广州英文合同翻译公司精诚翻译提供资料-心源性缺血性卒中或短暂缺血性发作

Medical EthicsZhang Zhan, a famous scholar in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, said: “To master the classics of medicine is difficult and the difficulty is long-standing.” Nowadays diseases are sometimes interiorly the same but exteriorly different, and sometimes interiorly different but exteriorly the same. Thus it is difficult to examine the conditions of the five Zang-organs and the six Fu-organs as well as the circulation of the blood, nutrient Qi and defensive Qi simply by means of listening and observation. It is necessary that the pulse be taken to make an accurate diagnosis. However, the Cun, Guan and Chi divisions of the Cunkou (the pulsation of the radial artery) may be either floating, or sunken, or taut, or tense; the circulation of Qi and blood through the acupoints may be either upward, or downward, or shallow, or deep; the skin, muscle and bones may be either thick, or thin, or strong, or weak. Only those who are very cautious and conscientious can be discussed with such an abstruse theory.However some unqualified doctors nowadays study such a profound and excellent theory with very simple and crude thinking. Is not it dangerous? If sthenia syndrome is treated with nourishing therapy, asthenia syndrome with purging therapy, incontinence with drainage therapy, constipation with blockage therapy, cold syndrome with cold therapy and heat syndrome with warm therapy, it will undoubtedly worsen the disease. Those quack doctors may hope to save the patients in such a way, but I believe that the patients treated will certainly die. That is why the knowledge of medicine and divination are very difficult to be mastered. Without the inspiration of the immortals, how could one understand the profound theory of medicine!Nowadays some ignorant people who have studied medicine for just three years claim that no disease is incurable to them. However, after three years of practice, they have begun to realize that no prescriptions are applicable. So those who are ready to devote themselves to medicine must try to search for the origin of medicine and work hard in their studies. They should not believe hearsay. If they think that they have mastered all the knowledge of medicine, then they will surely mislead themselves.When great doctors treat patients, they are usually calm and concentrated without any desire and avarice. They have great sympathy with the patients and are determined to save the people from suffering. If the patients come to ask for help, they would not treat them differently by seeing whether they are rich or poor, old or young, beautiful or ugly, enemy or friends, Chinese or foreigners and foolish or intelligent. They would treat all the patients like their close relatives. In treating patients, they would not think over and over for themselves and pay too much attention to the protection of their own life. Being doctors, they should regard patients’ suffering as their own and have deep sympathy with them. Confronted with danger, they should not try to avoid it. No matter in the daytime or night and in winter or summer, and no matter when they are hungry or thirsty and tired or exhausted, they should work for the patients heart and soul without any delay and contemplation for personal gain or loss. Only by doing so can one become a great doctor for the people. Otherwise he will surely become a scourge of the people.From the ancient times, celebrated doctors treated patients by using the live animals. Although it is believed that animals are humble and human beings are noble. However in terms of the love for life, human beings and animals are the same. To kill one for the saving of another is regarded as a disaster even in the animal world, let alone human beings! To kill animals to save human beings actually deviates from the right way of saving life. That is why the prescriptions recorded in my book have excluded the use of live animals. Some insects, like horsefly and leech which were dead before being sold on the market, can be bought and used in prescriptions. Thisdoes not include in what is mentioned above. The only exception is the egg which is in chaos and can only be used under emergency as a last resort. Those who do not make use of it are the true great doctors. I myself can never come up to such a high standard. Sometimes patients are suffering from scabies or dysentery with foul smell and unpleasant sight appearing disgusted in the eyes of other people. But as a doctor, one should have deep sympathy with the patients and not be weary in any way. That is what I wish to do.A great doctor should be easy in manner, quiet in spirit, strict in self-examination, noble in appearance, magnanimous in breadth of mind and neither supercilious nor obsequious in manner. In collecting pathological information and diagnosing disease, the doctor should pay great attention to distinguishing syndromes without any errors and deciding treatment with great accuracy. It is true that a disease must be treated as immediately as possible. However in actual practice, the doctor has to keep calm in emergency and takes all factors into consideration in making diagnosis and performing treatment. In dealing with the life of the patients, the doctor should try to avoid showing off and building up reputation for himself, because that is absolutely immoral. When entering into the patient’s home full of beautiful things, he should never cast his glance about. When the musical sound played around, he should not appear entertained; when delicious food is served, he should feel tasteless; and even when mellow wine is offered, he should keep undistracted. Why I emphasize this? Because one person’s suffering will make the whole family said, let alone the suffering of a patient which is constant. Under such a situation, if the doctor indulges himself in entertainment and appears self-important, he will be condemned by both human beings and the immortals. The great doctors with high morality never behave that way because this is just where medical tenets lie in.Besides, being a doctor, one should never talk extravagantly, laugh uproariously, gossip at length, speak about others, show off oneself, slander other doctors and boast his own ability. Once accidentally curing a patient, one may put on airs, appear proud or feel unequalled. All that mentioned above is the most serious diseases that doctors tend to develop.Therefore doctors should never try to use their techniques to make money for themselves, but always have great sympathy with the patients. When they have finally entered the other world, they will feel much happier. Furthermore, doctors should never prescribe the rich patients with precious drugs difficult to collect for the purpose of showing off his own talent. This behaviour, undoubtedly, does not agree with the ideas of humanity and virtue. Since I am determined to devote myself to saving the lives of the people, I have put forward some suggestions in the above for doctors to follow. I think that those who devote themselves to medicine will not regard what I have said as nonsense.。

常用缩写AAA, abdominal aortic aneurysm 腹主动脉瘤ABFB, aortobifemoral bypass 主双股动脉旁路术ABI, ankle-brachial index 踝肱指数ACA, anterior cerebral artery 大脑前动脉ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme 血管紧张素转化酶ACT, activated clotting time 活化凝血时间ADA, American Diabetes Association 美国糖尿病协会ADP, adenosine diphosphate 二磷酸腺苷AEF, aortoenteric fistula 主动脉肠道瘘AF, atrial fibrillation 房颤AFB, aortofemoral bypass 主股旁路术AGE, advanced glycosylation end product 高级糖基化终末产物AHA, American Heart Association 美国心脏病协会AHRQ, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality 健康保健研究及质量控制委员会AI,aortoiliac 主髂AIDS, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome 获得性免疫缺陷综合征AKA, above-knee amputation 膝上截肢术AMP, adenosine monophosphate 单磷酸腺苷APC, activated protein C 活化蛋白CAPG, air plethysmography 空气体积描记术aPTT, activated partial thromboplastin time 活化部分凝血酶原时间ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker 血管紧张素受体阻滞剂ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome 急性呼吸窘迫综合征ARF, acute renal failure 急性肾衰ASA, acetylsalicylic acid 阿司匹林ATN, acute tubular necrosis 急性肾小管坏死ATP, adenosine triphosphate 三磷酸腺苷AVE, arteriovenous fistula 动静脉瘘AVG, arteriovenous graft 动静脉移植物AVM, arteriovenous malformation 动静脉畸形AVP, ambulatory venous pressure 非卧床静脉压bFGF, basic fibroblast growth factor碱性成纤维细胞生长因子BKA, below-knee amputation 膝下截肢BSA, body surface area 体表面积BUN, blood urea nitrogen血尿素氮CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting 冠状动脉旁路术CAD, coronary artery disease 冠状动脉疾病CAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate 环磷酸腺苷CAS, carotid artery stenting 颈动脉支架置入术CAVH, continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration连续动静脉血液滤过CAVHDF, continuous arteriovenous hemodiafiltration 连续动静脉血液透析滤过法CCA, common carotid artery 颈总动脉CCB, calcium channel blocker 钙通道阻滞剂CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention疾病控制和预防中心CEA, carotid endarterectomy 颈动脉内膜切除术CEAP, clinical, etiologic, anatomic, pathologic [staging system] 临床的，病因学，解剖学，病理学（分级体系）CEA, common femoral artery 股总动脉CFV, common femoral vein 股总静脉cGMP, cyclic guanosine monophosphate 环磷酸鸟苷CI, confidence interval 置信区间CIA, common iliac artery 髂总动脉CK-MB, MB isozyme of creatine kinase 肌酸激酶同工酶CLI, critical limb ischemia 严重下肢缺血CMS, Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services 医疗保险和补助中心CNS, central nervous system 中枢神经系统CO, carbon monoxide 一氧化碳CO2, carbon dioxide 二氧化碳COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 慢性阻塞性肺疾患COX, cyclooxygenase 环氧合酶CRI, chronic renal insufficiency 慢性肾功能不全CRP, C-reactive protein C反应蛋白CRPS, complex regional pain syndrome 复杂区域性疼痛CSF, cerebrospinal fluid 脑脊液CT, computed tomography 计算机断层扫描CTA, computed tomographic angiography 计算机断层扫描血管造影CTD, connective tissue disease 结缔组织病CTV, computed tomographic venography 计算机断层扫描静脉造影CVI, chronic venous insufficiency 慢性静脉功能不全CVP, central venous pressure 中心静脉压CWH, continuous venovenous hemofiltration 连续型静脉-静脉血液滤过CWHDF, continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration 连续型静脉-静脉血液透析法2D, two-dimensional 二维3D, three-dimensional 三维DBI, digital-brachial index 趾肱指数DBP, diastolic blood pressure 舒张压DDAVP, desmopressin去氨加压素DES, drug-eluting stent 药物洗脱支架DFU, diabetic foot ulcer 糖尿病足溃疡DIC, disseminated intravascular coagulation弥散性血管内凝血DM, diabetes mellitus 糖尿病DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid脱氧核糖核酸2,3-DPG, 2,3-diphosphoglvcerate 2,3二磷酸甘油酸酯DRIL, distal revascularization-interval ligation 远端血运重建间隔结扎DSA, digital subtraction angiography 数字减影血管造影DSE, dobutamine stress echocardiography 多巴酚丁胺负荷超声心动图DTAA, descending thoracic aortic aneurysm 降主动脉瘤DUS, duplex ultrasound 多普勒超声DVT, deep venous thrombosis 深静脉血栓EC，endothelial cell 内皮细胞ECA, external carotid artery 颈外动脉ECG, electrocardiogram 心电图EC-IC, extracranial-intracranial [bypass] 颅外-颅内旁路术ECM, extracellular matrix 细胞外基质ED，erectile dysfunction 勃起功能障碍EDS, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome 埃勒斯－当洛综合征EDV, end-diastolic velocity 舒张末期流速EEG, electroencephalography 脑电描记法EF, ejection fraction 射血分数EIA, external iliac artery 髂外动脉ELAM-1, endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 内皮细胞白细胞粘附分子-1 ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay 酶联免疫吸附测定法ELT, euglobulin lysis time 优球蛋白溶解时间EMG, electromyography 肌电图描记术eNOS, endothelial nitric oxide synthase 内皮一氧化氮合酶ePTFE, expanded polytetrafluoroethylene 膨体聚四氟乙烯ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate 红细胞沉降率,血沉ESRD, end-stage renal disease 终末期肾病EVAR, endovascular aneurysm repair 腹主动脉瘤腔内修复术FDA, Food and Drug Administration 食品和药品管理局FDP, fibrin/fibrinogen degradation product 纤维蛋白/纤维蛋白原降解产物FEV, forced expiratory volume in 1 second 一秒用力呼气量FFP, fresh frozen plasma 新鲜冰冻血浆FGF, fibroblast growth factor 成纤维细胞生长因子FMD, fibromuscular dysplasia 纤维肌性发育不良FRC, functional residual capacity 功能残气量FVC, forced vital capacity 最大肺活量GA, general anesthesia 全麻GFR, glomerular filtration rate 肾小球滤过率GI, gastrointestinal 胃肠的GMP, guanosine monophosphate 单磷酸鸟(嘌呤)核苷G6PD, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase 6-磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶GP-IIb/IIIa, glycoprotein Ilb/IIIa 糖蛋白Ilb/IIIaGSM, gray-scale median 灰度中间值GSV, great saphenous vein 大隐静脉GSW, gunshot wound 枪弹伤GTP, guanosine triphosphate三磷酸鸟(嘌呤)核苷GUI, graphic-user interface 图形用户界面GW, guide wire 导丝HD, hemodialysis 血液透析HDL, high-density lipoprotein 高密度脂蛋白HIPPA, Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act 健康保险流通与责任法案HIT, heparin-induced thrombocytopenia 肝素诱导的血小板减少症HIV, human immunodeficiency virus 人类免疫缺陷病毒HLA, human leukocyte antigen 人类白细胞抗原HMG-CoA, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A羟甲基戊二酰辅酶AHR, hazard ratio 危害比HRQoL, health-related quality of life健康相关生活质量hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein 高灵敏度C反应蛋白5-HT, serotonin 5-羟色胺HTN, hypertension 高血压ICA, internal carotid artery 颈内动脉ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 细胞间粘附分子-1ICAVL, Intersocietal Commission for the Accreditation of Vascular Laboratories 国家血管检查评估委员会ICH, intracerebral hemorrhage 颅内出血ICU, intensive care unit 重症监护病房IDL, intermediate-density lipoprotein 中密度脂蛋白IEL, internal elastic lamina 内弹力层IFN, interferon 干扰素IFU, instructions for use 使用说明书IGF, insulin-like growth factor 胰岛素样生长因子IH, intimal hyperplasia 内膜增生IL-6, interleukin-6 白介素-6IMA, inferior mesenteric artery 肠系膜下动脉iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase诱生型一氧化氮合酶IOM, Institute of Medicine 医学会IPC, intermittent pneumatic compression 间断性肺压缩IPG, impedance plethysmography 阻抗体积描记法IPPB, intermittent positive pressure breathing 间断性正压呼吸I/R, ischemia-reperfusion 缺血再灌注IVC,inferior vena cava 下腔静脉IVUS, intravascular ultrasound 血管内超声JAK-2, Janus kinase-2 蛋白酪氨酸激酶-2JNK, jun N-terminal kinase N-端氨基酸激酶K/DOQI, Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative 肾脏疾病预后质量测评KM, Kaplan-Meier卡普兰-迈耶曲线LAO, left anterior oblique 左前斜位LDL, low-density lipoprotein 低密度脂蛋白LMWH, low-molecular-weight heparin 低分子量肝素LOS, length of stay 住院时间Lp(a), lipoprotein (a) 脂蛋白LS, lumbosacral 腰骶的LV, left ventricular 左心室LVEDP, left ventricular end diastolic pressure 左心室舒张末期压LVEDV, left ventricular end diastolic volume 左室舒张末期容积LVH, left ventricular hypertrophy 左心室肥大MAP, mean arterial pressure 平均动脉压MCA, middle cerebral artery 大脑中动脉MI, myocardial infarction 心肌梗死MIP, maximum intensity projection 最大强度投影MMP, matrix metalloproteinase 基质金属蛋白酶MOF, multiple organ failure 多器官衰竭MRA, magnetic resonance angiography 核磁共振血管造影MR, magnetic resonance 核磁共振MRI, magnetic resonance imaging 核磁共振成像MRSA, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus 耐甲氧西林金葡菌MRV, magnetic resonance venography 核磁共振静脉成像MTHFR, 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase 5,10 -亚甲基四氢叶酸还原酶NAC, N-acetylcysteine N-乙酰半胱氨酸NAD*, oxidized nicotinamide dinucleotide 氧化烟酰胺二核苷酸NADH, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide 还原型烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸,还原型辅酶INADPH, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate 还原型烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸,还原型辅酶ⅡNAIS, neo-aortoiliac system 新主髂动脉系统Nd:YAG, neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet 钕钇铝石榴石NF-K B, nuclear factor K B核因子K BNIH, National Institutes of Health 国立卫生研究院NTS, National Inpatient Sample 全国住院样本NOS, nitric oxide synthase 一氧化氮合酶NPV, negative predictive value阴性预测值NSAID, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug非甾体抗炎药NSQIP, National Surgical Quality Improvement Program 全国外科质量改进计划OR, odds ratio 优势比OTW, over-the-wire 导丝支撑的PA, pulmonary artery 腓动脉PAD, peripheral arterial disease 周围动脉疾病PAI, proximalization of arterial inflow 动脉流入道近端PAI-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂-1 PAOD, peripheral arterial occlusive disease 周围动脉闭塞性疾病PBI, penile-brachial index 阴茎-肱(动脉收缩压)指数PBRCs, packed red blood cells 浓缩红细胞PCA, posterior cerebral artery 大脑后动脉PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention 经皮冠脉介入PCNA, proliferating cell nuclear antigen 增殖细胞核抗原PCWP, pulmonary artery wedge pressure 肺动脉楔压PD, peritoneal dialysis 腹膜透析PDE, phosphodiesterase磷酸二酯酶PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor血小板源生长因子PE, pulmonary embolism 肺栓塞PECAM-1, platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1血小板-内皮细胞粘附分子-1PEEP, positive end-expiratory pressure呼气末正压通气PEG, polyethylene glycol聚乙二醇PET, positron emission tomography正电子发射体层摄影PF4, platelet factor 4血小板因子ⅣPEA, profunda femoris artery 股深动脉PFT, pulmonary function test/testing 肺功能测试PGE2, prostaglandin E2 前列腺素E2PGI2, prostaglandin I, 前列腺素IPKC, protein kinase C蛋白激酶CPMN, polymorphonuclear neutrophil 多形核中性粒细胞PPG, photoplethysmography光学体积描记术PPV, positive predictive value阳性预测(价)值PRBCs, packed red blood cells 浓缩红细胞PSA, pseudoaneurysm 假性动脉瘤psi, pounds per square inch 磅/平方英寸PSV, peak systolic velocity最大收缩速度PT, prothrombin time凝血酶原时间PTA, percutaneous transluminal angioplasty 经皮腔内血管成形术PTFE, polytetrafluoroethylene聚四氟乙烯PTT, partial thromboplastin time部分凝血致活酶时间PVI, peripheral vascular intervention 周围血管介入PVR, pulse volume recording脉搏容积记录仪QALY, quality-adjusted life year质量调整生命年QoL, quality of life 生活质量RAAA, ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm 破裂腹主动脉瘤RAGE, receptor for advanced glycosylation end products高级糖基化终末产物受体RAO, right anterior oblique 右前斜位RAS, renal artery stenosis 肾动脉狭窄RBC, red blood cell 红细胞RCT, randomized controlled trial 随机对照试验Re, Reynolds number 雷诺数RFA, radiofrequency ablation射频消蚀RGD, Arg-Gly-Asp 精氨酸-甘氨酸-天冬氨酸RI, resistive index 对抗指数RIND, reversible ischemic neurologic deficit 可逆性缺血性神经障碍RP, retroperitoneal 腹膜后的RR, relative risk 相对危险度RS, Raynaud's syndrome 雷诺氏综合征rt-PA, recombinant tissue plasminogen activator 重组组织型纤维蛋白酶原激活剂RUDI, revision using distal inflow 流入道远端的修复SBP, systolic blood pressure 收缩压SD, standard deviation 标准差SE, standard error 标准误SEPS, subfascial endoscopic perforator surgery 筋膜内镜下手术SF-36, Short Form (36) Health Survey 健康调查简表-36SFA, superficial femoral artery 股浅动脉SFJ, saphenofemoral junction 股隐交界处SK, streptokinase 链激酶SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus 系统性红斑狼疮SMA, superior mesenteric artery 肠系膜上动脉SMC, smooth muscle cell 平滑肌细胞SOD, superoxide dismutase超氧化物歧化酶SPECT, single-proton emission computed tomography 单光子发射计算体层摄影SPJ, saphenopopliteal junction 隐腘静脉交界处SSV, small saphenous vein 小隐静脉STEMI, ST-segment myocardial infarction ST段异常心肌梗死SVC, superior vena cava 上腔静脉SVS, Society for Vascular Surgery 血管外科协会TAA, thoracic aortic aneurysm 胸主动脉瘤TAAA, thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm 胸腹主动脉瘤TAAD, thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection 胸主动脉瘤和夹层TAO, thromboangiitis obliterans 血栓闭塞性脉管炎TASC, Trans-Atlantic Inter-Society Consensus for the Management of Peripheral Arterial Disease 周围动脉疾病治疗的泛大西洋跨协会建议TCD, transcranial Doppler 经颅多普勒TEE, transesophageal echocardiography 经食道超声TEVAR, thoracic endovascular aortic repair 胸主动脉修复术TF, tissue factor 组织因子TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β转化生长因子-βTIMP-1, tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 基质金属蛋白酶抑制剂-1TIPS, transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunting 经颈静脉肝内门体分流术TLR, target lesion revascularization 靶病变血管重建TMA, transmetatarsal amputation 经跖骨截肢术TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α肿瘤坏死因子-αTOS, thoracic outlet syndrome 胸廓出口综合征t-PA, tissue plasminogen activator 组织纤溶酶原激活剂TT, thrombin time 凝血酶时间TTE, transthoracic echocardiography 经胸壁超声心动图TXA2, thromboxane A2 血栓素A2UFH, unfractionated heparin 普通肝素UK, urokinase 尿激酶u-PA, urinary plasminogen activator (urokinase) 尿纤溶酶原激活物USPSTF, U.S. Preventive Services Task Force美国预防服务工作队VATS, video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery电视辅助胸腔镜手术VCAM-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1血管细胞粘附分子-1VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor 血管内皮生长因子VFI, venous filling index 静脉充盈指数VLDL, very-low-density lipoprotein 极低密度脂蛋白VSMC, vascular smooth muscle cell 血管平滑肌细胞VSS, Venous Severity Score 静脉严重性分级VTE, venous thromboembolism 静脉血栓栓塞性疾病vWF, von Willebrand factor 血管假性血友病因子WBC, 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急诊医学emergency medicine现场急救first aid急诊医疗服务emergency medicine service EMS急诊医疗服务体系emergency medicine service system EMSS院前急救prehospital emergency医院急诊hospital emergency危重病监护critical care危重病医学critical care medicine重症监护病房intensive care unit ICU急诊危重病监护病房emergency intensive care unit EICU急诊监护病房emergency care unit ECU冠心病监护室coronary care unit CCU心肺脑复苏心脏骤停sudden cardiac arrest SCA心脏性猝死sudden cardiac death SCD心室颤动ventricular fibrillation VF无脉性室性心动过速pluseless ventricular tachycardia心肺复苏cardio-pulmonary resuscitation CPR自主循环恢复recovery of spontaneous circulation ROSC复苏后综合征post-resuscitation syndrome心肌顿抑myocardial stunning基本生命支持basic life support BLS急救人员lay rescuer开放气道open airway检查脉搏check pulse胸外按压chest compressions自动体外除颤器automatic external defibrillation按压/通气比compression-ventrilation ratio气道异物阻塞foreign body airway obstruction FBAO淹溺drowning电击electric shock雷击lightening strikes小儿心肺复苏pediatric cardio-pulmonary resuscitation PCPR高级心血管生命支持advanced cardiovascular life support ACLS 肾上腺素epinephrine人工气道artificial airway气管内插管trachea intubation机械通气mechanical ventilation控制通气control ventilation CU容量控制通气volume control ventilation VCV压力控制通气pressure control ventilation PCV辅助通气assist ventilation A V控制/辅助通气A-CV同步间隙性指令通气synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation SIMV压力支持通气pressure support ventilation PSV气道双水平正压通气Bi-level positive airway pressure BiPAP呼气末正压通气positive end expiratory pressur PEEP呼吸机相关性肺炎ventilator associated pneumonia V AP脑复苏cerebral resuscitation脑血流量cerebral blood flow CBP颅内压intracranial pressure ICP血脑屏障blood-brain barrier BBB低血容量性休克hypovolemic shock创伤性休克traumatic shock感染性休克spetic shock细菌内毒素endotoxin过敏性休克allergic shock神经源性休克neurogenic shock急性呼吸窘迫综合征acute respiratory distress syndrome ARDS中心静脉压central venous pressure CVP心排出量cardiac output CO 4-8L/min心脏指数cardiac index CI 液体复苏fluid resuscitation多器官功能障碍综合征multiple organ dysfunction syndrome MODS多器官功能障碍multiple organ failure MOF全身炎症反应综合征systemic inflammatory response syndrome SIRS代偿性抗炎反应综合征compensatory anti-inflammatory response syndrome CARS 序贯性系统衰竭sequential system failure脓毒症sepsis急性有机磷杀虫药中毒organophosphorous insecticides poisoning有机磷杀虫药organophosphorous insecticides OPI胆碱能危象cholinergic crisis毒蕈碱样症状muscarinic symptoms烟碱样症状nicotinic symptoms迟发性多发性神经病delayed polyneuropathy中间型综合征intermediate syndrome IMS酒精中毒alcohol poisoning中暑heat illness热昏厥heat syncope热射病heat stroke高温综合征hyperthermia syndromes冻伤frostbite冷损伤cold injury冻僵frozen stiff低体温hypothermia电击伤electrical injury间歇综合征compartment syndrome创伤trauma创伤急救trauma emergency创伤基本生命支持basic trauma life support BTLS心脏cardiac C呼吸respiration R腹部abdomen A脊柱spine S头部head H骨盆pelvic P四肢limb L动脉arteries A神经nerves N复合伤combined trauma injuries挤压伤crush injury灾害disaster灾害救援disaster rescue自然灾害natural disaster人为灾害man-made disaster突发公共卫生事业public health emergency发热fever外源性致热原exogonous pyrogen内源性致热原endgonous pyrogen不明原因发热fever of undetermined心悸palpitation窦性心动过速sinus tachycardia病态窦房结综合征sick sinus syndrome SSS严重房室阻滞atrioventricular block A VB昏迷coma嗜睡somnolence昏睡lethargy脑出血intracerebral hemorrhage脑梗死cerebral infarction CI缺血性卒中ischemic stroke脑栓塞cerebral embolism糖尿病酮症酸中毒diabetic ketoacidosis DKA高渗性高血糖状态hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state HHS高渗性非酮症糖尿病昏迷hyperosmolar nonketotic diabetic coma 低血糖症hypoglycemia低血糖昏迷hypoglycemic coma未察觉低血糖综合征hypoglycemia unawareness syndrome低血糖后昏迷post-hypoglycemic coma晕厥syncope猝倒cataplexy跌倒发作drop attack情景性晕厥situational syncope呼吸困难dyspnea端坐呼吸orthopnea平卧呼吸platypnea支气管哮喘bronchial asthma急性心力衰竭acute heart failure急性肺栓塞acute pulmonary embolus蛛网膜下腔出血subarachnoid hemorrhage高血压危象hypertensive crisis胸痛chest pain急性冠脉综合征acute coronary syndrome ACS主动脉夹层aortic dissection AD不稳定心绞痛unstable angina UA非ST段抬高心肌梗死non-ST elevated myocardiac infarction NSTEMIST段抬高心肌梗死ST elevated myocardiac infarction STEMI咯血hemoptysis支气管扩张bronchiectasis肺结核pulmonary tuberculosis原发性支气管肺癌primary bronchogenic carcinoma消化道出血gastrointestinal hemorrhage呕血hematemesis便血hematochezia急性非静脉曲张性上消化道出血acute non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding ANVUGIB 食管胃静脉曲张出血esophageal and gastric variceal bleeding EGVB急诊内镜检查emergency endoscopy血尿hematuria呕吐vomiting少尿oliguria无尿anuria急性肾功能衰竭acute renal failure ARF充血性心力衰竭congestive heart failure心功能不全cardiac insufficiency肺毛细血管楔压pulmonary capillary wedge pressure PCWP尿潴留urinary retention急性尿潴留acute urinary retention抽搐tic高热抽搐febrile seizures FS低钙性抽搐low calcium seizures LoCaS癫痫epilepsy痫性发作epileptic seizure视听失真distortions思维固定islands of lucidity思维障碍thought disorder危机干预crisis intervention焦虑障碍anxiety disorders惊恐发作panic attack应激相关障碍stress-related disorders急性应激性精神障碍acute stress mental disorders创伤后应激障碍post-traumatic stress disorder PTSD急性谵妄或狂躁状态delirious state or mania症状性精神障碍symptomatic mental disorders精神活性物质所致的精神障碍mental disorders due to use of psychoactive substances 依赖综合症dependence syndrome戒断综合征abstinence syndrome过度换气综合征hyperventilation syndrome胸腔穿刺术thoracentesis腹腔穿刺术abdominocentesis血液灌流hemoperfusion HP内镜逆行胰胆管造影endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography ERCP内镜乳头括约肌切开术endoscopic sphincterotomy EST经颈静脉肝门体分流术transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt TIPS冠状动脉介入治疗percutaneous coronary intervention PCI经皮穿刺血管扩张成形术percutaneous transluminal angioplasty PTA洗胃术gastric lavage。

险分别是：养老保险:单位每个月为你缴纳21%,你自己缴纳8%;医疗保险:单位每个月为你缴纳9%,你自己缴纳2%外加10块钱的大病统筹(大病统筹主要管住院这块);失业保险:单位每个月为你缴纳2%,你自己缴纳1%;工伤保险:单位每个月为你缴纳0.5%,你自己一分钱也不要缴;生育保险:单位每个月为你缴纳0.8%,你自己一分钱也不要缴;住房公积金:单位每个月为你缴纳8%,你自己缴纳8%以上,这么算下来,单位每个月为你缴纳的社保比例应该是21%+9%+2%+0.5%+0.8%+8%=41.3%你自己每个月为你缴纳的社保比例应该是8%+2%+10块+1%+8%=19%+10块statement of agreement 协议声明Participant Information 参加者信息Informed Consent Form 知情同意书Sponsor 申办者Study Site 研究地址approve 批准moderate to severe psoriasis 中度至重度银屑病local operation entity 当地运营实体Research and Development, Inc 研发公司Xian-Janssen Pharmaceutical Ltd 西安杨森制药有限公司the electrical activity of the heartover time心脏随时间推移的电活动be required to fast from food andliquid禁用食物和液体qualitative analysis 定性分析quantitative analysis 定量分析instrumental analysis 仪器分析法flow injection analysis；FIA 流动注射分析法determinate error 可定误差coefficient of variation 变异系数confidence level 置信水平level of significance 显著性水平pooled standard debiation 合并标准偏差（组合标准差）rejection quotient ;Q 舍弃商volumetric analysis 容量分析法titrametric analysis 滴定分析法stoichiometric point 化学计量点equivalent point 等当点charge balance 电荷平衡charge balance equation 电荷平衡式mass balance 质量平衡material balance 物料平衡mass balance equation 质量平衡式acid-base indicator 酸碱指示剂acid-base titrations 酸碱滴定法autoprotolysis reaction 质子自递反应constant 常数proton balance equation 质子条件式colour change interval 变色范围protonic solvent 质子溶剂aprotic solvent 无质子溶剂differentiating effect 均化效应differentiating solvent 区分性溶剂amphototeric solvent 两性溶剂dissociation 离解crystal violet 结晶紫α-naphthalphenol benzyl alcohol 萘酚苯甲醇quinadinered 奎哪啶红thymol blue 百里酚蓝azo violet 偶氮紫bromophenol blue 溴酚蓝compleximetry 配位滴定法ischemic preconditioning 缺血预适应simple ischemia-reperfusion injury单纯缺血与再灌注损伤组groupLeukocyte 白血球Floating gel 漂浮凝胶acid concentration of the medium 介质酸浓度Alginic acid 海藻酸Aluminium hydroxide 氢氧化铝antacid activity 抗酸活性Antacid agent 抗酸剂Anti-reflux agent 抗返流剂benzyl alcohol 苯甲醇blinding agent 粘合剂Bulking agent 填充剂Calcium carbonate 碳酸钙carbonate 碳酸盐combinations 复方Comparative active ingredient活性成分组成的比较compositionsDetermination of pH gradient in vitro 体外PH梯度测定Dextrates 葡萄糖结合剂drug product 制剂drug substance 原料药duration 持续时间Excipients 辅料Filling agent 填充剂Flavour 香精/香料Formation of a floating gel in vitro 漂浮凝胶在体外的形成function of the acid concentration of介质酸浓度函数the mediumGaviscon? tablets Gaviscon?片Glucose monohydrate 一水葡萄糖Granulating agent 制粒溶剂Heavy magnesium carbonate 重质碳酸镁In-house monograph 内部专论Lemon cream flavour 柠檬奶油香精/香料Lubricant 润滑剂magnesium carbonate 碳酸镁magnesium carbonate gel 碳酸镁凝胶magnesium chloride 氯化镁Magnesium stearate 硬脂酸镁Magnesium trisilicate 三硅酸镁Mean “raft” pH平均“筏”PhPeak “intra-gastric” pH胃内峰PHpeppermint flavour 薄荷香料/香精pH gradient pH 梯度pharmaceutical development 制药开发Povidone 聚维酮Quantitative composition 定量组成raft 筏Raft booster 筏推动剂Rennie? Dual Action tablets 罗内?双效片Rennie? Duo, chewable tablets 罗内?Duo咀嚼片Rennie? Duo, oral suspension 罗内?Duo口服混悬剂RENNIE? LIQUID 罗内?液体剂Saccharin sodium 糖精钠Sodium alginate海藻酸钠 Sodium bicarbonate碳酸氢钠 sodium chloride氯化钠 Sodium hydrogen carbonate碳酸氢钠 sodium propyl p-hydroxybenzoate对羟基苯甲酸丙酯钠 stearate硬脂酸盐 Sucrose蔗糖 Sweetener甜味剂 symptomatic treatment症状性治疗 Talc滑石粉 Xanthan gum黄原胶 6-1 ：David Grimes 教授演讲部分 long acting contraception长效避孕法 The role of long acting contraception in family planning长效避孕法在计划生育中发挥的作用 long-acting reversible contraception 长效可逆性避孕法 forgettable contraception遗忘式避孕法 overt act专门措施 Coital frequency性交频率 Progestin injection黄体酮注射 Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate 长效醋酸甲羟孕酮（DMPA ）Intrauterine Contraception 宫内避孕法 Levonorgestrel Releasing System 左炔诺孕酮释放系统 Levonorgestrel intrauterine system (LNG-IUS)左炔诺孕酮宫内节育系统（LNG-IUS ） Single-rod progestin implant单棒黄体酮植入物 fibroids, hemoglobinopathy纤维瘤，血红蛋白病 surrogate end points替代终点 risk of ectopic pregnancies异位妊娠风险 tubal infertility输卵管性不孕 Gross Removal Rates总取出率 Levonorgestrel IUS左炔诺孕酮IUS Barrier methods屏障法 Venous thromboembolism静脉血栓形成 hysterectomy子宫切除术 endometriosis子宫内膜异位症 perimenopausal symptoms围绝经期症状 Hemoglobin and ferritin血红蛋白和铁蛋白 parous women经产妇 nulliparous women未产妇 menorrhagia / dysmenorrhea 月经过多/痛经uterine involution 子宫复旧Perforation rate 穿孔率Expulsion frequency 排出率estrogen and progesterone receptors 雌激素和孕酮受体expulsion / salpingitis 排出/输卵管炎curettage 刮除术mifepristone 米非司酮Lactation 哺乳期/泌乳partum 分娩spotting and bleeding 出血和点状出血Full breast-feeding 完全母乳喂养antiphospholipid syndrome 抗磷脂综合征anticoagulation 抗凝药estradiol 雌二醇6-2 ：Dr. Ritva Hurskainen 演讲部分endometrial resection / ablation 子宫内膜切除/消融术Submucous fibroids 黏膜下纤维化Endometrial polyps 子宫内膜息肉Ovarian tumours or cysts 卵巢肿瘤或囊肿uterine malformation 子宫畸形acne 痤疮Levonorgestrel-ReleasingIntrauterine System左炔诺孕酮宫内缓释系统Health-Related Quality of Life 健康相关生存质量Bladder-emptying 膀胱排空Urge incontinence 尿失禁Stress incontinence 压力性失禁Tranexamic acid 氨甲环酸Norethisterone 炔诺酮Myomectomy or uterine artery embolisation 子宫肌瘤剔除术或子宫动脉栓塞术endometrial ablation 子宫内膜消融术6-2 ：Yu Qi 教授演讲部分Heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) 月经过多 (HMB) injected progestogens 孕激素注射剂Health Economics 卫生经济学Oophorectomy with hysterectomy 卵巢切除术联合子宫切除术Dilatation and curettage 扩刮术Impedance-controlled bipolar 阻抗控制双极射频消融术radiofrequency ablationFluid-filled thermal balloon endometrial ablation (TBEA) 充液热球囊子宫内膜消融术Microwave endometrial ablation(MEA)微波子宫内膜消融术Free fluid thermal endometrial ablation 自由流体热子宫内膜消融术Care Pathway for HMB (1) HMB的诊治路径Intermenstrual bleeding 月经间期出血Anovulatory DUB 无排卵型DUB Ovulatory DUB 排卵型DUB gynecologic complaints 妇科主诉Anti-fibrinolysis drugs 抗纤溶药Endometrial Atrophy Therapy 子宫内膜萎缩疗法Inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis 前列腺素合成抑制剂Flufenamic Acid 氟芬那酸6-2：Session 4 (Day 2) 部分的词汇menstrual disorders 月经紊乱Cervical glands 宫颈腺体Abortifacient 堕胎者Cervical smears 宫颈涂片Pelvic infection 盆腔感染Valvular heart disease 心脏瓣膜疾病Amenorrhea 闭经Menache 初潮Menstruation 行经Menopause 绝经cyclical norethisterone 环炔诺酮Non steroidal antiinflammatory drugs 非甾体类抗炎药Strong premenstrual symptoms 重度经前症状 (PMS) Contraceptive patch or ring 避孕贴或避孕环Progestin oral pills 孕激素口服片剂drospirenon 屈螺酮Migraine 偏头痛Migraine without aura 无预兆的偏头痛Ovarian cysts 卵巢囊肿flange 凸缘Paracervical blockade 宫颈旁阻滞麻醉Ibuprofen 布洛芬anteverted uterus 前倾子宫retroverted uterus 后倾子宫misoprostol 米索前列醇bleeding pattern 出血模式endometrial hyperplasia 子宫内膜增生tamoxifen 他莫西芬Clin Conf 1 - Contraception &ProfGrimes1 词汇Anovulation 停止排卵Premature ovarian failure 卵巢早衰Hyperprolactinaemia 高泌乳素血症Hypothyroidism 甲减Transvaginal ultrasound 经阴道超声Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) 多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS) Combined oral contraception 联合口服药避孕说明书Packaging Insert药品名称Article Name通用名称Generic Name汉语拼音Name In Bopomofo成分Ingredients作用类别/主治功能Function and indication 规格Strengths注意事项Precautions药物相互作用Drug Interaction有效期Expire date执行标准Executive Standard国家药品标准National drug standard批准文号Approval Document No 国药准字Guo yao zhun zi修订日期Revision Date生产地址Address of Facility如果有问题Please contact the manufacturer in case of any problem止痒Relieving Itching消炎Diminishing Inflammation非处方non-prescription (OTC) 英文中文Fly Sheet 扉页intra-individually controlled 个体自身对照dose-eomparative 剂量比较open-label 公开标签Clinical trial phase 临床试验阶段diagnostic confidence 诊断置信度qualitative evaluation 定性评价quantitative evaluation 定量评价global evaluation 总体评价physical examination 体格检查Synopsis 纲要confidence intervals. 置信区间Duration of treatment 治疗期/治疗持续时间mode of admin. 给药方式Reference therapy 参照疗法Criteria for evaluation 评价标准Efficacy 有效性signal intensity ratio 信号强度比overall visualization 总体显影c1inieal differenee 临床差异Trial Manager 试验主管Trial Director 试验总监Co-investigator 助理研究者Formulation 制剂Type of formulation 剂型Specific radioactivity 比放射性drug substance 原料药Vehicle composition 赋形剂成分Generic name 通用名Study design and plan 研究设计和计划description of rationale 原理说明Overview and justification 概述和论证Study configuration: 研究结构Level of blinding: 设盲水平Investigational product 试验性药物Interim analyses 中期分析steering committees 指导委员会Protocol amendments 方案修正Sampie size 样本量Molecular weight 分子量Structural formula 结构式Molecular formula: 分子式osmolality 克分子渗透压浓度viscosity 粘度Qualitative evaluation 定量评价localisation of lesion ? 病灶定位visualization of lesion ? 病灶显影characterization of lesion ? 病灶特征记述Equivocal 模糊No contrast 无差异Referral diagnosis 转诊诊断Pre-conifastt MRI diagnosis 增强前MRI诊断Drug relationship 药物相关性Intensity 严重程度Flow chart of trial activities 试验流程图imaging 影像学检查Baseline period 基线期Drop-outs 脱落Deviations from the trial protocol 与试验方案的背离Target variabies 靶变量Disposition of sUbjects 受试者安排Ethnic group 种族Medication history 治疗史Medical and surgical history 病史和手术史abnormal findings 异常发现pulse rate 脉率systolic blood pressure 收缩压diastolic blood pressure 舒张压general appearanee 一般状态primary tumor 原发肿瘤metastases 转移灶multiple sclerosis 多发性硬化症angiography 血管造影myelography 脊髓造影Data sets analyzed 数据组分析Diagnostic confidence: 诊断置信度Optimal injection 最佳注射Overall visualization 总体显影度signal intensity ratio 信号强度比contrast to noise ratio 对比噪声比Total drug exposure 总的药物暴露test article 供试品Text tables 正文表格Box plot 箱线图Scatter diagrams 散点图contrast agents造影剂 efficacy evaluation有效性评价 plain scans平扫 worsened变差 extent of exposure暴露程度 Total drug exposure总的药物暴露 Display and analysis of adverse events 不良事件的陈述和分析 weakness of extension伸展无力 involuntary tremor不自主震颤 tolerance indicators容许指示剂 Title Page标题页 Good Clinical Practice (GCP).药物临床试验质量管理规范（GCP ） Analysis set分析集 Intent - to - treat population意向治疗人群 Preferred population首选人群 Reader 1读片者1 blinded reading盲态读片 False positive lesions假阳性病变 Sensitivity and specificity in liver segment involvement肝段受累的敏感性和特异性 liver lobes肝叶 pooled segments混合段 pre-contrast MRI造影前MRI combined pre-and post MRI联合造影前/后MRI Lesion classification病变分类 lesion type病变类型 Assessment of enhancement增强的评估 (dynamic imaging and hepatocytephase)动态影像和肝细胞相 Signal-to-noise ratio信噪比 Contrast-to-noise ratio对比噪声比 Independent Ethics Committee (IEC) 独立伦理委员会（IEC ）Institutional Review Board (IRB)机构审查委员会（IRB ） Ethical conduct伦理学实施 study administrative structure研究行政结构 Comparators对比方法 Prior and concomitant therapy既往和目前的合用药物 Diffuse liver disease弥漫性肝病 Focal liver lesions 肝脏局灶性病变 Trackable/untrackable focal liver 可追踪性/不可追踪性肝lesions脏局灶性病变 Liver maps肝脏图谱 Lesion detection病变检出 Lesion characterization病变鉴定 Morphology形态学 Biliary system imaging增强的评估 Artifacts伪像 pre-contrast T2-weighted sequences 造影前T2加权序列 Intraoperative ultrasound (IOUS)术中超声（IOUS ） Required pulse sequences规定的脉冲序列 Adjustments of image size and contrast 图像大小和对比度的调整 Biliary system imaging胆道系统成像 presence of thrombus有血栓 Adjustments for covariates对协变量的调整 Examination of subgroups亚组检查 Drug-drug and drug-diseaseinteractions药物-药物相互作用和药物-疾病相互作用 specified diffuse liver disease特定弥漫性肝病 matched lesions匹配病变 Number of correctly and incorrectly classified lesions正确和错误分类病变的数量 Mass Effect占位效应 Enhancement patterns 增强模式 New Atrial Extrasystoles Postbaseline 基线后新出现房性期外收缩New Ventricular ExtrasystolesPostbaseline基线后新出现室性期外收缩 PRODUCT MONOGRAPH药品专论 Intravenous contrast enhancement agent for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)静脉注射的磁共振成像（MRI ）造影剂 Submission Control No:提交文件控制号 Elimination清除 Hepatic Insufficiency肝功能不全 DOSAGE FORMS, COMPOSITION ANDPACKAGING剂型、成分和包装 Proper name专有名称 Physical form外观 Solubility溶解性 pH in water水溶液的pH Osmolality 渗透压Density密度 Bi-phasic enhanced spiral CT双相增强螺旋CT Animal Pharmacology动物药理学 Human Pharmacology人体药理学 Insufficiency功能不全 Repeated-Dose Toxicity多次给药毒性 Genotoxic Potential遗传毒性可能性 Tumorigenicity and Carcinogenicity 致肿瘤性和致癌性 Reproductive Toxicology生殖毒理学 Local Tolerance and SensitizingPotential局部耐受性和致敏可能性 Formulation number制剂编号 Substance code number原料药代码编号 specifications规格 release date发布日期 This edition supersedes替代版本 Property of Bayer Schering Pharma 所有权归Bayer ScheringPharma 所有Physical, chemical and pharmaceutical properties and formulation 物理、化学以及药理学特性和剂型Description of Drug Substance 药品说明Product interaction 产品相互作用Special Populations 特殊人群Mean (SD) serum concentrations 平均（SD ）血清浓度fecal excretion 粪便排泄量compartment model dependent （CMD ） 间室模型依赖 renal clearance 肾清除率total clearance 总清除率beats per minute(bpm) 每分钟心跳次数end stage renal failure （ESRF ） 终末阶段肾衰focal nodular hyperplasia(FNH) 局灶结节性增生field of view(FOV) 视野gradient echo(GRE) 梯度回波Hoechst Adverse Events Reaction Thesaurus System(HARTS) Hoechst 不良事件反应词典系统Gd-EOB-DTPA 钆-EOB-DTPA ，钆塞酸high pressure liquidchromatography(HPLC)高压液相色谱 Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy(ICPAES )电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法 Specific Rotation 比旋光度Partition Coefficient 分配系数Time Profile 时间特征Elimination Profile 消除曲线Biotransformation 生物转化volume of distribution at steady state 稳态下分布体积repetition time 保留时间time of echo 回声时间terminal half-life 终末半衰期initial half-life 初始半衰期no observable effect level 不可观察的反应水平microsoft disk operating system 微软磁盘操作系统mean residence time 平均停留时间magnetic resonance imaging 磁共振成像magnetic resonance 核磁共振minimum lethal dose 最低致死剂量Medical Dictionary for Regulatory国际医学用语词典Activitiesmean corpuscular volume 平均血细胞体积mean corpuscular hemoglobin 红细胞平均血红蛋白含量Intraoperative ultrasound 术中超声医学英语中的缩写词aa——各et——及、和Rp.——取、请取sig./S.——用法、指示St./Stat.——立即、急速Cit.——急速s.o.s.——需要时p.r.n——必要时a.c.——饭前p.c.——饭后a.m.——上午p.m.——下午q.n.——每晚h.s.——睡前q.h.——每小时q.d.——每日1次B.i.d.——每日2次T.i.d.——每日3次Q.i.d.——每日4次q.4h.——每4小时1次p.o.——口服ad us.int.——内服ad us.ext.——外用H.——皮下注射im./M.——肌肉注射iv./V.——静脉注射iv gtt.——静脉滴注Inhal.——吸入O.D.——右眼O.L.——左眼O.S.——单眼O.U.——双眼No./N.——数目、个s.s——一半ug.——微克mg.——毫克g.——克kg.——千克（公斤）ml.——毫升L.——升q.s——适量Ad.——加至Aq.——水Aq.dest.——蒸馏水Ft.——配成Dil——稀释M.D.S.——混合后给予Co./Comp.——复方的Mist——合剂Pulv.——散剂Amp.——安瓿剂Emul.——乳剂Syr.——糖浆剂Tr.——酊剂Neb.——喷雾剂Garg.——含漱剂rtt./gutt.——滴、滴眼剂collyr.——洗眼剂Ocul.——眼膏Liq.——溶液剂Sol.——溶液Lot.——洗剂Linim.——擦剂Crem.——乳膏剂（冷霜）Ung.——软膏剂Past.——糊剂Ol.——油剂Enem.——灌肠剂Supp.——栓剂Tab.——片剂Pil.——丸剂Caps.——胶囊剂Inj.——注射剂。

病历常见英文缩写及中文释义对照表AA 白蛋白（单位g/L）AA再障AB 实际碳酸氢盐ABG 动脉血气ACEI 血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂ACT 激活凝血时间AD 阿尔海默茨病Af 房颤AFP 甲胎蛋白定量（单位ng/ml）AG 离子间隙AGN 急性肾炎a-HBD a-羟丁酸（单位U/L）AI 主闭AIHA自身免疫性溶血性贫血AIH 自身免疫性肝炎AIN 急性间质性肾炎AKP 碱性磷酸酶（单位u/L）ALT 谷丙转氨酶（单位u/L）ALT 成人T细胞白血病AMI 急性心梗ANA 抗核抗体AP 心绞痛AP 急性胰腺炎DU十二指肠溃疡APB 房早APOA-1 载脂蛋白A1（单位mg%）APOB-100 载脂蛋白B100（单位mg%）APTT 活化部分凝血活酶时间（单位秒）ARDS 急性呼吸窘迫综合征ARF 急性肾功能不全AS 主狭ASD 房缺ASO 抗链球菌溶血素“0”ASO 闭塞性动脉硬化AST 谷草转氨酶（单位u/L）A T 房速A TP 三磷酸腺苷A VB 房室传导阻滞A VNRT 房室结折返性心动过速A VRT 房室折返性心动过速BBabinski征指锥体束病损时大脑失去了对脑干和脊髓的抑制作用而出现的异常反射BB 缓冲碱BBB 束支传导阻滞BE 碱剩余（单位mmol/L）BEE 基础能量消耗BIL 胆红素Bicarbonate 碳酸盐BLO 潜血BP 血压BS 空腹血糖（单位mmol/L）BT 出血时间BUN 尿素氮（单位mmol/L）CC 反应蛋白（单位vg/ml）Ca 钙CAP 社区获得性肺炎CBC 全血球计数CCU 心血管监护室CEA 癌胚抗原（单位vg/ml）（辅助恶性肿瘤诊断）CF 心衰CGN 慢粒CGN 慢性肾炎CHD 冠心病CHE 胆碱酯酶CHF 充血性心衰CIN 慢性间质性肾炎CK 肌酸激酶（单位U/L）CK-MB 肌酸激酶同工酶（单位U/L）CL 氯化物（单位mmol/L）CLL 慢淋cm 厘米COPD 慢性阻塞性肺气肿CO2Cp 二氧化碳结合力（单位mmol/L）CPAP 持续正压通气CPR 心肺复苏Cr 肌酐（单位vmol/L）CRF 慢性肾功能不全CT 凝血时间（单位秒）CT 断层扫描CVP 中心静脉压C3 补体C3（单位mg/ml）（降低见于急性肾炎）C4 补体C4（单位mg/ml）（降低：见于免疫复合物引起的肾炎、系统性红斑狼疮、病毒性感染、狼疮性症候群、肝硬化、肝炎等）DD-BIL 直接胆红素（单位vmol/L）DBP 舒张压DCT 双氢克尿噻DIC 弥散性血管内凝血DKA 糖尿病酮症酸中毒DLE 盘状红斑狼疮DM 舒张期杂音DM 糖尿病DN 糖尿病肾病DR 糖尿病视网膜病变ds-DNA 抗双连DNA抗体EEF 射血分数ENT 耳鼻喉科(五官科)ERCP 内镜逆行胰胆管造影术ESR 血沉（单位mm/h）E3VtM4 格拉斯哥评分等级中的一种FFD 功能性消化不良FDP 纤维蛋白原降解产物Fe 铁（单位mol/L）FUO 不明原因发热F3 法三F4 法四GG 球蛋白（单位g/L）GD 甲亢GravesGERD 胃食管反流病g/L 克/升GLASGOW-Ⅱ/gcs 格拉斯哥昏迷评分GLU 葡萄糖/尿糖GNS 葡萄糖生理氯化钠溶液GRA 中性粒细胞（单位%）GU 胃溃疡HHAP 医院获得性肺炎Hb 血红蛋白HbCO 碳氧血红蛋白HBsAg 乙肝表面抗原HGB 血红蛋白浓度（单位g/L）HCO3碳酸盐（单位mmol/L）HCT 红细胞压积（单位%）HD 霍奇金病HDL 高密度脂蛋白（单位mg%）HE 肝性脑病HIE 新生儿缺血缺氧性脑病HIV 人类免疫缺陷病毒HNKHC 高渗性非酮症糖尿病昏迷Hoffmann征上肢的锥体束征Holter 24h动态心电图IIABP 主动脉内气囊反搏术IBD 炎症性肠病I-BIL 间接胆红素（单位vmol/L）IBS 肠易激综合症IDA 缺铁贫IDD 胰岛素依赖性糖尿病IgA 免疫球蛋白A（单位/L）IgG 免疫球蛋白G（单位/L）IgM 免疫球蛋白M（单位/L）IGT 糖耐量减低IHD 缺血性心脏病IHSS 特发性肥厚型主动脉瓣下狭窄IIM 特发性炎症性肌病INS 胰岛素（单位IU/L）INR 国际标准比率IPF 特发性肺纤维化ITP 过敏性紫殿IU 国际单位IU/L 国际单位/升KK 钾（单位mmol/L）Kernig 克尼格氏征，简称克氏征，是神经科常用的一种检查方法检查方法KET 酮体KPTT 部分凝血活酶时间KUB 腹部平片抗HBs 乙肝表面抗体抗HBe e抗体抗HBc 核心抗体注:其中抗HBs、抗HBe为有益指标；抗HBc提示正在复制或既往已感染而现在已停止LL 升Lac 乳糖Large (+++)LD 低密度脂蛋白（单位mg%）LDH 乳酸脱氢酶（单位U/L）LEU 白细胞Ly% 淋巴细胞比值（单位%）Ly 淋巴细胞计数（单位109/L）LYM 淋巴细胞（单位%）MMAS或POED 多发性骨纤维结构不良MCH 平均红细胞血红蛋白含量（单位pg）MCHC 平均红细胞血红蛋白浓度（单位g/L）MCV 平均红细胞体积（单位fL）MDS 骨髓增生异常综合症MG 重症肌无力mmHg （毫米汞柱）mmol/L （毫摩尔/升）MI 心梗MID 单核细胞（单位%）MM 多发性骨髓瘤Moderate (++)MONO% 单核细胞比值（单位%）MPV 平均血小板容积（单位fl）MVP 二间瓣脱垂NN% 中性粒细胞比率Na 钠（单位mmol/L）nCa 游离钙（单位mmol/L）Negative (-)NEUT% 中性粒细胞比例（单位%）NHL 非霍奇金NIT 亚硝酸盐NS 生理氯化钠溶液NTG 硝酸甘油OOB 隐油OX2 一种伤寒变形菌，具体名称不详OX19 斑疹伤寒OXk 恙虫病PP 磷（单位mg/dl）PLT 血小板计数（单位109/L）Pa02 氧分压（单位mmHg）PaCO2 二氧化碳分压（单位mmHg）PCO2二氧化碳分压PLTPH 酸碱度PRO 蛋白质PT 凝血酶原时间测定（单位秒）Positive 阳性PY 蛋白定量（单位g/L）P(A-a)O2 肺泡气-动脉血氧分压差P2 肺动脉第二心音PaCO2 动脉二氧化碳分压PAMPA 氨甲苯酸PaO2 动脉氧分压PCAP 肺小动脉压PCWP 肺毛细血管压PEEP 呼气末正压pH 酸碱度PPD 结核菌素纯蛋白衍生物Prn 必要时PT 凝血酶原时间PAP 肺泡蛋白质沉积症PIE 间质肺气肿PTE 肺栓塞PCP 卡式肺囊虫肺炎PDA 动脉导管未闭PS 肺狭PAT 阵发性房性心动过速PNH 阵发性睡眠性血红蛋白尿PKU 苯丙酮尿症PD 帕金森氏病PEM 蛋白质－热能营养不良PID 盆腔炎Qqh 每小时1次qid 每天4次qn 每晚1次qod 隔日1次RRRBC 红细胞计数（单位1012/L）r-T3 反T3（单位ng/ml）r-GT r-谷氨酰胺转酞酶（单位u/L）RF 类风湿因子RI 胰岛素RR 呼吸频率RBBB 右束支传导阻滞RAEB 难治性贫血伴原始细胞增多型RA类风湿关节炎SSP02ScrSBESG 比重Small (+)S3 第3心音S4 第4心音SaO2 血氧饱和度SB 标准碳酸氢盐SBE 亚急性细菌性心内膜炎SBP 收缩压SGOT 血清谷草转氨酶SGPT 血清谷丙转氨酶SK 链激酶SM 收缩期杂音SSS 病态窦房结综合症SBE 亚急性感染性心内膜炎SAP 急性重症胰腺炎SSc 系统性硬化病SLE 系统性红斑狼疮SCA 脊髓小脑共济失调TTTBIL/ T-BIL 总胆红素（单位vmol/L）TT 凝血酶时间测定（单位秒）Trace (±) TTT 麝香草酚浊度实验（单位u）TBA 胆汁酸（单位vmol/L）TP 总蛋白（单位g/L）T-CH 总胆固醇（单位mg%）TG 甘油三脂（单位mg%）TSH 促甲状腺素（单位vIU/ml）T3 三碘甲状腺原氨酸（单位ng/ml）T4 甲状腺素（单位ng/ml）TPN 全胃肠外营养T3 三碘甲状原氨酸T4 甲状腺素TA T 抗蛇毒血清TIL 短暂脑缺血发作tid 每天3次t-PA 组织型纤溶酶原激活物TPN 全肠道外营养TSH 促甲状腺激素TB 肺结核TIP 血栓性血小板减少性紫殿T2DM 2型糖尿病UU/L 单位/升URO 尿胆原UA 血尿酸（单位mmol/L）UK 尿激酶UA不稳定性心绞痛UC 溃疡性结肠炎VVLOL 极低密度脂蛋白（单位mg%）V/Q 通气/灌注比VMA 香草基杏仁酸VSD 室缺VDH 心脏瓣膜病WWBC 白细胞计数（单位109/L）WD 肝豆状核变性其他µg/kg.min （微克/千克*分钟）µmol/L （微摩尔/升）。

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五周年庆，五折优惠中联系我们请拨打以上400官方免费电话！Members of the International Space Station Expedition44crew are undertaking a first for humanity:tucking into leafy greens grown right there on the space station,in Zero-G.国际空间站第44探险队成员敢为天下先：品尝在空间站零重力下培育的绿叶蔬菜。

The orbiting laboratory has been hosting the station’s"Veg-01"experiments in growing vegetables in space since May2014.These plants were grown and matured over a period of33days aboard the ISS,and sent back to Earth for food safety testing.自2014年5月，就在该轨道实验室上进行了“Veg-01”蔬菜培育试验。

这些植物在国际空间站生长培育33天之后被运回地球，进行食品安全检查。

The second batch of seeds,which had been on board the ISS for15months, was planted on July8,2015,and were again grown over a period of33days. It is this second batch that will be munched by the crew on August10.第二批种子在国际空间站已有15个月之久，2015年7月8号耕种了第二批种子，同样需要经过33天的成长期。

医药行业专业英语词汇（非常有用）FDA和EDQM术语: CLINICAL?TRIAL：临床试验? ANIMAL?TRIAL：动物试验? ACCELERATED?APPROVAL：加速批准? STANDARD?DRUG：标准药物? INVESTIGATOR：研究人员；调研人员PREPARING?AND?SUBMITTING：起草和申报? SUBMISSION：申报；递交? BENIFIT （S）：受益? RISK（S）：受害? DRUG?PRODUCT：药物产品? DRUG?SUBSTANCE：原料药? ESTABLISHED?NAME：确定的名称? GENERIC?NAME：非专利名称? PROPRIETARY?NAME：专有名称；? INN（INTERNATIONAL?NONPROPRIETARY?NAME）：国际非专有名称? ADVERSE?EFFECT：副作用? ADVERSE?REACTION：不良反应? PROTOCOL：方案? ARCHIVAL?COPY：存档用副本? REVIEW?COPY：审查用副本? OFFICIAL?COMPENDIUM：法定药典（主要指USP、?NF）．? USP （THE?UNITED?STATES?PHARMACOPEIA）：美国药典NF（NATIONAL?FORMULARY）：（美国）国家处方集? OFFICIAL＝PHARMACOPEIAL=?COMPENDIAL：药典的；法定的；官方的? AGENCY：审理部门（指FDA）? IDENTITY：真伪；鉴别；特性? STRENGTH：规格；规格含量（每一剂量单位所含有效成分的量）? LABELED?AMOUNT：标示量? REGULATORY?SPECIFICATION：质量管理规格标准（NDA提供）? REGULATORY?METHODOLOGY：质量管理方法? REGULATORY?METHODS?VALIDATION：管理用分析方法的验证COS/CEP?欧洲药典符合性认证ICH（International?Conference?on?Harmonization?of?Technical?Requirements?for?Registration?of PharmaceuticalsforHumanUse)人用药物注册技术要求国际协调会议ICH文件分为质量、安全性、有效性和综合学科4类。

西医急诊科、介入科术语英文翻译以下是常见的西医急诊科术语英文翻译：1. 急救：Emergency Care2. 急症室：Emergency Department (ED)3. 紧急手术：Urgent Surgery4. 创伤急救：Trauma Care5. 急性心肌梗死：Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI)6. 心跳骤停：Cardiac Arrest7. 呼吸困难：Respiratory Difficulty8. 过敏性休克：Anaphylactic Shock9. 急性中毒：Acute Poisoning10. 急腹症：Acute Abdominal Pain11. 脑卒中：Stroke12. 癫痫发作：Seizure13. 严重烧伤：Major Burns14. 休克：Shock15. 急性心力衰竭：Acute Heart Failure (AHF)16. 大出血：Major Bleeding17. 多发伤：Multiple Injuries18. 急性肾衰竭：Acute Renal Failure (ARF)19. 急性胰腺炎：Acute Pancreatitis20. 急性胆囊炎：Acute Cholecystitis21. 呼吸衰竭：Respiratory Failure22. 糖尿病急症：Diabetic Emergencies23. 高血压急症：Hypertensive Emergencies24. 心律失常：Arrhythmias25. 心包填塞：Pericardial tamponade26. 电击伤：Electrical Burns27. 中毒性休克综合征：Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS)28. 急性高原病：Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS)29. 急性感染性腹泻：Acute Infectious Diarrhea30. 中耳炎：Otitis Media31. 外伤性血胸：Traumatic Hemothorax32. 气胸：Pneumothorax33. 急性阑尾炎：Acute Appendicitis34. 胃肠道出血：Gastrointestinal Bleeding (GI Bleed)35. 急性胆囊结石：Acute Cholecystolithiasis36. 电除颤：Electrical Cardioversion (ECV)37. 心肺复苏术（CPR）：Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)38. 紧急输血：Emergency Blood Transfusion39. 紧急气管插管术：Emergency Tracheal Intubation40. 心导管插入术（心导管术）：Cardiac Catheterization (Cardiac cath)41. 紧急剖腹产手术：Emergency Cesarean Section42. 紧急心脏搭桥手术：Emergency Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG)43. 紧急颅内血肿清除术：Emergency Evacuation of Intracranial Hematoma44. 紧急骨盆骨折固定术：Emergency Fixation of Pelvic Fractures45. 紧急血液透析：Emergency Hemodialysis46. 紧急心包穿刺术：Emergency Pericardiocentesis47. 紧急烧伤清创术：Emergency Debridement of Burns48. 紧急心脏电除颤器植入术：Emergency Implantation of Cardioverter-Defibrillator (ICD)49. 紧急肠切除吻合术：Emergency Bowel Resection and Anastomosis西医介入科术语英文翻译好的，以下是常见的西医介入科术语英文翻译：1. 介入放射学：Interventional Radiology2. 血管造影术：Angiography3. 血管内治疗：Endovascular Therapy4. 腔内支架置入术：Endovascular Stenting5. 经皮腔内血管成形术：Percutaneous Angioplasty6. 溶栓治疗：Thrombolysis7. 栓塞治疗：Embolization Therapy8. 动脉瘤栓塞：Aneurysm Embolization9. 肝动脉化疗栓塞：Transarterial Chemoembolization (TACE)10. 经导管动脉灌注化疗：Transarterial Catheter-directed Chemotherapy Infusion11. 动脉导管未闭封堵术：Atrial Septal Defect Closure12. 房间隔缺损封堵术：Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) Closure13. 冠状动脉造影术：Coronary Angiography14. 冠状动脉介入治疗：Coronary Intervention15. 脑血管造影术：Cerebral Angiography16. 脑动脉瘤栓塞术：Cerebral Aneurysm Embolization17. 脊髓血管造影术：Spinal Angiography18. 下肢动脉造影术：Lower Extremity Angiography19. 经皮冠状动脉介入治疗：Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI)20. 心脏起搏器植入术：Pacemaker Implantation21. 心脏射频消融术：Cardiac Radiofrequency Ablation22. 冠状动脉内支架置入术：Coronary Stenting23. 颈动脉支架置入术：Carotid Stenting24. 肝动脉栓塞术：Hepatic Artery Embolization25. 脾动脉栓塞术：Splenic Artery Embolization26. 经导管射频消融术：Catheter-Based Radiofrequency Ablation27. 经皮胆道引流术：Percutaneous Biliary Drainage28. 经皮肾盂引流术：Percutaneous Nephrostomy29. 经皮胃造瘘术：Percutaneous Gastrostomy30. 动脉取栓术：Thrombectomy31. 介入神经放射学：Interventional Neuroradiology32. 经导管血管内栓塞治疗：Transcatheter Embolotherapy33. 经皮穿刺活检术：Percutaneous Biopsy34. 经皮肾动脉成形术：Percutaneous Renal Artery Angioplasty35. 经导管肿瘤栓塞治疗：Transcatheter Embolotherapy for Tumors36. 经导管溶栓治疗：Catheter-directed Thrombolysis37. 主动脉夹层腔内修复术：Endovascular Repair of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms (EVAR)38. 支气管动脉栓塞术：Bronchial Artery Embolization (BAE)39. 下腔静脉滤器植入术：Inferior Vena Cava Filter Placement40. 肾动脉栓塞术：Renal Artery Embolization41. 经皮胆道引流及支架置入术：Percutaneous Biliary Drainage and Stenting42. 经皮胃造瘘及胃管置入术：Percutaneous Gastrostomy and Gastrotomy Tube Insertion43. 经导管肿瘤化疗灌注术：Transcatheter Chemotherapy Infusion for Tumors44. 经导管血栓清除术：Catheter-based Thrombectomy45. 血管内放射治疗：Endovascular Radiation Therapy46. 肿瘤消融治疗：Tumor Ablation Therapies47. 放射性粒子植入治疗：Radioactive Seed Implantation Therapy48. 肿瘤血管阻断治疗：Tumor Vascular Occlusion Therapy49. 经导管药物灌注治疗：Transcatheter Drug Infusion Therapies50. 心腔及血管内异物取出术：Removal of Foreign Bodies from Cardiac and Vascular Structures。

中英对照医疗1. 介绍医疗是人类社会中不可或缺的一部分，无论是中文还是英文，人们都需要与医疗机构进行交流。

因此，掌握一些关于医疗的中英对照词汇是非常有用的。

本文将为您提供一些常用的中英对照医疗词汇，帮助您更好地理解和使用医疗相关的术语。

2. 中英对照医疗词汇中文英文医院Hospital诊所Clinic病房WardICU（重症监护病房）Intensive Care Unit急诊科Emergency Department 手术室Operating Room门诊Outpatient Department 麻醉师Anesthesiologist护士Nurse医生Doctor患者Patient病历Medical Record检查Examination 手术Surgery科室Department 处方Prescription 药物Medication 注射Injection输液Infusion疾病Disease症状Symptom诊断Diagnosis治疗Treatment康复Rehabilitation预防Prevention体检Physical Examination疫苗Vaccine传染病Infectious Disease特殊传染病Notifiable Infectious Disease 慢性病Chronic Disease病菌Pathogen免疫系统Immune System 传染性Contagious病毒Virus细菌Bacteria病原体Pathogen后遗症Sequela健康Health疗效Efficacy健康保险Health Insurance3. 词汇使用示例以下是一些使用中英对照医疗词汇的示例句子：•我需要去医院看病。

I need to go to the hospital for treatment.•我家附近有一家诊所。

There is a clinic near my house.•他被送到了ICU。

T he development of Chinese elderly care homes精诚翻译公司五折优惠中找便宜翻译，那就百度搜索精诚翻译或者50元翻译Thus, with aging of population, Shanghai city is faced with challenges in nursing demands of aged people. According to Yang Yinghua's estimate, 19894 nursing staff are needed in medical care agencies of old people in city in 2011, while existing nursing staff are only 10300, with a large gap of 19594 persons. How to improve the care staff’job satisfaction, reduce their turnover, and constantly meet increasing demand for the old care become key problems urgently need to be solved in Shanghai. As a response to aging of population, since 1999, Shanghai city the construction of t geriatric care institutions have always been emphasized, and in the new round of medical reform, geriatric nursing is regarded as a priority. In the city’s "Twelfth Five-Year Plan", it clearly pointed out some second-level medical institutions should be transformed into geriatric care institutions, medical resource’s utilization efficiency need improvement, and the construction of geriatric nursing personnel should be strengthened, the problem of shortage of geriatric nursing resources also need to be resolved.Currently, in Shanghai, geriatric care institutions include first-level elderly nursing homes and non-first level elderly nursing homes, community health service center, geriatric hospital, nursing unit of some second-level hospital, as well as comprehensive private medical institutions. Of course, family sickbed nursing service also become an important part in in the field. Due to limited time, energy and fund, investigated organizations are mainly elderly care institutions, elderly, nursing homes and community health service centers.However, because the development of Chinese elderly care homes is seriously lagging behind demand, there is large shortage of supply. Under this background, Shanghai city’s government planned to regard community health service as supporting point, encourage geriatric nursing hospitals to cooperate with various parties in the society, so as to establish new pattern of elderly health services with three level care.According to data from Shanghai health information center and Shanghai Health Bureau, in 2010, there were 281elderly care institutions, 17 of them were first-level geriatric care institutions, 54 of them were second-level and third-level geriatric care institutions, and the rest of them were community health centers. In terms of geographical distribution, 96 of them were located in downtown areas, and 185 of them are in suburbs.In this survey, stratified sampling method was used. First of all, with literature review, 18 districts ( counties ) of Shanghai city were divided into three levels-good, normal and bad; then random sampling was conducted for each level. As each district (county) has different number of elderly care institutions, and community health service centers were set according to administrative division in documents issued by the Chinese Ministry of Health, 3 community health service institutions were selected randomly for each level, then 3 elderly care institutions were also chosen for each community. In order to ensure similar economic level of sample institutions, every two institutions should be within 3 blocks. Therefore, in the “good” level, only 2 elderly care institutions were qualified, and 3 elderly care institutions were selected for other two levels.In the survey, interviewees were nursing staff who worked in elderly care institutions and community health service centers and had obtained qualification registered nurse, they spent more than 50% of working time in nursing work and had stayed in their organizations for over 3 months.In terms of scope of interviewees, as for first-level medical institutions, all qualified nurses were selected; as for second-level medical institutions and community health service centers, all qualified nurses were chosen.In this survey research, stratified sampling method was used, 17 elderly care institutions and 360 nurses were selected to find out those personnel’s job satisfaction degree. And the research was organized by Shanghai Municipal Health Bureau, so their job satisfaction degree and conditions of affecting factors could be reflected comprehensively, and the results had certain representation and extrapolation.In this study, 360 interviewees had an average age of 30, this accorded with characteristics of China’s nursing industry, namely nurses were generally young. And the investigation object were all women, which was also the same as reality. In terms of overall educational level, nurses in Shanghai had higher level compared with national average level. According to requirements in "China Nursing Industry Development Plan"-at least 50% of nurses in third-level hospitals should have Junior College degree by 2010. On one hand, China’s nursing professional education develops rapidly, nurses could obtain junior college degree or higher degree through this manner, on the other hand, training of elderly nursing personnel were strengthened in recent years. This is probably due to better policies in Shanghai, elderly care staff had higher job satisfaction degree than national level. Due to differences between Chinese culture and western culture, study time and study area. Larger samples from other areas are needed in the future.At present, most of Chinese elderly care institutions are non-profit, nurse salary system is based on past ranking wage system, liability, workload and other factors of different positions are not considered, so their salaries are not reasonable. Compared with growing intensity of nursing work, responsibility and risk,overall wage and welfare are still at low level.Therefore, literature study shows that benefit is not only an important factor determining job satisfaction, but also the focus of Chinese nurses.Ch inese nursing personnel are not well recognized in the society or by hospital managers, nursing work is still regarded as the subordinate to medical work, they generally have no chance or are not willing to participate in making of management decisions. Therefore, managers should make full use of nurses’ motivation in work, listen to their advices concerning relevant policies, guide them to participate in decision-making, so as to enhance their job satisfaction.Under the background of nursing idea reform, content and requirements of elderly care work expand, in addition to routine life and treatment, nurses also need to take on psychological nursing and health education, but increased workload does not lead to increasing number of nursing staff.This results in relatively low job satisfaction. Thus, the government and hospital managers need to strengthen training of elderly nursing personnel, solve the issue of nurse shortage, and reduce their workload through reasonable planning of assignments.The results of this study show that nurses with master or bachelor degrees have better job satisfaction than those with junior college degrees or lower degrees, which is different from other studies at home and abroad. Cesim and Yaktin et al propose that nurses with better educational background have higher expectation on their jobs, while their working environment usually make them disappointed, this is similar to relevant studies. Cao Ying finds that, nurses graduated from technical secondary schools have highest job satisfaction, they are followed by junior college students and college students.The possible reason is that Shanghai municipal government strengthen training of nurses, thus those personnel’s education level is generally higher. As for some nurses with better educational background, with corresponding expertise and higher personal qualities, they have strong desire to demonstrate their own value, and have higher expectation on their jobs. In relatively autonomous and relaxed working environment, they can fully use their abilities in work, thus having relatively higher job satisfaction. With regard to job title, primary nurses and nurses have highest job satisfaction, supervisors and deputy directors have lowest level of job satisfaction, job satisfaction of supervisors and primary nurses increase to some degree. This is consistent with the U shape relationship proposed by Herzberg et al, namely at the beginning, the level of job satisfaction is higher, with increasing age and higher job title, the level rises, then decline, after reaching the lowest pint, it rises again, primary nurses are most satisfied with income.This study hypothesize that, nurses have low expectation on their occupation status, and can get a sense of satisfaction more easily. In terms of independence, lower job title represents less job responsibilities and more free time, therefore, higher job satisfaction is found. With increasingly higher professional titles, workload increase constantly, with appearance of job burnout, the level of job satisfaction declines gradually, when the title of supervisor or director is obtained, because of higher social status and increase of work abilities, the level rises again.The study shows that nurses in first-level elderly nursing institutions have higher job satisfaction compared with those in second-level and third-level elderly nursing institutions, this may be related to “social comparision”. Working environment in first-level elderly nursing institutions is more simple, while in other kinds of nursing institutions, due to large workload and work pressure, “social comparision” is normal, which cause decline of job satisfaction.This study also shows that nurses work in suburbs or large organizations have higher job satisfaction than those work in downtown areas or small organizations, which is related to characteristics of elderly care facilities planning and layout in Shanghai. According to the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" and the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan", construction, layout and structure of elderly service institutions need to be strengthened. The number of beds in downtown areas almost retain at the same time, high-quality medical institutions are introduced into suburbs, and medical institutions in suburbs are equipped with new equipment, more staff, the number of patients is alsosmaller, therefore, staff feel more satisfied with their jobs.。

临床常见疾病名称英汉对照缩写及简写Addison病：原发性慢性肾上腺皮质功能减退症Af:心房颤动AF:心房扑动AGN：急性肾小球肾炎AIDS:获得性免疫缺陷综合征(艾滋病)ALL:急性淋巴细胞性白血病Alzheimer病(AD)：阿尔茨海默病(老年痴呆症)AML:急性髓细胞性白血病Arnold-Chiari畸形：小脑扁桃体下移畸形(阿－卡畸形)ARDS:急性呼吸窘迫综合征ARF:急性肾衰竭AS：强直性脊柱炎ASD:房间隔缺损AM:动静脉畸形Binswanger病(BD)：皮层下动脉硬化性脑病(SAE)Budd-Chiari Syndrome:布加综合征BPH:良性前列腺增生CCF:颈动脉海绵窦瘘CGN：慢性肾小球肾炎CHD:冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病(冠心病)CIN：慢性间质性肾炎CKD：慢性肾脏疾病CLL:慢性淋巴细胞性白血病CML:慢性髓细胞性白血病Colles’fracture:柯莱斯骨折COPD：慢性阻塞性肺疾病CRF:慢性肾衰竭Crohn病：节段性肠炎或肉芽肿性肠炎CTD：结缔组织病DCM:扩张性心肌病DDH:先天性髋关节脱位DIC:弥漫性血管内凝血DM:糖尿病DN：糖尿病肾病Good-Pasture综合征：肺出血－肾炎综合征Graes病(GD)：毒性弥漫性甲状腺肿(Basedow病)Fahr’病: 特发性家族性脑血管亚铁钙沉着症EH:高血压病(原发性高血压)FNH:局灶性结节增生EP:癫痫HB-GN：慢性乙型肝炎相关性肾炎HCC:原发性肝细胞癌HCM:肥厚性心肌病HD:霍奇金病HIE：缺氧缺血性脑病HL:霍奇金淋巴瘤HOA:肥大性关节病IBD：炎症性肠病ITP:特发性血小板减少性紫癜JAS：幼年强直性脊柱炎JRA:幼年类风湿性关节炎Kawasaki病：川崎病或MCLS(皮肤粘膜淋巴结综合征) Mirrizzi Syndrome(MS)：米利兹综合征Mkulicy Syndrome：米古利兹综合征(慢性无痛性腮腺炎) MM:多发性骨髓瘤MS:多发性硬化MODS:多器官功能不全综合征Moyamoya disease:脑底异常血管网症(烟雾病)NF:神经纤维瘤病NHD: 非霍奇金病NHL: 非霍奇金淋巴瘤NS:肾病综合征OA:骨性关节炎Paget病：畸形性骨炎PAM：肺动静脉畸形Parkinson病(PD)：帕金森氏病PDA:动脉导管未闭PH:肺动脉高压P-J综合征:黏膜黑斑-息肉综合征(黑斑息肉病)PsA：银屑病关节炎PST:阵发性室上性心动过速RCC:肾细胞癌RCM:限制性心肌病RHD:风湿性心脏病RS(Reiter综合征)：又称反应性关节炎(ReA)SAH:蛛网膜下腔出血SCLC:小细胞肺癌SLE:系统性红斑狼疮SIRS:全身炎症反应综合征SpA：脊柱关节病SPA: 类风湿性脊椎炎SSSS:葡萄球菌烫伤样皮肤综合征或葡萄球菌性烧伤皮肤综合征Sturge-Weber综合征：脑颜面血管瘤病TB:结核病TIA:短暂性脑缺血发作TS:结节性硬化又称Bourneille病(神经皮肤综合症)SD:室间隔缺损T：室性心动过速Wilson病:肝豆状核变性常见检查及手术名称中英文对照：CABG:冠状动脉旁路移植术ESWL：体外冲击波碎石术ENBD:经内镜鼻胆管引流术ERCP：内窥镜逆行胰胆管造影EL:肝硬化食管静脉曲张出血内镜下套扎治疗EST:内镜下十二指肠乳头括约肌切开术LC：腹腔镜胆囊切除术LS:腹腔镜脾切除术KUB:泌尿系平片(肾、输尿管及膀胱区平片)IP:静脉肾盂造影术IU：静脉尿路造影术PBP：经皮穿刺球囊肺动脉瓣成形术PTC:经皮肝穿刺胆道造影术PTCA：经皮穿刺腔内冠状动脉成形术TCD:经颅多普勒超声呼吸科ARDS 成人呼吸窘迫综合症CAP 社区获得性肺炎COPD 慢性阻塞性肺气肿IPF 特发性肺纤维化HAP 医院获得性肺炎PAP 肺泡蛋白质沉积症PIE 间质肺气肿PTE 肺栓塞肺TB 肺结核PCP 卡式肺囊虫肺炎心内科AVB 房室传导阻滞Af 房颤ASD 房缺AI 主闭AS 主狭ASO 闭塞性动脉硬化AT 房速AMI 急性心梗AP 心绞痛APB 房早BBB 束支传导阻滞CHD冠心病CHF 充血性心衰CF 心衰F3 法三F4 法四IHD 缺血性心脏病PDA 动脉导管未闭PS 肺狭PAT 阵发性房性心动过速MI 心梗MVP 二间瓣脱垂RBBB右束支传导阻滞SSS 病态窦房结综合症SBE 亚急性感染性心内膜炎UA 不稳定性心绞痛VSD 室缺VDH 心脏瓣膜病血液科ALT 成人T细胞白血病AA 再障AIHA 自身免疫性溶血性贫血CLL 慢淋CGN 慢粒DIC 弥漫性血管内凝血ITP过敏性紫殿IDA 缺铁贫HD 霍奇金病PNH 阵发性睡眠性血红蛋白尿MM 多发性骨髓瘤MDS 骨髓增生异常综合症NHL 非霍奇金RAEB 难治性贫血伴原始细胞增多型TIP 血栓性血小板减少性紫殿消化科AIH 自身免疫性肝炎AP 急性胰腺炎DU 十二指肠溃疡ERCP 内镜逆行胰胆管造影术FD 功能性消化不良GU 胃溃疡GERD胃食管反流病HE 肝性脑病IBS 肠易激综合症IBD 炎症性肠病SAP 急性重症胰腺炎UC 溃疡性结肠炎WD 肝豆状核变性内分泌与代谢科DM 糖尿病T2DM 2型糖尿病DR 糖尿病视网膜病变DN 糖尿病肾病DKA 糖尿病酮症酸中毒DLE 盘状红斑狼疮GD 甲亢Graves HNKHC 高渗性非酮症糖尿病昏迷IGT 糖耐量减低IDD 胰岛素依赖性糖尿病IIM 特发性炎症性肌病PKU 苯丙酮尿症MAS或POED 多发性骨纤维结构不良SSc 系统性硬化病SLE 系统性红斑狼疮肾科及其他AD 阿尔海默茨病ARF 急性肾功能不全AIN 急性间质性肾炎AGN 急性肾炎CGN 慢性肾炎CRF 慢性肾功能不全CIN 慢性间质性肾炎HIE 新生儿缺血缺氧性脑病PD 帕金森氏病PEM 蛋白质－热能营养不良PID 盆腔炎SCA 脊髓小脑共济失调MG 重症肌无力RA 类风湿关节炎TIA 短暂性脑缺血发作。

医学常用疾病 therapies 英文翻译Medical therapies for common diseasesIntroduction:Medical therapies play a crucial role in the treatment and management of various diseases. This article aims to explore some commonly used medical therapies for different diseases. It provides an overview of these therapies in order to increase understanding and awareness among readers.1. Cardiovascular Diseases:Cardiovascular diseases, including heart attacks and strokes, are major global health concerns. Medical therapies used to treat and manage these conditions include:- Medication: Beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, and statins are commonly prescribed to control blood pressure, reduce cholesterol levels, and prevent blood clot formation.- Cardiac rehabilitation: This therapy involves physical exercise, lifestyle modifications, and education to improve heart function and reduce the risk of future cardiovascular events.- Surgical interventions: Procedures such as angioplasty, bypass surgery, and stenting are recommended in cases where medication and lifestyle changes are insufficient.2. Respiratory Diseases:Respiratory diseases, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), can significantly affect breathing and daily activities. Medical therapies used for these diseases include:- Inhalers: Bronchodilators and corticosteroids are commonly delivered through inhalers to reduce airway inflammation and improve breathing.- Oxygen therapy: This involves providing supplemental oxygen to patients with severe respiratory conditions to ensure adequate oxygen levels in the blood.- Pulmonary rehabilitation: It combines exercise, breathing techniques, and education to enhance lung function, improve exercise tolerance, and manage symptoms effectively.3. Gastrointestinal Diseases:Gastrointestinal diseases, including gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and peptic ulcers, can cause discomfort and complications. The medical therapies used for these diseases include:- Proton pump inhibitors: These medications help reduce stomach acid production, alleviating symptoms and promoting healing.- Antibiotics: H. pylori infection, which can cause peptic ulcers, is treated with a combination of antibiotics to eradicate the bacteria and promote ulcer healing.- Dietary modifications: Certain dietary changes, such as avoiding spicy foods or consuming smaller meals, can help manage symptoms of gastrointestinal diseases.4. Neurological Disorders:Neurological disorders, such as epilepsy and Parkinson's disease, require specific medical therapies for symptom control and disease management:- Anti-seizure medications: These medications are prescribed to control and prevent seizures in patients with epilepsy and other seizure disorders.- Dopaminergic medications: These drugs help manage motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease by increasing dopamine levels in the brain.- Physical therapy: This therapy focuses on improving mobility, balance, and coordination in individuals with neurological disorders, enhancing their overall quality of life.Conclusion:Medical therapies are critical for the treatment and management of various diseases across different medical specialties. Understanding the commonly used therapies not only helps patients make informed decisions but also promotes collaboration between healthcare professionals and patients. By providing appropriate medical therapies, healthcare providers can significantly improve patient outcomes and overall well-being.。

atman医学翻译
Atman医学翻译
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•354•中国脑血管病杂志2021年5月18日第18卷第5期Chin JCerebrovascDis,Mayl8,2021,Vol.l8,No.5plasma trimethylamine-N-oxide levels in patients withacute ischemic stroke[J].Cell Mol Neurobiol,2019,39(8)：1201-1206.[35]Zhang JL,Wang LK,Cai JL,et al.Gut microbial metaboliteTMAO portends prognosis in acute ischemic stroke[J].J Neuroimmunol,2021,354：577526.[36]Schwedhelm E,v on Lucadou M,P eine S,et al.Trimethyllysine,vascular risk factors and outcome in acute ischemic stroke(MARK-STROKE)[J].Amino Acids,2021.Online ahead ofprint.[37]Wu CJ,Li CB,Zhao WB,et al.Elevated trimethylamine N-oxide related to ischemic brain lesions after carotid arterystenting[J].Neurology,2018,90(15)：e1283-e1290. [38]Haak BW,Westendorp WF,van Engelen TSR,et al.Disruptions of anaerobic gut bacteria are associatedwith stroke and post-stroke infection：a prospectivecase-control study[J].Transl Stroke Res,2020.Onlineahead of print.[39]王拥军.脑血管疾病与认知功能障碍[J].中华内科杂志,2005,44(11)：872-873.[40]Vogt NM,Romano KA,Darst BF,et al.The gut microbiota-derived metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide is elevated inAlzheimer's disease[J].Alzheimers Res Ther,2018,10(1):1-8.[41]Li D,Ke YL,Zhan R,et al.Trimethylamine-N-oxidepromotes brain aging and cognitive impairment in mice[J].Aging Cell,2018,17(4):e12768.[42]Zhong CK,Lu Z,Che BZ,et al.Choline pathway nutrientsand metabolites and cognitive impairment after acuteischemic stroke[J].Stroke,2021,52(3)887-895.(收稿日期：2020-12-21)(本文编辑：罗春梅)•消息•“中天杯”急性缺血性卒中血管内治疗全国有奖征文活动通知急性缺血性卒中是一种高病死率，高致残率的疾病，治疗的关键在于尽早开通阻塞血管，挽救缺血半暗带。