《中国文化》课后练习答案Chapter 16-31 Exercises to Character 161. Multiple choice (choose the best answer).1）c. 2）b. 3）d. 4）a.5）b.2. Fill in the blanks.6）A common stereotype is that the Chinese stumbled upon paper making, printing, gunpowder, and mariner’s compass .7）The mechanical engineer Ma Jun improved the design of silk loom, created an intricate mechanical puppet theater, and invented the South Pointing Chario t.8）The ancient Chinese philosophers made significant advances in science, technology, mathematics, and astronomy.9）The invention of gunpowder gave the Chinese a distinct advantage over their enemies, and their changing the nature of warfare. The compass enabled trade and exploration in whole new ways.3. Translate the following into English10）a. 多级火箭：multi-stage rockets b. 指南战车：t he South Pointing Chariotc. 浑天仪：armillary sphered. 多管（种子）条播机：multi-tube seed drills 11）a. 金刚经：Diamond Sutra b. 泄水闸：sluice gate c. 木偶剧场：puppet theater d. 吊桥：the suspension bridge4. Explain the following in English.12）seismographSeismograph was one of the inventions of the ancient Chinese. It was an urn-like instrument, which would drop one of the eight balls to indicate when and what direction an earthquake had occurred.13）armillary sphereThe armillary sphere was invented by Zhang Heng, the Eastern Han Dynasty scholar and astronomer (78-139 AD). It was water-powered rotating instrument that catalogued 2500 stars and over 100 constellations at that time.5. Answer the following questions.14）What have been found among the soldiers of the Terracotta Army in the tomb of Qin Shi Huang according to the text?Several remains of crossbows15）What was called in Chinese to Zhang Heng’s first seismological detector?Houfeng Didong Yi16) What is the derivation of the Traditional Chinese medicine?Taoist philosophy.Chapter 17 The Four Great Inventions and Other Impressive Ancient Inventions1.1)-5): c, a/b, d, a, d2.6): Northern, Bi Sheng; 7). military, cannons, fire-arrows;8): literature, warfare, navigation; 9): moveable-type3.10) a. fireworks b. abacus c. porcelain11), a. compass b. printing c. gunpowder d. papermaking4.12) A Si Nan was a ladle-like magnet on a plate with the handle of the ladle pointing to the south.13) Anaesthetic (麻醉药): Anaesthetics are necessary for surgical operations. As early as the Warring States Period, Bian Que had concocted an anesthetic called “toxic wine” to be used in surgical operations. In the 3rd century, Hua Tuo invented an anaesthetic to be used for patients undergoing abdominal (腹部的) surgery.5.14) The "Four Great Inventions of ancient China" are the compass, gunpowder, papermaking, and printing.15) Xue fu wu che is a Chinese idiom describing a learned man. The story behind it concerns a scholar named Hui Shi who lived during the Warring States Period. He needed five carts to carry his books when he traveled around teaching. Books at that time were made of wood or bamboo slips so they were heavy and occupied a lot of space. Reading at the time needed not only brainwork but also physical strength. 16) Papermaking created a sheet of paper using mulberry and other bast fibres along with fishnets, old rags, and hemp waste.Chapter 18: Traditional Chinese Medicine答案：1.1）-5）：c, d, a, d,d2.6). acupuncture, herbal, qigong7).philosophy, Taoist, Buddhist, environment8). loss, decline, retreat9). needles, fire, illnesses3.10).a. traditional Chinese medicineb. acupuncturec. cupping11). a. the Theory of Five Elementsb. Metalc. Wood4.12) Some scientists describe the treatment of diseases through herbal medication, acupuncture, and qigong as an “information therapy”.13) In traditional Chinese medicine the theory of five elements is used to interpret the relationship between the physiology and pathology of the human body and the naturalenvironment. According to the theory, the five elements are in constant move and change, and the interdependence and mutual restraint of the five elements explain the complex connection between material objects as well as the unity between the human body and the natural world.5.14). Contact with Western culture and medicine has not displaced TCM. While there may be traditional factors involved in the persistent practice, two reasons are most obvious in the westward spread of TCM in recent decades. Firstly, TCM practices are believed by many to be very effective, sometimes offering palliative efficacy where the practices of Western medicine fail or unable to provide treatment, especially for routine ailments such as flu and allergies, or when Western medicine fails to relieve patients suffering from chronic ailments. TCM has been shown to be effective in the treatment of chronic, functional disorders, such as migraines and osteoarthritis, and is traditionally used for a wide range of functional disorders. Secondly, TCM provides an alternative to otherwise costly procedures that many can not afford, or which is not covered by insurance. There are also many who turn to TCM to avoid the toxic side effects of pharmaceuticals.15) Chinese philosophy uses yin and yang to represent a wider range of opposite properties in the universe: cold and hot, slow and fast, still and moving, masculine and feminine, lower and upper, etc. In general, anything that is moving, ascending, bright, progressing, hyperactive, including functional disease of the body, pertains to yang. The characteristics of stillness, descending, darkness, degeneration, hypo-activity, including organic disease, pertain to yin.16) The methods in common use are moxibustion with moxa cone and cupping. The basic principl e is to place a glass jar over the body and allow it to “cup” the body by putting fire in the jar. This heating forces the air out of the jar and causes a “suction vortex” so that the jar sticks to the skin. This causes the stasis of blood to be stimulated and “massage” the internal organs of the patient. The moxa cone can also be used for the same effect.Chapter 19 Modern Achievements in Science and Technology答案1.1）-5）：a, b, c, d,a2.6). rockets, satellites, spaceship7). high-speed8). Daqing oilfield, synthetic rubber9). popularization, cultivation3.10) a. technological advancement b. biological technology c. medical and health11). a. atomic bomb b. hydrogen bomb c. Electron-Positron Collider4.12) Some important achievements were also made in the basic research areas., For instance, China has made achievements in the following areas: standard finite element method, the mechanical testifying of mathematic theorems, stability of differential dynamical systems, the synthesis of bovine insulin, study of the relation between insulin's 3-D structure and its functions, modification of protein functional gene, study of atmospheric circumfluence in East Asia, as well as searching for the headstream of the Yellow River and exploration of the Brahmaputra and researches in North and South Poles, and so on.13) In the material technology, the country has made satisfactory achievements in high-performance solid propellant, high temperature superconductor, nonlinear crystal and laser crystal, etc.Chapter 20 The Lunar Calendar and Solar Terms答案：1.1）-5）：c, a,a,d,b2.6). East,Gregorian, astrology7). old, official8). heavenly earthly9). lunar, moons, 29.533.10). a. agricultural calendar b. Yin Calendar c. new calendar11).a. Beginning of Spring b. Pure Brightness c. Limit of Heatd. Winter Solstice4.12) In this cyclical system, each year, month, and day is associated with one of the 10 heavenly stems and 12 earthly branches. Each successive time period will have a new stem and branch, until going through the stems 6 times and the branches 5 times, to give 60 unique combinations. In the case of years and dates, this gives a continuous cycle for thousands of years. This is similar for months, but in the case of a leap month, it is assigned its previous month's branch/stem combination with the leap designation added. This is why the combination is so easily calculated for years and days, but requires tables or complicated astronomical calculations to find months.13) Gregorian calendar is known as the "common calendar" (公历) . Another name for the Chinese calendar is the "Yin Calendar" (阴历) in reference to the lunaraspect of the calendar, whereas the Gregorian calendar is the "Yang Calendar" (阳历) in reference to its solar properties.5.14) To explain the basis for determining when leap months are added, one must first understand the Chinese system of solar terms. 24 dates, made up of 12 principal terms and 12 sectional terms, divide the solar year into 24 periods that are based on the earth's position around the sun. These include the equinoxes and the solstices. According to the Chinese calendar, the winter solstice must occur in month 11 of the year. A lunar month in which a principal term does not occur becomes a leap (or intercalary) month and is assigned the number of the month that preceded it but is designated as a leap. If this happens to occur twice in one year, only the first month in which it occurs in a leap month. The Chinese new year itself starts on the second new moon after the winter solstice.15). The Twenty-four Solar Terms come into being and develop in close relationship with Chinese agricultural production. At the initial stage of agricultural development, people began to explore the seasonal rule in the agricultural production to meet the needs in seeding, harvesting and other activities. Gradually, there formed the concept of "Seed in Spring, Grow in Summer, Harvest in Autumn and Store in Winter".Chapter 21答案：1.C A B D C2. reappear , entertainer, lawyer , wisdom , charm , romantic , money , humor ,boastful , dreamer , dresser , extravagant , happy , soldier , traveler3.10）writer, surgeon , lawyer , poet11）intellectual ，honest ，amazing ，affectionate4.12）Rat, Ox, Tiger, Rabbit, Dragon, Snake, Horse, Sheep, Monkey, Rooster, Dog, and Pig13）The rotating cycle of twelve animal signs was a folk method for naming the years in traditional China. The animal signs for one another in an established order, and are repeated every twelve years.5.14)According to Chinese legend, the twelve animals quarreled one day as to who was to head the cycle of years. The gods were asked to decide and they held a contest: whoever was to reach the opposite bank of the river would be first, and the rest of the animals would receive their years according to their finish.All the twelve animals gathered at the river bank and jumped in. Unknown to the ox, the rat had jumped upon his back. As the ox was about to jump ashore, the rat jumped off the ox's back, and won the race. The pig, who was very lazy, ended up last. That is why the rat is the first year of the animal cycle, the ox second, and the pig last.15)Full of vitality and enthusiasm, the Dragon is a popular individual even with the reputation of being foolhardy and a "big mouth" at times. You are intelligent, gifted, and a perfectionist but these qualities make you unduly demanding on others.16)You are a very intelligent and a very clever wit. Because of your extraordinary nature and magnetic personality, you are always well-liked. The Monkey, however, must guard against being an opportunist and distrustful of other people.Chapter 22答案：1.C B D B A2. ancient astronomy , calendars , mathematics , 24 seasonal division points , 1st , 1st , lunar , Shang , Dynasty , remember , honor , pay , respect , to3.10）moon appreciation ，moon cakes ，lantern puzzle11）Lantern Festival ，Double Ninth Festival，Spring Festival ，Qing Ming Festival 4.12）Dragon Boat Festival (Duan Wu Jie) is a day to commemorate the Chinese patriot and poet, Qu Yuan (屈原). Falling on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month, it is a day to remind oneself of one's duties and obligations to the nation. Other than eating rice dumplings and participating in dragon boat races, this occasion ought to be used to commemorate the national patriots and to emphasize on the importance of loyalty and commitment to the community.13）The Chinese character "fu" (meaning blessing or happiness) is a must. The character put on paper can be pasted normally or u pside down, for in Chinese the "reversed fu" is homophonic with "fu comes", both being pronounced as "fudaole." What's more, two big red lanterns can be raised on both sides of the front door. Red paper-cuttings can be seen on window glass and brightly colored New Year paintings with auspicious meanings may be put on the wall.5.14) Waking up on New Year, everybody dresses up. First they extend greetings to their parents. Then each child will get money as a New Year gift, wrapped up in red paper. People in northern China will eat jiaozi, or dumplings, for breakfast, as they think "jiaozi" in sound means "bidding farewell to the old and ushering in the new". Also, the shape of the dumpling is like gold ingot from ancient China. So people eat them and wish for money and treasure.15) The moon cake festival (Zhong Qiu Jie) falls on the 15th day of the eighth lunar month. It is an occasion for family members to get together over moon cakes, fruits and fine tea and have "moon appreciation" (赏月) sessions. With its association with moon cakes and lanterns, Zhong Qiu Jie is also called Moon cake Festival or Lantern Festival other then Mid-Autumn Festival.Zhong Qiu Jie is quite extensively celebrated in China. Moon cakes and lanterns are put up for sale as early as a month before the festival.People buy moon cakes not only for personal consumption, but also as offerings to ancestors and gifts to senior relatives. The pomelo fruit is another of the popular gift to go along with the moon cakes. The Cantonese name for pomelo is "yow" which has the same meaning as "have".Traditional games such as "deng mi" (lantern puzzle / 猜灯迷) whereby verses of puzzles are hung on lanterns for people to solve.16) After the Chinese new year, the next festival to be celebrated is the '1st Night Festival' or Yuanxiao Jie on the 15th of January Lunar Calendar. The 1st Night day also happens to be the night of 1st full moon in the beginning of the year. It is an extension of the Chinese New Year.According to Chinese tradition, the people had to light up various lanterns and enjoy the full month on this night. They can get together to talk and chat and enjoy both the various lanterns and the full month. In addition, there is also a practice of 'guessing lantern riddles'. During this night, the Chinese can eat "Tang Yuan" (汤圆), which is a small dumpling placed in soups.Chapter 23答案：1. A C B C2.Yunnan , influential , rich , colorful , Dragon , boat , Peacock , dance , second , expressing , love , for3.9）cockfighting，tug-of-war ，wrestling ，horse racing10）Dai ethnic minority，Water-Splashing Festival , bonfires4.11）Water-Splashing Festival , March Fair , Bullfight Festival ,12）Date: 15th to 21st day of the third lunar month ，Place: Yunnan Province，Activities: Held at the foot of Mt.Cangshan in Dali, Yunnan Province, the March Fair is the traditional grand festival for Bai ethnic minority and is renowned as a pageant for trading merchandise. Originally held for reciting the lections and offering sacrifice to Kwan-yin (a female Bodhisattva), it has now become a thriving fair that tens of thousands people from different regions attend.5.13) Recognized as the grandest traditional festival of the Yi ethnic minority, the Torch Festival is full of rich and colorful activities. Worshiping ancestors, visiting relatives and friends to convey their best wishes are the main events of the first day. Bull and sheep fighting, horse racing, cockfighting, singing competition, beauty contest, wrestling and tug-of-wars etc. are held on the second day allowing everyone to compete and play to their heart content.The climax comes in the evening of the third day, large bonfires are lit while people sit, sing, and dance around them the whole night. In the eyes of the Yi, the torch symbolizes happiness and chasteness and brings good luck to the people. Because the festival is of such a frantic and ardent atmosphere, people from other countries refer to it as 'the Carnival with Chinese Characteristics'.14) Activities: Nadam means 'entertainment or game' in Mongolian and Nadam Fair is the annual traditional pageant for Mongolians held in summer during which period the grass is green and the livestock stout and strong. In history, Nadam Fair was held for large-scale sacrificial activities and to pray for blessings from Manito. Now, activities like wrestling, horseracing, and archery(the three skills all Mongolian men should master) are the primary role of the fair. Besides, track and field sports, tug-of-war, basketball and volleyball matches are relatively new additions making the fair even more interesting. The fair finishes with a bonfire party during the night when the young people singing and dancing.15)1 Water-Splashing Festival of Dai - the most influential festival in Yunnan Province Date: 14th to 16th of April (24th to 26th day of the sixth month of the Dai calendar) Place: Yunnan Province2 Torch Festival of Yi - the most ceremonious minority danceDate: 24th to 26th day of the sixth lunar monthPlace: Sichuan Province3 Bullfight Festival of Miao - the most famous Bullfight FestivalDate: 25th day of the first lunar monthPlace: Guizhou and Yunnan Provinces4 March Fair of Bai – the biggest merchandise trading pageantDate: 15th to 21st day of the third lunar monthPlace: Yunnan Province5 Nadam Fair of the MongolianDate: Between July and August every yearPlace: Inner MongoliaChapter 24 Totem, Fengshui and Superstition答案:1)-5): a c d a d6）the Warring States Period, benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom and sincerity7）the thirteenth floor8）the dragon and phoenix, reverence for the spirits and fortune9）linguistic terms, homonyms10）phoenix ,wind water, kylin ,superstition11）totem, fairy tales，mandarin duck，the Dragon Boat Festival12)The phoenix was commonly referred to as the “King of Birds.”As sovereignof all birds, it has the head of a golden pheasant, a parrot’s beak, the body of a mandarin duck, the wings of a roc, peacock feathers and the legs of the crane.With its elaborate beauty, it reigns over the feathered world. An early design of the phoenix is depicted on a silk painting (right) discovered in a tomb of the Warring States Period (475-221BC) near Changsha, Hunan Province. As a supernatural bird, the phoenix embodies the five virtues of benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom and sincerity. As such, it cannot harm either a single insect or blade of grass. It perches itself only on the finest firmiana tree, eating and drinking nothing but bamboo seeds and sweet spring water.13) The fact that a word can have several, and contradictory, meanings has led tothe emergence of some superstitions – or taboos – which, manifest themselves ina kind of self-censorship about not using a word on certain occasions even in itspositive sense if the same word happens to have a negatively charged second meaning as well.14）they too have other, non-numeral homonyms, which give either a good or a bad connotation to the number itself. In the written language, the word meaning “one” is yī, which also represents loneliness or unity. There are other beliefs pertaining to numbers that are not linked specifically with their homonyms.15）six and eight are lucky numbers. The most unfortunate number in the Chinese culture is the number four.16）Chinese people often consider themselves “the descendants of the dragon”and Chinese emperors thought they were real dragons and the sons of heaven.Thus, their beds were appropri ately called “dragon beds,” their throne, “dragon seat,” and their ceremonial robes, “dragon robes.” Al, dragons, which are a symbol of imperial power, can be spotted on many buildings in the imperial palace.Chapter 25答案1)-5): b c d a a6）Guizhou Maotai,Shanxi Fenjiu,Shaanxi Xifeng,Luzhou Laojiao,Shaoxing Jiafan,Red Rose Grape Wine,Weimeisi and Special Fine Brandy7）green tea,black tea,scented tea,white tea and tightly compressed tea8）“little cha” or “chacha”9）gongfu tea10）green tea ,lotus seed-heart tea,daoist , TAOISTetiquette11）scented tea, The Classic of Rites，literary classics，Confucianism12）Tea is native to China, and Chinese tea culture has a long history. Originally tea was used as a medicine instead of a drink. It was said that Shen Nong, the legendary ruler in ancient China, once tasted a lot of plants and was poisoned many times. It was tea that helped him get rid of the poisoning effect. Later the ancient Chinese got to know more and more about tea, and instead of being regarded as a medicine, it became a drink. Tea not only quenches one’s thirst, but also helps reduce one’s internal heat.13）Gongfu tea came into being in the Qing Dynasty. Gongfu in Chinese means time-consuming. When drinking gongfu tea, one must choose very carefully the appropriate tea set, take time to prepare the tea, and take time to taste and drink the tea. Normally, the tea vessels are small and exquisite, with the teapot as small as a fist and teacups as small as walnuts. During the drinking process, first the teapot and teacups are heated with hot water, then tealeaves are put into the teapot (about seven tenth of the capacity), next boiling water is poured into the teapot. When pouring boiling water from the kettle into the teapot, one should raise the kettle high, and when pouring tea from the teapot into the teacups, one should lower the teapot and keep its spout close to the teacups.14）Ancient Chinese tea culture also had some influence on other aspects of the Chinese culture. For example, in the Tang Dynasty, the word cha (tea) was given a special meaning and became a complimentary name for girls. Little girls were called “little cha” or “chacha”.15）Dongting 1 300 years ago. There were tea trees growing on it and local people often went there picking tealeaves. Once a girl went there picking tealeaves. After she had filled her basket with tealeaves, she picked more and put them close to her body inside her blouse. Warmed by the girl’s body heat, the tealeaves sent forth a strong ar oma. Local people gave the tea a name “terrifying aroma”. Later, Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty named it biluochun because he thought the former name was not appropriate.16）Wine culture is an important part of the Chinese food and drink culture. According to The Classic of Rites, the water ancient Chinese offered to god was called xuanjiu or mingshui by later generations. As to the inventor of wine, there are several versions, but the most popular one is that a person called Du Kang made it. Du kang or Shao Kang was regarded as the inventor of wine.Chapter 26答案:1)-5): c a b d b6）inlaid ename 7）wood, wood ware 8）handiwork9）drawing,printing10）New Year Picture , Paper-cut, Embroidery , jade wares 11）bronze,Wood carving，Rattan basketwork，straw ware12)chubby babies, figures of ladies, common customs, and legendary stories13)qizhen, chanzhen, puzhen, gunzhen, jiezhen, dazi, wangxiu, songzhen,luanzhen, dingxian, quanjin, pingjin, bubijiahui, nasha, lusha and so on14）household use, such as rattan chairs, rattan tables, rattan tea tables, rattan screens, rattan bookshelves, rattan baskets, rattan foodboxes, rattan fruit plates, rattan pen containers and rattan vases.15）jewelry or visual handiwork processed by forging gold, silver or other metals or by cutting and polishing jade.16）both practical and artistic value.Chapter 27:1.1) C) bequest2) C) Qing Dynasty3) B) 11; 404) D) several hundred5) D) percussion6) A) pray for2. 7) the Dragon Boat Festival (the fifth day of the fifth lunar month)8) pyrotechnic9) the beauty, art, culture, traditions, ; extension of the Chinese martial arts10) the Song Dynasty (960-1279)11) as a warning to the audience to be quiet or as a means of attracting attention3. 12) Be unhurried to enter opponent’s territory; Discard stones to gain.13) A move must respond to the opponent’s; Against strong positions, playsafely4. 14) The civil stilts means to act the roles in dramas, such as the roles of Tang Sengand his apprentices in the "Journey to the West" and Xu Xian and Lady Baiin the "Legend of the White Snake" and so on.15) The military stilts means to act the unique skills such as leap in the air androlls etc., which reflects the characteristics of Walking on Stilts.5.16) The repertoires are usually sung by one clown and one positive female role,hence comes the name.17) It literally means "singing while stamping the feet", hence the name.18) Xiangsheng can be performed in the form of a dialogue between twoperformers, or, much less often, a solo monologue or, even less frequently, amulti-player talk show.Chapter 28:Key1.1) D) Anyang2) A) Kaifeng3) B) Hangzhou4) D) Qufu5) Chongqing2. 6) economic boom7) “thousand-year ancient capital8) Jicheng, the capital of the Yan Kingdom9) many historical and revolutionary relics3. 10) Taiping Heavenly-Kingdom; Shanhaiguan Pass11) Confucius; the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring StatesPeriod4. 12) The name of “Tianjin” was graciously bestowed by the Emperor Zhudi inthe early years of the Ming Dynasty. Tianjin means “the place where theemperor crossed the river”.13) The city of Zhenjiang owns numerous historic heritage sites, like the 1500-year-old Jinshan Temple, the 1 400-year-old Dinghui Temple in Mt. Jiao,the 1 500-year-old Longchang Temple in Mt. Baohua, and the 2 000-year-oldTaoist Temple in Mt. Mao.5. 14) It was a concept of ancient constructers of Chinese ancient cities: Theyput special emphasis on the harmonious relationship between the city andnatural environment. This is a special feature of Chinese architectural culture.15) Luoyang16) Beijing, Zhengzhou, Xi’an, Luoyang, Kaifeng, together with Nanjing,Hangzhou and Anyang.Chapter 29Key1.1) A) Mount Tai, Mount Hua, Mount Heng in Hunan Province,Mount Song, Mount Heng in Shanxi Province2) B) Mount Tai for its majesty, Mount Hua for its arduousness, Mount Heng (in the South) for its seclusion, Mount Song for its precipitousness, and Mount Heng (in the North) for its elegance.3) D) Tai4) C) Hua5) B) Mount Heng ( in the North, Shanxi Province)2.6) 50; 1207) 20178) Shaolin Monastery9) imperial pilgrimage3.10) the Water-Screen Cave the Mid-air Temple11) Heavenly Peak Jade Spring4.12) This name, the “Five Sacred Mountains” dates back to Emperor Wudi of theWestern Han Dynasty. Historical documents recorded that Emperor Wudiassigned names to these five mountains according to their directions.13) It covers an area of 100 000 square meters and is the largest group of ancient。
