美国文学流派整理

美国文学的名词解释_特点_流派美国文学的名词解释美国文学(American Literature 或Literature of the United States)指在美国产生的文学(也包括建国前殖民地时期的文学作品)。

用英语写成的美国文学可视为英语文学的一部分。

美国文学的历史不长，它几乎是和美国自由资本主义同时出现，较少受到封建贵族文化的束缚。

美国早期人口稀少，有大片未开发的土地，为个人理想的实现提供了很大的可能性。

美国人民富于民主自由精神，个人主义、个性解放的观念较为强烈，这在文学中有突出的反映。

美国又是一个多民族的国家，移民不断涌入，各自带来了本民族的文化，这决定了美国文学风格的多样性和庞杂性。

美国文学发展的过程就是不断吸取、融化各民族文学特点的过程。

美国文学的特点美国文学的历史不长，它几乎是和美国自由资本主义同时出现，较少受到封建贵族文化的束缚。

美国早期人口稀少，有大片未开发的土地，为个人理想的实现提供了很大的可能性。

美国人民富于民主自由精神，个人主义、个性解放的观念较为强烈，这在文学中有突出的反映。

美国又是一个多民族的国家，移民不断涌入，各自带来了本民族的文化，这决定了美国文学风格的多样性和庞杂性。

美国文学发展的过程就是不断吸取、融化各民族文学特点的过程。

许多美国作家来自社会下层，这使得美国文学生活气息和平民色彩都比较浓厚，总的特点是开朗、豪放。

内容庞杂与色彩鲜明是美国文学的另一特点。

个性自由与自我克制、清教主义与实用主义、激进与反动、反叛和顺从、高雅与庸俗、高级趣味与低级趣味、深刻与肤浅、积极进取与玩世不恭、明快与晦涩、犀利的讽刺与阴郁的幽默、精心雕琢与粗制滥造、对人类命运的思考和探索与对性爱的病态追求等倾向，不仅可以同时并存，而且形成强烈的对照。

从来没有一种潮流或倾向能够在一个时期内一统美国文学的天下。

美国作家敏感、好奇，往往是一个浪潮未落，另一浪潮又起。

作家们永远处在探索和试验的过程之中。

美国文学重点整理美国文学题型：1.60分三篇小说，三个诗歌，作者，出处，作品分析2.20分名词解释3.20分论述1. 20世纪美国文学发展的经济背景关键词：Urbanization（new farm machines, rising productivity, rising leisure time）Industrialization(electric lights, camera, telephone, radio, type writer) CommercializationGlobalization.Philosophy: Schopenhauer叔本华Nietzsche 尼采Jean PaulFreud补充：Fitzgerald：tender is the night, all the sad young man, the rich boy,2. What is Lost Generation?①It is a term to describe a group of American intellectuals, poets, artists and writers who fled to France in the post WWI years to reject the values of American materialism and to seek the bohemian lifestyle in Paris.②It is full of youthful idealism, seeking the meaning of life, drank excessively, have love affairs,creating some of the finest American literature to date.③American poet Gertrude Stein coined this expression, speaking to Hemingway, she said, you are all a lost generation.the term stuck the mystique surrounding these individuals continues to fancy us.④Main representatives: F. Scott.Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, John Dos Passos3. What is modernism? Main features.A cultural movement that generally includes the progressive art and architecture, design, literature, music, dance,painting and other visual arts which emerged in the beginning of the 20century, particularly in the years following WWI. It was a movement of artists and designers who rebelled against late 19th century academic and historic tradition, and embraced the new economic ,social and political aspects of the emerging modern world.The avant-garde movements that followed including impressionism, post-impressionism, cubism（立体主义）, futurism, expressionism, contructivism（构成主义）are generally defined as modernism.Why is Gatsby great? Why did he die?His flaws in characteristics: Naive,innocent, ideal正是因为美国社会缺乏盖茨比精神，社会不重视精神世界的充实，人们经历spiritual emptiness, 所以盖茨比伟大。

美国文学史名词解释及五大流派分析Native American oral literature is of three types: origin stories, trickster tales, and historical narratives.Origin stories are those dramatizing tribal interpretations of how the earth originated or of how people established relationships with plants, animals and the cosmos Trickster tales are humorous tales featuring trickster characters. Trickster figures are people in the form of animals or half animal and half human. They often exist on the margins of the social worldHistorical narratives are diverse in kind. Of this vast historical literature, many stories recount European colonization from the perspective of Native Americans. Puritanism A Puritan was any person who tried to become more pure through worship and doctrine. The Puritans' way of life and set of beliefs were called Puritanism. The most important parts of Puritanism were piety (obeying religious rules), dressing simply, and living a modest life. And “original sin(原罪)” and “grace” are two important premises in Puritanism.Witchcraft trials in the 17th century were a deeply troubling yet significant phenomenon with the puritan community. In 1542, the English Parliament made a capital offense. Subsequently, several hundred people were accused and hanged. A witch was supposed to be someone who performed evil deeds in the service of Satan. They were believed to have familiars or animals that would do evil for them. Witchcraft trials-so it is argued- were perhaps a way to punish improper behavior or to restrict power.Enlightenment, starting in the 17th century with the scientific revolution, was a momentous intellectual movement that gradually established a system of modern values that emphasize reason, science, knowledge and progress. In America, enlightenment ideas nurtured a greater participatory and interest in worldly affairs: Americans gained greater confidence that a more reasonable political and social order could be established. Under the influence of the Enlightenment, Americans also learned to take actions to resist oppressive power and to criticize and reform government. The Enlightenment developed quite rigorously in France and otherEuropean countries in the 18th century. It was also in the 18th that influences of the Enlightenment reached the colonies of America.AutobiographyNegative capability was first used by the British romantic poet John Keats. In the letter written in December 1817, Keats defined is as the capability in good poets of including uncertainties and other negative emotions without stretching for reason and without losing reason. The negative capability, by immersing us in ambiguities, doubts and other negative emotions, in fact strengthens us and improves our judgment by complicating our existing system of judgment. It is therefore a sign of the kind of aesthetic sophistication found only in good poets.Free verse is the kind of poetry that does not follow a regular meter, does not rhyme and does not use regular line lengths. And it is known as Walt Whitman’s major technical innovation.Local colorism is a unique variation of American literary realism. Generally, the works by local colorists are concerned with the life of a small region or province. This kind of fiction depicts the characters from a specific setting or of an era, which are marked by its customs, dialects, landscape, or other peculiarities that have escaped standardizing cultural influence. Tasks of local colorists: to write or present local characters of their region in truthful depiction distinguished from others, usually a very small part of the world.local color writing, a kind of fiction that came to prominence in the USA in the late 19th century, and was devoted to capturing the unique customs, manners, speech, folklore, and other qualities of a particular regional community, usually in humorous short stories. Local color writings are just as dependent upon a specific geographical location, but they lend more emphasis to the local details by tapping into its folklore, history, mannerism, customs, beliefs and speech. Above all, dialect peculiarities are the defining characteristics of local color writings.Imagism was a movement in early 20th-century Anglo-American poetry that favored precision of imagery and clear, sharp language. Imagism called for a return to what were seen as more Classical values, such as directness of presentation and economy oflanguage, as well as a willingness to experiment with non-traditional verse forms. Transcendentalism is a religious and philosophical movement that developed during the late 1820s and 1830s in the Eastern region of the United States as a protest against the general state of spirituality. And Transcendentalism energized the Romantic Movement that had started earlier. Transcendentalists were strong believers in the power of the individual and divine messages. Their beliefs are closely linked with those of the Romantics.Among the transcendentalists' core beliefs was the inherent goodness of both people and nature. They believe that society and its institutions—particularly organized religion and political parties—ultimately corrupt the purity of the individual. They have faith that people are at their best when truly "self-reliant" and independent. It is only from such real individuals that true community could be formed.As an intensified expression of romanticism, Transcendentalism shares the characteristics of romanticism and its doctrines found their greatest literary advocates in Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau.The publication of Ralph Waldo Emerson's essay Nature is usually considered the moment at which transcendentalism became a major cultural movement.Emerson pronounces the fundamental premise about Nature in Transcendentalism, that is, Nature is not simply the Not-Me but also the universal mind whose signs can be read by the individual with his eyes, heart, and mind.And The Over-Soul, the soul of all individuals commune with the great universal soul, presents the more mystical side of Emerson and the basis of Transcendentalism. It refers to the profound and all-encompassing spiritual nature to which each individual soul should lie open.Thoreau, Emerson’s disciple, practiced the self-reflective and self-reliant Transcendentalism that Emerson preached. Today he is remembered by two of his work: Walden and the essay “Civil disobedience”.Romanticism The romantic period, one of the most important periods in the history of American literature, stretches from the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of the Civi l War. It started with the publication of Washington Irving’s The Sketch Book .It isalso called the “American Renaissance”Here is a summary of some general characteristics of romanticism.First, romanticism celebrates the triumph of feeling and intuition over reason. A philosophical cornerstone for the romantic resistance to rationalism was laid down by the German philosopher Immanuel Kant in his Critique of Pure Reason. Since romantic writers placed a higher value on the free expression of emotion and on the power of imagination, they showed greater interests in the psychic states. As a result, characters in romantic stories sometimes showed extremes of sensitivity.Second, Gothic styles, Oriental styles and other exotic styles were favored by romanticists.Third, romanticism exalted the individual over society, thus showing a strong disliking for the bondage of convention and customs. As it is sometimes the contradiction, nostalgia for the past traditions is also a romantic strain.Fourth, nature is believed to be the source of goodness and the antithesis of society as society tend to be corrupt. A related manifestation is the moral enthusiasm exhibited in some romantic writers.Fifth, cultural nationalism- the proud belief in one’s own cultural genius and heritage- is also a striking characteristic of romanticism. Johnann Gottfried von Herder proposed the idea of V olk which had since become synonymous with cultural nationalism. With V olk, Herder argued for the unique characteristics of a people or nation. V olkgeist , a derivative, thus connotes the celebration of geniuses created by and for a nationalist culture.American romanticism was influenced by European romanticism. While showing characteristics of European romanticism, American romantic writers differed from their European counterparts in that they did not show the kind of political racialism as seen in European romanticism.Realism Following a conventional view, 1865 and 1914 are regarded as the beginning and ending dates for the age of American realism. In the 50-year period, realism was the prevalent literary mode. But realism, as a broader term, is also inclusive of naturalism, regionalism, and local color writing.Realism reacts a gainst romanticism’s emphasis on intuition, imagination, a dreamy sense of wonder, idealism, faith in nature, and general optimistic belief in the goodness of things.Realists claim that they seek truth that is verifiable by experience and has practical consequences.Realism is embedded in a mimetic theory of art.Realists try to describe a small portion of knowable world in order to maintain objectivity.Local color and regional writings constituted the early stage of realism. Naturalism is another variation of realism in that it follows or implies a biological or socioeconomic determination.The foremost American realists were William Dean Howells realism’s most vocal proponent.Henry James，the greatest of the realists and often called “the father of the p sychological novel”. And his most three famous works are The Wing of Dove,The Ambassadors,and the Golden Bowl. The two best-known novellas are Daisy Miller and The Turn of the Screw.Edith Wharton, Ellen Glasgow and Mark Twain (1835-1910) is usually counted among the realists, although his fidelity in capturing the essence of a region and its people often departs from realism by presenting exaggerated characters in lurid action and improbable melodrama.Naturalism was a term created by Emile Zola, a French novelist. It refers to the idea that art and literature should show the world and people scientifically and exactly as they are. American literary naturalism developed out of literary realism and shares some o f its characteristics. Like realism, the naturalists in America strove for objectivity and were interested in the commonplace in contemporary life. But unlike the realists, they were more conscious of their philosophical foundations which draw upon scientific or socioeconomic determinations for its view of humanity. Applying these principles, naturalist writers tended to produce literature that is pessimistic, expressing their belief that humans react to thins they cannot control, such as thebiological need for sex and self-preservation, internal stresses, and environmental forces.Modernism is the term applied to an international movement dominating the arts of Western culture from shortly after the turn of the century until around 1950.In general, Modernism discloses a rejection of tradition and a hostile attitude toward the immediate past.Firstly, American modernism is the process of American literature merging into the mainstream of Western modern culture.Secondly, literary modernists are just as concerned with reality as the realists are. However, the modernists have a more complex view of reality. Modernists believe that reality is experienced from different perspectives and at different levels. Thirdly, there is the question of paradigm from modernism. For a long time, it was not uncommon to assume that modernism is an obsessive stylistic experimentation informed by “waste land” view of existence.Based on the afore-mentioned observations, American modernism is less nationalistic but more European and modernists are more aware of how language constitutes and shapes realityIn literature prominent Modernists were T. S. Eliot the waste land, Ezra Pound the cantos.。

天津市考研语言文学复习资料美国文学流派梳理美国文学是世界文学发展史上的一颗璀璨明珠，拥有丰富的文学传统和多元化的文学流派。

对于准备天津市考研语言文学的学生来说，熟悉美国文学流派的发展历程以及重要作家的作品是十分必要的。

本文将为大家梳理美国文学的主要流派，并简要介绍各个流派的特点与代表作。

一、前哥伦布时期文学流派在哥伦布到达美洲大陆之前，美洲大陆上就有丰富多样的口头文学和文化传统。

这些传统包括神话、传说、歌谣等等。

典型的前哥伦布时期文学流派是原住民口头文学，代表作有《玛雅·波普尔》、《阿兹特克》等。

二、殖民地时期文学流派殖民地时期是美国文学史上的开端。

该时期的文学作品主要是宗教、历史和探险题材，体现了殖民者们的价值观和思想。

典型的殖民地时期文学流派是清教徒文学，代表作有《普利茅斯书》、《纳拉甘西特的两军树》等。

三、启蒙时代文学流派启蒙时代是美国独立战争前后的时期，这个时期美国的文化和政治观念发生了重要的变化。

启蒙时代的文学流派以启蒙运动为背景，注重理性思维、个体权利和反对专制主义。

典型的启蒙时代文学流派是启蒙主义文学，代表作有《美国独立宣言》、《贫民窟书记》等。

四、浪漫主义文学流派浪漫主义是19世纪初美国文学的主要流派。

该流派关注个人感受、情感和自然景观，追求个性与自由。

典型的浪漫主义文学流派是黑暗浪漫主义，代表作有爱伦·坡的《乌鸦》、纳撒尼尔·霍桑的《红字》等。

五、现实主义文学流派现实主义成为19世纪中后期美国文学的主导流派。

现实主义追求真实、客观和揭示社会问题。

典型的现实主义文学流派是自然主义文学，代表作有斯蒂芬·克莱恩的《红与黑》、西奥多·德莱赛的《群魔》等。

六、现代主义文学流派现代主义在20世纪初开始兴起，这个流派的文学作品探索人类存在的意义、个体在现代社会中的困境和失去方向感的焦虑。

典型的现代主义文学流派是意识流小说，代表作有威廉·福克纳的《喧哗与骚动》、欧内斯特·海明威的《老人与海》等。

英美文学流派与作家知识点整理英美文学源远流长，在其发展历程中涌现出了众多的文学流派和杰出作家，这些流派和作家的作品不仅反映了当时的社会、文化和历史背景，也展现了人类思想和情感的丰富多样性。

以下是对一些重要的英美文学流派与作家的知识点整理。

一、浪漫主义文学浪漫主义文学兴起于 18 世纪末至 19 世纪初，强调个人情感、想象力和自然的重要性。

（一）英国浪漫主义作家1、威廉·华兹华斯（William Wordsworth）他是英国浪漫主义诗歌的先驱之一，其作品强调对自然的热爱和对普通人生活的关注。

代表作有《抒情歌谣集》（Lyrical Ballads）。

2、塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治（Samuel Taylor Coleridge）他的诗作充满奇幻的想象和神秘的元素，《古舟子咏》（The Rime of the Ancient Mariner）是其经典之作。

3、乔治·戈登·拜伦（George Gordon Byron）拜伦以其奔放的激情和叛逆的精神著称，作品有《唐璜》（Don Juan）等。

4、珀西·比希·雪莱（Percy Bysshe Shelley）雪莱的诗歌富有理想主义和革命精神，《西风颂》（Ode to theWest Wind）广为流传。

（二）美国浪漫主义作家1、华盛顿·欧文（Washington Irving）他的作品具有浓厚的地方色彩和幽默风格，《瑞普·凡·温克尔》（Rip Van Winkle）是其代表作。

2、詹姆斯·费尼莫·库珀（James Fenimore Cooper）以描写边疆生活和印第安人而闻名，《皮袜子故事集》（The Leatherstocking Tales）是其重要作品。

二、现实主义文学现实主义文学在 19 世纪中叶兴起，注重真实地反映社会现实和生活。

（一）英国现实主义作家1、查尔斯·狄更斯（Charles Dickens）狄更斯的作品生动描绘了英国社会底层人民的生活，如《雾都孤儿》（Oliver Twist）、《大卫·科波菲尔》（David Copperfield）。

主要文学流派及其代表作Classicism古典主义As a critical term, a body of doctrine thought to be derived from or to reflect the qualities of ancient Greek and Roman culture particularly in literature, philosophy, art or criticism. Classicism stands for certain definite ideas and attitudes, mainly drawn from the critical utterances of the Greeks and Romans or developed through an imitation of ancient art and literature. These include restraint, restricted scope, dominance of reason, sense of form, unity of design and aim, clarity, simplicity, balance, attention to structure and logical organization, chasteness in style, severity of outline, moderation, self-control, intellectualism, decorum, respect for tradition, imitation, conservatism and "good sense".Its representatives and their major works include：John Bunyan: The Pilgrim's Progress (1678).Neoclassicism新古典主义It mainly applies to the classical tendency which dominated the literature of the 17th century and 18th century. It was, at least , the result of a reaction against the fires of passion which had blazed in the late Renaissance, especially in the metaphysical（十七世纪诗体的）poetry. And Neoclassicism esteemed objectivity, harmony, rationality, dignity, proportion, and moderation, stressed artistic systems and technical correlation of stylistic components, admired conciseness, elegance, good taste and wit, combined pleasure with instruction and matched content to style.Its representatives and their major works are:John Dryden (1631--1700): The World Well Lost (1678);Alexander Pope (1688--1744): The Rape of the Lock (1714),The Dunciad (1742).Early Romanticism浪漫主义Romanticism, as a literary trend, occurred and developed in Europe and America at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries under the historical background of the Industrial Revolution. Romanticism stresses individual and creative function of imagination. It places individual at the very center of all life and all experience and at the center of art.Its characteristics are:(1)Romanticism is a rebellion against the objectivity of rationalism.(2)For romantics, the feelings, intuitions and emotions are more important than reason andcommon sense.(3)Romantics do not think of the world as a ticking watch made by God(4)They emphasize individualism, placing the individual against the against the group,against authority.(5)They affirm the inner life of the self, and want each person to be free to develop and expresshis own inner thoughts(6)They cherish strong interest in the past, especially the medieval.(7)They are interested in variety and attracted by the wild, the irregular, the indefinite, remote,the mysterious, and the strange.(8)American Romanticism presents an entirely new experience alien to European culture, andproduce a feeling of "newness" which has inspired the romantic imagination.Its representatives and their major works are:Words worth and Coleridge: Lyrical Ballads (1798);Washington Irving: The Sketch Book (1820)High RomanticsAmerican romanticism reaches its peak with the appearance of the major authors of the 19th Century, such as Edgar Allan Poe, Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson in poetry, and Nathaniel Hawthorne and Herman Melville in fiction. They took their departure from the complacent romantic impulse of the early 19th century and created for themselves new literary personalities. They established firm ground for their art in well-conceived literary theories and well-structured literary forms.Its representatives and their major worksEdgar Allan Poe: The Raven (1845);Walt Whitman: Leaves of Grass (1855);Nathaniel Hawthorne: The Scarlet LetterHerman Melville: Moby Dick ( 1851 ).RealismRealism is based on the accurate, unromanticized observation of human experiences. It insists everyday scenes are represented in a straightforward or matter-of-fact manner on precise description, authentic action and dialogue, moral honesty and a democratic openness in subject matter and style. As a literary movement, realism refers to the approach of realist fiction occured at the latter part of the 19th century.Its major features are:(1) Realism is the theory of writing in which familiar aspects of contemporary life and everydaysenses are represented in a straightforward or matter-of-fact manner.(2) In realist fiction characters from all social levels are examined in depth.(3) Open ending is also a good example of the truthful treatment of material.(4) Realism focuses on commonness of the lives of the common people who are customarilyignored by the arts.(5)Realism emphasizes objectivity and offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of humannature and human experience.(6)Romanticism presents moral visions.Its representatives and their major works are:William Dean Howell: A Modern Instance (1882)Mark Twain: The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn(1884)George Eliot: Adam Bede (1859)The Mill on the Floss(1860)NaturalismNaturalism applies the principles of scientific determinism to fiction. It views human beings animals in the natural world responding to environmental forces and internal stresses and drives,over none of which they have control and none of which they fully understand. Here are three major concepts of literary naturalism in the broad abstract way:(1) Humans are controlled by laws of heredity and environment.(2) The universe is cold, godless, indifferent and hostile to human desires.(3) The literary naturalists have a major difference from the realists: the difference is restraint, notaction itself; naturalist characters act out of a similar set of motives and desires, and they differ from their realist counterparts only in being unable to resist the conditions that press upon them.Its representatives and their major works are:Stephen Crane: Maggie, a Girl of the Streets (1893),The Red Badge of Courage (1895);Theodore Dreiser: Sister Carrie (1899),An American Tragedy (1925)ModernismFrom 1890s to early 1940s, modernism became an international tendency against positivism and representational art and literature. The essence of modernism is a break with the past and it also fosteres a belief in art and literature as an avenue to self-fulfillment. Modernism takes shape in a convergence of tendencies in modern culture, accidental circumstances and concerts efforts on the past of influential writers, some politically conservative and some radical. It includes a wide range of artistic expressions such as symbolism, impressionism, post-impressionism, futurism, imagism, vorticism, expressionism, dada, and surrealism.Its major features are:(1)Modernism dramatizes discontinuity and imminent severance from the past while makingdetermined efforts to use the past, its values and artistic forms, lay emphasis on incorporating them in new literary production.(2)Modernists have a sense of fragmentation in social communities and the fragmentation withinthe individual himself.(3)The distinctive feature of literary modernism is its strong and conscious break withtraditional perceptions and techniques of expression, and its great concern with language all aspects of its medium.Its representatives and their major works are:Thomas Stearns Eliot: The Hollow Men (1922)Ash Wednesday (1930);Ernest Hemingway: A Farewell to Arms (1929),The Old Man and the Sea (1952)Postwar RealismPostwar realism is different from the normative realism of the 19th century. It has been search for vision that can relate an oppressed response to society and history to an awareness of individual loneliness and moral and transcendental hunger both to differentiate and reunite the self and the society and it is not merely a return to the old tradition of realism. Postwar realism embodies great changes in literature along with the great changes in society.Postwar realist writers focus more on spiritual aspects of human life while revealingdenouncing the dark forces in society.Its representatives and their major works are:James Thurber: New Y orker (1925--1933);Updike: The Centaur (1964)Postmodernism1963 is identified as the beginning of Postmodernism. It is characterized by a multiplicity of individual voices. And postmodern fiction shares a common sense that a crisis is at hand for society and for literature and that all forms of dogma, convention, ideology need to be reexamined and replaced if necessary by fresher systems more suitable to the times.Its major features are:(1)Postmodern writers brood over what they perceive to be absence of answers and continuity byemphasizing randomness and discontinuity and by blurring the distinction between author and fictional character. They insist on drawing the reader into the confidence that the text is the only reality.(2)Postmodern fiction seeks to show the form rather than the content of American reality.(3)The fundamental rule of the postmodern fiction is the absurd and the arbitrary.(4)Postmodern writers hold that the reality of modern life is too elusive and uncertain for peopleto rationalize and idealize(5)The distrust of traditional mimetic genres, allied to the philosophical climate of structuralismand deconstruction, has encouraged postmodernism to embrace popular forms, such as detective fiction, science fiction, and fairy tale.Its representatives and their major works are:Kurt V onnegut: The Sirens of Titan (1959),Cat’s Cradle (1963)Raymond Federman: Take It or Leave It (1976)Stream of ConsciousnessThe term "stream of consciousness", coined by William James, is used to indicate a literary approach to the presentation of psychological aspects of characters in fiction.There are two levels of consciousness, "the speech level" and "the prespeech level". Stream-of-consciousness novels are greatly concerned with the prespeech level, i.e. with what lies below the surface.Thus the stream-of-consciousness novel can be defined as a type of novel in which the basic emphasis is placed on exploration of the prespeech level of consciousness for the purpose of revealing the psychic being of the characters and of studying human nature. The realm of life with which novel is concerned is mental and spiritual experience, such as sensations, memories, imaginations, conceptions, intuitions, feelings and the process of association.Its representatives and their major works areVirginia Woolf: Mrs. Dalloway (1925),The Waves (1931);James Joyce: Ulysses (1922).。

美国文学流派总结重农派(Agrarians)迷惘的一代(The Lost Generation)黑山派诗歌(BIack Mountain Poems)垮掉的一代(the Beat Generation)黑色幽默(Black humor)重农派(Agrarians)美国现代南方作家组成的一个松散的文化团体，又称“逃亡者派”。

1915年，一些与田纳西州纳什维尔镇范德比尔特大学有关的文化人常常聚会讨论文学及哲学问题。

第一次世界大战期间集会曾一度中断，1919年重又恢复。

范德比尔特大学教师、诗人约翰·克罗·兰塞姆成为这一活动的实际领导者，他的周围聚集了一批有才华的年轻人，如诗人罗伯特·潘·华伦、阿伦·泰特、唐纳德·戴维森以及小说家安德鲁·纳尔逊·莱特尔、诗人莫里尔·莫尔等。

1922至1925年，他们出版了有影响的小型文艺杂志《逃亡者》，它所发表的重要的文章后来收组成为《逃亡者文选》(1928)。

“逃亡者派”一词即由此而来。

“逃亡者”们提倡维护南方传统的文学地方主义，成为“南方文艺复兴”的一文中坚力量。

1930年，以“逃亡者派”为主体的12个南方作家，其中有兰塞姆、华伦、泰特以及诗人约翰·弗莱彻、剧作家斯塔克·扬格等人，撰写的专题论文集《我要表明我的态度》出版。

这部被看作“重农派”宣言的著作在社会上引起了不小反响。

这些文章的主旨都是以南方农业社会为尺度来评价、批判现代美国资本主义社会。

此后，阿伦·泰特等人编辑出版了“重农派”的第二部论文集《谁占有美国?》(1936)。

30年代经济大萧条时期，重农思想对南方知识分子影响极大。

这种思想不仅贯穿在兰塞姆、戴维森、泰特、华伦等人的作品中，在威廉·福克纳、卡罗琳·戈登、莱特尔以至尤多拉·韦尔蒂等人的小说中也有鲜明的体现，一时形成了一股很有声势的文化潮流，以致有“重农运动”之称。

文学理论和流派概述发布时间:2008-05-23现代主义 Modernism20世纪初以后西方各个反传统的文学流派、思潮的统称。

现代主义文学深受康德、尼采、威廉·詹姆斯、弗洛伊德、柏格森、荣格等人的哲学、心理学理论的影响。

现代主义在思想内容方面的最大特征，是在人与社会、人与人、人与自然（包括大自然、人性和物质世界）和人与自我4种关系上表现出来的尖锐矛盾和畸形脱节，以及由之产生的精神创伤和变态心理，悲观绝望的情绪和虚无主义的思想。

现代主义强调表现内心的生活、心理的真实或现实；认为艺术是表现，是创造，不是再现，更不是模仿；主张内容即是形式，形式即是内容，离开了形式无所谓内容。

现代主义的重要创作手法之一是自由联想。

在艺术风格上，广泛运用意象比喻、不同文体、标点符号甚至拼写方法和排列形式来暗示人物在某一瞬间的感觉、印象和精神状态；作品结构变化突兀、层次繁多；故事情节似有若无，怪诞荒谬；人物形象扑朔迷离，违背常情常理。

许多西方学者认为，20世纪70年代以后，现代主义已经逐渐被后现代主义所取代。

现代主义主要包括未来主义、达达主义、超现实主义、表现主义、意识流小说、荒诞派戏剧、黑色幽默、存在主义、法国新小说派等文学流派。

意识流小说fiction of stream of consciousness20世纪初兴起于西方、在现代哲学特别是现代心理学的基础上产生的小说类作品。

意识流的概念最早由美国心理学家威廉·詹姆斯所提出。

他认为人的意识活动不是以各部分互不相关的零散方法进行的，而是一种流，是以思想流、主观生活之流、意识流的方法进行的。

同时又认为人的意识是由理性的自觉的意识和无逻辑、非理性的潜意识所构成；还认为人的过去的意识会浮现出来与现在的意识交织在一起，这就会重新组织人的时间感，形成一种在主观感觉中具有直接现实性的时间感。

法国哲学家柏格森强调并发展了这种时间感，提出了心理时间的概念。

奥地利精神病医生弗洛伊德肯定了潜意识的存在，并把它看作生命力和意识活动的基础。