甲骨文英文介绍共16页文档

甲骨文作文模板英语英文回答：The Oracle of Delphi: A Mysterious and Influential Power。

The Oracle of Delphi was one of the most important religious and political institutions in ancient Greece. For centuries, people from all over the Mediterranean world came to Delphi to consult the oracle, seeking guidance on everything from personal matters to major political decisions.The oracle was said to be the mouthpiece of the god Apollo, and its pronouncements were considered to bedivinely inspired. The priestess of the oracle, known asthe Pythia, would enter a trance-like state and deliver the oracle's messages in a cryptic and often ambiguous language.The Oracle of Delphi played a significant role in Greekhistory. It was consulted by kings and generals before making important decisions, and its pronouncements often shaped the course of events. The oracle also played a role in the development of Greek philosophy, as many of the great philosophers of the time sought its wisdom.The Oracle of Delphi declined in importance in the later centuries of the Roman Empire, but it remained a popular tourist destination until it was finally closed in the 4th century AD. Today, the ruins of the oracle canstill be visited at the site of Delphi in Greece.The Pythia and the Oracle's Process。

甲骨文最早的英语作文标题，The Discovery of Oracle Bone Inscriptions。

Oracle bone inscriptions, the earliest form of Chinese writing dating back to the Shang Dynasty (c. 1600–1046 BC), have long captured the fascination of historians, linguists, and archaeologists alike. The discovery of theseinscriptions has provided invaluable insights into the ancient Chinese civilization, shedding light on its language, culture, and societal practices.The journey of uncovering oracle bone inscriptions began in the late 19th century, with the accidental discovery of inscribed bones in the village of Xiaotun,near Anyang, in present-day Henan Province, China. It wasin 1899 that a local villager stumbled upon these peculiar bones while digging a well. Little did he know that his discovery would rewrite the history books.News of the finding quickly spread, attracting theattention of scholars and antiquarians. Among them was the renowned Chinese archaeologist Wang Yirong, who recognized the significance of the inscriptions and their potential to unlock the mysteries of ancient China. Wang Yirong meticulously studied the inscriptions, deciphering their meaning and unraveling the secrets they held.As word of the discovery spread, expeditions were launched to excavate the site and recover more oracle bones. Archaeologists painstakingly sifted through the earth, unearthing thousands of inscribed bones and fragments. Each discovery added to our understanding of the Shang Dynasty and its complex society.The inscriptions themselves were found on the shells of turtles and the shoulder blades of cattle, often accompanied by intricate pictograms and symbols. These inscriptions were not mere doodles but were purposefully carved into the bones, suggesting a sophisticated system of writing used for divination and communication with thespirit world.Through careful analysis, scholars were able todecipher the meaning of many of these inscriptions. They revealed details about royal lineages, religious rituals, astronomical events, and even everyday activities of the Shang people. It became clear that oracle bone inscriptions served as a window into the past, offering a glimpse intothe lives of those who lived over three millennia ago.One of the most remarkable aspects of oracle bone inscriptions is their connection to the modern Chinese writing system. Many of the characters found on the oracle bones are still in use today, a testament to the enduring legacy of the ancient Chinese civilization. This continuity of language and culture spanning thousands of years is a testament to the richness and resilience of Chinese history.The discovery of oracle bone inscriptions has had a profound impact on our understanding of ancient China. It has allowed us to reconstruct the past with greater clarity and precision, filling in the gaps left by millennia of time. Through the study of these inscriptions, we have gained a deeper appreciation for the achievements of ourancestors and the enduring legacy they have left behind.In conclusion, the discovery of oracle boneinscriptions represents a watershed moment in the study of ancient Chinese civilization. It has provided us with a window into the past, allowing us to glimpse the lives and beliefs of those who lived over three millennia ago. As we continue to unravel the secrets of the oracle bones, we are reminded of the rich tapestry of human history and the endless quest for knowledge that drives us forward.。

英文介绍甲骨文文字博物馆的作文The Oracle Bone Script Museum: A Journey Through Ancient Chinese Writing.Nestled in the heart of China's cultural capital, the Oracle Bone Script Museum stands as a testament to the rich history and profound legacy of ancient Chinese writing. This remarkable institution, a repository of thousands of precious artifacts, offers visitors a unique opportunity to delve into the mysteries of oracle bone inscriptions and the fascinating world they represent.Upon entering the museum's grand entrance, one is immediately transported to a different era, where the airis filled with a sense of reverence and awe. The museum's architecture, inspired by traditional Chinese styles, features intricate carvings and intricate designs that reflect the elegance and sophistication of ancient Chinese civilization.The museum's collections are vast and diverse, encompassing a wide range of oracle bone inscriptions, from the earliest examples dating back to the Shang Dynasty to later examples from the Zhou and Han dynasties. These inscriptions, carved onto the bones and shells of animals used in ancient divination rituals, provide a window into the beliefs, customs, and daily lives of the ancient Chinese people.One of the most fascinating aspects of the museum isits interactive exhibits, which allow visitors to engage with.。

China’s Calligraphic Arts 中国书法简介中国书法的发展历程大致可以归纳为：甲骨文（商）→篆文（秦）→隶书、草书、行书（汉）→楷书（魏晋）Oracle Bone Script (甲骨文)甲骨文是中国已知的最早的比较系统的书法形式，可追溯至公元前14到11世纪。

古时人们常在龟壳及某些动物的比较平成的骨头上面刻占卜文字。

这些文字主要用于为统治者预测未来吉凶。

甲骨文于20世纪初被考古学家发现，直到近代，一些现代学者及艺术家将甲骨文收录于中国传统书法。

Oracle-bone script (jiaguwen), the earliest known form of systematic Chinese writing, dates from the fourteenth to eleventh century BC. People used to carving divination texts on tortoise shells and on the flat bones of certain animals. These ancient texts were used primarily in predicting future events on behalf of the ruler.Archaeologists in the early twentieth century discovered and deciphered oracle-bone script, and modern scholars and artists have recently added it to China’s tradition of calligraphic arts.Seal Script (篆书)篆书有两种形式，早期为大篆，起源于公元前11世纪至3世纪商周时期铜礼器上的古代象形文字。

我爱你汉字关于甲骨文英语作文The Enduring Charm of Chinese Characters: A Journey through the Oracle Bone Script.The Chinese writing system, with its intricate characters and profound history, stands as a testament to the enduring ingenuity and cultural heritage of the Chinese civilization. Among the various forms of Chinese script, the oracle bone script holds a particularly significant place, as the earliest known form of Chinese writing and a invaluable window into the origins of this rich and complex writing system.Discovered in the late 19th century, oracle bones are fragments of animal bones or tortoise shells that were used for divination in ancient China. These bones were meticulously inscribed with characters that recorded questions posed to the divine and the corresponding responses. The oracle bone script, with its distinctive pictographic and ideographic characters, provides a glimpseinto the beliefs, practices, and language of the Shang dynasty (c. 1600-1046 BCE), the first major dynasty in Chinese history.The characters of the oracle bone script are a fascinating blend of pictographic and ideographic elements. Pictographic characters, as their name suggests, depict objects or scenes directly. For instance, the character for "mountain" resembles a stylized mountain peak, while the character for "man" represents a kneeling figure. Ideographic characters, on the other hand, convey abstract concepts or ideas. The character for "good," for example, depicts a woman with a child, suggesting the idea offertility and abundance.Over time, the oracle bone script evolved into various regional scripts and eventually into the standard Chinese script used today. Despite its evolution, the oracle bone script continues to captivate scholars and enthusiasts alike, offering insights into the origins of Chinesewriting and the development of Chinese civilization.The oracle bone script is not merely a historical curiosity. Its characters, with their evocative shapes and profound meanings, have inspired countless works of art, literature, and calligraphy throughout Chinese history. The script's unique aesthetic appeal has made it a popular subject for collectors and artists, who appreciate its intricate lines and evocative power.Moreover, the oracle bone script has played a significant role in the development of Chinese language and culture. The characters of the script have shaped the way Chinese people think and express themselves. The script's influence can be seen in Chinese philosophy, literature, and even in everyday language.In the modern era, the oracle bone script continues to be studied and appreciated for its historical, cultural, and artistic significance. Scholars use the script to decipher ancient texts and gain insights into the development of Chinese civilization. Artists and calligraphers draw inspiration from the script's unique characters, creating stunning works of art that bridge thepast and present.As we delve into the enigmatic world of the oracle bone script, we are not only exploring the origins of Chinese writing, but also gaining a glimpse into the rich tapestry of Chinese history and culture. The script's enduring charm lies in its ability to transport us back in time, connecting us with the beliefs, practices, and imagination of our ancestors.In the words of the renowned Chinese scholar Guo Moruo, "The oracle bone script is not only the earliest form of Chinese writing, but also the most beautiful." Its characters, like timeless messages from the depths of time, continue to enchant and inspire all who encounter them.。

写一篇介绍甲骨文的作用英语作文Oracle Bones: Divination and the Dawn of Chinese Civilization.In the heart of ancient China, amidst the enigmatic ruins of the Shang dynasty (1600-1046 BCE), lies an extraordinary archaeological treasure: oracle bones. These venerable inscribed bones and turtle shells provide an invaluable glimpse into the spiritual beliefs, political practices, and daily lives of a long-lost civilization.Discovery and Significance.Oracle bones were first discovered in the late 19th century in the ruins of Yinxu, the last capital of the Shang dynasty. They initially perplexed scholars, who struggled to decipher their cryptic markings. However, through painstaking research and collaboration, the secrets of these ancient texts were gradually unlocked.The discovery of oracle bones transformed our understanding of ancient Chinese civilization. They provided the earliest known written records in the Chinese language, extending our knowledge of Chinese history by centuries. Moreover, they offered unparalleled insightsinto the religious rituals, political structures, andsocial organization of the Shang dynasty.Divination and the Ancestors.The primary purpose of oracle bones was divination, the practice of seeking guidance from the supernatural. The Shang people believed that the spirits of their ancestors resided in the underworld and could communicate with the living through bones or turtle shells.To consult the ancestors, diviners meticulously selected and prepared tortoise shells or ox bones. They then inscribed questions or requests on the surface of these animal parts. The bones were then heated, causing cracks to form. The shape and pattern of these cracks were meticulously examined and interpreted as the ancestors'responses.The questions asked through oracle bones covered a wide range of topics, from military strategy to weather forecasts, from the health of the king to the outcome of hunting expeditions. The answers provided by the ancestors were believed to be crucial for making important decisions and guiding the affairs of the Shang state.Political and Social Significance.Oracle bones were not merely tools for spiritual guidance. They also played a vital role in the political and social hierarchy of the Shang dynasty. The power to interpret oracle bones was concentrated in the hands of diviners, who were often advisors to the king and held positions of great influence.The inscriptions on oracle bones often recorded the names of individuals involved in important events, such as military campaigns or religious ceremonies. This information provides valuable insights into the politicaland social networks of the Shang elite.Furthermore, oracle bones shed light on the daily lives of ordinary Shang people. They contain records of agricultural practices, craft production, and trade, offering a glimpse into the economic and societal organization of this ancient civilization.Writing and Record-Keeping.The inscriptions on oracle bones played a crucial role in the development of Chinese writing. They represent the earliest known examples of Chinese characters, which evolved over time into the complex writing system used in China today.Initially, the inscriptions were simple pictograms or ideograms representing objects or concepts. However, over time, the characters became more standardized and abstract, enabling the expression of more complex ideas and narratives.The practice of oracle bone divination also led to the development of record-keeping systems. The questions and answers inscribed on the bones provided a valuable archive of events and decisions, contributing to the historical and cultural legacy of ancient China.Cultural Legacy and Modern Influence.The legacy of oracle bones extends far beyond the Shang dynasty. They continue to fascinate scholars and inspire artists and writers to this day. The ability of ancient people to communicate with their ancestors and seek divine guidance remains a profound concept in Chinese culture.In modern China, oracle bones are revered as cultural treasures and symbols of the nation's rich history. They are displayed in museums and studied by scholars, providing a tangible connection to the origins of Chinese civilization.The concept of divination and ancestral worship embodied in oracle bones has influenced Chinese beliefs andpractices for millennia. It is reflected in religious rituals, folk traditions, and even in the popular art of fortune-telling.Conclusion.Oracle bones are more than mere archaeological artifacts. They are conduits to the past, offering a glimpse into the spiritual, political, and social fabric of ancient Chinese civilization. Their discovery has transformed our understanding of early Chinese history and continues to inspire and captivate scholars and the public alike.As we delve into the intricate inscriptions on these ancient relics, we are reminded of the enduring human desire to connect with the supernatural, to seek guidance from our ancestors, and to preserve our cultural heritage for generations to come.。

A brief introduction of Oracle bonesOracle bones are pieces of shell or bone, normally from ox scapulae or turtle plastrons, which were mainly used for divination in Shang dynasty. The oracle bone inscriptions excavated from the Yin Ruins represent the earliest Chinese writings available to us at the present time. Furthermore, of all scripts used by ancient world civilizations, oracle bone inscriptions are the source of the only writing system still in wide use today.In 1880, oracle bones were discovered throughout various parts of China, but, at that time, they were used merely as ingredients in Chinese medicines. It was not until 1899 that scholars recognized that oracle bones were important artifacts of high academic value. A legendary tale states that scholar and high-ranking Qing dynasty official Wáng Yìróng was sick with malaria（疟疾）in 1899. So he bought Chinese medicine “dragon bones” to take and found the ancient words on it by chance. Another legendary tale said in 1899, when the oracle bones were unearthed by local farmers , some business men bought these and sent to Beijing to sell. Wáng Yìróng recognized the ancient words and bought oracle bones in high price.It is not known how Wang actually came across these "dragon bones", but Wang is credited with being the first to recognize their significance. After this, oracle bones escaped their former fate as medical ingredients, and becameprized academic, historical materials. At the same time, however, the recognition of the value of oracle bones quickly led to rampant private excavations.In order to deter illegal digging and excavation operations, the IHP led 15 archaeological excavations at the Yin Ruins in Anyang county, Henan province, China between 1928 and 1937. This marked the first ever scientific archaeological excavations of oracle bones. A total of approximately 25,000 oracle bone fragments were excavated during this period, and, due to the excavations conducted during this ten year span, IHP came to possess the world’s largest collection of oracle bones. The numerous archeological and fieldwork data accumulated during these excavations also provided first-hand historical materials for research in the fields of archaeology, paleography, and history.In the early 20th century, there are four famous oracle bones experts named Luo Zhenyu, Wang Guowei, Guo Moruo and Dong Zuobing. In addition,Sun Yirang ,Chen Mengjia and so on are also famous oracle bones researcher. It is because their remorseless endeavor that we can know so much about oracle bones now.The content of oracle bone inscriptions includes bu ci (divinations) and chronicle inscriptions. Chronicle inscriptions are records of events and/or occurrences and are not directly related to divination. Bu ci represent a recordof divinations preformed by or for Yin-Shang royalty. Royalty from that time performed divinations to decide nearly all aspects of life, and, in this way, the oracle bones act as a vivid, living history. They fully and truthfully record nearly every occurrence pertinent to the Shang royalty, and are the most accurate historical records from that period.The Oracle Bone Divination Process: (Indentation→Divination Question →Inscription of Bu Ci) .First, oracle bone materials are prepared, and cut and thinned as much as possible. For example, the abdomen and back portion of tortoise shells are separated and smoothed flat, and the ridges of animal bones are cut and flattened.Indentations are made on the back of the oracle shells or bones. These indentations are advantageous to the production of bu zhao (signs) on the front of shells or bones during divination.During the divination, a diviner first explains the content of the question to be predicted. Then a smoldering stick is used to burn the indented areas. At this time, cracks appear on the bones or shells; these cracks are referred to as bu zhao (signs).Afterwards, the king or a historian makes a prediction based on the bu zhao, and a historian inscribes the content of the divined question and the result on the bones or shells. These inscriptions form the bu ci (divinations) we see today.A complete bu ci includes four parts: 1) The “preface” 2) The “charge” 3) The “prognostication” 4) The “verification”The meaning of discover y of oracle bones is significant. To history, philology or archaeology, it is all very important significance.At past, many people hold the suspect attitude towards the existence of Shang Dynasty until oracle bones were found. Oracle bones reflect the divination wind is prosperous in Shang Dynasty. The discovery of oracle and caused by the Yin ruins discovered is very important to Chinese archaeology.Today, over 1.5 billion people use the “Chinese character” writing system, and the origin of this writing system can be traced back to oracle bone inscriptions. When viewed from the perspective of civilization development, there is no question that the oracle bone inscriptions represent a collective, human memory.。

The inscription on animal bones and tortoise shells mainly refers to the Yin Dynasty ruins inscription on animal bones and tortoise shells, is the Chinese Shang Dynasty later period (first 14~ previous 11 centuries) the royal court uses in practicing divination the record to engrave (or writes) on the carapace and the animal bones writing.It was China already in the ancient times writing which discovered the time most early, a system more complete writing.The inscription on animal bones and tortoise shells was China's one kind of ancient times writing, was considered was the modern Chinese character early form, sometimes also was considered was one of Chinese character calligraphy styles, also was the extant Chinese most ancient one kind of mature writing.The inscription on animal bones and tortoise shells calls deed, the carapace article or the carapace animal bones article.The Shan Dynasty person after the carapace, the animal bones divine the matter which the divine time, soothsayer's name, practices divination engraves with the knife in divination trillion side, some has also fulfilled certain in the future good and bad fortune also engraves.But the concrete situation has the difference by stages in brief because of the animal bones and tortoise shells, roughly engraves the refined language by Wu Ding Qi to be most complete, simultaneously also is extant quantity most times.The scholar called this kind of record is oracle inscriptions of the Shang Dynasty, this kind of language is an inscription on animal bones and tortoise shells.The Yin Dynasty ruins inscription on animal bones and tortoise shells is the Yin dynasty divine record, is the present known China earliest mature writing.Is called China early ancient times “the records depository”.At present discovered has about 150,000 piece of animal bones and tortoise shells, more than 4500 individual characters.These inscription on animal bones and tortoise shells record thecontent is extremely rich, involves to Shang Dynasty social life manyaspects, not only including content and so on politics, military,culture, social custom, moreover involves science and technology andso on the astronomy, calendar, medicine. Has distinguishedapproximately 1,500 individual characters from the inscription onanimal bones and tortoise shells to look that, it has had "has beenpictographic, the associative compound, the pictophonetic characters,self-explanatory, the mutually explanatory Chinese characters,borrows" makes the character method, has unfolded the Chinese writingunique charm. The Chinese Shang Dynasty and the Western Zhou Dynasty early time (approximately B.C.E. 16~ previous 10 centuries) take the carapace, the animal bones as the carrier literature.Is the known Chinese literature earliest shape.Engraved on the armor, the bone writing previously once is called deed, the armor bone sculpture refined language, the oracle inscriptions of the Shang Dynasty, the turtle version article, the Yin Dynasty ruins writing and so on, presently is generally called the inscription on animal bones and tortoise shells.Because business week king blindly believed in, everything all needs to use the carapace (take cow shoulder blade as common) carries on the divine (take turtle abdomen armor as common) or the animal bones, then the divine related matter (for example divine time, soothsayer, occupies asked content, regards a trillion result, confirmation situation and so on) engraves on the animal bones and tortoise shells, and preserves as the dossier by the royal court official historian (sees animal bones and tortoise shells file).Besides practices divination to engrave the refined language, in the animal bones and tortoise shells literature also has the minority record to engrave the refined language.The animal bones and tortoise shells literature content involved at that time the astronomy, the calendar, the meteorology, the geography, Fang Guo, the lineage, the family, the character, the official, goes on a punitive expedition against, thepunishment prison, the agriculture, raising livestock, hunts, the transportation, the religion, the sacrificial offering, disease, the birth, the disaster and so on, was studies China ancient times is specially the Shang Dynasty society history, cultural, the language and writing extremely precious first material.。

An Introduction to the Oracle Bones前言Preface to The Written Word in Ancient ChinaWhen the Royal Ontario Museum acquired获得the Menzies人名Collection收藏 in 1960, a fund基金 was established to enable study 研究学习and publication 发表of its most significant part, the approximately 4,700 in scribed oracle bones collected by the late James M. Menzies while he was working in China before the Second World War. Dr. Menzie is today acknowledged in China as the only westerner who made a fundamental contribution to the understanding of oracle bone script, the earliest body of Chinese writing to have survived, dating from the later Shang dynasy (ca. 14th-11th century BC).The Museum’s original plan was to bring Dr. Ch’u Wan-li, a renowned scholar of the Chinese classics, from Academica Sinica in Taiwan to undertake the publication project. Unfortunately, Dr. Ch’u experienced a period of ill health that made overseas travel impossible, and after taking local advice, he recommended one of his students, Hsu Chin-hsiung, for the project. James, as he became known to the Far Eastern Department, arrived in Toronto in December, 1968 to begin this work.Over the next few years he completed the preparation and publication of the Menzies oracle bones. When the first volume appeared in 1972, it revealed a major contribution to oracle bone periodization that he had developed, based on analysis not only of the script but of the chiselled hollows that were part of the bones’ preparation for divination.We in the Royal Ontario Museum like to think that it was at least partially as a result of his working in a museum environment, where he learned from the objects themselves, that he came to regard the importance of the entire bone, not just its inscription, as a subject for study.. . .After James Hsu received his Ph.D. from the University of Toronto in 1974, he was cross-appointed to the Department of East Asian Studies at the university, where he gradually assumed more teaching responsibilities. In 1979 he began teaching “The Written Word in Ancient China,” an undergraduate course that became extremely popular and which he still gives. [He retired about 1997.]Source: The information here comes from the book written by a man who researched the Oracle Bones at UofT/ROM for about 30 years. Hsu, James C. H. [許進雄] (with the assistance of Jeannie Thomas Parker), The Written Word in Ancient China, Vol. I & II, Hong Kong: Vincent Printing, 1996. [about $40.00 for the set of 2 books – usually available in the ROM Bookstore]Paleothithic Times/Period [Old Stone Age, c. 100,000 to 10,000 BC] Modern human beings (Homo sapiens) appeared in East Asia around 100,000 years ago, probably spreading from somewhere in Africa. During this period of predatory hunters and gatherers that followed, humans began to speak.c. 600,000 BC – Lantian in Shaanxi Province in western China∙ c. 500,000 BC - Peking Man – found in limestone caves at Zhoukoudian, Hebei Province, near Beijing__________________________________________________________ Neolithic Times/Period [c. 10,000 – 2,000 BC]Around 5,000 BC in China, the Neolithic Period fell into 2 main cultures: the Yangshao and the Lungshan.∙5,000 – 3,000 BC – Yangshao culture – red pottery (Henan, Shaaxi, Gansu) Formerly hunter-gatherer tribes who settled into villagesdivided into areas for dwelling, making pottery by firing clay pieces in kilns, and burying the dead. Lived in semi-subterranean poundedearth houses; domesticated pigs, dogs,Banpo – 5,000 – 4,000 – near Xi’an, Shaanxi Province∙4,300 – 2,000 BC –Dawenkou culture - Taian, Shandong Province - black pottery∙3,300 – 2,250 BC – Liangzhu culture – jade cong (tubes with cylindrical boresand squared sides) and bi (discs) found at Sidun, Jiangsu Province ∙2,500 – 2,000 BC – Longshan culture – black or grey pottery which was formed on a potter’s wheel. The goods found in their gravesindicated a differentiation among social classes. (Shandong Province) in Eastern China. Worked with jade like Liangzhu culture. At this time there was a possible shift from matriarchal to patriarchal form ofsocial organization.Xia Dynasty – 21st century – 16th century BCShang Dynasty – 1750 – 1040 BC Originally, the Shang people were a nomadic tribe. The Shang dynasty was founded by Tang (The Victorious) who overthrew the Xia king Jie (Chieh, the Tyrant).Shang’s 1st capital city was Xibo on the Luo River, close to the YellowRiver; 2nd capital at Zhengzhou, south of the Yellow River in Henan;last Shang dynasty capital at Anyang, Henan Province.Development of writing system, an accurate calendar, theorganization of tribes into a system of centralized rule under a king;the organized worship of ancestors, a religious system with apantheon of gods; elaborate burials in tombs filled with goods,horse-drawn chariots for warfare; and crafts such as jade carving and silk weaving.Oracle Bones: Jiaguwen [甲骨文] – “shell and bone writing”Animal bones and tortoise shells were used for divining the futureduring the Shang dynasty [1750-1040 BC]. The farmers called the“dragon bones”.Xia and Shang rulers saught information about the future from theirgods and ancestors by means of oracle bones.Priest-scribes were trained to analyze the cracks in the bones andshells. The Chinese word for divination, 卜 bu (or pu), was written by showing two hairline cracks joining to form an angle.More than 175,000 oracle bones have been excavated near Anyang,Henan Province. By the early 1980s, 1,300 distinct marks had beendiscerned, which can be compared with modern Chinese characters. There are 6 classification of Chinese characters in general: the pictograph, the ideograph, the associative compound, the picto-phonetic character, the mutually explanatory character, and the phonetic loan.In general, the Shang characters will fall into 3 categories: pictograph, the ideograph, and the phonetic compound.The Bronze Script [Jinwen 金文] – 11th century BC to 3rd Cent. BCIt is called the Bronze Script because it is the script used in inscriptions on cast bronze vessels. Bronze vessels were cast for ceremonial purposes, and the inscriptions on them recorded glorious achievements, which, it was hoped, would be preserved for countless generations.Zhou Dynasty – settled in the Wei River valley with their capital at Chang’an (Xi’an)∙Western Zhou – 1045-771 BC – 1st time “Mandate of Heaven” was used to justify the overthrow of one dynasty (Shang) for another(Zhou).∙Eastern Zhou – 770-256 BC –Spring and Autumn Period – 722- 481 BCWarring States Period – 403- 221 BC – Zhou king did not Playa major role in ruling the country. The smaller states wereconquered and absorbed by the larger ones.More ReferencesEbrey, Patricia Buckley. Cambridge Illustrated History: China. NY: Cambridge UP, 1996.This book is illustrated with many informative pictures. Also, it isstructured chronologically, so it is easy to follow the flow of ChineseHistory. It is available in the UofT Bookstore. It is an excellentreference for Chinese History.Lindqvist, Cecilia. China: Empire of Living Symbols. NY: Addison Wesley, 1991.This book is a treasure of information on the Chinese characters and is a joy to read. The author is a Chinese linguist who has lived and studied (at Peking University 1961-1962) in China. In the last 1950s she was the student of the famous Swedish Sinologist Bernard Karlgren.Perkins, Dorothy. Encyclopedia of China: The Essential Reference to China, Its Historyand Culture. NY: Checkmark Books, 1999. This collection of diverse information on China, its History and its Culture is a valuable resource to own. It is always wise to compare resources. Not all the dates and information will be the same. (At about $45.00, it is reasonably prices for the contents that you get.)Wilkinson, Endymion. Chinese History: A Manual. Cambridge, Mass.: HarvardUniversity Asia Center, 1998. This is fantastic reference for the serious scholar of Chinese History. It is now out in a 2nd edition. Our supplementary reading on Telling Time in ancient China came from this text.Information prepared by John Edward Stowe. Please give credit to all the original sources.If you would like a deeper understanding of this subject, you may borrow many of these books for the Robarts Library. If they are not there, they are available through the internet.。

有关甲骨文的英语作文100字I am very interested in the topic of Oracle bones. Oracle bones are a type of ancient Chinese artifact usedfor divination purposes. These bones were often inscribed with questions and then heated until they cracked, revealing answers from the spirits.One interesting fact about Oracle bones is that they were used during the Shang Dynasty in China, which was around 1600-1046 BC. These bones were typically made from the shoulder blades of oxen or the undersides of turtle shells.Another fascinating aspect of Oracle bones is the inscriptions found on them. These inscriptions were written in ancient Chinese characters and provide valuable information about the Shang Dynasty, such as the names of kings, important events, and even weather patterns.Overall, Oracle bones are a significant part of Chinesehistory and culture. They offer a glimpse into the beliefs and practices of ancient Chinese civilization.---。

重述甲骨文的发掘及其作用英文作文English: The discovery of oracle bones, which are ancient inscriptions found on turtle shells and animal bones, is a significant archaeological breakthrough in China. Dating back to the Shang Dynasty (c. BC), these inscriptions provide valuable insight into early Chinese history, religion, politics, and social customs. Oracle bone inscriptions typically record questions posed by kings and nobles to divine spirits, as well as the corresponding answers or outcomes. This practice reflects the belief in an unseen world and the importance of communication with ancestral spirits for guidance and decision-making. The deciphering of oracle bone script in the early 20th century has greatly aided in understanding the language and writing system of ancient China. In addition to shedding light on the early development of Chinese characters, oracle bones also confirm the existence of the Shang Dynasty and provide concrete evidence of its sophisticated ritualistic practices. Overall, the excavation of oracle bones serves as a crucial link between modern scholars and the distant past, offering a glimpse into the beliefs and practices of ancient Chinese civilization.中文翻译: 甲骨文的发现，即出土于龟甲和兽骨上的古代铭文，是中国重要的考古突破。

甲骨文英文故事Title: The Oracle Bone Inscription TaleIn the ancient city of Shang, where the Yellow River's waters flowed through the lush plains, wisdom was revered above all else. The king, in his quest for insight into the future, often turned to the time-honored practice of consulting oracle bones. These were not mere relics but gateways to the will of the heavens.A young scholar named Xiu, proficient in the art of divination, was tasked with interpreting these bone inscriptions. His days were spent poring over the cracks and grooves etched into the tortoise shells and animal scapulae, seeking answers to the kingdom's pressing matters.One fateful day, as the sun dipped below the horizon, casting long shadows across the temple, a messenger arrived bearing an oracular bone. This was no ordinary query; it pertained to a dire matter—a series of natural calamities that threatened the harvest, the lifeblood of the people.Xiu meticulously examined the bone, his fingers tracing the delicate lines, his mind deciphering the symbols of the divine. As he meditated, the characters seemed to dance before his eyes, unfolding their secrets in a language only hecould comprehend.What he gleaned from the inscriptions was both alarming and hopeful. The gods foretold a turning point—a stranger would arrive, bearing a solution that would lead to prosperity. But this blessing was contingent upon the king's ability to recognize and embrace the stranger's wisdom.As weeks turned into months, the kingdom's anxiety grew. Then, one evening, under a veil of stars, a traveler clad in unfamiliar garb appeared at the palace gates. He spoke of irrigation techniques that could transform the barren lands into fertile fields.The king, recalling Xiu's interpretation, welcomed the stranger with open arms. Together, they implemented the new methods, and soon, the land blossomed with abundance. The harvest was saved, and the people rejoiced.Xiu's reputation soared, and his wisdom became the stuff of legends. And so, the oracle bone tales were born—stories of how the past communicated with the present, guiding the future through the hands of those wise enough to listen.In time, the oracle bones became not only a tool for divination but also a source of inspiration, reminding all who sought knowledge that the answers to life's mysteries layhidden within the patterns of the past, waiting to be discovered by those with the vision to see beyond the cracks in time's ancient walls.。

英语介绍象形文字的作文### Hieroglyphics.Hieroglyphics is an ancient system of writing that uses pictures to represent words or sounds. It was invented in ancient Egypt and was used for over 3,000 years. The word "hieroglyph" comes from the Greek words "hieros" (sacred) and "glyphe" (carving). Hieroglyphs were often used towrite sacred texts, such as religious texts and royal decrees. They were also used to decorate temples and tombs.Hieroglyphs are a very complex system of writing. There are over 700 different hieroglyphs, each of which can represent a different word, sound, or idea. Hieroglyphs can be written in vertical columns or horizontal rows. They can also be written from right to left or left to right.Deciphering hieroglyphs is a difficult task. The ancient Egyptians used a variety of different scripts, including hieroglyphics, hieratic script, and demoticscript. Each script has its own unique set of symbols and rules. In addition, the ancient Egyptians often used abbreviations and ligatures, which can make it difficult to read hieroglyphic texts.The Rosetta Stone was a key to deciphering hieroglyphs. The Rosetta Stone is a stone slab that was found in Egyptin 1799. The Rosetta Stone contains a decree that was written in three different scripts: hieroglyphics, hieratic script, and Greek. This allowed scholars to compare the different scripts and to begin to understand how hieroglyphs worked.Today, hieroglyphs are still used in a variety of contexts. They are often used in academic texts and research papers. They are also used in popular culture, such as in movies, television shows, and video games.### 象形文字。