utterance from a range at his/her disposal that fits best to the context, the one that will call for the least processing effort. This is summarized as the principle of relevance.33. grades of formality (by Joos):Joos (1962) differentiated five grades of formality in English: frozen, formal, consultative, casual, and intimate.34. Krashen’s five hypothesis:The Acquisition-learning Distinction , Natural order, Monitor, Input, and Affective Filter.35. Homonymy:Homonyms are words which have the same form, but differentmeanings. Words which have the same spelling but different meanings are called homographs. Words which have the same pronunciation but different meanings are called homophones. Words which have the same spelling and pronunciation but different meanings are full homonyms.IV. Short Essay Questions.(x10)36.Different theories of second language acquisition have been advanced.Discuss the three contrasting views with reference to the nativist, environmentalist, and functionalist theories.Nativist theories are those that attempt to explain acquisition on the basis of assuming an innate biological endowment that makes learning possible. A number of models have been proposed since the 1960s, which were prompted by Chomsky’s hypothesis that there is a language acquisition device in the human brain. One of the best-known nativist theories is Krashen’s Monitor Theory. Environmentalist theories hold that experience is of more importance than innate contributions in leaning a second language. This view is represented by the Acculturation Model.Functionalist theories attempt to explain SLA from interpersonal as well as intrapersonal perspectives. Halliday (1975) has shown that the development of the formal devices for realizing basic language functions grows out of the interpersonal uses to which language is put.II. True or False Questions.(x 2)16.It is generally believed the first language is learned, while a secondlanguage is acquired.F17.Syllabus is an official document that authoritatively determines the contentand principles of teaching and learning.T18.Intra-lingual errors are caused by mother tongue interference.F19.If a learner says “ I eated too much”, he has simplified the formation of pasttense.F20.The idea that the learners have a sense of achievement as long as theylearn is of vital importance. This kind of motivation may be termed cognitive motivation.T21.SLA may be defined as the process by which a language other than mothertongue is learnt in a natural setting.Fmunicative competence is the most general term to account for bothtacit knowledge of language and the ability to use it.T23.It is observed that there is more meaning than what is said if the maximsare violated by the speaker. This kind of implicit, non-conventional meaning is called conversational relevance.F24.The act of communicating intention through utterance is termedillocutionary act.T25.The deixis that replaces the initial expression is called anaphora, and theinitial expression called cataphora.F26.Pragmatics analysis of meaning is first and foremost concerned with thestudy of what is communicated by a speaker and interpreted by a listener.T 27.The domain to be conceptualized is called source domain while theconceptualized domain is termed the target domain.F28.The theory of prototypes eliminates the dilemma of the traditionalconception of category as it postulates that typical members may possess more attributes or features that non-typical members.T29.The approach that analyzes word meaning by decomposing it into its atomicfeatures is called immediate constituent analysis.F30.Hyponyms are words which have the same form, but different meanings.F III. Definition Questions.(x 4)31. three meta-functions of human language:The general roles language plays are termed metafunctions. According to Halliday(1970) language plays three metafunctions simultaneously: the ideational functions, the interpersonal function, and the textual function.32. cooperative principle:The idea that people cooperate with each other in conversing is generalized by Grice(1975) as cooperative principle with four maxims under this general principle: the maxim of quantity, quality, relevance, and manner.33. varieties of language:The term variety is the label given to the form of a language used by any group of speakers or used in a particular field. Varieties of a language are of four types: the standard variety, regional dialects, sociolects and registers.34. Interlanguage:Interlanguage is the approximate language system that the learner constructs for use in communication through the target language. 35. Antonyms:Antonyms are words which are opposite in meaning. There are three types of opposition: gradable antonyms, complementary antonyms, and reversal antonyms.IV. Short Essay Questions.(x10)36.According to the version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, languagedetermines speakers’ perceptions and patterns of their way of life. How, in your view, does language relate to thought and culture?The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is the view on the interdependence of language, culture and thought. The hypothesis has been interpreted in two ways. One is known as determinism. In this view our language determines our thinking. The other interpretation, known as relativism, has drawn more attention in the late 1990s. This view holds that culture affects the way we think through language, especially in our classification of the experienced world.Ⅰ、Turn the following linguistic terms into Chinese(15 points):1、adjacency pair ( )2、allophone ( )3、bound morpheme ( )4、cooperative principle ( )5、diachronic study ( )6、distinctive feature ( )7、free variation ( )8、hyponymy ( )9、ideational function ( ) 10、illocutionary act ( ) 11、linguistic relativity ( ) 12、metafunction ( ) 13、minimal pairs ( ) 14、paradigmatic relation ( ) 15、signifier ( )1 毗邻语对2 音位变体3 粘着词素4 合作原则5 历时性研究6 区别性特征7 自由变体8 上下义关系9 概念功能10 言外行为11 语言相对论/语言相关性12 元功能/纯理功能13 最小对立体14 聚合关系15能指/施指Ⅱ、Fill in the blanks(25 points):1、Halliday proposes a theory of metafunctions of language, that is, languagehas __ , ___ and ___ functions.1 ideational，interpersonal，textual2、Saussure’s __linguistics is the study of a language through the course of itshistory. 2 diachronic3、The speech organs include the___ cavity, the___ cavity and the ___ cavity.3 oral，nasal，pharyngeal4、Among all grammars, four appear to be well recognized, namely, traditionalgrammar, structural grammar, ___ and ___ grammar.4 transformational-generative，systemic-functional5、Human languages can be used to describe themselves. The language used totalk about language is called ___. 5 metalanguage6、The Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure is regarded as father of .6modern linguistics7、The most contribution of the PragueSchool to linguistics is that it seeslanguage in terms of . 7 function8、Register is defined by Halliday as “variation according to use”. We typicallyuse certain linguistic resources in certain context. It can be divided into three dimensions: ___: what is being talked about; : people involved and their relation; ___: how the language is functioning, written or spoken.8 field, tenor, mode9、refers to the linguistic devices, by which the speaker can signal the coherence of the text, thus is a textual phenomenon. 9 Cohesion10、Linguistic expressions stand in a relation to the world. One aspect of meaning is ___, the relation by which a word picks out or identifies an entity in the world.10 reference11、___ is a process that creates new words by putting together non-morphemic parts of existing words. 11 Blending12、Sociolinguistics studies language in relation to ___. Psycholinguistics deals with the relation between ___ and ___. 12 society, language, mind13、Saussure regarded the linguistic sign as composed of ____(sound image) and ___(referent).13 signifier, signified14、A syntactic category is a class of expressions that substitute for one another without loss of _ __. 14 grammaticality1.As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for“correct”linguistic behavior, it is said to be .C. descriptive2.The morpheme“vision”in the common word“television”is a(n) .D. subordinator3.In semantic studies, refers to the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. B. sense4.The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called .C. pragmatics5. refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straight-forward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication.C. Pidgin6. Psycholinguists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely, .A.Broca’s area, Wernicke’s area and the angular gyrus7. The famous quotation from Shakespeare’s play“Romeo and Julie”'A rose by any other name would smell as sweet’ well illustrates .C.the conventional nature of language9. The sentence that has a NP and a VP can be shown in a formula“S→NP VP”.B. linear10. According to Searle, those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action are called .A. commissivesⅣ、True or False (15 points)(T ) 1. Sentences are considered grammatical if they are judged by native speakers, instead of grammarians, to be well-formed sentences.(F ) 2. A regional variety of a language is intrinsically inferior to the standard variety of that language.( T) 3. Pidgin is a variety of language characteristically with a limited vocabulary and reduced grammar, and used by people speaking different languages for restricted purposes.(T ) 4. The speaker’s internalized system of rules refers to one’s linguistic competence instead of linguistics performance or communicative competence. ( F) nguage change is invariably a change in the direction of simplification. (T ) 6. Pragmatic analysis of meaning is first and foremost concerned with the study of what is communicated by a speaker/writer and interpreted by a listener/reader.(F ) 7. People from different social classes may speak differently. That is the regional variety.(F ) 8. Language is not always to exchange information, but rather it is sometimesused to fulfill a social function.(F ) 9. Clipping is formed by putting together the initial letters of some or all words in a phrase or title.( T) 10. According to Chomsky(1965), a TG grammar must account for all and only grammatical sentences.V. Define the following terms (15 points)1、Parole & Langue1 Parole is the executive side of language. Langue is the system of language; individual assimilation; exists in the mind of each speaker. It is a social product whose existence permits the individual to exercise his linguistic faulty. The distinction between langue and parole has important implications for other disciplines as well. It is essential for any field of study to distinguish what belongs to the underlying system which makes possible various types of behavior and what belongs to actual instances of such behavior.3、three meta-functions3Ideational Metafunction: describe the experience of the world and that of others.Interpersoal Metafunction: establish and maintain social and personal relations, influence behaviors of others.Textual Metafunction: refer to the fact that language has mechanism to make any stretch of spoken or written discourse into a coherent and unified text.VI、Answer the following questions (20 points)1.Different theories of child language acquisition have been advanced. Discuss two contrasting views with reference to the behaviorist and nativist models.1 Two contrasting theories of child language acquisition have been proposed by linguists, namely, the behaviorist view and the nativist view. The behaviorist view: Language acquisition is a process of habit formation. Language is learned through stimulus and response. Reinforcement of selected responses is the key to understand language development. Children learn to produce correct sentences because they are positively reinforced when they say something right and negatively reinforced when they say something wrong. The nativist view: Language acquisition is the species-specific property of human beings. Children are born with an innate ability to acquire language, and they acquire their native language using principles unique to language development.1.General linguistics is based on the view that language as a system, whichis composed of three aspects: sound, structure and meaning.T2.The total number of words stored in the brain is called morphology.F3.The sentence “The woman can’t bear children.”is structurallyambiguous.F4.Categorization refers to the process by which people use language toclassify the world around and inside them.T5.Metaphors can create similarities between the target domain and thesource domain.T6.According to referential content, deixis can be put into person deixis, placedeixis, time deixis and discourse deixis.T7.Phrase structure rules are rules that specify the constituents of syntacticcategories.T8.Modality can be categorized into Probability and Usuality.F9.Age is not the learner factor that has been an issue in second languageacquisition research.F10.Register, as a variety of language in use, is analyzed on three dimensions:field, mode and tenor.T11.Associative meanings are meanings that hinge on referential meaning.T12.Intonation is the variation of pitch to distinguish utterance meaning.T13.Varieties of language are of four types: the standard variety, regionaldialects, sociodialects and registers.T14.The word “went” contains two morphemes.T15.The approach that analyzes word meaning by decomposing it into its atomicfeatures is called componential analysis.TII. Choose the best answer among A, B, C or D, and put the letter you choose on the Answer Sheet. (15 points)1._________ is the first and foremost striking feature of human language.A. Creativity2.Syntactically, Japanese is a (an) _______ language. D. agglutinating3.The general roles language plays are termed ________. B. meta-functions4._________ is a process that creates a new word by dropping a real orsupposed suffix. C. Backformation6._________ theories are those that attempt to explain acquisition on thebasis of assuming an innate biological endowment that makes learning possible. C. Nativist7.Words and phrases like now, yesterday, nest week, in three days, etc. arecalled _______. B. time deixis8.Every syllable has a (n) _______, which is usually a vowel.A. nucleus9._________ is defined as the study of meaning.B. Semantics10.A _______ is a mixed language which has become the mother tongue of aspeech community. B. creole11.The followings are all features of language except ______. C. changeability12.The lexical sense relation between flour and flower is______.D. homonymy13.The followings are acknowledged as important factors in second languageacquisition except _____. B. nationality14.The fundamental difference between a religious belief and a scientific theory iswhether it is ______. C. verifiable15.The Swiss linguist ______ regarded the linguistic sign as composed ofsignifier and B. de SaussureIII. Complete the blanks with necessary words beginning with the letter given.(10 points)1. Specially, there are four m____ under cooperative principle generalized by Grice. 1. Maxism,2. M____ is unanimously acknowledged by researchers and language teachers as an important factor in second language acquisition.2. motivation3. A speech act consists of three dimensions. The act of producing a meaningful linguistic expression is called l____ act. The act of communicating intention through utterance is termed i____ act. The act of bringing about an effect is known as p____ act. 3. locutionary, illocutionary, perlocutionary,4. The transference of properties of the source domain to the target domain is referred to by some cognitive linguists as m____. 4. mapping,5. C____ is a process that shortens a polysyllabic word by deleting one or more syllables.5. clipping,6. A morpheme may be represented by different forms, called a____. 6. allomorphs,7. The term language a____ refers to the natural process of children’ language development.7. acquisition,8. A d____ is a variety of la language that is distinctive from other regional varieties in vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation.8. dialectVI. Answer the following questions. (30 points)1.What is the difference between a redcoat and a red coat?1. Redcoat is a compound word, while red coat is a noun phrase. The stress of the word, redcoat, is on red, but the stress of the noun phrase, red coat, is on coat. Redcoat refers to British soldiers and a red cot means a coat whose color is red.2.What are the components of metaphors? Illustrate it with examples.All metaphors are composed of two domains ----target domain and source domain. This allows us to understand one domain of experiences in terms of another. The domain to be conceptualized is called target domain while the conceptualizing domain is termed the source domain. The transference of properties of the source domain tothe target domain is referred to by some cognitive linguistics as mapping. The source domain is concrete and familiar. The target domain is abstract and novel.3 According to the version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, language determines speakers’ perceptions and patterns of their way of life. How, in your view, does language relate to thought and culture?The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is the view on the interdependence of language, culture and thought. The hypothesis has been interpreted in two ways. One is known as determinism. In this view our language determines our thinking. The other interpretation, known as relativism, has drawn more attention in the late 1990s. This view holds that culture affects the way we think through language, especially in our classification of the experienced world.。